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Lesser Oriental Civet

Viverricula indica (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803)

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Not much is known about the longevity of these animals. One wild born specimen was about 13-14 years old when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Maximum longevity may be underestimated, though, and further studies are necessary.
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Associations

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Small Indian civets have few natural predators. They are opportunistically taken when weak, sick, or injured by larger predators. They are occasionally eaten by humans and domestic dogs. Their first reaction when confronted with a potential threat is to run and hide. They are quick, climb well, and are well camouflaged by their striped coats. They are also mainly nocturnal and hide in burrows for the majority of the day. If confronted or cornered, they will bite and claw in self-defense.

Known Predators:

  • domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Small Indian civets have brown, yellow, or tawny orange pelage ornamented with black and white rings on their necks, small spots on the body which converge into six to eight dark stripes on the back toward the tail, and black-and-white banded tails. The paws are typically dark brown or black, and the breast is a lighter brown or gray, with few if any markings. Small Indian civets are distinguished from closely related civets (Viverra) by their significantly smaller size, lack of a dorsal crest of fur, smaller gap between their ears, and shorter rostra. Males are generally larger than females.

Range mass: 2 to 4 kg.

Average mass: 2.7 kg.

Range length: 750 to 1060 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Data is not available on the lifespan of wild animals. In captivity several sources report maximum lifespans of twenty years or more.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
22 (high) years.

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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The habitat of small Indian civets is highly variable, as they have adapted to a wide variety of different living conditions throughout their vast geographic range. In many places, they live in close proximity to humans, and have not suffered due to human encroachment. In fact, in many places they are most commonly seen feeding on poultry and living in gutters or outhouses or even garbage dumps. Small Indian civets prefer open areas, dense rainforest sightings (with camera traps) occur much less frequently than sightings in riverine, deciduous forest, and grassland environments. They are typically found at lower altitudes, although their adaptability has rendered exact limits difficult to define.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest

Wetlands: marsh

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Viverricula indica inhabits areas across Asia, from southern and central China in the east through Indochina and India. Its range also stretches south into the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali. This species has been introduced to Zanzibar, Madagascar, Comoros, and Socotra (islands off the East coast of Africa) as well as several islands in the Philippines.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Introduced , Native ); ethiopian (Introduced )

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Although some viverrids feed primarily on fruit, small Indian civets are primarily carnivorous. They eat mainly small vertebrates, especially rodents. However, they are also opportunistic and will eat fruit, carrion, and human garbage. They have been reported preying on small pets and livestock as well.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; eggs; carrion ; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: roots and tubers; fruit

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Small Indian civets seem to have adapted to fill a niche different than similar species: the larger members of genus Viverra are speculated to be large enough to be ecologically independent of V. indica due to marginalized competition. Their primary ecological impact may be to control rodent populations. Their high adaptability means they are found in many kinds of environments and can switch foraging strategies opportunistically. Ecological impacts, therefore, vary across their range. In Madagascar, it is likely that the thriving populations of V. indica have caused a decrease in size of populations of falanoucs (Eupleres goudotii) and Malagasy civets (Fossa fossana) due to competition. Little is known about status and ecology of populations of V. indica on Socotra and Zanzibar.

Small Indian civets can carry diseases, but their role as a disease vector seems to be minimal. They are affected by a variety of external parasites. However, little research has been done on V. indica as a host species, and therefore further details are largely unknown.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • helminths (Cestoda)
  • ticks (Ixodidae)
  • nematodes (Nematoda)
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Small Indian civets eat disease-causing pests, especially mice and rats and are sometimes sold as pets to control rodents. Many native peoples keep small Indian civets to harvest the civet oil that these animals produce from special glands near their genitals. Their pelts are sold as exotic fur.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; body parts are source of valuable material; controls pest population

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Small Indian civets can bite if cornered or if captured in self-defense. Although rare, they can carry rabies, which is potentially deadly for other animals and humans. Small Indian civets are fond of eating chickens when living in close proximity to humans and can eat small household pets. As a result they are considered pestd in some areas.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease ; household pest

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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Although its natural habitat has become compromised by human encroachment, Viverricula indica continues to thrive, and the overall population trend is reported to be "steady" by IUCN. Small Indian civets are highly adaptable and human encroachment does not seem to have a very negative impact on their range. They are minimally threatened by hunting for pelts and killing by farmers to protect livestock. They are widely considered pests and have become a dominant competitor in Madagascar where they were introduced. There is therefore a much greater concern for the conservation of other species which it affects than there is for V. indica itself.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix iii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Because small Indian civets are solitary, communication is minimal except before and during mating. They use both acoustic and chemical communication as part of the mating process. When animals are not paired or mating, scent markings (urine and feces) are probably the only means of communication and may warn others of territory boundaries.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Untitled

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Viverricula indica is most commonly known as lesser oriental civets, but is also called rasses, little civets, seven-banded civets, or small Indian civets. It is the only member of the genus Viverricula, and has ten recognized subspecies. Despite its widespread distribution and commonness in some areas, very little research has been done on Viverricula indica. Most data comes from captive individuals, not from research on wild animals.

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Viverricula indica is almost completely solitary and asocial, except during mating season. Mating typically occurs once a year. The processes by which mates are chosen is largely unknown. There is no data on whether individuals associate more with former mates or show preferences to mates which have any specific morphology.

The civet gland has been shown to be of great importance to reproduction. It is likely the chemicals emitted by this gland attract mates to each other or demonstrate which animals are in estrus. During periods of estrus, both males and females deposit civet oil from their glands on many types of objects. In a study of reproduction in captivity, males rubbed their civet oil on cages of both other male and female individuals, while females rubbed their oils only on their own cages. This could show male dominance or a form of male competition for mates and female mate choice. According to the same study, males also made a unique "da-da-da" sound while excited. The male chased the female and then sniffed her anus prior to copulation.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

In captivity, researchers in China have shown that Viverricula indica has two estrus periods. The majority of individuals came into heat from February to April, but a few came into heat in August and September. In the wild, little is known about estrus cycles in this species. It is thought that animals can enter estrus at any time of year in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In Madagascar, the breeding season is thought to be September to October. Data for newborn animals through weaning is largely unavailable. Available information comes from animals in captivity. Females give birth to from 2 to 5 young that are weaned at 4 to 4.5 months old.

Breeding interval: Breeding seems to occur once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding can occur throughout the year in some areas. Breeding may be season in other areas.

Range number of offspring: 2 to 5.

Range weaning age: 4 to 4.5 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Little research on parental investment has been done, but females wean their young at roughly four months. Females are probably the sole providers of parental care.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Shirley, E. 2009. "Viverricula indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Viverricula_indica.html
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Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Sivet bihan India ( Breton )

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Sivet bihan India (Viverricula indica) a zo ur bronneg hag a vev e su ha gevred India. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Viverricula.

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Civeta petita de l'Índia ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La civeta petita de l'Índia (Viverricula indica), és una espècie de civeta del gènere monotípic Viverricula. A Sri Lanka, es coneix amb el nom de Kalawedda entre la comunitat que parla singalès.

