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Khus Khus

Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty

Comments

provided by eFloras
This species (Vetiver Grass) is said to have originated in India, but is now distributed throughout warm parts of the Old World and introduced into the S United States and West Indies. It has long been cultivated for the oil extracted from the aromatic roots, which is used in perfumery. More recently, its potential as a soil binder to prevent erosion has been recognized. It is planted in hedges for this purpose, particularly along the contours of sloping ground. The deep, non-invasive root system holds the plants firm, while the stiff, dense leaves trap soil and prevent it being washed away. It is also used as a forage grass.
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 603 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Tussocky perennial; roots stout, aromatic. Culms robust, 1–2.5 m tall, ca. 5 mm in diam. Leaf sheaths glabrous, lower sharply keeled and imbricate in fanlike clusters; leaf blades linear, pale green, stiff, 30–90 × 0.5–1 cm, pilose on adaxial surface toward base, otherwise glabrous; ligule a scarious rim. Panicle oblong in outline, 20–30 cm, usually contracted, purplish; branches numerous, lowermost 5–20 cm, bare at base, smooth or slightly scaberulous; racemes slender, with 5–13 spikelet pairs and a terminal triad; internodes and pedicels slightly scabrid. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate to almost linear, 4–5 mm; callus rounded, subglabrous; lower glume muricate, 3–5-veined, veins spinulosely aculeate, apex acute; upper glume spinulosely aculeate on keel, not awned; upper lemma slightly 2-toothed, awnless or mucronate; mucro 0–2 mm, not exserted. Pedicelled spikelet staminate, sparingly aculeolate or almost smooth. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 20.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 603 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat & Distribution

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Commonly cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan (Xixhuangbanna), Zhejiang [native to India; cultivated elsewhere].
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 603 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Phalaris zizanioides Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 183. 1771; Vetiveria zizanioides (Linnaeus) Nash.
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 603 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Vetiveria zizanioides (I,.) Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 67. 1903
Phalaris zizanioides 1^. Mant. 183. 1771. Andropogon squarrosus L. f. Suppl. 433. 1781. Andropogon muricatus Retz. Obs. 3 : 43. 1783. Vetiveria odorata Virey, Jour, de Pharm. 13 : 501. 1827. Mandelorna insignis Steud. Syn, Gram. 359. 1854. Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 559. 1864. Sorgum zizanioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 791. 1891.
Stems 2 m. tall or more; leaf -sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades 9 dm. long or less.. 4-10 mm. wide; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its slender ascending or nearly erect branches in dense whorls, readily disarticulating at the nodes, and with a long naked base; sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, about as long as the internodes, the first scale minutely tuberculate-roughened, 2-keeled, the keels muricate, the second scale 1-nerved, the keel muricate, the fourth scale awnless or short-awned, the awn not exserted; pedicellate spikelet about as long as or a little shorter than the sessile one, sparingly muricate.
Type locality : India.
Distribution : Escaped from cultivation in IvOuisiana, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, and in other parts of tropical America and elsewhere in tropical regions.
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bibliographic citation
George Valentine Nash. 1912. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems solitary, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Plants aromatic or malodorous, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 2-6 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly basal, below middle of stem, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligul e a fringe of hairs, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a contracted panicle, narrowly paniculate, branches appressed or ascending, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Flowers bisexual, Flowers unisexual, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets with 3-7 florets, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets unisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline , cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 1 nerved, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma mucronate, very shortly beaked or awned, less than 1-2 mm, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs shorter than lemma, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea shorter than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
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Chrysopogon zizanioides ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides, enantes clasificada como Vetiveria zizanioides) ye una planta perenne de la familia de les gramínees, nativa de la India. El nome de Vetiver ye orixinariu del idioma tamil. Atópense rexistros na lliteratura tamil d'usos del Vetiver con propósitos melecinales.

Descripción

El vetiver puede crecer hasta 1,5 metros, los sos tarmos son altos, les fueyes son llargues, delgaes y ríxides. A diferencia de la mayoría de les gramínees, los raigaños del vetiver crecen masivamente de manera vertical y algamen una fondura d'hasta 4 metros. Les sos granes nun son fértiles, polo cual ye una planta ecológicamente segura. El vetiver ta estrechamente rellacionáu con otres gramínees fragantes como'l Cymbopogon (Cymbopogon citratus) y la citronella (Cymbopogon nardus).

Ta siendo llargamente usada en bioingeniería pa control d'erosión; fitorremediación d'agües y suelos contaminaos por metales pesaos, hidrocarburos, agroquímicos, y otros polulantes.

Distribución y hábitat

A pesar de qu'el vetiver ye orixinariu de la India, ye llargamente cultiváu nos países de les rexones tropicales. Los mayores productores a nivel mundial son Haití, la India, Xava y Reunión.

Historia

La medicina ayurvedica considera el raigañu de vetiver amargosa, refrescante, estomacal y astringente, amás d'un antídotu contra los venenos, y encamiéntase na sensación de resquemor, fiebres biliosas, sudos, sei, úlceres y enfermedaes del sangre. Emplegóse en perfumería como aceite esencial. Ye un reputáu mediu pa estornar polilles y otros inseutos. La esencia usar na India como linimento contra'l reumatismu, per vía esterna, y como carminativa y estimulante per vía interna. Tamién nesi país acostumen a texer esteres y cestos cola planta, que amugaos, esprenden un prestosu golor que purifica l'ambiente.[1]

Usos

Estabilización de turries

Nos últimos años, convirtióse nuna ferramienta confiable pa la estabilización de turries, esperiencies en diversos países con climatoloxíes y suelos distintos comprobaron la so eficacia nesta materia, considérase l'alternativa más moderna y ecolóxica pa esti fin.

Tratamientu d'agües residuales (doméstiques ya industriales)

Diverses pruebes n'Asia demostraron un altu poder descontaminante y ta siendo usada en biorremediacion.

Control de la erosión

Munchos aspeutos del vetiver convertir nun escelente recursu pa controlar la erosión. A diferencia de munches gramínees, los raigaños del vetiver crecen puramente de manera vertical, algamando hasta los 4 metros de llargor. Tienen una alta resistencia a la tensión (equivalente a 1/6 del aceru blando,) esto convertir nun escelente estabilizador de cantos y terraces. Cuando se sema pa formar barreres vives, la cercanía con que crecen les macollas acuta'l pasu d'agua, al empar que retien los sedimentos presentes. Y por el cloruru carbonu que tienen los sos raigaños sostien la turria o ribayu.

Aromaterapia y perfumería

El vetiver cultívase comúnmente pa la estracción del aceite destiláu de los sos raigaños. Envalórase que la producción mundial ye d'alredor de 250 tonelaes per añu. Poles sos propiedaes estabilizantes o preservadoras, úsase llargamente nos arumes. Ta conteníu en, aproximao, el 36% de los arumes occidentales. Haití ye unu de los mayores productores de vetiver nel mundu, xuntu con Xava, China, India y Brasil. Los Estaos Xuníos, Europa, India y Xapón son los principales consumidores.

 src=
Raigaños de vetiver.

El so aceite esencial contién un 60 % de vitevenoles y un 12 % de vitevenones, dambos derivaos sesquiterpénicos.

Taxonomía

Chrysopogon zizanioides describióse por (L.) Roberty y espublizóse en Bulletin de l'Institut Française d'Afrique Noire 22: 106. 1960.[2]

Etimoloxía

Chrysopogon: nome xenéricu que remanez del griegu chrysos (d'oru) y pogon (barba), aludiendo a los pelos de color marrón doráu de la durez de delles especies.

zizanioides: epítetu llatín compuestu que significa "similar al xéneru Zizania"

Sinonimia
  • Agrostis verticillata Lam.
  • Anatherum muricatum (Retz.) P.Beauv.
  • Anatherum zizanioides (L.) Hitchc. & Chase
  • Andropogon festucoides J.Presl
  • Andropogon muricatum Retz.
  • Andropogon muricatus Retz.
  • Andropogon squarrosus L.f.
  • Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urb.
  • Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty
  • Holcus zizanioides (L.) Kuntze ex Stuck.
  • Phalaris zizanioides L. basónimu
  • Sorghum zizanioides (L.) Kuntze
  • Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb.
  • Vetiveria muricata (Retz.) Griseb.
  • Vetiveria odorata Virey
  • Vetiveria odoratissima Bory[3]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Dr. Berdonces I Serra. . Gran Enciclopecia de les Plantes Melecinales páxs. 950. Tikal ediciones ISBN 84-305-8496-X.
  2. Chrysopogon zizanioides en Trópicos
  3. «Vetiveria zizanioides». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 8 de setiembre de 2009.

Bibliografía

  1. Barkworth, M.Y., K.M. Capels, S. Long & M.B. Piep. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Fl. N. Amer. 25: i–xxv, 1–783.
  2. Cabi, Y. & M. Doğan. 2012. Poaceae. 690–756. In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural & M. T. Babaç (eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Llabraştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul.
  3. Filgueiras, T. S. 2003. Chrysopogon. 46: 159–161. In F. O. Zuloaga, O. N. Morrone, G. Davidse, T. S. Filgueiras, P. M. Peterson, R. J. Soreng & Y. J. Judziewicz (eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae, Contr. O.S. Natl. Herb.. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  4. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Flora of China (Poaceae). 22: 1–733. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  5. Forzza, R. C. 2010. Llista de espécies Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
  6. Sharp, D. & B. K. Simon. 2002. AusGrass: Grasses of Australia. CD-ROM, Version 1.0. CD–ROM.
  7. Soreng, R. J., G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, Y. J. Judziewicz, T. S. Filgueiras & O. N. Morrone. 2003 and onwards. On-line taxonomic novelties and updates, distributional additions and corrections, and editorial changes since the four published volúmenes of the Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae) published in Contr. O.S. Natl. Herb. vols. 39, 41, 46, and 48. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/CNWG:. In R. J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, T. S. Filgueiras, Y. J. Judziewicz & O. N. Morrone (eds.) Internet Cat. New World Grasses. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  8. Zuloaga, F. O., O. N. Morrone, M. J. Belgrano, C. Marticorena & Y. Marchesi. (eds.) 2008. Catálogu de les plantes vasculares del Conu Sur. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107: 3 Vols., 3348 p.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Chrysopogon zizanioides: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides, enantes clasificada como Vetiveria zizanioides) ye una planta perenne de la familia de les gramínees, nativa de la India. El nome de Vetiver ye orixinariu del idioma tamil. Atópense rexistros na lliteratura tamil d'usos del Vetiver con propósitos melecinales.

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Zizaniyəbənzər vetivera ( Azerbaijani )

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Zizaniyəbənzər vetivera (lat. Vetivera zizanioides)[1]chrysopogon cinsinə aid bitki növü.[2]

İstinadlar

  1. Nurəddin Əliyev. Azərbaycanın dərman bitkiləri və fitoterapiya. Bakı, Elm, 1998.
  2. Elşad Qurbanov. Ali bitkilərin sistematikası, Bakı, 2009.

Həmçinin bax

Dahlia redoute.JPG Bitki ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Zizaniyəbənzər vetivera: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Zizaniyəbənzər vetivera (lat. Vetivera zizanioides) — chrysopogon cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Vetiver ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides, comunament conegut com a vetiver, del tàmil வெட்டிவேர்), és una planta herbàcia poàcia nativa de l'Índia. Pot arribar a fer 1,5 m d'alt, les flors són porpra marronoses. Les seves arrels a diferència de les de la majoria de les poàcies profunditzen molt fins a 2 a 4 metres. Vetiver està estretament relacionada amb el gènere Sorghum però comparteix moltes característiques morfològiques amb el gènere Cymbopogon (Cymbopogon citratus), Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), i la Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). Es cultiva en molts llocs de clima tropical. Pot ser una planta invasora .[1]

Usos

Estabilitza el sòl i el protegeix de l'erosió, també protegeix els conreus de les plagues i males herbes. És una planta farratgera. De les seves arrels se'n fan perfums i cosmètics que també es fan servir en aromateràpia. També se'n poden fer cordes i productes similars.

Les fulles del vetiver són un bon farratge per bovins, cabres, ovelles i cavalls. El contingut nutritiu depèn de l'estació de l'any, l'estadi de creixement i la fertilitat del sòl. [cal citació]

Planta jove de vetiver Planta madura de vetiver Planta vella energia [kcal/kg] 522 706 969 Digestibilitat[%] 51 50 - Proteïna [%] 13.1 7.93 6.66 Greix [%] 3.05 1.30 1.40

El vetiver es cultiva principalment pel seu fragant oli essencial que s'obté de les seves rels. S'estima que la producció mundial és de 250 tones per any (Lavania). Es fa servir molt en perfums per les seves excel·lents qualitats fixadores. N'hi ha en el 90% dels perfums d'Occident (Lavania).

Haití és un dels principals productors de vetiver del món.[2] Java i Réunion també en produeixen molt. El de Réunion es considera de gran qualitat.

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L'article necessita millores de traducció.
El text pot tenir parts per traduir o traduccions automàtiques de paraules o títols d'obres que no corresponguin al seu equivalent en català.

L'oli de vetiver o oli de khus és un oli complex amb més de 100 components identificats [cal citació]

àcid benzoic furfurol vetivena vetivenat de vetivenil terpinen-4-ol 5-epiprezizan Khusimena α-muurolen Khusimona Calacoren β-humulene α-longipinene γ-selinena δ-selinena δ-cadinena valencena Calarena,-gurjunena α-amorpfè Epizizanal 3-epizizanol Khusimol Iso-khusimol Valerenol β-vetivon α-vetivona vetivazulena

Notes

  1. http://www.vetiver.org/USA-USDA-NRCS_Sunshine.pdf
  2. The Fragrance Industry- Profiles c. 2007 by Glen O. Brechbill

Bibliografia

  • Veldkamp, J. F. (1999). A revision of Chrysopogon Trin., including Vetiveria Bory (Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and Australia. Austrobaileya 5: 522–523.
  • Other Uses and Utilization of Vetiver: Vetiver Oil - U.C. Lavania - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-336 015, India
  • E. Guenther, The Essential Oils Vol. 4 (New York: Van Nostrand Company INC, 1990), 178-181, cited in Salvatore Battaglia, The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy (Australia: The Perfect Potion, 1997), 205
  • Ruh Khus (Wild Vetiver Oil)/Oil of Tranquility - Christopher McMahon

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Vetiver: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides, comunament conegut com a vetiver, del tàmil வெட்டிவேர்), és una planta herbàcia poàcia nativa de l'Índia. Pot arribar a fer 1,5 m d'alt, les flors són porpra marronoses. Les seves arrels a diferència de les de la majoria de les poàcies profunditzen molt fins a 2 a 4 metres. Vetiver està estretament relacionada amb el gènere Sorghum però comparteix moltes característiques morfològiques amb el gènere Cymbopogon (Cymbopogon citratus), Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), i la Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). Es cultiva en molts llocs de clima tropical. Pot ser una planta invasora .

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Vetiver ( German )

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 src=
Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Pflanzenart Vetiveria zizanioides, zur Band Vetiver siehe Vetiver (Band).
 src=
Vetiver-Bündel auf einem Markt

Vetiver [ˈvɛtivɐ][1] (Vetiveria zizanioides, Syn.: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Andropogon squarrosus Hack., Andropogon muricatus Retz.) ist ein ursprünglich aus dem tropischen Asien kommendes Süßgras.

Beschreibung

Die Grashorste haben einen Durchmesser von etwa 30 cm, die Höhe der Pflanze beträgt 50 bis 150 cm. Die Wurzeln dringen bis zu drei Meter tief mit einem dichten und massereichen Geflecht in den Boden.

Verwendung

Vetiver wird wegen seines dichten Wurzelgeflechts gezielt überall dort angepflanzt, wo Bodenerosion droht. Die Wurzeln halten zudem den Boden feucht und können ihn bis zu einem gewissen Grad entgiften. Deshalb wird Vetiver in Südostasien einerseits zur Bodenverbesserung angepflanzt, andererseits als Feldumrandung.

Das Gras wird auch als Viehfutter verwendet und sollte dafür alle 1–3 Monate gemäht werden.[2]

Aus den gereinigten frischen und/oder getrockneten Wurzeln wird das ätherische Vetiver-Öl gewonnen, das in der Parfümherstellung, Aromatherapie und Naturheilkunde verwendet wird und zugleich als Räucherwerk dient. Die Wurzeln werden auch als Flechtwerk für z. B. Matten und Schuhe verwendet.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Vetiver
  2. P. Truong, T. Tan Van, E. Pinners: Vetiver Systems Application, Technical Reference Manual. The Vetiver Network International. Second Edition, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4382-1000-1, S. 89.
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Vetiver: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Pflanzenart Vetiveria zizanioides, zur Band Vetiver siehe Vetiver (Band).  src= Vetiver-Bündel auf einem Markt

Vetiver [ˈvɛtivɐ] (Vetiveria zizanioides, Syn.: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Andropogon squarrosus Hack., Andropogon muricatus Retz.) ist ein ursprünglich aus dem tropischen Asien kommendes Süßgras.