Descripció

Les civetes petites de l'Índia tenen un pelatge marró, groc o marró vermellós, amb anells blancs i negres al coll i la cua, i petites taques pel cos, que convergeixen formant de 6 a 8 franges que s'estenen per l'esquena fins a la cua. Els peus són generalment negres o de color marró fosc, i el ventre és de color marró o gris més clar que la resta del cos, amb poques o cap marca.

Les civetes petites de l'Índia es distingeixen de les altres civetes, del gènere Viverra, per la seva mida significativament més petita, la manca de cresta dorsal, petites diferències a les orelles, i un musell més curt. Els mascles de civeta petita de l'índia són generalment més grans que les femelles.[1][2][3]

Distribució i hàbitat

La civeta petita de l'Índia viu a l'Àsia, des del sud i centre de la Xina fins a Indoxina i l'Índia. La seva àrea de distribució s'estén també cap al sud a les illes indonèsies de Sumatra, Java i Bali. Aquesta espècie ha estat introduïda a les illes de Zanzíbar, Madagascar, Comores i Socotra (a costa est d'Àfrica), així com a diverses illes a les Filipines.[1][2]

L'hàbitat de less civetes petites de l'Índia és molt variable, ja que s'han adaptat a una àmplia varietat de condicions de vida diferents arreu de la seva àmplia distribució geogràfica. En molts llocs, viuen en estreta proximitat als éssers humans, i no han patit a causa de la invasió humana. De fet, en molts llocs s'alimenten principalment d'aus de corral i que viuen en clavegueres o fins i tot als abocadors d'escombraries. Prefereixen àrees obertes, ja que les observacions a la densa selva tropical tenen lloc amb menys freqüència que als rius, boscos caducifolis, i pastures. Normalment es troben en alçades baixes, encara que la seva capacitat d'adaptació fa difícil de definir els límits exactes.

Comportament

Són animals nocturns i, generalment, solitaris, encara que ocasionalment es formen parelles (per aparellar-se i caçar). A les zones on no hi ha alteracions causades pels humans, de vegades s'han pogut veure caçant també de dia. Tot i que poden grimpar fàcilment als arbres, són principalment terrestres. Els individus dormen en caus o troncs buits. Poden cavar els seus propis caus o ocupar-ne altres abandonats per altres espècies. En hàbitats suburbans, fan servir clavegueres o altres forats foscos com a caus improvisats.[1]

Dieta

Encara que alguns vivèrrids s'alimenten principalment de fruits, les civetes petites de l'Índia són principalment carnívores. S'alimenten de petits vertebrats, especialment rosegadors. Tot i això, són animals oportunistes que s'alimenten també de fruits, carronya o deixalles llençades pels humans. S'ha informat que cacen petites mascotes, així com bestiar.[4][5][3]

Reproducció

Aquesta espècie és gairebé completament solitària i asocial, excepte durant la temporada d'aparellament. L'aparellament té lloc generalment un cop a l'any. Els processos pels quals es trien les parelles és desconegut en gran part. No hi ha dades sobre si els individus s'associen amb exparelles o mostren preferències per parelles amb una morfologia específica.[4][6]

La glàndula de la civeta ha demostrat ser de gran importància per a la reproducció. És probable que les substàncies químiques emeses per aquesta glàndula atreguin les parelles o serveixin per mostrar que estan en zel. Durant els períodes de zel, els mascles i les femelles dipositen oli de civeta de les seves glàndules en molts tipus d'objectes. En un estudi de la reproducció en captivitat, els mascles van fregar el seu oli de civeta a les gàbies dels altres individus masculins i femenins, mentre que les femelles només van fregar els olis en les seves pròpies gàbies. Això podria mostrar la dominació masculina o una forma de competència masculina per les parelles i l'elecció de la parella femenina. Segons el mateix estudi, els mascles també emetien un so únic ("da-da-da"), mentre estaven excitats. El mascle perseguia a la femella i després li ensumava l'anus abans de la còpula.[7][6]

En captivitat, investigadors xinesos han demostrat que la civeta petita de l'Índia té dos cicles estrals. La majoria d'individus entraven en zel entre febrer i abril, però uns pocs ho feren entre agost i setembre. A la natura, hi ha poca informació sobre el cicle estral d'aquesta espècie. A l'Índia, al Pakistan i a Sri Lanka, es creu que poden entrar en zel en qualsevol època de l'any. A Madagascar, es creu que la temporada de reproducció té lloc entre els mesos de setembre i octubre. Es desconeix quan són deslletades les cries a la natura. La informació disponible prove d'animals en captivitat. Les femelles donen a llum entre 2 i 5 cries, les quals són deslletades als 4 mesos.[7][6]

S'ha fet poca investigació sobre les cures parentals, però les femelles deslleten a les seves cries en uns quatre mesos. Les femelles són probablement les úniques que crien als seus descendents.[5]

No hi ha dades disponibles sobre l'esperança de vida a la natura. En captivitat, algunes fonts informen d'una esperança de vida de vint anys o més.[5][1]

Comunicació

Com a animals solitaris, la comunicació entre ells és mínima, excepte abans i durant l'aparellament. Fan servir senyals acústics i químiques com a part del procés d'aparellament. Quan no s'estan aparellant, les marques odoríferes (orina i fems) són probablement les úniques mostres de comunicació, i poden servir per advertir altres individus dels límits dels seus territoris.[6]

Depredadors

Les civetes petites de l'Índia tenen pocs depredadors naturals. Són preses de manera oportunista quan estan febles, malaltes, o ferides per grans depredadors. De vegades són consumides per éssers humans i gossos domèstics. La seva primera reacció quan s'enfronten a una amenaça potencial és córrer i amagar-se. Són ràpides, escalen bé, i es camuflen molt bé gràcies al seu pelatge. Si són enfrontades o acorralades, mosseguen i fan servir les urpes en defensa pròpia.[1]

Ecologia

Les civetes petites de l'Índia semblen haver-se adaptat a omplir un nínxol diferent del d'altres espècies similars. S'especula que els membres més grans del gènere viverra són prou grans per ser ecològicament independents a causa de la seva competència marginal. El seu impacte ecològic primari podria ser el de controlar les poblacions de rosegadors. La seva gran capacitat d'adaptació significa que es troben en molts tipus d'ambients i que poden canviar les estratègies de cerca d'aliment quan convé. Els impactes ecològics, per tant, varien segons la seva àrea de distribució. A Madagascar, és probable que les poblacions pròsperes d'aquesta espècie, hagin causat una disminució de la mida de les poblacions d'Eupleri (Eupleres goudotii) i civeta de Madagascar (Fossa Fossana) a causa de la competència. Poc se sap sobre l'estat i l'ecologia de les poblacions de civeta petita de l'Índia a Socotra i Zanzíbar.

Poden transmetre malalties, però el seu paper com a vector de la malaltia sembla ser mínim. Es veuen afectades per una varietat de paràsits externs. No obstant això, s'ha fet poca investigació de la civeta petita de l'Índia com a hoste, i per tant se'n desconeixen els detalls.[1][3]

Relacions amb humans

Poden si són acorralades o si són capturades, en defensa pròpia. Encara que és estrany, poden transmetre la ràbia, que és potencialment mortal per a altres animals i els éssers humans. A les civetes petites de l'Índia els agrada menjar pollastres quan es viuen a les proximitats dels éssers humans i poden menjar petits animals domèstics. Com a resultat, es consideren una plaga en algunes zones.

Per altra banda, mengen animals que provoquen les malalties, especialment ratolins i rates, i de vegades es venen com a mascotes per controlar les poblacions de rosegadors. Molts pobles indígenes mantenen civetes petites de l'Índia per recollir l'oli de civeta que produeixen les glàndules d'animals, i les seves pells es venen com a pells exòtiques.

Estat de conservació

Encara que el seu hàbitat natural està en perill per la invasió humana, la civeta petita de l'Índia segueix creixent, i la tendència de la població general està catalogada com a "estable" per la UICN. Els individus d'aquesta espècie són molt adaptables i la invasió humana no sembla tenir un impacte molt negatiu en la seva àrea de distribució. Estan mínimament amenaçats per la caça de pells i pels agricultors que les cacen per protegir el bestiar. Són àmpliament considerats plagues, i s'han convertit en un competidor dominant a Madagascar, on fou introduïda. Per tant, hi ha una preocupació molt gran per a la conservació d'altres espècies que estan afectades per la mateixa civeta petita de l'Índia.

Subespècies

  • Viverricula indica indica
  • Viverricula indica atchinensis
  • Viverricula indica baliensis
  • Viverricula indica baptistae
  • Viverricula indica deserti
  • Viverricula indica klossi
  • Viverricula indica mayori
  • Viverricula indica muriavensis
  • Viverricula indica pallida
  • Viverricula indica schlegelii
  • Viverricula indica thai
  • Viverricula indica wellsi

Referències

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 (anglès) Nowak, R., E. Walker, D. MacDonald, R. Kays. 2005. Walker's Carnivores of the World. New York: JHU Press.
  2. 2,0 2,1 (anglès) Roots, C. 2006. Nocturnal Animals. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 (anglès) Tate, G. 1947. Mammals of Eastern Asia. New York: MacMillan Company. Accessed April 06, 2009
  4. 4,0 4,1 (anglès) Chuang, S., L. Lee. 1993. Food habits of three carnivore species (Viverricula indica, Herpestes urva, and Melogale moschata) in Fushan Forest, northern Taiwan. Journal of Zoology, 243(1): 71-79. Accessed April 09, 2009
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 (anglès) Murphy, C. 2004. "Small Indian Civet Information" (On-line). Accessed April 06, 2009
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 (anglès) Xu, H., B. Zhu, H. Sheng. 1995. A Study of The Behavior of Small Civet (Viverricula indica) During The Estrus Period. Zoological Research, 16 (4): 359-364.
  7. 7,0 7,1 (anglès) Hayssen, V., A. Van Tienhoven, A. Van Tienhoven, S. Asdell. 1993. Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Accessed April 09, 2009

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Civeta petita de l'Índia: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La civeta petita de l'Índia (Viverricula indica), és una espècie de civeta del gènere monotípic Viverricula. A Sri Lanka, es coneix amb el nom de Kalawedda entre la comunitat que parla singalès.

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Kleine Indische Zibetkatze ( German )

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Die Kleine Indische Zibetkatze oder Rasse (Viverricula indica) ist eine Raubtierart aus der Familie der Schleichkatzen (Viverridae).

Beschreibung

Von der Gattung der Asiatischen Zibetkatzen (Viverra) unterscheidet sie sich neben Details im Bau des Schädels und der Zähne durch die geringere Größe, das Fehlen der Rückenmähne und die spitzere Schnauze. Ihr Fell ist graubraun gefärbt, schwarze Flecken ziehen sich streifenförmig entlang des Rumpfes. Die Schnauze und die Beine sind gänzlich schwarz, der Schwanz ist grau-schwarz geringelt. Diese Tiere erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 45 bis 63 Zentimeter, der Schwanz wird 30 bis 43 Zentimeter lang, und ihr Gewicht beträgt 2 bis 4 Kilogramm.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Kleinen Indischen Zibetkatze (ungesicherte Vorkommen in pink)

Kleine Indische Zibetkatzen leben in weiten Teilen Süd- und Südostasiens, ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Indien und Sri Lanka und dem südlichen China bis zu den indonesischen Inseln Sumatra, Java und Bali. Eingebürgert wurde die Art unter anderem auf Sokotra, den Komoren, Madagaskar und etlichen südostasiatischen Inseln. Ihr Lebensraum sind mit dichter Vegetation bestandene Wälder und Grasländer.

Lebensweise

Diese Tiere sind generell nachtaktiv, auch wenn sie manchmal in dünn besiedelten Gebieten tagsüber auf die Jagd gehen. Zum Schlafen ziehen sie sich in dichte Vegetation und manchmal in Erdbaue zurück. Sie leben vorrangig auf dem Boden, sollen aber gut klettern können. Außerhalb der Paarungszeit leben sie einzelgängerisch. Es sind territoriale Tiere, die ihr Revier mit dem als Zibet bekannten Sekret ihrer Perianaldrüsen markieren.

Kleine Indische Zibetkatzen sind Allesfresser, die sowohl kleine Wirbeltiere, Aas und Insekten als auch Früchte und Wurzeln verzehren.

Über die Fortpflanzung ist wenig bekannt. Das Weibchen bringt zwei bis fünf Junge zur Welt, die in einem Erdbau versteckt und nach rund vier bis fünf Monaten entwöhnt werden.

Kleine Indische Zibetkatzen und Menschen

Wie andere Vertreter der Zibetkatzen wird auch die Kleine Indische Zibetkatze gehalten, um Zibet zu gewinnen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde sie auch in einigen Ländern eingebürgert. Zibet wird in der Parfümindustrie verwendet, allerdings wird er zunehmend durch künstliche Ersatzstoffe ersetzt.

Ansonsten sind diese Tiere weit verbreitet und zählen nicht zu den bedrohten Arten.

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Weblinks

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Kleine Indische Zibetkatze: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Kleine Indische Zibetkatze oder Rasse (Viverricula indica) ist eine Raubtierart aus der Familie der Schleichkatzen (Viverridae).

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Káu-chat-niau ( Nan )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Káu-chat-niau (Hàn-jī: 九節貓), chhit-á (七仔), chhàu-chhit-á (臭七仔), siā-hiuⁿ (麝香).

Ha̍k-miâ: Viverricula indica pallida.

Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan

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Káu-chat-niau: Brief Summary ( Nan )

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Káu-chat-niau (Hàn-jī: 九節貓), chhit-á (七仔), chhàu-chhit-á (臭七仔), siā-hiuⁿ (麝香).

Ha̍k-miâ: Viverricula indica pallida.

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Viverricula indica ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Viverricula indica es un specie de Viverricula.

Nota
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Viverricula indica ( Belarusian )

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Viverricula indica (Малая цывэта) — від драпежных жывёлаў зь сямейства вівэравых.

Апісаньне

Даўжыня цела складае 45–63 см, даўжыня хваста — 30–43 см, маса — 2–4 кг. Гэта жывёлы зь цёмнымі плямамі, якія ўтвараюць падоўжныя шэрагі ўздоўж сьпіны і бакоў. Хвост з 6–9 чорнымі і белымі кольцамі. Лапы, як правіла, цёмна-карычневага або чорнага колеру.