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Ahisiaina ( Tongan )

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Ko e ahi siaina ko e faʻahinga mohuku ia. ʻOku ui foki ko e Vetiveria zizanioides mei he foʻi lea vetiver ʻi he lea faka-tamil mei ʻInitia, ko e feituʻu tupunga ʻo e ʻakaú ni.

Ko e meʻa makehe ʻo e faʻahinga mohuku ʻeni, ʻoku tupu ki lalo pē ʻa hono ngaahi aka, ʻikai fakalava. ʻOku sai ʻaupito maʻa e tuku ʻa e keina ʻo e kelekele.

Hingoa ʻi he ngaahi lea kehe

Tataku

Ko e kupu ʻeni ko e potuʻi ia (stub). ʻIo, ko koe, kātaki tokoni mai ʻi hono .
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Ahisiaina: Brief Summary ( Tongan )

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Ko e ahi siaina ko e faʻahinga mohuku ia. ʻOku ui foki ko e Vetiveria zizanioides mei he foʻi lea vetiver ʻi he lea faka-tamil mei ʻInitia, ko e feituʻu tupunga ʻo e ʻakaú ni.

Ko e meʻa makehe ʻo e faʻahinga mohuku ʻeni, ʻoku tupu ki lalo pē ʻa hono ngaahi aka, ʻikai fakalava. ʻOku sai ʻaupito maʻa e tuku ʻa e keina ʻo e kelekele.

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Mzumai ( Swahili )

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Mzumai (Chrysopogon zizanioides) ni spishi ya nyasi katika nusufamilia Andropogoneae. Kwa asili spishi hii inatoka Uhindi lakini siku hizi hupandwa sana katika ukanda wa tropiki. Nchi kuu za uzalishaji ni Haiti, Uhindi, Java na Reunion.

Mzumai hupandwa sana kwa kuzuia mmomonyoko kwa sababu mizizi yake inapenya ardhi hadi m 3-4. Majani yanaweza kutumika kwa kulisha wanyama na kwa kutengeneza kamba, mikeka, vikapu n.k.. Mafuta yanasindikwa kutoka mizizi ambayo hutumika katika utamaradi, sabuni ya kiayurveda, dawa za ngozi na tendwa ya harufu.

Viungo vya nje

Picha

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Mzumai: Brief Summary ( Swahili )

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Mzumai (Chrysopogon zizanioides) ni spishi ya nyasi katika nusufamilia Andropogoneae. Kwa asili spishi hii inatoka Uhindi lakini siku hizi hupandwa sana katika ukanda wa tropiki. Nchi kuu za uzalishaji ni Haiti, Uhindi, Java na Reunion.

Mzumai hupandwa sana kwa kuzuia mmomonyoko kwa sababu mizizi yake inapenya ardhi hadi m 3-4. Majani yanaweza kutumika kwa kulisha wanyama na kwa kutengeneza kamba, mikeka, vikapu n.k.. Mafuta yanasindikwa kutoka mizizi ambayo hutumika katika utamaradi, sabuni ya kiayurveda, dawa za ngozi na tendwa ya harufu.

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Vetivero ( Ido )

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Vetivero esas planto de India, uzata por facar parfumi.

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Vetivè ( Haitian; Haitian Creole )

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Vetivè se yon zèb.

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खसखस ( Hindi )

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खस का पौधा
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खस की जड़ें

खस या खसखस (Khus Khus) एक सुगंधित पौधा है। इसका वानस्पतिक नाम वेटिवीरिआ जिजेनिऑयडीज (Vetiveria) है जिसकी व्युत्पत्ति तमिल के शब्द वेटिवर से हुई प्रतीत होती है। यह सुगंधित, पतले एकवर्ध्यक्ष (Racemes) का लंबे पुष्पगुच्छवाला वर्षानुवर्षी पौधा है। इसकी अनुशूकी का जोड़ा सीकुररहित होता है, जिसमें से एक अवृंत और पूर्ण तथा दूसरा वृंतयुक्त और पृंपुष्पी होता है। अवृंत अनुशूकि में बारीक कंटक होते हैं। इसका प्रकंद (rhizoma) बहुत सुगंधित होता है। प्रकंद का उपयोग भारत में इत्र बनाने और ओषधि के रूप में प्राचीन काल से हो रहा है। पौधे की जड़ों का उपयोग विशेष प्रकार का पर्दा बनाने में होता है जिसे ‘खस की टट्टी’ कहते हैं। इसको ग्रीष्म ऋतु में कमरे तथा खिड़कियों पर लगाते हैं और पानी से तर रखते हैं जिससे कमरे में ठंडी तथा सुगंधित वायु आती है और कमरा ठंडा बना रहता है। प्रकंद के वाष्प आसवन से सुगंधित वाष्पशील तेल प्राप्त होता है जिसका उपयोग इत्र बनाने में होता है। फूलों की गंध को पकड़ रखने की इसमें क्षमता पर्याप्त होती है।

यह सघन गुच्छेदार घास राजस्थान एवं भारत के अन्य राज्यों में स्वजात उगती पाई जाती है। राजस्थान में भरतपुर तथा अजमेर जिलों में यह खूब उगती है। इस पादप के मजबूत डंठल प्रकद से निकले हुए लगभग 2 मीटर तक ऊंचे, सघन गुच्छों में, मजबूत स्पंजी जड़ों वाले होते हैं। इसकी जड़ों से प्राप्त तेल इत्र उद्योग में प्रसाधन सामग्री बनाने व साबुन का सुगंध प्रदान करने में प्रयुक्त होता है। खस तेल का अध्याम, शूल व दुराग्राही उल्टियों में वातानुलोमक के रूप में प्रयोग होता है। यह उद्दीपक, स्वेदनकारी व शीतलक माना जाता है। इसके अतिरिक्त आमवात, कटिवेदना व मोच में भी इससे मालिश करने पर आराम मिलता है।[1]

सन्दर्भ

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खसखस: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

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 src= खस का पौधा  src= खस की जड़ें

खस या खसखस (Khus Khus) एक सुगंधित पौधा है। इसका वानस्पतिक नाम वेटिवीरिआ जिजेनिऑयडीज (Vetiveria) है जिसकी व्युत्पत्ति तमिल के शब्द वेटिवर से हुई प्रतीत होती है। यह सुगंधित, पतले एकवर्ध्यक्ष (Racemes) का लंबे पुष्पगुच्छवाला वर्षानुवर्षी पौधा है। इसकी अनुशूकी का जोड़ा सीकुररहित होता है, जिसमें से एक अवृंत और पूर्ण तथा दूसरा वृंतयुक्त और पृंपुष्पी होता है। अवृंत अनुशूकि में बारीक कंटक होते हैं। इसका प्रकंद (rhizoma) बहुत सुगंधित होता है। प्रकंद का उपयोग भारत में इत्र बनाने और ओषधि के रूप में प्राचीन काल से हो रहा है। पौधे की जड़ों का उपयोग विशेष प्रकार का पर्दा बनाने में होता है जिसे ‘खस की टट्टी’ कहते हैं। इसको ग्रीष्म ऋतु में कमरे तथा खिड़कियों पर लगाते हैं और पानी से तर रखते हैं जिससे कमरे में ठंडी तथा सुगंधित वायु आती है और कमरा ठंडा बना रहता है। प्रकंद के वाष्प आसवन से सुगंधित वाष्पशील तेल प्राप्त होता है जिसका उपयोग इत्र बनाने में होता है। फूलों की गंध को पकड़ रखने की इसमें क्षमता पर्याप्त होती है।

यह सघन गुच्छेदार घास राजस्थान एवं भारत के अन्य राज्यों में स्वजात उगती पाई जाती है। राजस्थान में भरतपुर तथा अजमेर जिलों में यह खूब उगती है। इस पादप के मजबूत डंठल प्रकद से निकले हुए लगभग 2 मीटर तक ऊंचे, सघन गुच्छों में, मजबूत स्पंजी जड़ों वाले होते हैं। इसकी जड़ों से प्राप्त तेल इत्र उद्योग में प्रसाधन सामग्री बनाने व साबुन का सुगंध प्रदान करने में प्रयुक्त होता है। खस तेल का अध्याम, शूल व दुराग्राही उल्टियों में वातानुलोमक के रूप में प्रयोग होता है। यह उद्दीपक, स्वेदनकारी व शीतलक माना जाता है। इसके अतिरिक्त आमवात, कटिवेदना व मोच में भी इससे मालिश करने पर आराम मिलता है।

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বিৰিণা ( Assamese )

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বিৰিণা (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Vetiveria zizanioides; ইংৰাজী:Vetiver) এবিধ দ-চানেকীয়া ঠাইত উৎপন্ন হোৱা ওখ ঘাঁহজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ৷[2] এই বন একেঠাইতে সৰহীয়াকৈ উৎপত্তি হয়৷

বিস্তৃতি

বিৰিণা নেপাল, ভাৰত, বাংলাদেশ আৰু ভূটানত বহুলভাৱে বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷ এই ঘাঁহে বাৰিষাৰ পানীয়ে পলসুৱা কৰা মাটিত খৰকৈ বৃদ্ধি পাই বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আগুৰি পেলাব পাৰে৷

বিৱৰণ

বিৰিণাৰ পাতবোৰ খেৰজাতীয় উদ্ভিদৰ দৰে দীঘল দীঘল হয়৷ ইয়াৰ থোপাথোপে বগা ৰঙৰ ফুল ফুলে৷[2]

ব্যৱহাৰ

বিৰিণাজাতীয় ঘাঁহসমূহ এশিঙীয়া গঁড় ৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বসতিস্থল৷

বহু ঠাইৰ এই ঘাঁহ ঘৰৰ ছাল বা বেঁৰা সাজিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়৷ তাৰোপৰি আয়ুৰ্বেদতো এই ঘাঁহৰ ব্যৱহাৰ উল্লেখ আছে৷[3][4]

তথ্যউৎস

  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-405169। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: May 8, 2014.
  2. 2.0 2.1 ফটিক চন্দ্ৰ গগৈ (ডিছেম্বৰ ২০০৭). অসমৰ উদ্ভিদ কোষ. অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ
  3. Pankaj Oudhia (2001-3)
  4. http://assamplants.com/All%20Species/Saccharum%20spont.htm

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বিৰিণা: Brief Summary ( Assamese )

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বিৰিণা (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Vetiveria zizanioides; ইংৰাজী:Vetiver) এবিধ দ-চানেকীয়া ঠাইত উৎপন্ন হোৱা ওখ ঘাঁহজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ৷ এই বন একেঠাইতে সৰহীয়াকৈ উৎপত্তি হয়৷

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வெட்டி ( Tamil )

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வெட்டி விசிறி

வெட்டிவேர் (Chrysopogon zizanioides) என்பது புல் வகையைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு தாவரம். இந்தியாவைத் தாயகமாகக் கொண்டது. இப்புல் ஒன்றரை மீட்டர் உயரம் வரை வளரக்கூடியது. உயரமான தண்டையும் நீண்ட தாள்களையும் கொண்டிருக்கும். இதன் பூக்கள் பழுப்பு கலந்த ஊதா நிறத்தில் இருக்கும். இதன் வேர் இரண்டில் இருந்து நான்கு மீட்டர் ஆழம் வரை செல்லக் கூடியது. விலாமிச்சை வேர் என்று அறியப்படும் வெட்டி வேர்ஒரு பாதுக்கப்பட வேண்டிய அபூர்வ தாவரமான இது 1689 வாக்கில் பூக்கும் நிலையை முடித்துக்கொண்டது. [1] ஐத்தி, இந்தியா, சாவா ஆகிய நாடுகளில் இது பரவலாக வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது.

பெயர்கள்

விழல்வேர், விரணம், இருவேலி, குருவேர் போன்ற வேறு பெயர்களை இது உடையது. புல்லுக்கும் வேருக்கும் இடைப்பட்ட பகுதியை வெட்டி எடுத்து பயிரிடப் பயன்படுவதால் ‘வெட்டிவேர்’ எனப் பெயரும், ஆற்றின் இருகரைகளிலும் வேலியாக அமைந்து மண் அரிப்பைத் தடுப்பதற்காகப் பயன்பட்டதால் ‘இருவேலி’ எனும் பெயர் ஏற்பட்டிருக்கலாம்.[2]

பயன்கள்

இதன் வேர் மண்ணரிப்பைத் தடுக்க உதவுகிறது.[3] வெட்டி வேர் நறுமண எண்ணெய்கள் செய்யவும், தெற்காசியா, தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா ஆகிய பகுதிகளில் மருந்துப் பொருளாகவும் பயன்படுகிறது.

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. விரியும் கிளைகள் 15: பூப்பதை நிறுத்திய தாவரம்தி இந்து தமிழ் 30 சனவரி 2016
  2. டாக்டர் வி.விக்ரம் குமார் (2018 சூலை 28). "ஆரோக்கியத்துக்கு வேராகும் வெட்டிவேர்". கட்டுரை. இந்து தமிழ். பார்த்த நாள் 29 சூலை 2018.
  3. "Konkan Railway: Chugging along 11 successful years". The Times Of India. 2009-01-25. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-25/mangalore/28035938_1_konkan-railway-anti-collision-device-krcl. பார்த்த நாள்: 2011-06-20. "Efforts have been taken to increase safety on the route by executing massive earthworks, widening slopes, planting vetiver grass to control soil erosion, and other geo-tech works to arrest boulder falls and soil slippage during monsoon. Major traffic disruptions were averted on the route in past three years since these works were executed and a special monsoon timetable implemented on the route, the release said."

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வெட்டி: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

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வெட்டிவேர் (Chrysopogon zizanioides) என்பது புல் வகையைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு தாவரம். இந்தியாவைத் தாயகமாகக் கொண்டது. இப்புல் ஒன்றரை மீட்டர் உயரம் வரை வளரக்கூடியது. உயரமான தண்டையும் நீண்ட தாள்களையும் கொண்டிருக்கும். இதன் பூக்கள் பழுப்பு கலந்த ஊதா நிறத்தில் இருக்கும். இதன் வேர் இரண்டில் இருந்து நான்கு மீட்டர் ஆழம் வரை செல்லக் கூடியது. விலாமிச்சை வேர் என்று அறியப்படும் வெட்டி வேர்ஒரு பாதுக்கப்பட வேண்டிய அபூர்வ தாவரமான இது 1689 வாக்கில் பூக்கும் நிலையை முடித்துக்கொண்டது. ஐத்தி, இந்தியா, சாவா ஆகிய நாடுகளில் இது பரவலாக வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

ಲಾವಂಚ ( Kannada )

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ಲಾವಂಚನ ಬೇರುಗಳು

ಲಾವಂಚ ಅಥವಾ ರಾಮಂಚ ಒಂದು ಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಸಸ್ಯ. ಸುಗಂಧ ತೈಲಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾದುದು. ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕವಾಗಿ ಇದರ ಹೆಸರು ವೆಟಿವೇರಿಯಾ ಜಿಜನಿಯೋಡೆಸ್‌. "ವೆಟಿವೇರ್‌ ಹುಲ್ಲು', "ಮಡಿವಾಳ ಬೇರು', "ರಾಮಚ್ಚ", "ಖಸ್‌' ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.[೧] ಲಾವಂಚ ಬಹುವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಬೆಳೆ. ಮರಳು ಮಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಹೊರತುಪಡಿಸಿ ಬೇರೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿಧದ ಮಣ್ಣಿನಲ್ಲೂ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು. ಸುಮಾರು ಒಂದೂವರೆಯಿಂದ ಎರಡು ಅಡಿಗಳಷ್ಟು ಎತ್ತರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಈ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಸಾಧಾರಣ ತೇವಾಂಶ ಹಾಗೂ ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶ ಇರುವ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಲುಸಾಗಿ ಜೊಂಡಿನಂತೆ ಹರಡುತ್ತದೆ. [೨]

ಔಷಧೀಯ ಗುಣ

ಲಾವಂಚವು ವಿವಿಧ ಔಷಧೀಯ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನೂ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ನೀರನ್ನು ಶುದ್ಧಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಗುಣವಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಕುಡಿಯುವ ನೀರಿನ ಪಾತ್ರೆಗೆ ಲಾವಂಚ ಬೇರುಗಳನ್ನು ಹಾಕುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದರಿಂದ ನೀರು ಸ್ವಚ್ಛ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಿಮಳಯುಕ್ತವಾಗುವುದು. ಲಾವಂಚದ ತೈಲವನ್ನು ಮೈ-ಕೈನೋವು ನಿವಾರಣೆಗೆ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ವಾತ, ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಶೂಲೆ, ಜಂತು ಹುಳಗಳ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳು ಲಾವಂಚದ ಬೇರನ್ನು ನೀರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಕುದಿಸಿ, ಸೋಸಿ ಕುಡಿಯುವುದರಿಂದ ನಿವಾರಣೆಯಾಗುವುದು. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಹಲವಾರು ಆಯುರ್ವೇದ ಔಷಧಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಯಲ್ಲೂ ಲಾವಂಚವನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.ಲಾವಂಚದ ಬೇರುಗಳನ್ನು ಕುದಿಯುವ ನೀರಿನ ಹಾಕಿ, ಬೇಯಿಸಿ, ಭಟ್ಟಿ ಇಳಿಸಿ ತೈಲ ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಆ ತೈಲವನ್ನು ಸೋಪು, ಅತ್ತರ, ಅಗರು ಬತ್ತಿಯ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೇರುಗಳಿಂದ ಹೂವಿನ ಬುಟ್ಟಿ, ಬೀಸಣಿಕೆ, ಗೃಹಾಲಂಕಾರದ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು, ಚಾಪೆ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.[೧]