Пражываньня

Распаўсюджаны ў Паўднёва-Ўсходняй Азіі. Жывуць у розных месцах: лясы, лугі, хмызьнякі і ў бліжэйшых вёсках.

Паводзіны

Вядзе адзіночны, наземны і начны вобраз жыцьця; хутка і добра лазіць па дрэвах. Здабыча: дробныя сысуны, птушкі, паўзуны, бясхвостыя, вусякі і садавіна.

Вонкавыя спасылкі

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Viverricula indica: Brief Summary ( Belarusian )

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Viverricula indica (Малая цывэта) — від драпежных жывёлаў зь сямейства вівэравых.

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सानो निरबिरालो ( Nepali )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

सानो निरबिरालो नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको जनावर हो ।

सन्दर्भ सूची

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विकिपेडिया लेखक र सम्पादकहरू

सानो निरबिरालो: Brief Summary ( Nepali )

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सानो निरबिरालो नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको जनावर हो ।

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சிறு இந்தியப் புனுகுப்பூனை ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

இந்திய சிறிய புனுகுப் பூனை என்ற விலங்கு தெற்கு மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவில் பரவலாக காணப்படுகின்றன. விவசாய நிலங்களையும் அதை ஒட்டிய நிலப்பரப்புகளிலும் அதிக அளவிலாக பரந்து விரிந்து வசித்து வந்தாலும் ஐயுசிஎன் என்ற அமைப்பு மிக வேகமாக அழிவைச் சந்தித்துவரும் ஒரு விலங்காக இதைப் பட்டியலிடுகிறது .[1] இந்திய சிறிய புனுகுப் பூனை மரபணு ரீதியாக மோனோடிபிக் டேக்ஸன் வகையைச் சார்ந்தது.[2]

பண்புகள்

இந்திய சிறிய புனுகுப் பூனைகள், வெண்மை ,பழுப்பு மற்றும் பழுப்பு நிற சாம்பல் நிறத்தில் காணப்படும். மேலும் இதன் உடலின் பக்கவாட்டில் கருப்பு அல்லது பழுப்பு நிறப் புள்ளிகளைக் கொண்ட நீண்ட நீள்வட்ட கோடுகள் காணப்படும். வழக்கமாக ஒவ்வொரு பக்கத்திலும் நான்கு மற்றும் ஐந்து வரிசைகளுடன் வெவ்வேறு கோடுகளுடன் காணப்படும். ஒருசிலவற்றில் தெளிவில்லாத கோடுகளும் புள்ளிகளும் காணப்படும்.காதுகளுக்கு பின்னால் இரு தடித்த கோடுகளும்,தொண்டைப் பகுதியில் ஒன்றும் காணப்படும்.இதன் உடலின் கீழ் பகுதி பழுப்பு அல்லது சாம்பல் நிறத்தைக் கொண்டிருக்கும், உடலின் மீதிப்பகுதி பெரும்பாலும் சாம்பல் நிறத்தில் இருக்கும்.இதன் காதுகள் சிறியதாகவும் வட்ட வடிவிலும் பளபளப்புடனும் அதன் கண்களுக்கு அருகில் அமைந்திருக்கும். இதன் கால்கள் பழுப்பு அல்லது கருப்பு நிறமாகக் காணப்படும்.இதன் வால் மோதிர வடிவ கோடுகள் கொண்ட ஒன்று முதல் ஒன்பது கொண்ட எண்ணிக்கையிலும் அவை கருப்பு மற்றும் வெண்மை நிறமாகவும், மிக நீண்டதாகவும் இருக்கும்..[2]

வாழ்விடங்கள் மற்றும் பரவுதல்

இது இந்தியாவின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதி, இலங்கை, மியான்மார், தாய்லாந்து, கம்போடியா, வியட்நாம், தென் மத்திய சீனா , மற்றும் தைவான். போன்ற இடங்களில் பெருமளவில் காணப்படுகின்றன. வரலாற்று ரீதியாகவே பூட்டான், வங்காளம், மலேசியா, ஜாவா மற்றும் பாலி, போன்ற பகுதிகளில் இவைகள் பெருமளவில் தென்படுவதில்லை. சிங்கப்பூர் போன்ற பகுதிகளில் இதன் தற்போதைய நிலை தெளிவாக அறிய முடியவில்லை.[1] நேபாளம் நாட்டின் சிட்வான் தேசிய பூங்காவில் இது பரவலாக புல்வெளிகள் மற்றும் சால் [3] மரங்களில் காணப்படுகின்றன.[4] ஜம்மு மற்றும் காஷ்மீர் மாநிலத்திலுள்ள டச்சிகம் தேசிய பூங்காவில் மீன் வளம் மிக்க நதிக்கருகில் முதல் முறையாக காணப்பட்டுள்ளதை பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டது.[5] இது இந்தியாவின் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகளில், தமிழ்நாட்டின் ஆனமலை புலிகள் காப்பகம் மற்றும் காலக்காடு முண்டந்துரை புலிகள் காப்பகம் மற்றும் கேரளா பாரம்பிகுளம் வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம் மற்றும் சின்னார் வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம் போன்ற இடங்களில் காணப்பட்டுள்ளதை 2008 ஆம் ஆண்டில் மேற்கொண்ட ஆய்வுகள் முடிவு செய்கின்றன.[6]

முதுமலை புலிகள் சரணாலயத்தில் இவ்விலங்கினங்கள் பனிக்கட்டிகள் நிறைந்த இலையுதிர் காடுகள், குறைந்த அளவு பசுமையான புல்வெளிகள் மற்றும் முட்கள் நிறந்த வனப்பகுதிகளில் மற்றும் தண்ணீர் தென்படும் கிராமப்புற பகுதிகளிலும் தென்படுகின்றன.[7] மியான்மரிலுள்ள ஹிலாகா தேசிய பூங்காவின் கலப்பு இலையுதிர் மற்றும் மூங்கில் காடுகளில் இவைகள் இருப்பது பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது.[8][9]

சுற்றுச்சூழல் மற்றும் நடத்தை

 src=
இரவு நேரத்தில் வேட்டையாடும் இந்திய சிறிய புனுகு பூனை

இந்திய சிறிய புனுகு பூனைகள் பெரும்பாலும் இரவு நேரங்களில் தனது உணவத்தைத் தேடி நிலப்பரப்பு மற்றும் தரையில் உள்ள துளைகள், பாறைகளிலுள்ள பூச்சியினங்களை உணவாகக் கொள்ளும்[2]

உணவு முறை

சிறிய இந்திய சிறியபுனுகு பூனைகள் எலிகள், பறவைகள், பாம்புகள், பழம், வேர் மற்றும் அழுகிய உடல்கள் ஆகியவற்றை உட்கொள்ளும்.[2][8][10].

இனப்பெருக்கம்

பொதுவாக நான்கு அல்லது ஐந்து குட்டிகளை ஒரே சமயத்தில் ஈன்றெடுக்கும்.[2] இதன் வாழ்நாள் எட்டு முதல் ஒன்பது ஆண்டுகள் ஆகும்.[10]

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Choudhury, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Rahman, H.; Ghimirey, Y.; Mudappa, D. (2015). "Viverricula indica". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2015: e.T41710A45220632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41710A45220632.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41710/45220632. பார்த்த நாள்: 29 October 2018.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Blanford, W. T. (1888–91). "Genus Viverricula Hodgson". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. பக். 100–101. https://archive.org/stream/mammalia00blan/mammalia00blan#page/100/mode/2up.
  3. மரம்
  4. Lamichhane, B. R.; Pokheral, C. P.; Khatiwada, A. P.; Mishra, R.; Subedi, N. (2014). "A Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula carrying a Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica". Small Carnivore Conservation (51): 46–50. http://www.academia.edu/download/46573639/Lamichhane_etal_2014_Yellow_Throated_Marten_Carrying_a_Small_Indian_Civet_SCC51.pdf.
  5. Charoo, S. A.; Sharma, L. K.; Sathyakumar, S.; Naqash, R. Y. (2010). "First record of Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica in the Kashmir Himalaya, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (43): 42–43. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lalit_Sharma16/publication/265186675_First_record_of_Small_Indian_Civet_Viverricula_indica_in_the_Kashmir_Himalaya_India/links/540980cc0cf2718acd3d2313/First-record-of-Small-Indian-Civet-Viverricula-indica-in-the-Kashmir-Himalaya-India.pdf.
  6. Pillay, R. (2009). "Observation of small carnivores in the southern Western Ghats, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (40): 36–40. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rajeev_Pillay/publication/265677251_Observations_of_small_carnivores_in_the_southern_Western_Ghats_India/links/5540e63a0cf232222730d6fb.pdf.
  7. Kalle, R.; Ramesh, T.; Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q. (2013). "Observations of sympatric small carnivores in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (49): 53–59. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Riddhika_Kalle/publication/261028357_Observations_of_sympatric_small_carnivores_in_Mudumalai_Tiger_Reserve_Western_Ghats_India/links/0a85e53311a3ec88e2000000/Observations-of-sympatric-small-carnivores-in-Mudumalai-Tiger-Reserve-Western-Ghats-India.pdf.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Su Su (2005). "Small carnivores and their threats in Hlawga Wildlife Park, Myanmar". Small Carnivore Conservation (33): 6–13. http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/5/51/Number_33.PDF. பரணிடப்பட்டது 2015-01-29 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
  9. Su Su; Sale, J. B. (2007). "Niche differentiation between Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica in regenerating degraded forest, Myanmar". Small Carnivore Conservation (36): 30–34. http://nebula.wsimg.com/f86f8fa65c215400492dbdcddc00ef77?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Lekalul, B. and McNeely, J. A. (1977). Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok சில வகைகள் கோழிகளை உட்கொள்ளும்..
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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

சிறு இந்தியப் புனுகுப்பூனை: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

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இந்திய சிறிய புனுகுப் பூனை என்ற விலங்கு தெற்கு மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவில் பரவலாக காணப்படுகின்றன. விவசாய நிலங்களையும் அதை ஒட்டிய நிலப்பரப்புகளிலும் அதிக அளவிலாக பரந்து விரிந்து வசித்து வந்தாலும் ஐயுசிஎன் என்ற அமைப்பு மிக வேகமாக அழிவைச் சந்தித்துவரும் ஒரு விலங்காக இதைப் பட்டியலிடுகிறது . இந்திய சிறிய புனுகுப் பூனை மரபணு ரீதியாக மோனோடிபிக் டேக்ஸன் வகையைச் சார்ந்தது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Small Indian civet

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The small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) is a civet native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its widespread distribution, widespread habitat use and healthy populations living in agricultural and secondary landscapes of many range states.[1]

This is the only species in genus Viverricula.[2]

Characteristics

The small Indian civet has a rather coarse fur that is brownish grey to pale yellowish brown, with usually several longitudinal black or brown bands on the back and longitudinal rows of spots on the sides. Usually there are five or six distinct bands on the back and four or five rows of spots on each side. Some have indistinct lines and spots, with the dorsal bands wanting. Generally there are two dark stripes from behind the ear to the shoulders, and often a third in front, crossing the throat. Its underfur is brown or grey, often grey on the upper parts of the body and brown on the lower. The grey hairs on the upper parts are often tipped with black. The head is grey or brownish grey, the chin often brown. The ears are short and rounded with a dusky mark behind each ear, and one in front of each eye. The feet are brown or black. Its tail has alternating black and whitish rings, seven to nine of each colour. It is 53–58 cm (21–23 in) from head to body with a 38–43 cm (15–17 in) long tapering tail.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The Small Indian civet occurs in most of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, south and central China, and Taiwan. Recent records are not known in Bhutan, Bangladesh, Peninsular Malaysia, Java and Bali, where it was historically recorded. Its current status in Singapore is unclear.[1]

In Nepal’s Chitwan National Park, it is widely distributed in both grasslands and Sal (Shorea robusta) forest.[3]

In 2008, a small Indian civet was recorded for the first time in Jammu and Kashmir’s Dachigam National Park. This site was located at an altitude of 1,770 m (5,810 ft) in a riverine forest.[4] In northeast India, it was recorded up to an altitude of 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[5] In Tamil Nadu’s Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, it was recorded foremost in grassland, riverine areas and sighted near a tea plantation during surveys in 2002.[6] In India's Western Ghats, small Indian civets were observed in Tamil Nadu's Anamalai and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserves, and in Kerala’s Parambikulam and Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuaries during surveys in 2008.[7] In Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, it was recorded in deciduous, semi-evergreen and thorn forests, and in the dry season also at a water hole near a village.[8]

In Myanmar, it was recorded in mixed deciduous and bamboo forests in Hlawga National Park.[9][10] In Hukawng Valley, it was recorded in grasslands and edges of forests at 240–580 m (790–1,900 ft) altitude during surveys between 2001 and 2003. In Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park, it was also recorded in a close tall forest in 1999.[11]

In Thailand, small Indian civets were recorded in Kaeng Krachan and Khao Yai National Parks, in evergreen gallery forest of Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, in secondary and dipterocarp forest of Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, and in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary at 700–900 m (2,300–3,000 ft) altitude in deciduous forest.[12]

In Laos, small Indian civets were recorded in a variety of habitats including semi-evergreen and deciduous forest, mixed deciduous forest, bamboo forest, scrubby areas, grasslands and riverine habitat.[13] In Cambodia's Cardamom Mountains, small Indian civets were recorded in deciduous dipterocarp forests, often close to water bodies and in marshes during surveys conducted between 2000 and 2009.[14] Records in eastern Cambodia were obtained mostly in semi-evergreen forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Protected Forest, but also in deciduous diptertocarp forests in Siem Pang Protected Forest, Snoul Wildlife Sanctuary, Virachey National Park and Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary.[15][16]

In China's Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, it was recorded in subtropical forest patches during interview and camera-trapping surveys carried out between 1997 and 2005.[17]

Occurrence in East Africa

The Small Indian civet was introduced to Madagascar. Feral small Indian civets were recorded in Ranomafana National Park in southeastern Madagascar, in an unprotected dry deciduous forest near Mariarano in northwestern Madagascar, and in MasoalaMakira protected areas in the island's northeast.[18][19][20] It was also introduced to Pemba Island and Mafia Island in the Zanzibar Archipelago, where it used to be kept for its musk, which is added to traditional African medicine and as a scent to perfume.[21][22]

Behaviour and ecology

The small Indian civet is a nocturnal hunter.