ನೀರಿಂಗಿಸುವಿಕೆಗೆ

ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ನದಿ, ಕೆರೆ, ತೋಡು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳ ಬದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾವಂಚದ ಗಿಡಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು. ಲಾವಂಚದ ಬೇರುಗಳು ಸುಮಾರು ಎರಡರಿಂದ ಮೂರು ಮೀಟರುಗಳಷ್ಟು ಭೂಮಿಯ ಆಳಕ್ಕೆ ಇಳಿಯಬಲ್ಲವು. ಇದರಿಂದ ಅದು ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸವಕಳಿಯನ್ನು ತಡೆಯುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ನೀರಿಂಗಿಸುವ ಗುಣವಿದೆ.ಇಳಿಜಾರು ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾವಂಚದ ಗಿಡಗಳನ್ನು ನೆಡುವುದರಿಂದ ಮಳೆ ನೀರು ಹರಿದು ಹೋಗುವುದನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಬಹುದು. ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ ನೀರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕೊಚ್ಚಿಹೋಗುವ ಮಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ತಡೆಹಿಡಿಯಬಹುದು. ಇದರಿಂದಲೇ ಲಾವಂಚವನ್ನು "ಬಡವನ ನೀರಾವರಿ' ಎನ್ನುವರು. ಜಾನುವಾರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಮೇವು ಒದಗಿಸುವುದಲ್ಲದೆ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಸಿರು ಹೊದಿಕೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ತಂಪಿನ ವಾತಾವರಣ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವುದು. ನೀರಿನ ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣಕ್ಕೆ ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ ವಿದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ವೆಟಿವೇರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕ್ವೀನ್ಸ್‌ ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌, ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ, ಚೀನಾ, ಥಾçಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌, ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಂ, ಸೆನೆಗಲ್‌ ಮುಂತಾದವುಗಳು. [೧] ಅವು ಕೆಲವೇ ತಿಂಗಳುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೃಹತ್ ಪೊದೆಯಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದು ಹೊಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ನೀರನ್ನು ಇಂಗಿಸಿಕೊಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಒಂದರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಇವನ್ನು ಬಡವನ ನೀರಾವರಿ ಎಂದೂ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. ರೈತ ಸಮುದಾಯ ತಮ್ಮ ನೆಲದ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆಗೆ, ಅಂತರ್ಜಲದ ಮರುಪೂರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಲಾವಂಚವನ್ನು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಬಲ ಅಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದು. ಲಾವಂಚವು ಮೇವು, ಕೃಷಿಭೂಮಿಯ ಹೊದಿಕೆಗೆ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಹಾಗೂ ಉರುವಲಿನಂತಹ ಕಿರು ಉತ್ಪನ್ನಗಳನ್ನೂ ಕೊಡುತ್ತದೆ.[೨]

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು

ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು

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ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು

ಲಾವಂಚ: Brief Summary ( Kannada )

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ಲಾವಂಚ ಅಥವಾ ರಾಮಂಚ ಒಂದು ಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಸಸ್ಯ. ಸುಗಂಧ ತೈಲಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾದುದು. ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕವಾಗಿ ಇದರ ಹೆಸರು ವೆಟಿವೇರಿಯಾ ಜಿಜನಿಯೋಡೆಸ್‌. "ವೆಟಿವೇರ್‌ ಹುಲ್ಲು', "ಮಡಿವಾಳ ಬೇರು', "ರಾಮಚ್ಚ", "ಖಸ್‌' ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಲಾವಂಚ ಬಹುವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಬೆಳೆ. ಮರಳು ಮಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಹೊರತುಪಡಿಸಿ ಬೇರೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿಧದ ಮಣ್ಣಿನಲ್ಲೂ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು. ಸುಮಾರು ಒಂದೂವರೆಯಿಂದ ಎರಡು ಅಡಿಗಳಷ್ಟು ಎತ್ತರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಈ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಸಾಧಾರಣ ತೇವಾಂಶ ಹಾಗೂ ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶ ಇರುವ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಲುಸಾಗಿ ಜೊಂಡಿನಂತೆ ಹರಡುತ್ತದೆ.

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ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು

සැවැන්දරා ( Sinhalese )

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හැඳින්වීම

සැවැන්දරා යනු මානා වර්ගයට අයත් තෘණ පැළෑටියකි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, ඉන්දියාව වැනි රටවල වැවෙන සුවඳ හොට, දැවැන්න, සැවැන්දරා යන විශේෂිත නාමයන්ගෙන් සැදුම්ලත් අනගි ශාකයකි. ඉන්දියානුවෝ විජිණිපත්, අවාන්, පැදුරු තැනීම සඳහා ද භාවිතා කරති.

සැවැන්දරා සඳහා පර්යාය නම් තිස් හයකි. උශිර, නලද, ජල, අභය, අවදාත, ඉන්ද්‍රගුප්ත, ජිත, උශිරක, ජලවාස, හරිපි‍්‍රය, රතාපි‍්‍රය, වීර, කරු ඉන් කිහිපයකි.

Vetiveria zizanioides (L) Nash මෙහි උද්භිද විද්‍යාත්මක නාමයයි. එසේම මෙය තෘණ (POACEAE) කුලයට අයත් වේ.

සුවඳ විලවුන් සඳහා ගන්නා සුගන්ධ තෙලකින් යුක්ත ප්‍රධාන පෙළේ සුගන්ධ ද්‍රව්‍යයකි. පාංශු සංරක්‍ෂණය සඳහා යොදාගන්නා ශාක අතරින් මුල් තැනක් ලැබෙන්නේ අඩි අටකට වඩා ගැඹුරට විහිදෙන මූල පද්ධතියක් ඇති සැවැන්දරාවලටයි.

විශේෂයෙන් ම ශශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාංශු ඛාදනය අධික කඳුකර ප්‍රදේශවල වගා කිරීමට උචිත ශාක විශේෂයකි.

ශශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උණුසුම් වියළි ප්‍රදේශවල හා වැව් මායිම්වල ස්වභාවිකව දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙරට ඕනෑම ප්‍රදේශයක පහසුවෙන් වගා කළ හැකි වේ.

ඖෂධ සඳහා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මුල් ගනු ලබයි. සෙම් පිත් සමනය කරයි. දැවිල්ල නසයි. බඩගින්න ඇතිකරයි. වමනය වළකයි. මුත්‍ර කාරකයි.

ඉදිමුම අඩු කරයි. ශීතලයි. තිත්තයි. සැහැල්ලුයි. මධුරයි. ලේ දොස් දාහය නසයි. සැවැන්දරා විශේෂයෙන් මුත්‍රා රෝගවලට ගුණදායකයි.

ශරීරයේ දැවිල්ලට හා අධික දහඩිය දැමීම වැළැක්වීමට සැවැන්දරා මුල් ඇල්වතුරින් අඹරා ඇඟේ ගා පැයකින් පසු නෑම සුදුසුයි.

මෙයින් දහඩිය ගඳ ද නැති වී යයි. සැවැන්දරා මුල් කුඩු කර ඇල් දියර දමා රැයක් තබා පෙරා බීම මුත්‍ර දැවිල්ලට අනගි අත් බෙහෙතකි.

එසේම සැවැන්දරාවලින් වෙන්කර ගත් තෙල් බිංදු දෙකක් දිව ගෑම වමනයට සුදුසු වේ. සැවැන්දරා මුල් දල්වා එයින් නැඟෙන දුම් නාසයට ඉරීම හිසරදයට හා හිස බර ගතියට යෝග්‍යයි.

සැවැන්දරා තෙල් සුවඳ විලවුන් නිෂ්පාදනය සඳහා යොදා ගනී. පාංශු සංරක්‍ෂණය සඳහා බෑවුම් ඉඩම්වල සමෝච්ච වැටි ලෙසත්, ගල් වැටි මායිම්වලත්, කාණු සහ ගං ඉවුරුවලත් වගා කරනු ලැබේ.

ළපටි පත්‍ර සත්ත්ව ආහාර ලෙස ගැනේ. වියළි මුල් සුවඳ හමන තිර, පැදුරු සහ අවාන් සෑදීමට ගනී. කොළ පල්ප බවට පත්කර කඩදාසි නිෂ්පාදනයට උපයෝගී කර ගනී. මේවා සැවැන්දරාවලින් ගන්නා වෙනත් ප්‍රයෝජන ලෙස හඳුනා ගත හැකිය.

සුදු හඳුන්, ඉරමුසු, ඉරිවේරිය, ගල්කූ®ර මුල්, හාතාවාරිය අල, වැල්මී, මුද්දරම්පලම්, වැල්මදට, මානෙල් අල, සැවැන්දරා මුල් මේවා කලං 1 යි. මදටිය 4 බැගින් ගෙන වතුර පත 8 – 1 ට සිඳ පෙරා මී පැණි දමා වරකට පත භාගය බැගින් උදය සවස දෙන්න.

මෙය කාන්තාවන්ගේ ප්‍රදර රෝගවලට හිතය. එසේම රත්පිත් දැවිල්ල, කරකැවිල්ල ආදිය දුරු වී ඇඟ නිවීමට ගන්නා කෂායකි.

සුදු හඳුන් හා සැවැන්දරා මුල් වියළා කුඩු කර රෑ කාලයේ දී තැඹිලි ගෙඩියක දමා වසා එළිමහනක තබා උදේට පෙරා බොන්න. උෂ්ණ භාවය නිසා ඇතිවූ දැවිල්ල, දහඩිය ගැලීම් හා සමේ රෝග සනීප වේ.

මුද්දරප්පලම්, සුදු හඳුන්, සැවැන්දරා මුල් හා උක්ගස් රෑට ජලයේ දමා උදේට පොඩිකර පෙරා සීනි හා පොරි කුඩුකර දමා බොන්න. වතුරට දැමීමේදී සියලුම අවශ්‍ය ද්‍රව්‍ය හොඳින් කුඩු කර හා තලා දමන්න. මෙය ශරීරගත උෂ්ණත්වයෙන් ඇතිවූ පිපාසයට උචිතයි.

අම්ලපිත්ත රෝගයට දේශිය ප්‍රතිකාර

සැවැන්දරා මුල්, වී පොරි, සුදු හදුන්, මානෙල් අල, ඉරිවේරිය දඩු,සමාන ප්‍රමාන බැගින් ගෙන පත අට එකට සිඳ පෙරා සිනි දමා බොන්න.

උක් පුරුක්, මානෙල් අල, නුගමුල්, වැල්මී,අළු කෙසෙල් අල, නෙළුම් රේණු, නුග කරටි, මුද්දරප්පලම්, රටඉදි කළං එකහමාර බැගින් ගෙන පත අට එකට සිඳවා පෙරා සිනි දමා බොන්න.

සැවැන්දරා සඳහා ඉතා හොඳ වෙළඳපොළ ඉල්ලුමක් ඇති හෙයින් එය වාණිජමය වගාවක් ලෙස ඉතා හොඳ ආදායමක් ලබාගත හැකි ඖෂධීය ශාකයකි. ආයුර්වේද ඖෂධ කර්මාන්තයට මෙන්ම සුගන්ධ තෛල නිෂ්පාදනයට සැවැන්දරා බහුලව භාවිතා වේ.

වගාවන් හා නිවසේ භාවිතය

වගාවන් ද ගෙදර පොත්පත් ආරක්ෂාකර ගැනීමට ද රෙදි-පිළි ආදියට කෘමීන්ගෙන් වන උවදුරු වළක්වා ගැනීමට ද සැවැන්දරා යොදාගත හැක.

ඖෂධීය ගුණාංග

සැවැන්දරා මුල් විශේෂයෙන් ශරිරයේ උෟෂ්ණ ගතිය නැති කර ගැනිමට මෙන්ම අම්ලපිත්ත රෝගය සදහාද ඉතාම ගුණදායක ඔසුවකි. ඒ වගේම සුදු හදුන් සමග සැවැන්දරා ඇල්වතුරෙන් ආලේප කිරිම කිරිමෙන් කුරුලෑ වලට සහනයක් ලබා ගත හැකිය.

අධිසබැඳුම

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විකිපීඩියා කතුවරුන් සහ කතුවරුන්

Ganti

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Bak ganti

Ganti (nan Latin: Chrysopogon zizanioides) nakeuh sijeuneh naleuëng nyang udep sipanyang thon nyang roh lam keuluarga Poaceae. Boh nibak bak nyoe geungui keu aweuëh peuët plôh peuët.

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Wikipedia authors and editors

Chrysopogon zizanioides

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Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver and khus, is a perennial bunchgrass of the family Poaceae.

Vetiver is most closely related to Sorghum but shares many morphological characteristics with other fragrant grasses, such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), and palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii).

Etymology

Vetiver is derived from the Tamil வெட்டிவேர் (veṭṭivēr) meaning "root that is dug up," via French vétyver.[2] In Northern India it is also called khus (grass, not to be confused with khus khus, which refers to poppy seed).[3]

History

During the reign of Harshavardhan, Kannauj became the biggest centre for aromatic trade and for the first time, a vetiver tax was introduced.[4]

Description

Vetiver grows to 150 centimetres (5 ft) high and forms clumps as wide. Under favorable conditions, the erect culms can reach three metres in height.[5] The stems are tall and the leaves are long, thin, and rather rigid. The flowers are brownish-purple. Unlike most grasses, which form horizontally spreading, mat-like root systems, vetiver's roots grow downward, two to four metres (7–13 ft) in depth.[6]

The vetiver bunch grass has a gregarious habit and grows in tufts. Shoots growing from the underground crown make the plant frost and wildfire resistant, and allow it to survive heavy grazing pressure. The leaves can become up to 300 centimetres (10 ft) long and 8 mm (38 in) wide.[7] The panicles are 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long and have whorled, 25–50 mm (1–2 in) long branches.[7] The spikelets are in pairs, and there are three stamens.

The plant stems are erect and stiff. They can survive deep water flow. Under clear water, the plant can survive up to two months.

The root system of vetiver is finely structured and very strong. It can grow 3–4 m (10–13 ft) deep within the first year. Vetiver has neither stolons nor rhizomes. Because of all these characteristics, the vetiver plant is highly drought-tolerant and can help to protect soil against sheet erosion. In case of sediment deposition, new roots can grow out of buried nodes.

Cultivation

Originally from India, C. zizanioides is widely cultivated in tropical regions.[8] The major vetiver producers include Haiti, India, Indonesia, and Réunion.[9]

The most commonly used commercial genotypes of vetiver are sterile, and because vetiver propagates itself by small offsets instead of underground stolons, these genotypes are noninvasive and can easily be controlled by cultivation of the soil at the boundary of the hedge. However, care must be taken, because fertile genotypes of vetiver have become invasive.[10]

Almost all vetiver grown worldwide is vegetatively propagated; bioengineering has shown them as essentially the same nonfertile cultigen by DNA profiling. In the United States the cultivar is named 'Sunshine,' after the town of Sunshine, Louisiana.[11]

Uses

Vetiver grass is grown for many purposes. The plant helps to stabilise soil and protects it against erosion, but it can also protect fields against pests and weeds. Vetiver has favourable qualities for animal feed. From the roots, oil is extracted and used for cosmetics, aromatherapy, herbal skincare and ayurvedic soap. Its fibrous properties make it useful for handicrafts, ropes and more.[12]

Skin care

Vetiver has been used to produce perfumes, creams and soaps. It is used for its antiseptic properties to treat acne and sores.[13]

Soil and water conservation

Erosion control

Vetiver roots for sale

Several aspects of vetiver make it an excellent erosion control plant in warmer climates. Vetiver's roots grow almost exclusively downward, 2–4 m (7–13 ft), which is deeper than some tree roots.[6] This makes vetiver an excellent stabilizing hedge for stream banks, terraces and rice paddies, and protects soil from sheet erosion. The roots bind to the soil, therefore it can not dislodge. Vetiver has been used to stabilize railway cuttings/embankments in geologically challenging situations in an attempt to prevent mudslides and rockfalls, such as the Konkan railway in western India. The plant also penetrates and loosens compacted soils.[6] Vetiver was advocated for erosion control in Thailand by the late King Bhumibol.[14]

The Vetiver System, a technology of soil conservation and water quality management, is based on the use of the vetiver plant.