Small Indian civets are nocturnal, mostly terrestrial and insectivorous.[6] They inhabit holes in the ground, under rocks or in thick bush.[2] Occasionally, pairs are formed (for mating and hunting). In areas not disturbed by humans, they have been reported to sometimes also hunt by day. Small Indian civets are primarily terrestrial, though they also climb well. Individuals sleep in burrows or hollow logs. They can dig their own burrows, but also occupy abandoned burrows of other species. In suburban habitats they use gutters or other hollow, dark spaces as makeshift burrows.[23]

Diet

The small Indian civets feed on rats, mice, birds, snakes, fruit, roots and carrion.[24] Some individuals were observed while carrying off poultry.[2][9]

Reproduction

The female has usually four or five young at a birth.[2] Captive small Indian civets in Kerala were observed to mate in March to May and October to December. Mean gestation lasts 65 to 69 days. Kittens weigh between 90 and 110 g (3.2 and 3.9 oz) at birth and open their eyes after five days. They reach 1,000 g (35 oz) at the age of ten weeks.[25] The life span in captivity is eight to nine years.[24]

Conservation

Viverricula indica is listed on CITES Appendix III.[1] In Myanmar, it is totally protected under the Wildlife Act of 1994.[9]

Taxonomy and evolution

Civetta indica was the scientific name given to the species by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1803 when he described a small Indian civet skin from India in the collection of the French Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.[26] Viverricula was the generic name introduced by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1838 when he described new mammal genera and species collected in Nepal.[27] In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following scientific names were proposed:

Pocock subordinated them all as subspecies to Viverricula indica when he reviewed civet skins and skulls in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London.[37]

The following subspecies were considered valid taxa as of 2005:[38]

Phylogeny

A phylogenetic study showed that the small Indian civet is closely related to the genera Civettictis and Viverra. It was estimated that the Civettictis-Viverra clade diverged from Viverricula around 16.2 million years ago. The authors suggested that the subfamily Viverrinae should be bifurcated into Genettinae including Poiana and Genetta, and Viverrinae including Civettictis, Viverra and Viverricula. The following cladogram is based on this study.[41]

Viverrinae

Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)

African civet (Civettictis civetta)

Viverra

Large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha)

Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)

Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)

sensu stricto Genettinae

Genetta

Poiana

References

  1. ^ a b c d Choudhury, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Rahman, H.; Ghimirey, Y.; Mudappa, D. (2015). "Viverricula indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41710A45220632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41710A45220632.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Blanford, W. T. (1888–91). "Genus Viverricula Hodgson". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 100–101.
  3. ^ Lamichhane, B. R.; Pokheral, C. P.; Khatiwada, A. P.; Mishra, R.; Subedi, N. (2014). "A Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula carrying a Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (51): 46–50.
  4. ^ Charoo, S. A.; Sharma, L. K.; Sathyakumar, S.; Naqash, R. Y. (2010). "First record of Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica in the Kashmir Himalaya, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (43): 42–43.
  5. ^ Choudhury, A. (2013). The Mammals of North East India. Guwahati: Gibbon Books and the Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India. ISBN 9789380652023.
  6. ^ a b Mudappa, D. (2002). "Observations of small carnivores in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (27): 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
  7. ^ Pillay, R. (2009). "Observation of small carnivores in the southern Western Ghats, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (40): 36–40.
  8. ^ Kalle, R.; Ramesh, T.; Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q. (2013). "Observations of sympatric small carnivores in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (49): 53–59.
  9. ^ a b c Su Su (2005). "Small carnivores and their threats in Hlawga Wildlife Park, Myanmar" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (33): 6–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-29. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
  10. ^ Su Su; Sale, J. B. (2007). "Niche differentiation between Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica in regenerating degraded forest, Myanmar". Small Carnivore Conservation (36): 30–34.
  11. ^ Than Zaw; Saw Htun; Saw Htoo Tha Po; Myint Maung; Lynam, A. J.; Kyaw Thinn Latt; Duckworth, J. W. (2008). "Status and distribution of small carnivores in Myanmar". Small Carnivore Conservation (38): 2–28.
  12. ^ Chutipong, W.; Tantipisanuh, N.; Ngoprasert, D.; Lynam, A. J.; Steinmetz, R.; Jenks, K. E.; Grassman, Jr. L. I.; Tewes, M.; Kitamura, S.; Baker, M. C.; McShea, W.; Bhumpakphan, N.; Sukmasuang, R.; Gale, G. A.; Harich, F. K.; Treydte, A. C.; Cutter, P.; Cutter, P. B.; Suwanrat, S.; Siripattaranukul, K.; Hala-Bala Wildlife Research Station, Wildlife Research Division; Duckworth, J. W. (2014). "Current distribution and conservation status of small carnivores in Thailand: a baseline review" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (51): 96–136.
  13. ^ Duckworth, J. W. (1997). "Small carnivores in Laos: a status review with notes on ecology, behaviour and conservation" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (16): 1–21.
  14. ^ Holden, J.; Neang, T. (2009). "Small carnivore records from the Cardamom Mountains, southwestern Cambodia". Small Carnivore Conservation (40): 16–21.
  15. ^ Gray, T. N. E.; Pin C.; Phan C.; Crouthers, R.; Kamler, J. F.; Prum, S. (2014). "Camera-trap records of small carnivores from eastern Cambodia, 1999–2013". Small Carnivore Conservation (50): 20–24.
  16. ^ Suzuki, A.; Thong, S.; Tan, S.; Iwata, A. (2017). "Camera trapping of large mammals in Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary, northern Cambodia" (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History. 2017 (1): 63–75.
  17. ^ Lau, M. W. N.; Fellowes, J. R.; Chan, B. P. L. (2010). "Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in South China: a status review with notes on the commercial trade". Mammal Review. 40 (42): 247–292. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00163.x.
  18. ^ Gerber, B.; Karpanty, S. M.; Crawford, C.; Kotschwar, M. (2010). "An assessment of carnivore relative abundance and density in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar using remotely-triggered camera traps". Oryx. 44 (2): 219–222. doi:10.1017/S0030605309991037.
  19. ^ Evans, B.; Rakotondraparany, F.; Cole, L.; Graham, S.; Long, P.; Gandola, R. (2013). "The carnivores of Mariarano forest, Madagascar: first insights". Small Carnivore Conservation (49): 15−19.
  20. ^ Farris, Z. J.; Gerber, B. D.; Karpanty, S.; Murphy, A.; Andrianjakarivelo, V.; Ratelolahy, F.; Kelly, M. J. (2015). "When carnivores roam: temporal patterns and overlap among Madagascar's native and exotic carnivores" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 296 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1111/jzo.12216.
  21. ^ Walsh, M. T. (2007). "Island subsistence: hunting, trapping and the translocation of wildlife in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). Azania: Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa. 42 (1): 83−113. doi:10.1080/00672700709480452. S2CID 162594865.
  22. ^ Kock, D.; Stanley, W. T. (2009). "Mammals of Mafia Island, Tanzania". Mammalia. 73 (4): 339–352. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2009.046. S2CID 83780678.
  23. ^ Nowak, R M.; Walker, E. P. (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. JHU Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780801880339.
  24. ^ a b Lekalul, B. and McNeely, J. A. (1977). Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok.
  25. ^ Balakrishnan, M. & Sreedevi, M. (2007). "Captive breeding of the Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)". Small Carnivore Conservation (36): 5–8.
  26. ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. (1803). "La Civette de l'Inde". Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. p. 113.
  27. ^ Hodgson, B. H. (1838). "Classified Catalogue of Nepalese Mammalia". Annals of Natural History. 1 (2): 152−154.
  28. ^ Horsfield, T. (1824). "Viverra Rasse". Zoological Researches in Java, and the neighbouring Islands. London: Printed for Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen. pp. 160–166.
  29. ^ Horsfield, T. (1851). "Viverricula Rasse". A catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company. London: J. & H. Cox. p. 59−60.
  30. ^ Gray, J. E. (1831). "Description of two new Species of Mammalia, one forming a genus intermediate between Viverra and Ictides". The Zoological Miscellany. London: Treuttel, Wurtz and Co. p. 17.
  31. ^ Gray, J. E. (1832). "Bengal Civet Viverra bengalensis". Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. London: Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter. pp. Plate 4.
  32. ^ Pollen, F. (1866). "Communications from Dr. H. Schlegel, on Mammals and Birds collected in Madagascar". Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London: 419.
  33. ^ a b Pollen, F. P. L. (1868). "Chapitre IV". Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses dépendances [Research on the Fauna of Madagascar and its dependencies]. Leyde: J. K. Steenhoff. pp. 85−125.
  34. ^ Bonhote, J. L. (1898). "On the species of the Genus Viverricula". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. Series 7 Volume 1 (2): 119−122. doi:10.1080/00222939808677937.
  35. ^ Kloss, C. B. (1919). "On Mammals collected in Siam". The Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam. 3 (4): 333−407.
  36. ^ a b c d e f Sody, H. J. V. (1931). "Six new mammals from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo". Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië. 91: 349–360.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pocock, R. I. (1933). "The Civet Cats of Asia". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36 (3): 632−656.
  38. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Viverricula indica". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  39. ^ a b c d Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Genus Viverricula Hodgson". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 362–376.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). "Genus Viverricula Hodgson". Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Second ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 282–283.
  41. ^ Gaubert, P.; Cordeiro-Estrela, P. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 266–278. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034. PMID 16837215. open access