Runoff mitigation and water conservation

The close-growing culms help to block surface water runoff . It slows the water flow and increases the amount absorbed by the soil (infiltration). It can withstand water velocity up to 5 metres per second (16 ft/s).[6]

Vetiver mulch increases water infiltration and reduces evaporation, thus protecting soil moisture under hot and dry conditions. The mulch also protects against splash erosion.[6]

In West African regions, such as Mali and Senegal, vetiver roots were traditionally used to reduce bacteria proliferation in water jugs and jars. In Indonesia, the roots of vetiver are widely used in the production of fragrant mats.[15] In the Philippines and India, the roots are woven to make fragrant-smelling fans called "sandal root fans".[15]

Crop protection and pest repellent

Vetiver can be used for crop protection. It attracts the stem borer (Chilo partellus), which lays its eggs preferentially on vetiver but whose larvae cannot thrive there, as the plant's hairiness prevents their moving onto the leaves, so that they instead fall to the ground and die.[16]

Vetiver's essential oil has anti-fungal properties against Rhizoctonia solani.[17]

As a mulch, vetiver is used for weed control in coffee, cocoa and tea plantations. It builds a barrier in the form of a thick mat. When the mulch breaks down, soil organic matter is built up and additional crop nutrients become available.

Vetiver as a termite repellent

Vetiver extracts can repel termites.[18][19] However, vetiver grass alone, unlike its extracts, cannot be used to repel termites. Unless the roots are damaged, the anti-termite chemicals, such as nootkatone, are not released.[20]

Animal feed

The leaves of vetiver are a useful byproduct to feed cattle, goats, sheep and horses. The nutritional content depends on season, growth stage and soil fertility.[6] Under most climates, nutritional values and yields are best if vetiver is cut every 1–3 months.

Food and flavorings

Vetiver (khus) is also used as a flavoring agent, usually as khus syrup. Khus syrup is made by adding khus essence to sugar, water and citric acid syrup. Khus essence is a dark green thick syrup made from the roots. It has a woody taste and a scent characteristic of khus.

The syrup is used to flavor milkshakes and yogurt drinks like lassi, but can also be used in ice creams, in mixed beverages such as Shirley Temples, and as a dessert topping. Khus syrup does not need to be refrigerated, although khus flavored products may need to be.[21]

Perfumery and aromatherapy

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides= Chrysopogon zizanioides) essential oil in a clear glass vial

Vetiver is mainly cultivated for the fragrant essential oil distilled from its roots. In Cuddalore, farmers grow 400 hectares (1,000 acres) of vetiver for oil extraction with help of marudhamalai groups. In perfumery, the older French spelling, vetyver, is often used. Worldwide production is estimated at about 250 tonnes per annum.[22] Vetiver is used widely in perfumes for its excellent fixative properties. It is contained in 90% of western perfumes. Vetiver is a more common ingredient in fragrances for men; some notable examples include Dior's Eau Sauvage, Guerlain Vétiver, M. Vétiver by Une Nuit à Bali, Zizan by Ormonde Jayne, Vétiver by L'Occitane en Provence, Encre Noire by Lalique or Vetiver Root by Korres.

Indonesia, China, and Haiti are major producers.[23] Vetiver processing was introduced to Haiti in the 1940s by Frenchman Lucien Ganot.[24] In 1958, Franck Léger established a plant on the grounds of his father Demetrius Léger's alcohol distillery. The plant was taken over in 1984 by Franck's son, Pierre Léger, who expanded the size of the plant to 44 atmospheric stills, each built to handle one metric ton of vetiver roots. Total production increased in ten years from 20 to 60 tonnes annually, making it the largest producer in the world.[25] The plant extracts vetiver oil by steam distillation. Another major operation in the field is the one owned by the Boucard family. Réunion is considered to produce the highest quality vetiver oil, called "bourbon vetiver", with the next favorable being Haiti and then Java.

The United States, Europe, India, and Japan are the main consumers.

Essential oil

Composition

Vetiver oil, or khus oil, is a complex oil, containing over 150 identified components, typically:[26]

benzoic acid furfurol vetivene vetivenyl vetivenate terpinen-4-ol 5-epiprezizane khusimene α-muurolene khusimone Calacorene β-humulene α-longipinene γ-selinene δ-selinene δ-cadinene valencene calarene,-gurjunene α-amorphene epizizanal 3-epizizanol khusimol Iso-khusimol valerenol β-vetivone α-vetivone vetivazulene

The oil is amber brown and viscous. Its odor is described as deep, sweet, woody, smoky, earthy, amber and balsam. The best quality oil is obtained from 18- to 24-month-old roots. The roots are dug up, cleaned, and then dried. Before distillation, the roots are chopped and soaked in water. The distillation process can take up to 24 hours. After the distillate separates into the essential oil and hydrosol, the oil is skimmed off and allowed to age for a few months to allow some undesirable notes formed during distillation to dissipate. Like patchouli and sandalwood essential oils, vetiver's odor develops and improves with aging. The oil's characteristics can vary significantly depending on where the grass is grown and the climate and soil conditions. The oil distilled in Haiti and Réunion has a more floral quality and is considered of higher quality than the smokier oil from Java. In north India, oil is distilled from wild-growing vetiver. This oil is known as khus or khas, and in India is considered superior to the oil obtained from the cultivated variety. It is rarely found in commerce outside of India, as most of it is consumed within the country.[27]

Medicine

Vetiver has been used in traditional medicine in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand), and West Africa.[28]

Old Tamil literature mentions the use of vetiver for medical purposes.

In-house

In the Indian Subcontinent, khus (vetiver roots) is often used to replace the straw or wood shaving pads in evaporative coolers.[7] When cool water runs for months over wood shavings in evaporative cooler padding, they tend to accumulate algae, bacteria and other microorganisms. This causes the cooler to emit a fishy or seaweed smell. Vetiver root padding counteracts this odor. A cheaper alternative is to add vetiver cooler perfume or even pure khus attar to the tank. Another advantage is that vetiver padding does not catch fire as easily as dry wood shavings.

Mats made by weaving vetiver roots and binding them with ropes or cords are used in India to cool rooms in a house during summer. The mats are typically hung in a doorway and kept moist by spraying with water periodically; they cool the passing air, as well as emitting a fresh aroma.[29]

In the hot summer months in India, sometimes a muslin sachet of vetiver roots is tossed into the earthen pot that keeps a household's drinking water cool. Like a bouquet garni, the bundle lends distinctive flavor and aroma to the water. Khus-scented syrups are also sold.

Soil remediation

A recent study found the plant is capable of growing in fuel-contaminated soil. In addition, the study discovered the plant is also able to clean the soil, so in the end, it is almost fuel-free.[30]

Other uses

Vetiver grass is used as roof thatch (it lasts longer than other materials) and in mud brick-making for housing construction (such bricks have lower thermal conductivity). It is also made into strings and ropes, and grown as an ornamental plant (for the light purple flowers).[6]

Garlands made of vetiver grass are used to adorn the murti of Lord Nataraja (Shiva) in Hindu temples. It is a favourite offering to Ganesha.

Vetiver oil has been used in an effort to track where mosquitoes live during dry seasons in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mosquitoes were tagged with strings soaked in vetiver oil then released. Dogs trained to track the scent, not native to Africa, found the marked mosquitoes in such places as holes in trees and in old termite mounds.[31]

Agricultural aspects

Environmental requirements

Crop management

Vetiver is planted in long, straight rows across the slope for easy mechanical harvesting. The soil should be wet. Trenches are 15–20 cm (6–8 in) deep.[32] A modified seedling planter or mechanical transplanter can plant large numbers of vetiver slips in the nursery. Flowering and nonflowering varieties are used for cultivation. Sandy loam nursery beds ensure easy harvest and minimal damage to plant crowns and roots. Open space is recommended, because shading slows growth.

Overhead irrigation is recommended for the first few months after planting. More mature plants prefer flood irrigation. Weed control may be needed during establishment phase, by using atrazine after planting.[7]

To control termites that attack dead material, hexachlorobenzene, also known as benzene hexachloride-BCH, can be applied to the vetiver hedge. Brown spot seems to have no effect on vetiver growth. Black rust in India is vetiver-specific and does not cross-infect other plants. In China, stemborers (Chilo spp.) have been recognised, but they seem to die once they get into the stems.[6] Further, vetiver is affected by Didymella andropogonis on leaves, Didymosphaeria andropogonis on dead culms, Lulworthia medusa on culms and Ophiosphaerella herpotricha. Only in Malaysia, whiteflies seem to be a problem. Pest management is done by using insecticides and by appropriate cultural management: hedges are cut to 3 cm above ground at the end of the growing season.[7] In general, vetiver is tolerant to herbicides and pesticides.

Harvest of mature plants is performed mechanically or manually. A machine uproots the mature stock 20–25 cm (8–10 in) below ground. To avoid damaging the plant crown, a single-blade mouldboard plough or a disc plough with special adjustment is used.

Notes

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  2. ^ Birdwood (October 17, 1878). "Manuel de la section des Indes britanniques, exposition universelle de 1878 à Paris" – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Dhirendra Kumar, Kumar Nikhil (February 2016). "Vetiver Grass for Manifold Uses: A Critical Review" (PDF). International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR).
  4. ^ "Research Report for Historical Study of Attars and essence making in Kannauj" (PDF).
  5. ^ Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion. National Academies Press. 1993. doi:10.17226/2077. ISBN 978-0-309-04269-7. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i P. Truong; T. Tan Van; E. Pinners (2008). Vetiver Systems Application, Technical Reference Manual. The Vetiver Network International. p. 89.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g James A. Duke; Judith L duCellier. CRC Handbook of alternative cash crops.
  8. ^ "Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  9. ^ Burger, Pauline; Landreau, Anne; Watson, Marie; Janci, Laurent; Cassisa, Viviane; Kempf, Marie; Azoulay, Stéphane; Fernandez, Xavier (2017-06-16). "Vetiver Essential Oil in Cosmetics: What Is New?". Medicines. 4 (2): 41. doi:10.3390/medicines4020041. ISSN 2305-6320. PMC 5590077. PMID 28930256.
  10. ^ "'SUNSHINE' VETIVERGRASS Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty" (PDF). National Resource Conservation Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  11. ^ Adams, R. P.; Turuspekov, M. Zhong† Y.; Dafforn, M. R.; Veldkamp, J. F. (1998). "DNA fingerprinting reveals clonal nature of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Gramineae and sources of potential new germplasm" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 7 (7): 813–818. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00394.x. S2CID 84983364. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  12. ^ "Vetiver | Vetiver Solutions | Fighting Poverty and Malnutrition in Haiti". Vetiver Solutions. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
  13. ^ "Technical Bulletin No. 2001/1" (PDF). Pacific Rim Vetiver Network. September 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-18. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  14. ^ "A tribute to the Rice King". Rice Today. International Rice Research Institute. 6 (1). January–March 2007. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  15. ^ a b Razal, Ramon; Palijon, Armando (2009). Non-Wood Forest Products of the Philippines. Calamba City, Laguna: El Guapo Printing Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-971-579-058-1.
  16. ^ "Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) as trap plant for Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Nouvelle Série. 42 (3–4). Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  17. ^ Dubey, Nidhi; Raghav, C.S.; Gupta, R.L.; Chhonkar, S.S. (2010). "Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Vetiver Oil of North and South India against Rhizoctonia solani". Pesticide Research Journal. 22 (1): 63–67.
  18. ^ Zhu, BC.; Henderson, G.; Chen, F.; Fei, H.; Laine, RA. (Aug 2001). "Evaluation of vetiver oil and seven insect-active essential oils against the Formosan subterranean termite". J Chem Ecol. 27 (8): 1617–25. doi:10.1023/A:1010410325174. PMID 11521400. S2CID 22940727.
  19. ^ Maistrello, L.; Henderson, G.; Laine, RA. (Dec 2001). "Efficacy of vetiver oil and nootkatone as soil barriers against Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)". J Econ Entomol. 94 (6): 1532–7. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1532. PMID 11777060. S2CID 38434149.
  20. ^ Lee, Karmen C.; Mallette, Eldon J.; Arquette, Tim J. (2012). "Field Evaluation of Vetiver Grass as a Barrier against Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)". Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
  21. ^ Tarla Dalal "Khus Syrup Glossary" in Tarladalal.com, India's #1 Food Site, 2012.
  22. ^ Karl-Georg Fahlbusch, Franz-Josef Hammerschmidt, Johannes Panten, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Dietmar Schatkowski, Kurt Bauer, Dorothea Garbe, Horst Surburg "Flavors and Fragrances" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim: 2002. Published online: 15 January 2003; doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_141.
  23. ^ Fahlbusch, Karl-Georg; Hammerschmidt, Franz-Josef; Panten, Johannes; Pickenhagen, Wilhelm; Schatkowski, Dietmar; Bauer, Kurt; Garbe, Dorothea; Surburg, Horst (2000). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_141. ISBN 9783527306732.
  24. ^ The Fragrance Industry- Profiles c. 2007 by Glen O. Brechbill
  25. ^ © International Trade Centre, International Trade Forum - Issue 3/2001
  26. ^ Mallavarapu, Gopal Rao; Syamasundar, Kodakandla V.; Ramesh, S.; Rao, Bhaskaruni R. Rajeswara (2012). "Constituents of South Indian Vetiver Oils" (PDF). Natural Product Communications. 7 (2): 223–225. doi:10.1177/1934578X1200700228. ISSN 1555-9475. PMID 22474964. S2CID 22215261. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  27. ^ McMahon, Christopher. "Vetiver - The Oil of Tranquility". www.vetiver.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  28. ^ Narong Chomchalow, "The Utilization of Vetiver as Medicinal and Aromatic Plants with Special Reference to Thailand", Office of the Royal Development Projects Board, Bangkok, Thailand September 2001, Pacific Rim Vetiver Network Technical Bulletin No. 2001/1.[1] Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Jaiswal, Binita (23 May 2012). "Khus khus curtains to keep Cuttack cool". News Paper. timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  30. ^ ynet.co.il The plant that cleans the ground (in Hebrew).
  31. ^ Sohn, Emily (2014). "Malaria control: The great mosquito hunt". Nature News & Comment. 511 (7508): 144–146. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..144S. doi:10.1038/511144a. PMID 25008507.
  32. ^ Greenfield, John C. (2008). The Vetiver System for Soil and Water Conservation. ISBN 978-1-4382-0322-5.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysopogon zizanioides.
Wikispecies has information related to Chrysopogon zizanioides.
  • Veldkamp, J. F. (1999). "A revision of Chrysopogon Trin., including Vetiveria Bory (Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and Australia". Austrobaileya. 5: 522–523.
  • Other Uses and Utilization of Vetiver: Vetiver Oil - U.C. Lavania - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-336 015, India
  • E. Guenther, The Essential Oils Vol. 4 (New York: Van Nostrand Company INC, 1990), 178–181, cited in Salvatore Battaglia, The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy (Australia: The Perfect Potion, 1997), 205.]

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Chrysopogon zizanioides: Brief Summary

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Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver and khus, is a perennial bunchgrass of the family Poaceae.

Vetiver is most closely related to Sorghum but shares many morphological characteristics with other fragrant grasses, such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), and palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii).

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Chrysopogon zizanioides ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

El vetiver, Chrysopogon zizanioides, anteriormente clasificado como Vetiveria zizanioides) es una planta perenne de la familia de las gramíneas, nativa de la India. El nombre vetiver es originario del idioma tamil வெட்டிவேர் significando "raíz que está desenterrada." En el norte de la India también se le llama Khus (hierba, que no debe confundirse con Khus Khus, que se refiere a Papaver somniferum). Se encuentran registros en la literatura tamil de usos del vetiver con propósitos medicinales.

Descripción

El vetiver puede crecer hasta 1,5 m, tallos altos, hojas largas, delgadas y rígidas. A diferencia de la mayoría de las gramíneas, las raíces del vetiver crecen masivamente de manera vertical y alcanzan una profundidad de hasta 4 m . Sus semillas no son fértiles, por lo cual es una planta ecológicamente segura. El vetiver está estrechamente relacionado con otras gramíneas fragantes como el Cymbopogon (Cymbopogon citratus) y la citronella (Cymbopogon nardus).

Está siendo ampliamente usado en bioingeniería para control de erosión; fitorremediación de aguas y suelos contaminados por metales pesados, hidrocarburos, agroquímicos, y otros polutantes.

Distribución y hábitat

A pesar de que el vetiver es originario de la India, es ampliamente cultivado en los países de las regiones tropicales. Los mayores productores a nivel mundial son Haití, la India, Java y Reunión.

Historia

La medicina ayurvédica considera la raíz de vetiver amarga, refrescante, estomacal y astringente, además de un antídoto contra los venenos, y se recomienda en la sensación de escozor, fiebres biliosas, sudores, sed, úlceras y enfermedades de la sangre. Se ha empleado en perfumería como aceite esencial. Es un reputado medio para ahuyentar polillas y otros insectos. La esencia se usa en la India como linimento contra el reumatismo, por vía externa, y como carminativa y estimulante por vía interna. También en ese país acostumbran a tejer esteras y cestos con la planta, los cuales humedecidos, desprenden un agradable olor que purifica el ambiente.[1]

Usos

Estabilización de taludes

En los últimos años, se ha convertido en una herramienta confiable para la estabilización de taludes, experiencias en diversos países con climatologías y suelos distintos han comprobado su eficacia en esta materia, se considera la alternativa más moderna y ecológica para este fin.

Tratamiento de aguas residuales (domésticas e industriales)

Diversas pruebas en Asia han demostrado un alto poder descontaminante y está siendo usada en biorremediacion.

Control de la erosión

Muchos aspectos del vetiver lo convierten en un excelente recurso para controlar la erosión. A diferencia de muchas gramíneas, las raíces del vetiver crecen exclusivamente de manera vertical, alcanzando hasta los 4 metros de longitud. Poseen una alta resistencia a la tensión (equivalente a 1/6 del acero blando). Esto lo convierte en un excelente estabilizador de bordes y terrazas. Cuando se siembra para formar barreras vivas, la cercanía con que crecen las macollas restringe el paso de agua, a la vez que retiene los sedimentos presentes. Y por el cloruro carbono que tienen sus raíces sostiene el talud o barranco.

Aromaterapia y perfumería

El vetiver se cultiva comúnmente para la extracción del aceite destilado de sus raíces. Se estima que la producción mundial es de alrededor de 250 toneladas por año. Por sus propiedades estabilizantes o preservadoras, se usa ampliamente en los perfumes. Está contenido en, aproximadamente, el 36% de los perfumes occidentales. Haití es uno de los mayores productores de vetiver en el mundo, junto con Java, China, India y Brasil. Los Estados Unidos, Europa, India y Japón son los principales consumidores.

 src=
Raíces de vetiver.

Su aceite esencial contiene un 60 % de vitevenoles y un 12 % de vitevenonas, ambos derivados sesquiterpénicos.

Alimentación

Es uno de los ingredientes del jarabe saborizante Rooh afza, propio de la India.

Taxonomía

Chrysopogon zizanioides fue descrita por (L.) Roberty y publicado en Bulletin de l'Institut Française d'Afrique Noire 22: 106. 1960.[2]

Etimología

Chrysopogon: nombre genérico que deriva del griego chrysos (de oro) y pogon (barba), aludiendo a los pelos de color marrón dorado del callo de algunas especies.

zizanioides: epíteto latino compuesto que significa "similar al género Zizania".

Sinonimia

  • Agrostis verticillata Lam.
  • Anatherum muricatum (Retz.) P.Beauv.
  • Anatherum zizanioides (L.) Hitchc. & Chase
  • Andropogon festucoides J.Presl
  • Andropogon muricatum Retz.
  • Andropogon muricatus Retz.
  • Andropogon squarrosus L.f.
  • Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urb.
  • Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty
  • Holcus zizanioides (L.) Kuntze ex Stuck.
  • Phalaris zizanioides L. basónimo
  • Sorghum zizanioides (L.) Kuntze
  • Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb.
  • Vetiveria muricata (Retz.) Griseb.
  • Vetiveria odorata Virey
  • Vetiveria odoratissima Bory[3]

Referencias

  1. Dr. Berdonces I Serra. «Vetiveria zizanioides». Gran Enciclopecia de las Plantas Medicinales. Tikal ediciones ISBN 84-305-8496-X. p. 950. Falta la |url= (ayuda)
  2. Chrysopogon zizanioides en Trópicos
  3. «Vetiveria zizanioides». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2009.
  • Veldkamp, J. F. (1999). «A revision of Chrysopogon Trin., including Vetiveria Bory (Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and Australia». Austrobaileya 5: 522-523.
  • Other Uses and Utilization of Vetiver: Vetiver Oil - U.C. Lavania - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-336 015, India
  • E. Guenther, The Essential Oils Vol. 4 (New York: Van Nostrand Company INC, 1990), 178–181, cited in Salvatore Battaglia, The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy (Australia: The Perfect Potion, 1997), 205.]

Bibliografía

  1. Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long & M.B. Piep. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Fl. N. Amer. 25: i–xxv, 1–783.
  2. Cabi, E. & M. Doğan. 2012. Poaceae. 690–756. In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural & M. T. Babaç (eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul.
  3. Filgueiras, T. S. 2003. Chrysopogon. 46: 159–161. In F. O. Zuloaga, O. N. Morrone, G. Davidse, T. S. Filgueiras, P. M. Peterson, R. J. Soreng & E. J. Judziewicz (eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  4. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Flora of China (Poaceae). 22: 1–733. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  5. Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil https://web.archive.org/web/20150906080403/http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro.
  6. Sharp, D. & B. K. Simon. 2002. AusGrass: Grasses of Australia. CD-ROM, Version 1.0. CD–ROM.
  7. Soreng, R. J., G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, E. J. Judziewicz, T. S. Filgueiras & O. N. Morrone. 2003 and onwards. On-line taxonomic novelties and updates, distributional additions and corrections, and editorial changes since the four published volumes of the Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae) published in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. v. 39, 41, 46, and 48. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/CNWG:. In R. J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, T. S. Filgueiras, E. J. Judziewicz & O. N. Morrone (eds.) Internet Cat. New World Grasses. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  8. Zuloaga, F. O., O. N. Morrone, M. J. Belgrano, C. Marticorena & E. Marchesi. (eds.) 2008. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107: 3 v. 3348 p.

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Chrysopogon zizanioides: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El vetiver, Chrysopogon zizanioides, anteriormente clasificado como Vetiveria zizanioides) es una planta perenne de la familia de las gramíneas, nativa de la India. El nombre vetiver es originario del idioma tamil வெட்டிவேர் significando "raíz que está desenterrada." En el norte de la India también se le llama Khus (hierba, que no debe confundirse con Khus Khus, que se refiere a Papaver somniferum). Se encuentran registros en la literatura tamil de usos del vetiver con propósitos medicinales.

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Vetiveriaheinä ( Finnish )

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Vetiveriaheinä (Chrysopogon zizanioides) on monivuotinen, Aasiasta kotoisin oleva heinä, jota kasvatetaan suojaksi eroosiota vastaan, rehuksi, rohdokseksi ja punontatöissä käytettäväksi kuituaineeksi.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Tähkä.

Vetiveriaheinä kasvaa 2–5 metriä korkeaksi, ja sen laaja juuristo ulottuu 4 m syvyyteen.[1] Lehdet ovat 30-100 cm pitkiä ja 4-10 mm leveitä. Tähkämäinen on 15-10 cm pitkä ja koostuu 4-8 cm pitkistä huispaleista.[2]

Levinneisyys

Vetiveriaheinä on kotoisin trooppisesta Aasiasta, mutta sitä on istutettu trooppisille alueilla molemmille pallonpuoliskoille. Se on levinnyt viljelykarkulaisena ja on paikoin nyt haitallinen rikkakasvi.[3]

Käyttö

 src=
Vetiverian juuria myynnissä Reunionilla.

Laajan juuriston takia vetiveriaa käytetään sitomaan irtonaista maa-aineista eroosion uhkaamilla alueilla. Sen juuresta saadaan aromaattista öljyä, jota käytetään mausteena, kosmetiikassa ja rohdoksena. Juurista punotaan mattoja, koreja ja viuhkoja. Juurilastuja pidetään vaatekaapeissa antamassa miellyttävää tuoksua ja torjumassa hyönteisiä.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b Chrysopogon zizanioides - (L.) Roberty PFAF. Viitattu 26.8.2017.
  2. W.D. Clayton, M. Vorontsova, K.T. Harman & H. Williamson: Chrysopogon zizanioides The Online World Grass Flora. The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.. Viitattu 26.8.2017.
  3. Vetiver Encyclopædia Britannica. Viitattu 26.8.2017.
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Vetiveriaheinä: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Vetiveriaheinä (Chrysopogon zizanioides) on monivuotinen, Aasiasta kotoisin oleva heinä, jota kasvatetaan suojaksi eroosiota vastaan, rehuksi, rohdokseksi ja punontatöissä käytettäväksi kuituaineeksi.

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Chrysopogon zizanioides ( French )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides, le vétiver, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Panicoideae, originaire de l'Inde. Cette espèce est aussi connue sous les noms scientifiques de Vetiveria zizanioides ou Anatherum zizanioides, Andropogon muricatus ou encore Andropogon squarrosus, noms encore acceptés par certains auteurs mais rejetés par des études récentes.

Cette espèce herbacée est la principale espèce de vétivers.

Description

Chrysopogon zizanioides est une plante herbacée vivace, cespiteuse, au port dressé, qui peut atteindre 1,5 mètre de haut et former des touffes aussi larges.

Les pousses (talles) issues de la couronne souterraine confèrent à la plante une résistance au gel et au feu, et lui permettent de survivre à une forte pression de pâturage.

Les tiges (chaumes) sont dressées et rigides. Elles peuvent résister à un courant d'eau profond. La plante peut survivre jusqu'à deux mois dans l'eau claire. Les feuilles longues, fines et plutôt raides, peuvent atteindre 1,5 m de long et 8 mm de large[1]..

Contrairement à la plupart des graminées, qui forment un système racinaire en tapis qui se propage horizontalement, celui du vétiver, finement structuré et très puissant, croît vers le bas, pouvant atteindre 3 à 4 mètres de profondeur dès la première année de croissance[2]. Le vétiver n'a ni stolons ni rhizomes. En raison de toutes ces caractéristiques, le vétiver est très résistant à la sécheresse et peut aider à protéger les sols contre l'érosion en nappe. En cas de dépôt de sédiments, de nouvelles racines peuvent se développer à partir de nœuds enterrés.

L'inflorescence est une panicule de 15 à 30 cm de long qui présente des ramifications verticillées de 25 à 50 mm de long[1]. Les épillets, de couleur pourpre brunâtre, sont disposés par paires. Les fleurons présentent trois étamines.

Distribution

Elle est originaire d'Asie : Inde, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Birmanie, Thaïlande et Indochine. Elle est naturalisée dans d'autres régions (sub)tropicales, notamment aux États-Unis. Elle est notamment cultivée en Haïti, Inde et dans l'île de la Réunion.

Utilisation

Cette espèce est utilisée pour lutter contre l'érosion du sol et n'est en aucun cas envahissante.

On extrait de la racine de cette plante par distillation à la vapeur une huile essentielle aromatique à l'odeur forte et tenace utilisée en parfumerie ou savonnerie. Elle est d'ailleurs parfois qualifiée de « faux-patchouli ». Elle sert de note de fond aux parfums ou à préserver les vêtements de laine ou de fourrure des attaques des insectes.

Taxinomie

Étymologie

Le nom générique « Chrysopogon » dérive de deux racines grecques, χρυσός chrysos (or, doré) et πώγων pogon (barbe), en référence à la couleur des arêtes ou aux poils brun-doré du callus de certaines espèces de ce genre[3].

L'épithète spécifique « zizanioides » dérive de Zizania, nom d'un genre proche de graminées, avec le suffixe -oides d'origine grecque (εἶδος), qui ressemble à, plante ressemblant aux espèces du genre Zizania[4].

Noms vernaculaires

  • Vétiver, vetyver, vétivert, chiendent des Indes, chiendent odorant[5].

Synonymes

Selon The Plant List[6] :

  • Agrostis verticillata Lam. nom. illeg., (1753)
  • Anatherum muricatum (Retz.) P.Beauv. , (1812)
  • Anatherum zizanioides (L.) Hitchc. & Chase , (1917)
  • Andropogon aromaticus Roxb. ex Schult. nom. inval. , (1824)
  • Andropogon muricatum Retz. [variante orthogr.] , (1783)
  • Andropogon muricatus Retz. , (1783)
  • Andropogon nardus Blanco nom. illeg., (1837)
  • Andropogon odoratus Steud. nom. inval., (1840)
  • Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urb. , (1903)
  • Chamaeraphis muricata (Retz.) Merr. , (1923)
  • Holcus zizanioides (L.) Stuck. , (1904)
  • Oplismenus abortivus Roem. & Schult. nom. inval. (1817)
  • Phalaris zizanioides L. , (1771) (basionyme)
  • Rhaphis muricata (Retz.) Steud. nom. inval., (1854)
  • Rhaphis zizanioides (L.) Roberty , (1954)
  • Sorghum zizanioides (L.) Kuntze , (1891)
  • Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb. , (1864)
  • Vetiveria muricata (Retz.) Griseb. , (1864)
  • Vetiveria odorata Virey , (1927)
  • Vetiveria odoratissima Lem.-Lis. , (1822)
  • Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash , (1903)
  • Vetiveria zizanioides var. tonkinensis A.Camus , (1919)

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) James A. Duke et Judith L. duCellier, CRC Handbook of alternative cash crops.
  2. (en) P. Truong, T. Tan Van et E. Pinners, Vetiver Systems Application, Technical Reference Manual, The Vetiver Network International, 2008, 89 p. (lire en ligne).
  3. (en) Umberto Quattrocchi, CRC World Dictionary of Grasses : Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology - 3 Volume Set, CRC Press, 2006, 2408 p. (ISBN 978-1-4200-0322-2, lire en ligne), p. 490-497.
  4. (en) Harold T. Clifford et Peter D. Bostock, Etymological Dictionary of Grasses : Volume 86 de GeoJournal library, Berlin, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007, 320 p. (ISBN 978-3-540-38434-2, lire en ligne), p. 318.
  5. (en) T. K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants : Volume 11 Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs, Springer, 2016, 392 p. (ISBN 978-3-319-26062-4, lire en ligne), p. 197-220.
  6. (en) « Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty », sur The Plant List (consulté le 29 mai 2017).

Voir aussi

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Chrysopogon zizanioides: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Chrysopogon zizanioides, le vétiver, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Panicoideae, originaire de l'Inde. Cette espèce est aussi connue sous les noms scientifiques de Vetiveria zizanioides ou Anatherum zizanioides, Andropogon muricatus ou encore Andropogon squarrosus, noms encore acceptés par certains auteurs mais rejetés par des études récentes.

Cette espèce herbacée est la principale espèce de vétivers.

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Akar wangi ( Indonesian )

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Akar wangi atau narwastu[2] (serai wangi, rumput akar wangi, vetiver, Chrysopogon zizanioides syn. Vetiveria zizanioides, Andropogon zizanioides) adalah sejenis rumput yang berasal dari India. Tumbuhan ini dapat tumbuh sepanjang tahun, dan dikenal banyak orang sejak lama sebagai sumber wangi-wangian. Tumbuhan ini termasuk dalam famili Poaceae, dan masih sekeluarga dengan serai atau padi.

Akarnya yang dikeringkan secara tradisional dikenal sebagai pengharum lemari penyimpan pakaian atau barang-barang penting, seperti batik dan keris. Aroma wangi ini berasal dari minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan pada bagian akar.

Tumbuhan ini merupakan komoditas perdagangan minor walaupun cukup luas penggunaan minyaknya dalam industri wangi-wangian.


Kondisi Pertumbuhan

Tanaman akar wangi tumbuh baik pada ketinggian antara 700-1600 mdpl. Curah hujan yang baik untuk penanaman akar wangi berkisar antara 1500-2500 mm setiap tahun dengan suhu lingkungan berkisar antara 17-27oC dengan pH sekitar 6-7. Tanah yang baik untuk pertumbuhan akar wangi adalah tanah yang tidak terlalu padat hal ini dikarenakan pada tanah yang terlalu padat maka akar wangi akan sulit dicabut sehingga ada beberapa bagian akar yang menempel pada tanah, maka dari itu salah satu jenis tanah yang baik untuk menumbuhkan akar wangi adalah tanah berpasir. Oleh karena akar wangi merupakan tumbuhan yang tumbuh sepanjang tahun, maka penanaman akar wangi dapat dilakuka setia saat, namun waktu penanaman yang terbaik adalah pada awal musim hujan. Tanaman akar wangi merupakan tanaman yang cukup cepat tumbuh, pemanenan akar wangi dapat dilakukan setelah tanaman berumur 8 bulan pda musim kemarau. [3]

Produk Primer Akar Wangi

Bagian tubuh dari tanaman V. zizanioides yang banyak dimanfaatkan adalah akarnya hal ini dikarenakan akar dari tumbuhan ini mengandung banyak metabolit sekunder yaitu lebih dari 300 senyawa yang didominasi oleh senyawa dengan struktur siklik dan bisiklik dari sekuiterpenoid sepertu vetivone, khumisol, cadanena, cedrena dan β-humulena. Oleh karena itu akar dari tumbuhan akar wangi merupakan produk primer dari tumbuhan ini [4]

Kandungan Metabolit dalam Akar Wangi

Tanaman ini terkenal karena kemampuannya menghasilkan minyak atsiri atau yang dikenal sebagai vetiver oil. Minyak ini banyak digunakan dalam proses pembuatan parfum dan kosmetik. Minyak ini banyak digunakan sebagai parfum dan kosmetik karena mengandung ester yang tersusun oleh senyawa karboksilat asam vetinenat dan senyawa alcohol vetivenol.