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Small Indian civet: Brief Summary

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The small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) is a civet native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its widespread distribution, widespread habitat use and healthy populations living in agricultural and secondary landscapes of many range states.

This is the only species in genus Viverricula.

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Malgranda hindia zibeto ( Esperanto )

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La malgranda hindia zibeto (Viverricula indica) estas specio el la ordo de karnovoruloj kaj la familio de viveredoj. Ĝi dislokiĝas en orienta, suda kaj sudokcidenta Ĉinio kaj ankaŭ en Hindio, Srilanko kaj Sumatro, Javo kaj Balio de Indonezio.

Priskribo

Ĝi havas longan korpon kun pinta muzelo kaj mallongaj kruroj. Ĝi estas kovrita de grizbruna hararo kun nigraj makuloj. Ĉe ĝia dorso estas 6-8 malhelaj strioj, kaj ĉe ĝia vosto troviĝas po 7-9 nigraj kaj blankaj harringoj. Ĝi longas 45-63 centimetrojn, pezas 2-4 kilogramojn, kaj ĝia vosto estas 30-43 centimetrojn longa.

Vivmaniero

La malgrandaj hindiaj zibetoj vivas sur arboriĉaj montetoj kaj en arbedaroj kaj herbaroj. Ĝenerale ili vivas unuope, sed hazarde aktivadas pare. Tage ili sin kaŝas en kavernoj, densaj arbustaroj, rokfendoj kaj herbaroj por ripozi kaj dormi, kaj nokte iras serĉi nutraĵojn ĉe arbaroj,riveretoj kaj eĉ ĉirkaŭ vilaĝoj. Ili manĝas musojn, ranojn, lacertojn, birdojn kaj ties ovojn, insektojn, kaj ankaŭ fruktojn kaj radikojn. Ili ankaŭ ŝatas manĝi putrintan karnon.

Tiu orientalisa specio estas tre lerta en arbogrimpado, sed ĝi tamen preferas aktivadi surtere, eĉ se ĝi estas persekutata de ĉashundo, ĝi ne grimpas sur arbon, sed anstataŭe kuras zigzage en arbustaro por sin kaŝi. Ĝi havas akrajn flarsenton kaj aŭdkapablon. La malgrandaj hindiaj zibetoj povas generi en ajna sezono de la tuta jaro, sed ili ofte pariĝas en printempo kaj la zibetino naskas en somero, ĉiufoje 2-5 idojn post gravedeco de du kaj duona monatoj.

Uzado

Tre valora estas la felo de la malgranda hindia zibeto, per kiu oni povas fari peltaĵon, ĉapon kaj gantojn. Ĝiaj malmolaj haroj kaj haroj de ĝia vosto estas uzataj por fari brosojn kaj penikojn.

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Malgranda hindia zibeto: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La malgranda hindia zibeto (Viverricula indica) estas specio el la ordo de karnovoruloj kaj la familio de viveredoj. Ĝi dislokiĝas en orienta, suda kaj sudokcidenta Ĉinio kaj ankaŭ en Hindio, Srilanko kaj Sumatro, Javo kaj Balio de Indonezio.

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Viverricula indica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La civeta enana o rasa (Viverricula indica) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Viverridae. Está ampliamente extendida por India, el sur de China y el Sureste Asiático, así como en Madagascar y Socotra (Yemen), donde ha sido introducida.[1]

Es la única especie del género monotípico Viverricula.[2]

Subespecies

Se han descrito las siguientes subespecies:[3]

Referencias

  1. a b Choudhury, A., Duckworth, J.W., Timmins, R., Chutipong, W., Willcox, D.H.A., Rahman, H., Ghimirey, Y. & Mudappa, D. (2015). «Viverricula indica». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 3 de abril de 2017.
  2. Jennings, A. P. & G. Veron (2009). «Family Viverridae (Civets, Genets and Oyans)». in: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A. eds (2009). Handbook of the Mammals of the World (en inglés). Vol I. Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx edicions. pp. 209-210. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
  3. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Viverricula indica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La civeta enana o rasa (Viverricula indica) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Viverridae. Está ampliamente extendida por India, el sur de China y el Sureste Asiático, así como en Madagascar y Socotra (Yemen), donde ha sido introducida.​

Es la única especie del género monotípico Viverricula.​

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Viverricula indica ( Basque )

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Viverricula indica Viverricula generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Viverrinae azpifamilia eta Viverridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1803) Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 113. or..
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Viverricula indica: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Viverricula indica Viverricula generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Viverrinae azpifamilia eta Viverridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Civette indienne ( French )

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Viverricula indica

La Petite civette de l’Inde[1] (Viverricula indica), Civette indienne ou Civette rasse est une espèce de mammifère carnivore de la famille des viverridés. C'est la seule espèce du genre Viverricula. Son nom scientifique a de nombreux synonymes[2].