Potensi Pengembangan

Oleh karena kemampuannya dalam menghasilkan minyak atsiri, tanaman akar wangi memiliki nilai ekonomis yang cukup tinggi. Produksi minyak akar wangi Indonesia sebanyak 89% dihasilkan di jawa bawar yaitu kabupaten garut dengan luas areal yang semakin luas dari tahun ke tahun dimana pada tahun 1988 luas area yang digunakan untuk perkebunan akar wangi hanya berkisar sebesar 1475 ha seddangkan pada tahun 2003 menjadi 2400 ha. Oleh karena itu komoditas ini berperan besar dalam meningkatkan devisa negara dan penyerapan tenaga kerja [4]

Standarisasi

Minyak atsiri merupakan salah satu produk sekunder dari pengolahan akar wangi yaitu melalui proses penyulingan sehingga diperoleh residu minyak akar wangi, minyak ini banyak dimanfaatkan karena Indonesia merupakan salah satu produsen minyak atsiri, oleh karena itu u untuk minyak atsiri sendiri sudah ada standarnya yaitu standar nasional Indonesia atau SNI, untuk standar internasional minyak atsiri dari akar wangi juga sudah distandarisasi oleh International Standarization Organization. Beberapa parameter yang biasanya dijadikan standar untuk megenali kualitas minyak atsiri meliputi bilangan asam dan kelarutan dalam alkohol. Bilangan asam menunjukan kadar asam lemak bebas dalam minyak atsiri, parameter ini penting dalam standarisasi minyak atsiri dari akar wangu karena berhubungan erat dengan bau khas dari minyak atsiri. Dimana baku mutu dari bilangan asam pada minyak atsiri yang baik berada pada rentang 10-35, kualitas dari minyak atsiri yang diperoleh pun sangat dipengaruhi oleh metode ekstraksi yang dilakukan. Sedangkan kelarutan dalam etanol pada minyak atsiri memiliki baku mutu menurut SNI adalah 1:1 larutan jernih

Kajian Metabolomik Akar Wangi

Kajian metabolomics yang sudah dilakukan pada tanaman akar wangi ini salah satunya adalah identifikasi jalur metabolisme terkait toleransi dan detoksifikasi logam berat timbal dengan menggunakan pendekatan metabolic profiling. Design penelitian dilakukan dengan dengan pemberian perlakukan berbagai konsentrasi logam timbal pada kultur hidroponik akar wangi, kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi metabolit yang terdapat di akar dan pucuk tanaman kemudian dilakukan analisis dengan menggunakan instrument LC/MS, setelah diperoleh data spektrum, kemudian dilakukan analisis multivariat. Analisis multvariat menunjukan hasil berupa induksi tinggi terhadap beberapa jalur metabolic utama seperti metabolisme gula dan metabolisme asam amino, selain itu perlakuan juga meningkatkan produksi osmoprotektan yang cukup tinggi seperti betain dan poliol serta produksi dari asam organik pengkelat logam. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan yang komprehensif tentang bagaimana tanaman ini merespons terhadap stress lingkungan terutama stress logam berat

Narwastu dalam Alkitab

Jika ditilik dalam konteks Alkitab khususnya di Perjanjian Baru, maka kita akan menemukan bahwa narwastu merupakan salet atau minyak yang sangat mahal. Dibuat dari tanaman India yang mahal. Nilai dari bahan yang dituangkan atas kepala Yesus oleh seorang perempuan di Betania (Mrk. 14:3), diperkirakan senilai upah orang untuk hampir setahun.[5]

Lihat pula

Pranala luar

Referensi

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Diakses tanggal May 8, 2014.
  2. ^ KBBI - narwastu
  3. ^ Zakaria, Akhmad; Aditiawati, Pingkan; Rosmiati, Mia (2017-12-01). "Strategi Pengembangan Usahatani Kopi Arabika (Kasus pada Petani Kopi Di Desa Suntenjaya Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Provinsi Jawa Barat)". Jurnal Sosioteknologi. 16 (3): 325–339. doi:10.5614/sostek.itbj.2017.16.3.7. ISSN 1858-3474.
  4. ^ a b Chahal, K. K., Kaushal, S., & Sandhu, A. K. (2015). Chemical composition and biological properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty syn. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash-A Review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (IJNPR)[Formerly Natural Product Radiance (NPR)], 6(4), 251-260
  5. ^ Browning, W (2015). Kamus Alkitab. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. hlm. 286.
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Akar wangi: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Akar wangi atau narwastu (serai wangi, rumput akar wangi, vetiver, Chrysopogon zizanioides syn. Vetiveria zizanioides, Andropogon zizanioides) adalah sejenis rumput yang berasal dari India. Tumbuhan ini dapat tumbuh sepanjang tahun, dan dikenal banyak orang sejak lama sebagai sumber wangi-wangian. Tumbuhan ini termasuk dalam famili Poaceae, dan masih sekeluarga dengan serai atau padi.

Akarnya yang dikeringkan secara tradisional dikenal sebagai pengharum lemari penyimpan pakaian atau barang-barang penting, seperti batik dan keris. Aroma wangi ini berasal dari minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan pada bagian akar.

Tumbuhan ini merupakan komoditas perdagangan minor walaupun cukup luas penggunaan minyaknya dalam industri wangi-wangian.


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Chrysopogon zizanioides ( Italian )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, comunemente noto come vetiver (in italiano pronunciato vetivèr[1] dal tamil: வெட்டிவேர்), è una pianta erbacea perenne della famiglia Poaceae, originaria dell'India. In India occidentale e settentrionale, è popolarmente noto come Khus.

Descrizione

Il vetiver può crescere fino a 1,5 metri di altezza. Gli steli sono alti e le foglie sono lunghe, sottili, e piuttosto rigide mentre i fiori sono di colore viola-marrone. Diversamente dalla maggior parte delle graminacee, che sviluppano radici orizzontalmente, le radici del vetiver crescono verso il basso, sino a 2-4 metri di profondità. I suoi semi sono sterili, il che la rende una pianta non infestante.

Anche se è originario dell'India, il vetiver è ampiamente coltivato nelle regioni tropicali del mondo. I maggiori produttori del mondo sono Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Birmania, Thailandia e Indocina. È stato inoltre naturalizzato in altre regioni, in particolare negli Stati Uniti.

Utilizzi

Questa specie colonizza rapidamente i terreni, ed è spesso impiegata in ingegneria naturalistica proprio per evitare l'erosione del suolo. Questo impiego della pianta è conosciuto proprio come "sistema vetiver".[2]È inoltre utilizzata per la fitodepurazione delle acque e del suolo contaminato da metalli pesanti, idrocarburi e sostanze chimiche. Si estrae da questa pianta un olio essenziale molto odoroso, ampiamente utilizzato in profumeria.

La medicina ayurvedica considera la radice di vetiver rinfrescante e astringente e la consiglia per la sensazione di bruciore, le febbri biliari, sudorazione, stranguria, ulcere e malattie del sangue.

Sinonimi

  • Agrostis verticillata Lam.
  • Anatherum muricatum (Retz.) P.Beauv.
  • Anatherum zizanioides (L.) Hitchc. & Chase
  • Andropogon festucoides J.Presl
  • Andropogon muricatum Retz.
  • Andropogon muricatus Retz.
  • Andropogon squarrosus L.f.
  • Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urb.
  • Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty
  • Holcus zizanioides (L.) Kuntze ex Stuck.
  • Phalaris zizanioides L.
  • Sorghum zizanioides (L.) Kuntze
  • Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb.
  • Vetiveria muricata (Retz.) Griseb.
  • Vetiveria odorata Virey
  • Vetiveria odoratissima Bory[3]

Note

  1. ^ http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/vetiver/
  2. ^ Domus, Edizioni 886-887 - Gio Ponti
  3. ^ Vetiveria zizanioides, in Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, 8 de septiembre de 2009.

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Chrysopogon zizanioides: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, comunemente noto come vetiver (in italiano pronunciato vetivèr dal tamil: வெட்டிவேர்), è una pianta erbacea perenne della famiglia Poaceae, originaria dell'India. In India occidentale e settentrionale, è popolarmente noto come Khus.

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Kvapusis auksabarzdis ( Lithuanian )

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Kvapusis auksabarzdis[1] (Chrysopogon zizanioides, seniau – zizaninė vetiverija, Vetiveria zizanoides) – daugiametė miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos augalų rūšis, savaime paplitusi Pietų Azijoje, ekvatorinio ir subekvatorinio klimato juostose. Taip pat augalas auginamas Pietryčių Azijoje, Amerikoje, Šiaurės ir Rytų Afrikoje, Juodosios jūros pakrantėse.

Stiebas iki 2 m aukščio, šaknys ilgos, lapai linijiški. Žiedynas – šluotelė, joje sunoksta grūdiniai vaisiai.

 src=
Šakniastiebių ryšuliai

Kvapusis auksabarzdis plačiai naudojamas ūkinėms reikmėms: iš šaknų ir šakniastiebių gaminamas parfumerinis eterinis aliejus, prieskoniai, gaminami šepečiai, dembliai, lapai naudojami stogų dengimui, gyvulių šėrimui, namų apyvokos daiktų pynimui.[2]

Augalo pavadinimas kilęs iš tamil. வெட்டிவேர் = veṭṭivēr. Kitur Indijoje dar vadinamas hindi खस, खसखस = khas, khaskhas.

Šaltiniai

  1. http://www.vlkk.lt/vlkk-nutarimai/protokoliniai-nutarimai/eterinius-aliejus-kaupianciu-augalu-pavadinimai-1
  2. Kvapusis auksabarzdis. Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija, XII t. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1984. T.XII: Vaislapėlis-Žvorūnė, 196 psl.
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Kvapusis auksabarzdis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Kvapusis auksabarzdis (Chrysopogon zizanioides, seniau – zizaninė vetiverija, Vetiveria zizanoides) – daugiametė miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos augalų rūšis, savaime paplitusi Pietų Azijoje, ekvatorinio ir subekvatorinio klimato juostose. Taip pat augalas auginamas Pietryčių Azijoje, Amerikoje, Šiaurės ir Rytų Afrikoje, Juodosios jūros pakrantėse.

Stiebas iki 2 m aukščio, šaknys ilgos, lapai linijiški. Žiedynas – šluotelė, joje sunoksta grūdiniai vaisiai.

 src= Šakniastiebių ryšuliai

Kvapusis auksabarzdis plačiai naudojamas ūkinėms reikmėms: iš šaknų ir šakniastiebių gaminamas parfumerinis eterinis aliejus, prieskoniai, gaminami šepečiai, dembliai, lapai naudojami stogų dengimui, gyvulių šėrimui, namų apyvokos daiktų pynimui.

Augalo pavadinimas kilęs iš tamil. வெட்டிவேர் = veṭṭivēr. Kitur Indijoje dar vadinamas hindi खस, खसखस = khas, khaskhas.

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Narwastu ( Malay )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides, atau Narwastu (daripada Tamil: வெட்டிவேர் veṭṭivēr), juga dikenali juga sebagai sanbal (daripada Parsi) adalah sejenis rumput rumpun saka daripada keluarga Poaceae yang berasal dari India.

Narwastu adalah hampir sama dengan betari tetapi berkongsi banyak ciri morfologi dengan rumput wangi lain seperti serai (Cymbopogon citratus), serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), dan palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii).

Maklumat

Narwastu tumbuh setinggi 150 sentimeter (5 ka) dan membesar secara melebar. Jika keadaan sesuai, kulma yang menegak dapat mencapai ketinggian 3m. Batangnya tinggi dan daunnya panjang, nipis, dan agak tegar. Bunga-bunganya berwarna ungu. Tidak seperti rumput, yang menyebar secara mendatar, akar narwastu tumbuh ke bawah, 2 meter (7 ka) hingga 4 meter (13 ka) dalamnya.

Narwastu selalunya tumbuh secara berumpun, iaitu ia suka membiak secara berkelompok. Tunas pula tumbuh daripada perdu (pangkal pokok) yang berada di bawah tanah, melindungi tumbuhan daripada ibun dan kebakaran, dan membolehkannya untuk kekal hidup setelah diragut haiwan seperti kambing. Daunnya boleh mencecah panjang 300 sentimeter (10 ka) dan 8 milimeter (0.3 in) lebar. Gugusan bunga mempunyai panjang antara 15 sentimeter (6 in) hingga 30 sentimeter (12 in) manakala batangnya yang berpusar 25 milimeter (1 in) hingga 50 milimeter (2 in) panjang. Spikeletnya duduk berpasangan, dan mempunyai tiga stamen.

Batang tumbuhan adalah tegak dan kaku. Mereka boleh bertahan dalam air dalam. Dalam air jernih, tumbuhan ini boleh bertahan selama dua bulan.

Sistem akar narwastu berstruktur halus dan sangat kuat. Ia boleh tumbuh sedalam 3 meter (10 ka) hingga 4 meter (13 ka) dalam setahun umurnya. Narwastu tidak mempunyai batang rayap mahupun rizom. Kerana semua ciri-ciri ini, pokok narwastu dapat tahan kemarau dan dapat membantu melindungi tanah daripada hakisan bambang. Sekiranya pemendapan berlaku, akar-akar baru boleh tumbuh daripada buku yang terkambus.

Penanaman

Walaupun ia berasal dari India, C. zizanioides ditanam meluas di kawasan tropika. Pengeluar narwastu terutama termasuklah Haiti, India, Indonesia, dan Réunion.

Genotip narwastu komersil yang paling lazim digunakan adalah steril (tidak menghasilkan benih subur), dan oleh kerana narwastu membiak sendiri dengan anak kecil dan bukan batang rayap, genotip ini adalah tidak invasif dan mudah dikendalikan dengan membuang anaknya di luar kawasan penanaman. Walau bagaimanapun, penjagaan mesti diambil, kerana genotip narwastu subur telah kini menjadi invasif.

Hampir kesemua narwastu di dunia dibiak tampang, biokejuruteraan telah menunjukkan kultigen mereka sebagai tidak subur dengan menggunakan pemprofilan DNA. Di Amerika Syarikat, kultivar ini dinamakan 'Sunshine', sempena nama bandar Sunshine, Louisiana.

Kegunaan

Narwastu digunakan untuk pelbagai benda. Ia dapat membantu menstabilkan tanah dan melindunginya daripada hakisan, tetapi ia juga boleh melindungi ladang daripada perosak dan rumpai. Narwastu mempunyai ciri-ciri yang bagus sebagai makanan ternakan. Daripada akarnya, minyak diekstrak dan digunakan untuk bahan kosmetik, aromaterapi, penjagaan kulit herba dan sabun perubatan ayurveda. Oleh kerana sifatnya yang berserat, tumbuhan ini juga boleh digunakan untuk kraf tangan, tali dan banyak lagi.

Notes

Veldkamp, J. F. (1999). "A revision of Chrysopogon Trin., including Vetiveria Bory (Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and Australia". Austrobaileya. 5: 522–523.

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Narwastu: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Chrysopogon zizanioides, atau Narwastu (daripada Tamil: வெட்டிவேர் veṭṭivēr), juga dikenali juga sebagai sanbal (daripada Parsi) adalah sejenis rumput rumpun saka daripada keluarga Poaceae yang berasal dari India.

Narwastu adalah hampir sama dengan betari tetapi berkongsi banyak ciri morfologi dengan rumput wangi lain seperti serai (Cymbopogon citratus), serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), dan palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii).

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Vetiver ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is een overblijvende grassoort, oorspronkelijk afkomstig uit India; de naam komt uit het Tamil. In het westen en noorden van India luidt de volksnaam echter khus, en in het Maleis is deze naam overgenomen als kuskus.

De plant wordt tot anderhalve meter hoog en stoelt ook ongeveer anderhalve meter uit. De stelen zijn lang, en hetzelfde geldt voor de dunne, vrij stijve bladeren. De bloemen zijn bruinachtig purper. Terwijl de meeste grassen wortelsystemen vormen die zich horizontaal, als een mat uitspreiden, groeien die van de vetiver omlaag, en bereiken een diepte van twee tot vier meter.

De vetiver is nauw verwant aan andere welriekende grassen, zoals Sereh (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus) en Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii).

Hoewel de plant uit India stamt, wordt hij ook verbouwd in vele andere tropische streken, met name in Haïti, Java, en Réunion.

De aromatische wortels worden gebruikt voor de bereiding van vetiverolie en als bijmenging in arak obat, een medicinale drank.

 src=
De wortels, in bundels te koop; hier op een markt in Réunion
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Chrysopogon zizanioides van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Wetiweria pachnąca ( Polish )

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Wetiweria pachnąca (Chrysopogon zizanioides) – gatunek trawy pochodzącej z Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, poza tym szeroko rozpowszechniony w tropikach w uprawie, miejscami dziczejący[3].

Morfologia

Tworząca zwarte kępki trawa o rozgałęzionym kłączu[4].

Zastosowanie

  • Wykorzystywana jest do produkcji olejków eterycznych stosowanych w przemyśle perfumeryjnym: olejek khus-khus oraz olejek wetiweriowy[4]
  • Kłącze i korzenie mają własności lecznicze[4]
  • W Indiach używana jest do wykonywania pachnących wachlarzy[4].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2014-01-01].
  2. a b Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty. W: The Plant List [on-line]. [dostęp 2014-01-01].
  3. Taxon: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty. W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2014-01-01].
  4. a b c d Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1989. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
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Wetiweria pachnąca: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Wetiweria pachnąca (Chrysopogon zizanioides) – gatunek trawy pochodzącej z Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, poza tym szeroko rozpowszechniony w tropikach w uprawie, miejscami dziczejący.

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Vetiver ( Portuguese )

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Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) recentemente reclassificado como ("Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty") é uma planta da Família das gramíneas (Poaceae), herbácea, perene, cespitosa (em moita) que chega a atingir cerca de 2 m de altura e com raízes que podem penetrar até 6 m de profundidade. É também conhecida como capim-vetiver, capim-de-cheiro, grama-cheirosa, grama-das-índias, falso-pachuli (ou, simplesmente, pachuli) e raiz-de-cheiro. O óleo essencial dela extraído tem também o nome vetiver.

É uma espécie próxima de outras ervas aromáticas como o capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus) e a Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). Propaga-se principalmente de forma vegetativa (assexuada) já que a maior parte das variantes cultivares produzem pequenas quantidades de semente ou, simplesmente, não a produzem. Desta forma, o capim-vetiver é considerada uma espécie muito segura para se utilizar, não existindo o risco de se tornar invasora. Pode ter uma longevidade de séculos. Por estas razões, na Índia o vetiver tem sendo utilizado há séculos para delimitar limites entre terrenos, pois permanece exatamente onde foi plantado.

Acredita-se que o vetiver seja nativo do subcontinente indiano, sendo vastamente cultivado na Indonésia, Índias Ocidentais, África e Polinésia. Os principais produtores são a Índia, Java, Haiti e Reunião. O Brasil tem aumentado a sua produção uma vez que o capim-vetiver tem múltiplas aplicações.

Uso

Controle da erosão

Algumas das características do vetiver fazem desta planta um excelente meio de controlar a erosão, nos climas mais quentes. Ao contrário das outras ervas, o vetiver não ganha raízes horizontais, crescendo estas, quase exclusivamente na direção vertical, para baixo. Os grupos densos de colmo ajudam também a travar o escoamento de água superficial. Por estas razões, o vetiver é usado para criar sebes ao longo de estradas, nos limites dos arrozais. Como a planta não cria estolhos, não é uma planta invasiva e o seu cultivo torna-se controlável.

O plantio de cordões do vetiver tem se mostrado eficiente na conservação do solo e da água em varias regiões do mundo, devido a elevada resistência ao arrancamento pelas enxurradas, característica proporcionada pelo seu extenso e resistente sistema radicular, que estabiliza a planta e agrega o solo. Em virtude de seu rápido crescimento se forma rapidamente densas touceiras que criam barreiras às enxurradas. Pesquisas mostraram que esta espécie é também capaz de recuperar areas degradadas com o aumento da agregação do solo, e consequente aumento da infiltração da água e redução das enxurradas. Leia mais sobre o vetiver aqui ([1])

 src=
Feixes de raízes de vetiver.

Outros usos

As folhas são usadas em cestaria e no fabrico de tapetes, bem como para cobrir telhados. As raízes, odoríferas, podem servir para fazer telas, tecidos grosseiros, leques, entre outros artefactos. É as raizes, depois de secas e cortadas, podem ser destiladas para extracção de um óleo essencial espesso e de cor âmbar, constituído principalmente por vetivona, e que é conhecido como Vetiver, Vetivert, Khus khus, Khas khas, ou Óleo da tranquilidade, na Índia. O seu óleo essencial é usado como fixante em perfumaria. O odor é profundo, com acentos de terra, madeira e citrinos, sendo muito persistente. É usado em aromaterapia para aliviar o stress e relaxar. Tem também propriedades febrífugas.

Fontes

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Vetiver: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) recentemente reclassificado como ("Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty") é uma planta da Família das gramíneas (Poaceae), herbácea, perene, cespitosa (em moita) que chega a atingir cerca de 2 m de altura e com raízes que podem penetrar até 6 m de profundidade. É também conhecida como capim-vetiver, capim-de-cheiro, grama-cheirosa, grama-das-índias, falso-pachuli (ou, simplesmente, pachuli) e raiz-de-cheiro. O óleo essencial dela extraído tem também o nome vetiver.

É uma espécie próxima de outras ervas aromáticas como o capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus) e a Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). Propaga-se principalmente de forma vegetativa (assexuada) já que a maior parte das variantes cultivares produzem pequenas quantidades de semente ou, simplesmente, não a produzem. Desta forma, o capim-vetiver é considerada uma espécie muito segura para se utilizar, não existindo o risco de se tornar invasora. Pode ter uma longevidade de séculos. Por estas razões, na Índia o vetiver tem sendo utilizado há séculos para delimitar limites entre terrenos, pois permanece exatamente onde foi plantado.

Acredita-se que o vetiver seja nativo do subcontinente indiano, sendo vastamente cultivado na Indonésia, Índias Ocidentais, África e Polinésia. Os principais produtores são a Índia, Java, Haiti e Reunião. O Brasil tem aumentado a sua produção uma vez que o capim-vetiver tem múltiplas aplicações.

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Vetiver ( Turkish )

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 src=
Bu madde herhangi bir kaynak içermemektedir. Lütfen güvenilir kaynaklar ekleyerek bu maddenin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olunuz. Kaynaksız içerik itiraz konusu olabilir ve kaldırılabilir. (Ekim 2016)

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides; eskiden: Vetiveria zizanioides), Buğdaygiller (Poaceae) familyasından bir bitki türü.

Morfoloji

Saz görünümlü bitkinin uygun şartlarda boyu 2 m ye kökleri ise 3– 4 m ye inebilir. Saç görünümlü, dikey olarak, masif bir şekilde inen kökleri bilinen iyi yüzey tutucu bitkilerden biri olarak tanımlanmasını sağlar. Kardeşlenme yeteneği yüksektir. Saçak köklüdür ve yumak oluşturan kökleri uygun koşullarda 3 m derinliğe kadar gider. Yaprakları ortalama 75 cm uzunluğunda, 8 mm genişliğinde, ince uzun görünümlü ve tüysüzdür. Yaprak kenarları kesicidir. Çiçekleri erguvan-bordo renginde, salkım şeklindedir ve çiçek sapının ucunda toplanmıştır. Hermafrodittir.

Yetiştirilmesi

Tropikal bir bitkidir ve Hindistan'da yetişir. Hindistanın doğal bir bitkisidir ancak şu anda dünyada pek çok çevre sorununun çözumüne basit,ucuz ve etkin cözümler sunan global bir bio-teknoloji sisteminin öznesidir. Türkiye'de Ege Bölgesinde yetiştirilmektedir. 3 aylık yağışlı bir sezona ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Ortalama sıcaklık 18-25, en düşük sıcaklık -15, en yüksek sıcaklık 48, ve hızlı büyüyebilmesi için 25 derece sıcaklık istemektedir.

Kullanımı

Eterik yağı için rizomlar kullanılır. Kokusunda gerginlik giderici etki vardır. Kozmetikte cilt altı yağı dokusu harab olmuş, yaşlı, mat, kuru ve hassas ciltler için hazırlanan kremlerde vetiver esansı kullanılır. Portakal, yasemin, ıtır, kananga (ylang ylang) esanslarıyla yapılan karışımlarda farklı kokular elde edilir.

Stub icon Tek çenekliler ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Vetiver: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides; eskiden: Vetiveria zizanioides), Buğdaygiller (Poaceae) familyasından bir bitki türü.

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Cỏ hương bài ( Vietnamese )

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Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Hương bài (định hướng).

Cỏ hương bài hay cỏ hương lau là một chủng trong dòng cỏ Vetiver (danh pháp hai phần: Chrysopogon zizanioides, đồng nghĩa: Vetiveria zizanioides) là một loài cỏ sống lâu năm thuộc họ Hòa thảo (Poaceae), có nguồn gốc từ Ấn Độ. Tên gọi vetiver có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Tamil. Các tài liệu cổ bằng tiếng Tamil có đề cập tới việc sử dụng cỏ vetiver cho các mục đích y học.

Cỏ vetiver có thể mọc cao tới 1,5 m và tạo thành các bụi cây rộng gần như vậy. Thân cây cao, các lá dài, mỏng và cứng. Hoa màu tía ánh nâu. Không giống như phần lớn các loài cỏ với hệ thống rễ trải rộng theo chiều ngang tương tự như một tấm thảm, hệ thống rễ của cỏ hương bài mọc thẳng và sâu xuống dưới đất tới độ sâu 2–4 m. Nó có quan hệ họ hàng gần gũi với các loài cỏ có hương thơm khác như sả (Cymbopogon citratus, C. nardus, C. winterianus, C. martinii).

Cỏ vetiver khá dễ trồng, dễ sống, chịu hạn tốt, ít bị sâu bệnh, thấm nước và giữ nước. Nó vừa ưa khô vừa ưa nước, trồng được ở bất kỳ loại đất nào, không kể độ màu mỡ. Cỏ được nhân giống bằng cụm rễ, cành giâm. Cây mọc thành bụi hay khóm lớn.

Mặc dù nó có nguồn gốc từ Ấn Độ, nhưng hiện nay cỏ vetiver được gieo trồng rộng khắp trong khu vực nhiệt đới. Các quốc gia và khu vực sản xuất chủ yếu là Haiti, Ấn Độ, Java, Réunion.

Sử dụng

Kiểm soát xói mòn

 src=
Rễ cỏ hương bài

Do một số tính chất đặc thù của cỏ hương bài nên nó là một trong các loài thực vật có khả năng kiểm soát xói mòn tốt trong các khu vực có khí hậu nóng. Không giống như phần lớn các loài cỏ, cỏ hương bài tạo thành hệ thống rễ mọc thẳng xuống phía sâu tới 2–4 m. Điều này làm cho nó có vai trò của một hàng rào giữ ổn định tốt cho các bờ sông suối, các vùng đất bậc thang và các ruộng lúa. Các cụm thân cây mọc dày dặc cũng giúp ngăn không cho nước bề mặt thoát đi nhanh chóng. Do cỏ hương bài được nhân giống bằng các cụm rễ, cành giâm hay chồi cây nhỏ chứ không phải bằng các thân bò lan ngầm dưới đất nên nó không dễ trở thành loài xâm hại và cũng dễ dàng kiểm soát bằng cách thâm canh đất tại ranh giới của hàng rào là cỏ hương bài.

Hàng rào cỏ hương bài có tác động đệm rất tốt, chống được xói mòn nếu đặt theo đường đồng mức với khoảng cách nhất định trên sườn đồi. Phần lớn rễ cỏ hương bài mọc thẳng xuống ít nhất 3 m, không gây hại đáng kể tới các dạng cây trồng, làm giảm lượng nước bề mặt thoát đi và tăng hiệu quả giữ nước ngầm.

Ngoài việc là một hàng rào bảo vệ hiệu quả, cỏ hương bài còn giúp bảo vệ các công trình đập, kênh, đường bộ, sông hồ thuỷ điện không bị bồi lấp, chống lũ lụt, hạn chế dòng chảy mất mùa trên diện rộng.

Ở những vùng duyên hải có gió mạnh, hàng rào cỏ hương bài làm hàng cây chắn gió tốt để bảo vệ cây ăn quả, cây lấy gỗ còn nhỏ, cùng với cây dứa sợi làm băng cản lửa xanh và chống xói mòn đất, giữ nước cho đất.

Thân cây giúp làm lắng các chất bẩn đục trong nước, nước mưa từ thân chảy xuống được lọc ngấm xuống đất giúp giữ sạch nguồn nước ngầm.

Vật lý trị liệu và công nghiệp nước hoa

Cỏ hương bài được trồng chủ yếu để chưng cất tinh dầu thơm từ rễ. Sản lượng toàn thế giới khoảng 250 tấn/năm. Do tính chất hãm mùi tốt của nó nên tinh dầu hương bài được sử dụng trong một số loại nước hoa cao cấp. Nó có mặt trong khoảng 36% các loại nước hoa do các quốc gia phương tây sản xuất (nguồn: Lavania). Haiti là một trong các quốc gia sản xuất hàng đầu về tinh dầu hương bài, cùng với Java, Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, Brasil, Nhật Bản. Các quốc gia và khu vực tiêu thụ nhiều nhất là Hoa Kỳ, châu Âu, Ấn Độ, Nhật Bản.

Thành phần

Tinh dầu cỏ vetiver zizanioides.L là một loại tinh dầu phức tạp, chứa trên 100 các thành phần đã được nhận dạng. Tuy nhiên, các thành phần chính là:

Axit benzoic Furfurol Vetiven Vetivenyl vetivenat Terpinen-4-ol 5-epiprezizan Khusimen α-muurolen Khusimon Calacoren β-humulen α-longipinen γ-selinen δ-selinen δ-cadinen Valencen Calaren,-gurjunen α-amorphen Epizizanal 3-epizizanol Khusimol Iso-khusimol Valerenol β-vetivon α-vetivon

Tinh dầu cỏ hương bài có màu nâu hổ phách và khá đậm đặc. Mùi của nó được miêu tả là thơm ngọt, khói, gỗ, đất, hổ phách. Tinh dầu loại tốt nhất thu được từ rễ cây 18-24 tháng tuổi. Rễ được nhổ lên, rửa sạch và phơi khô. Trước khi chưng cất, rễ được thái ra và ngâm nước. Quá trình chưng cất kéo dài khoảng 18-24 h. Sau khi chưng cất để tách riêng tinh dầu và hydrosol thì dầu được hớt váng và để ngấu khoảng vài tháng nhằm loại bỏ các tạp chất và các mùi không mong muốn sinh ra trong quá trình chưng cất. Giống như tinh dầu hoắc hương (Pogostemon cablin) và đàn hương (Santalum spp.), mùi của tinh dầu hương bài sẽ đậm thêm cùng với quá trình để ngấu. Các đặc trưng của tinh dầu hương bài có thể khác nhau một cách đáng kể, phụ thuộc vào việc cỏ được trồng ở đâu cũng như các điều kiện về khí hậu và đất. Tinh dầu được chưng cất tại Haiti và Réunion có nhiều hương vị của hoa hơn và được đánh giá có chất lượng cao hơn so với tinh dầu sản xuất tại Java với hương vị nhiều mùi khói hơn. Tại miền bắc Ấn Độ, tinh dầu được sản xuất từ cỏ hương bài mọc hoang. Tinh dầu này được gọi tại đây là Khus hay Khas và được coi là hơn hẳn tinh dầu thu được từ cỏ hương bài do con người gieo trồng. Nó hiếm khi được tìm thấy bên ngoài Ấn Độ do phần lớn tinh dầu được tiêu thụ ngay trong quốc gia này.

Tham khảo

  • Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chrysopogon zizanioides
  • Veldkamp J. F. (1999). A revision of Chrysopogon Trin., including Vetiveria Bory (Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and Australia. Austrobaileya 5: 522–523.
  • THE VETIVER NETWORK
  • The Good Scents Company
  • Other Uses and Utilization of Vetiver: Vetiver Oil - U.C. Lavania - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-336 015, Ấn Độ
  • Design Principles and Engineering Samples of Applying Vetiver Eco-Engineering Technologyfor Step Slope and Riverbank Stabilisation - Chengchun Ke, Ziyuan Feng, Xijing Wu và Figen Tu
  • E. Guenther: The Essential Oils, Vol. 4 (New York: Van Nostrand Company INC, 1990), 178-181, cited in Salvatore Battaglia, The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy (Australia: The Perfect Potion, 1997), 205.]
  • Christopher McMahon: Ruh Khus(Wild Vetiver Oil)/Oil of Tranquility
 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cỏ hương bài

Liên kết ngoài

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Cỏ hương bài: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Hương bài (định hướng).

Cỏ hương bài hay cỏ hương lau là một chủng trong dòng cỏ Vetiver (danh pháp hai phần: Chrysopogon zizanioides, đồng nghĩa: Vetiveria zizanioides) là một loài cỏ sống lâu năm thuộc họ Hòa thảo (Poaceae), có nguồn gốc từ Ấn Độ. Tên gọi vetiver có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Tamil. Các tài liệu cổ bằng tiếng Tamil có đề cập tới việc sử dụng cỏ vetiver cho các mục đích y học.

Cỏ vetiver có thể mọc cao tới 1,5 m và tạo thành các bụi cây rộng gần như vậy. Thân cây cao, các lá dài, mỏng và cứng. Hoa màu tía ánh nâu. Không giống như phần lớn các loài cỏ với hệ thống rễ trải rộng theo chiều ngang tương tự như một tấm thảm, hệ thống rễ của cỏ hương bài mọc thẳng và sâu xuống dưới đất tới độ sâu 2–4 m. Nó có quan hệ họ hàng gần gũi với các loài cỏ có hương thơm khác như sả (Cymbopogon citratus, C. nardus, C. winterianus, C. martinii).

Cỏ vetiver khá dễ trồng, dễ sống, chịu hạn tốt, ít bị sâu bệnh, thấm nước và giữ nước. Nó vừa ưa khô vừa ưa nước, trồng được ở bất kỳ loại đất nào, không kể độ màu mỡ. Cỏ được nhân giống bằng cụm rễ, cành giâm. Cây mọc thành bụi hay khóm lớn.

Mặc dù nó có nguồn gốc từ Ấn Độ, nhưng hiện nay cỏ vetiver được gieo trồng rộng khắp trong khu vực nhiệt đới. Các quốc gia và khu vực sản xuất chủ yếu là Haiti, Ấn Độ, Java, Réunion.

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Ветивер ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Lilianae
Порядок: Злакоцветные
Семейство: Злаки
Подсемейство: Просовые
Род: Chrysopogon
Вид: Ветивер
Международное научное название

Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 42309NCBI 167337EOL 1115280GRIN t:424704IPNI 396213-1TPL kew-405169

Ветивер (лат. Chrysopogon zizanioides) — растение семейства Злаки, происходящее из Индии и культивируемое также в Китае, Японии, Бразилии, на Яве, Гаити и Реюньоне ради получаемого из его корней эфирного ветиверового масла.

Ветиверовое масло очень плотное и тяжёлое. Является хорошим эмоционально расслабляющим средством: масло ветивера используется в ароматерапии. В тамильской литературе средних веков описано его применение.

Ботаническая классификация

Синонимы

По данным The Plant List на 2010 год, в синонимику вида входят[2]:

  • Agrostis verticillata Lam., nom. illeg.
  • Anatherum muricatum (Retz.) P.Beauv.
  • Anatherum zizanioides (L.) Hitchc. & Chase
  • Andropogon aromaticus Roxb. ex Schult., nom. inval.
  • Andropogon muricatus Retz.
  • Andropogon nardus Blanco, nom. illeg.
  • Andropogon odoratus Steud., nom. inval.
  • Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urb.
  • Chamaeraphis muricata (Retz.) Merr.
  • Holcus zizanioides (L.) Stuck.
  • Oplismenus abortivus Roem. & Schult., nom. inval.
  • Phalaris zizanioides L.
  • Rhaphis muricata (Retz.) Steud., nom. inval.
  • Rhaphis zizanioides (L.) Roberty
  • Sorghum zizanioides (L.) Kuntze
  • Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb.
  • Vetiveria muricata (Retz.) Griseb.
  • Vetiveria odorata Virey
  • Vetiveria odoratissima Lem.-Lis.
  • Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty is an accepted name (англ.). The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Проверено 2013-11-024.
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Ветивер: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Ветивер (лат. Chrysopogon zizanioides) — растение семейства Злаки, происходящее из Индии и культивируемое также в Китае, Японии, Бразилии, на Яве, Гаити и Реюньоне ради получаемого из его корней эфирного ветиверового масла.

Ветиверовое масло очень плотное и тяжёлое. Является хорошим эмоционально расслабляющим средством: масло ветивера используется в ароматерапии. В тамильской литературе средних веков описано его применение.

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香根草 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

二名法 Chrysopogon zizanioides
(林奈) 羅伯蒂

香根草(又名培地茅岩蘭草,國際通用名稱為Vetiver,學名Chrysopogon zizanioides),是禾本科多年生草本植物,原產於印度次大陸中南半島[1],經人工栽種,目前廣泛分佈於亞洲非洲美洲澳洲熱帶亞熱帶地區[2][3]

香根草耐暑、耐澇,可度過寒冬,分櫱叢生,生長快速,莖梗直立有節,抽穗成熟一般高達1.5米(4.9英尺),葉子對生、長窄且硬,圓錐花穗頂生、花紫色,不易結籽,鬚根系繁盛呈網狀向下生長,生長於矮樹林區,卻相對顯得十分高大,一般深達2米(6.6英尺)至3米(9.8英尺),有香氣[4]。香根草目前主要被種植作為侵蝕控制,也會將其根部提煉成香根草油(Vetiver Oil),作為精油香水的原料,而南亞傳統上會作為草藥使用[5]

特性

植物形態學

 src=
香根草叢集
  • :由莖與分櫱於土表下長許多細根,根粗為0.6毫米(0.02英寸)至2.2毫米(0.09英寸),抗拉強度為40至120MPa,垂直向下生長呈網狀結構,生長快速,種植10週內生長60厘米(24英寸),第一年就可達3米(9.8英尺)至4米(13英尺),根系初生時為白色,後轉成淡黃色黃褐色,有特殊香味,可提煉出香精油[4][6][7]
  • :單桿直立生長,扁圓柱狀密實不中空,堅硬,表面光滑草綠色,成熟單桿可高達1.5米(4.9英尺)至2.5米(8.2英尺),俱有突出的,一般有16至20節,帶有腋芽,遇到潮溫空氣或水會長出根系,節間由葉鞘包覆[4][8]
  • 分櫱:年青莖枝埋在土表下的部分,其四週會發芽長出新的單桿與根系,稱為分櫱(tiller),經重複分櫱後,發展成為越來越茂密的叢集,這是香根草主要的生長方式,在土壤肥沃的條件下,也可能在土表上分櫱,但並不常見[9]
  • :從莖枝基部與莖節對生長出,新葉在內老葉在外展開呈扇狀,老化會枯黃但不脫落,葉片寬0.5厘米(0.2英寸)至1.3厘米(0.5英寸),長30厘米(12英寸)至130厘米(51英寸),窄長且兩沿平行、葉尖尖銳呈劍型,連接莖枝處折成「V」型葉鞘,往葉尖逐漸平坦展開,常因風雨折彎,葉面厚硬、兩面光潔,朝外面與朝內面的邊緣和中脈皆為純草綠色,其他部份朝內葉面為草綠底色上佈滿淡白色細線,當葉片逐漸老化,於靠近末端處的邊緣和中脈會長出鋸齒狀的刺[4][9]
  • :通常秋季開花,於莖枝末端長出花序,直立成,穗高20厘米(7.9英寸)至40厘米(16英寸),展開達10厘米(3.9英寸)至15厘米(5.9英寸)廣,穗枝繁多、上舉或直立,除了連接莖枝部位有3枝穗枝外,其餘穗枝成對輪生,穗枝中軸長出無柄小穗,尖端長出有柄小穗,小穗扁平橢圓紡錘狀,紫色,頂寬1.5毫米(0.059英寸)至2.5毫米(0.098英寸),長2.5毫米(0.098英寸)至3.5毫米(0.138英寸),背面粗糙有小棘,尤其在邊沿清晰可見,雌雄同穗,難結籽[4][9]
  • 淺棕色,兩瑞圓弧的紡錘狀,表面光滑,種子內部有如黏稠澱粉,遇強風、曝曬或其他氣候條件會硬化,胚芽的發育因種子硬化受限,影響發芽,也因此不易透過種子自然散播來繁衍[9]

生理特徵

  • 溫度:香根草能在−22 °C(−8 °F)寒冷至55 °C(131 °F)耗熱的廣大溫度範圍下生存,於低溫環境下,只有地面下的根與分櫱會存活,當溫度上昇至8 °C(46 °F)時,會萌芽長出新枝,生長速度會隨著溫度上昇加快,在20 °C(68 °F)至30 °C(86 °F)時生長速度最快,再高溫反而會減緩生長[10][11]
  • 水分:香根草為水生植物年降水量在200毫米(7.9英寸)至6,000毫米(240英寸)地方皆適合生長,並能抵受長期乾旱或水淹,能忍受水深達30厘米(12英寸)、每秒0.028立方米(0.989立方英尺)以上速度的洪水沖蝕,甚至整株被淹沒也不會壞死[7][10][11]

用途

 src=
香根草穩定斜坡的概念原理

侵蝕控制

香根草特殊的深長網狀根系、耐澇耐旱、能適應劣土、以及不易大量繁植等特性,受到聯合國注意,發展香根草對控制侵蝕的應用,1987年世界銀行發行了一本由約翰·葛林菲爾德John C. Greenfield)領導編撰的《香根草-對抗侵蝕的綠籬》(Vetiver Grass-The Hedge againts Erosion[12]手冊,以科學的方法,詳細記述葛林菲爾德自1956年開始以香根草作為水土保持的研究[13],此手冊引為香根草被廣泛應用於侵蝕控制的開端。

  • 片侵蝕Sheet Erosion)控制:在有片侵蝕問題的坡地,將香根草沿著等高線並排栽種成植栽籬笆,其根系會垂直深入土層,產生固定土層的作用,卻不致影響週遭植物或農作物,其莖葉經重複分櫱生長後,日漸變得厚實,約經過3季的時間,香根草籬笆便可達1米(3.3英尺)厚[13]。當因雨季暴雨融雪或其他原因出現表面逕流時,香根草籬笆會減緩沿坡度流過的逕流,讓水份可以滲進土層,並擋住隨著沖刷而下的,因此達到土水保持功用。經年累月重覆的作用後,籬笆承接泥沙的一邊,因泥沙沉積而坡度漸緩,成為梯田[12][13]
 src=
香根草精油
  • 河岸侵蝕英语Bank erosionBank Erosion)控制:受泛濫、或船隻與季風掀起波浪所侵蝕的河岸,可選擇適合香根草生長或汛期過後的季節,沿海岸並排種植香根草,當香根草穩定生長後,其根系可固定岸邊土壤,其莖葉可有效減緩波浪與泛濫的河水溢出到岸上[14]。相對應的,香根草同時有效阻礙岸上的污水與泥土進入河水中,減少污染[15]

提煉香精油

一般岩蘭草萃取精油,以水蒸餾法粹取較多,但因為得油率較低,售價較為高昂。 現今經由粹取法發展較為進步,也可以使用超臨界粹取法,為成本較高不敷使用。

 src=
販售的香根草根部

藥用

其他用途

栽種

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Nyawadhogwe社團成員在肯亞種植香根草
香根草生態適應性[7][10][16] 項目 可受度 單位 氣候 溫度 -22 - 55 °C 年降水量 200 - 6,000 mm 乾旱 15 月 淹沒 6 月 土壤 酸鹼值 3.3 - 12.5 pH 氮肥 300 kg/ha DAP 磷肥 300 kg/ha DAP 鹼度 48% Na)交換 鹽化電導率 47.5 mS/cm 鋁飽和度 68% - 87% 鎂含量 2,400 mg/kg 砷含量 100 - 250 mg/kg 鎘含量 20 mg/kg 鉻含量 200 - 600 mg/kg 銅含量 100 mg/kg 汞含量 > 6 mg/kg 錳含量 > 578 mg/kg 鎳含量 50 - 100 mg/kg 鉛含量 > 1,500 mg/kg 硒含量 > 74 mg/kg 鋅含量 > 750 mg/kg

參考資料

  1. ^ Chrysopogon zizanioides information from NPGS/GRIN. Germplasm Resources Information Network. [2010-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-28) (英语).
  2. ^ Vetiver Grass in Ethiopia (PDF). Ethiopia Government. 2009年4月 [2010-07-15] (英语).[永久失效連結]
  3. ^ Ralph Ash, and Paul Truong. The Use of Vetiver Grass Wetlands for Sewerage Treatment in Australia (PDF). The Vetiver Network International. [2010-07-15] (英语).
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 香根草的植物学特征. 中国香根草网络. [2010-07-15]. (原始内容存档于2008年9月29日).
  5. ^ Narong Chomchalow. The Utilization of Vetiver as Medicinal and Aromatic Plants with Special Reference to Thailand (PDF). The Vetiver Network International. 2001年9月 [2010-07-15].
  6. ^ Morphological characteristics. VETIVER GRASS-THE PLANT. THE VETIVER SYSTEM. [2010-07-23] (英语).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 吳昭慧、連大進. 綠色草籬--培地茅特性及應用簡介. 台南區農業改良場. 行政院農業委員會. 2002-12 [2010-08-25].
  8. ^ Dr. Paul Truong. VETIVER PROPAGATION-Nurseries and Large Scale Propagation (PDF). THE VETIVER SYSTEM. [2010-07-23] (英语).
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 What is Vetiver Grass. The Chaipattana Fundation. [2010-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2011年5月4日) (英语).
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 香根草生理生态特性. 中国香根草网络. [2010-08-12]. (原始内容存档于2015年6月11日).
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Physiological characteristics. VETIVER GRASS-THE PLANT. THE VETIVER SYSTEM. [2010-08-12] (英语).
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 John C. Greenfield, Southern Africa Vetiver Network, World Bank Staff, Institute of Natural Resources (South Africa), World Bank. Vetiver Grass-The Hedge against Erosion (PDF). Washington D.C.: The World Bank. 1993 [2010-09-07]. ISBN 082131405X (英语).
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 王裕文. 培地茅(Vetiveria zizanioides)簡介 (PDF). 中華民國雜草學會會刊 (中華民國雜草學會). 2000-6, 第二十一卷 (第一期): 59-63 [2010-09-07]. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)[永久失效連結]
  14. ^ Le Viet Dung, Luu Thai Danh, Le Thanh Phong, Paul Truong. Vetiver System for Wave and Current Erosion Control in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (PDF). [2010-10-11] (英语).
  15. ^ Paul Truong, Frank Mason David Waters and Phil Moody Queensland Department of Natural Resources. Trapping Agrochemicals and Nutrients in Agricultural Lands (PDF). Application of Vetiver Grass Technology in Off-Site Pollution Control. [2010-10-12] (英语).
  16. ^ Summary adaptability range. VETIVER GRASS-THE PLANT. THE VETIVER SYSTEM. [2010-08-25] (英语).
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维基百科作者和编辑

香根草: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

香根草(又名培地茅、岩蘭草,國際通用名稱為Vetiver,學名Chrysopogon zizanioides),是禾本科多年生草本植物,原產於印度次大陸中南半島,經人工栽種,目前廣泛分佈於亞洲非洲美洲澳洲熱帶亞熱帶地區。

香根草耐暑、耐澇,可度過寒冬,分櫱叢生,生長快速,莖梗直立有節,抽穗成熟一般高達1.5米(4.9英尺),葉子對生、長窄且硬,圓錐花穗頂生、花紫色,不易結籽,鬚根系繁盛呈網狀向下生長,生長於矮樹林區,卻相對顯得十分高大,一般深達2米(6.6英尺)至3米(9.8英尺),有香氣。香根草目前主要被種植作為侵蝕控制,也會將其根部提煉成香根草油(Vetiver Oil),作為精油香水的原料,而南亞傳統上會作為草藥使用。

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维基百科作者和编辑

ベチバー ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ベチバー(ウサル) Vetiveria zizanioides0.jpg
ベチバー
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta : 単子葉植物綱 Liliopsida : イネ目 Poales : イネ科 Poaceae : オキナワミチシバ属 Chrysopogon : カスカスガヤ C. zizanioides 学名 Chrysopogon zizanioides 和名 カスカスガヤ 英名 Vetiver

ベチバー(ウサル)(Vetiver、学名:Chrysopogon zizanioides)は、インド原産のイネ科の多年生草本である。名前は、タミル語の「まさかりで刈る」の意味を持つ"Vetiverr"による。

和名の"カスカスガヤ"は、インドでの名称Khus("カス"または"クス"とも、「香り高い根」の意味)による。

草は2~3mにもなり、複数がまとまって大きな株を形成するため、ススキに良く似ている。 以前は日本でも生産されていたが、現在ではほとんど生産されていない。

葉にはあまり芳香がないが、根に強い香りがあり、精油は根茎から抽出される。

香料は多くの香水に高級感のあるウッディなベースノートとして広く用いられている。利用例としては、シャネルNo.5ベースノートとして使用されている。

原産地[編集]

インドブラジルハイチミャンマーインドネシアマレーシア中国。 最大の生産地はインドである。

ベチバー精油[編集]

ベチバー精油は、根茎を水蒸気蒸留することにより得られる。採油量は、1~1.5%ほどで、通常、乾燥した根を用いる。

パチョリに似た、土臭いような香りが特徴。

持続して摂取した場合、体内のアンモニア数値が減ることから体臭などの消臭効果が期待される。

主成分[編集]

主にベチベロール(Vetivelol)などのセスキテルペンから成っている。最も含有量が多いのは、Isovalencenolであり、約15%含まれている。その他に、Khusimol、α-Vetivone、β-Vetivoneなども多く含まれている。 ベチバーは生産地によって、大きく含有成分の比率が異なるので、正確な含有率を出す事は難しい。

執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語

ベチバー: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ベチバー(ウサル)(Vetiver、学名:Chrysopogon zizanioides)は、インド原産のイネ科の多年生草本である。名前は、タミル語の「まさかりで刈る」の意味を持つ"Vetiverr"による。

和名の"カスカスガヤ"は、インドでの名称Khus("カス"または"クス"とも、「香り高い根」の意味)による。

草は2~3mにもなり、複数がまとまって大きな株を形成するため、ススキに良く似ている。 以前は日本でも生産されていたが、現在ではほとんど生産されていない。

葉にはあまり芳香がないが、根に強い香りがあり、精油は根茎から抽出される。

香料は多くの香水に高級感のあるウッディなベースノートとして広く用いられている。利用例としては、シャネルNo.5ベースノートとして使用されている。

license
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copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語