Elle est nommée « Small Indian civet » (petite civette indienne) par les anglophones, en opposition avec « Large Indian civet » (grande civette indienne), ou Viverra zibetha [3], avec laquelle il ne faut pas la confondre et qui appartient au genre Viverra.

Description

La petite civette de l'Inde a un corps, avec la tête mais sans la queue, qui mesure de 49 à 68 cm[4].

Small India Civet(Viverricula indica).jpg

Répartition

On trouve la petite civette d'Inde en Asie du Sud, en Asie du Sud-Est et en Asie de l'Est. Elle vit dans les forêts, les prairies et les bambouseraies.

 src=
Aire de répartition de la petit civette indienne

Notes et références

  1. Annexes au Journal officiel des Communautés européennes du 18 décembre 2000. Lire en ligne.
  2. Synonymes dans MSW
  3. Wildlife Institute of India : Mustelids, Viverrids and Herpestids of India: Species Profile and Conservation Status (en)
  4. Collectif, Histoire naturelle, Flammarion, mars 2016, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-0813-7859-9), Petite civette d'Inde page 587

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

Genre:

Espèce:

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Civette indienne: Brief Summary ( French )

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Viverricula indica

La Petite civette de l’Inde (Viverricula indica), Civette indienne ou Civette rasse est une espèce de mammifère carnivore de la famille des viverridés. C'est la seule espèce du genre Viverricula. Son nom scientifique a de nombreux synonymes.

Elle est nommée « Small Indian civet » (petite civette indienne) par les anglophones, en opposition avec « Large Indian civet » (grande civette indienne), ou Viverra zibetha , avec laquelle il ne faut pas la confondre et qui appartient au genre Viverra.

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Musang rase ( Indonesian )

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Musang rase, (Viverricula malaccensis) adalah sejenis karnivora kecil dalam suku Viverridae. Hewan ini menyebar luas di Asia Selatan dan Tenggara. Dikenal dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai small Indian civet, spesies ini adalah satu-satunya anggota marga Viverricula.[3]

Pengenalan

 src=
Opsetan musang rase koleksi TN GGP

Musang bertubuh sedang, panjang kepala dan tubuh 540–630 mm, sedangkan ekornya 300–430 mm. Ekornya ini berbelang-belang dengan 6–9 cincin hitam dan putih, dengan ujung yang selalu berwarna putih. Kakinya relatif pendek, 85–100 mm dari ‘tumit’ hingga ujung jari. Berat tubuhnya antara 2–4 kg.[4]

Tubuh bagian atas kelabu kecokelatan hingga cokelat pucat kekuningan, biasanya dengan beberapa garis hitam memanjang di punggungnya, dan di bawahnya, beberapa deret memanjang bintik-bintik hitam di sisi tubuhnya. Pada beberapa individu, pola garis-garis dan bintik-bintik itu mengabur. Pola garis-garis di leher bervariasi; pada umumnya dua garis hitam di masing-masing sisi leher, dari belakang telinga ke arah bahu, dan sering pula satu lagi melintang di tenggorokan. Kaki cokelat atau hitam.[3]

Agihan

 src=
Opsetan musang rase, close up kepala

Musang rase menyebar luas mulai dari India (di sebagian besar wilayah), Srilanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Tiongkok selatan dan tengah, Hong Kong, sebagian besar Laos, Kamboja, dan Aceh. Juga dikenal dari Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra, Jawa dan Bali, namun tak ada laporan baru mengenai keberadaannya di tempat-tempat tersebut. Status keberadaannya di Singapura kini tidak jelas.[1] Rase diintroduksi ke Madagaskar.[4][3]

Ekologi dan perilaku

 src=
Anak musang rase dari Jawa bagian selatan

Rase tercatat menghuni hutan-hutan luruh daun dan hutan semi selalu-hijau, hutan luruh daun campuran, hutan bambu, hutan belukar, padang rumput, serta wilayah riparian.[5][6][7]

Tinggal dalam lubang-lubang di tanah, di bawah bebatuan, atau di semak-semak yang lebat[3], hewan ini aktif di malam hari (nokturnal, dan lebih banyak bergerak di atas tanah (terestrial)[6]. Sementara itu penulis yang lain, misalnya Hodgson[8] dan juga Kellaart[9], menyebutkan bahwa rase biasa berkeliaran baik siang maupun malam hari. Musang rase memangsa aneka jenis binatang kecil, termasuk tikus, burung, ular, buah, akar-akaran, dan bangkai hewan lain[4]; juga aneka jenis serangga[6]. Kadang-kadang karnivora ini mencuri ternak unggas untuk dimangsa.[3][7][9]

 src=
Lukisan kelenjar dedes pada musang rase dan musang jebat india, menurut Pocock (1939)

Betina melahirkan empat atau lima anak sekali waktu[3]. Musang rase diketahui hidup hingga umur delapan atau sembilan tahun[4].

Konservasi

Musang rase acap diburu orang karena dianggap hama ternak. Musang ini juga diburu untuk diambil minyaknya yang harum, yang dinamai dedes, jebat, atau kesturi[10]

Meskipun demikian, secara umum populasi hewan ini belum dianggap terancam, karena wilayah sebarannya yang luas, variasi habitatnya yang beragam, serta kemampuannya beradaptasi dengan lingkungan pertanian dan pedesaan. IUCN memasukkannya ke dalam status LC (Least Concern )[1], sementara CITES menempatkannya dalam Apendiks III. Sementara itu, di Myanmar hewan ini dilindungi sepenuhnya berdasarkan Undang-undang Hidupan Liar 1994[7].

Catatan taksonomis

Hewan ini dideskripsi pertama kali oleh Johann Friedrich Gmelin dalam revisi mahakarya Carolus Linnaeus, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae pada tahun 1788[2]. Namun demikian, deskripsinya yang ringkas mengenai Viverra malaccensis dalam buku itu dianggap tidak jelas oleh sebagian penulis, misalnya Pocock[11], yang kemudian memilih menggunakan nama Civetta indica Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire sebagai nama spesies ini. Pendapat Pocock ini belakangan banyak diikuti oleh penulis-penulis yang lain.

Banyak anak jenis yang kemudian dideskripsi berdasarkan variasi pada warna rambut, ukuran tubuh, tengkorak,[11][12] dan ukuran gigi geligi[4]. Dari sekitar 10 anak jenis yang pernah dideskripsi, tiga di antaranya menyebar di Indonesia yakni[13]:

  • V.m. atchinensis Sody, 1931 (lokasi tipe: Peureula, Aceh Timur)
  • V.m. muriavensis Sody, 1931 (utara G. Muria, Jawa Tengah)
  • V.m. baliensis Sody, 1931 (Bali)[14]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ a b c Duckworth, J. W., Timmins, R. J. and Muddapa, D. (2008). "Viverricula indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link)
  2. ^ a b Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, ... T. I(1): 92 (terjemahan Inggris)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Blanford, W.T. (1888-1891). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma-Mammalia: 100-101. Taylor and Francis, London.
  4. ^ a b c d e Lekagul, B. & J. McNeely. 1988. Mammals of Thailand: 566-568. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok.
  5. ^ Duckworth, J. W. 1997. Small carnivores in Laos: a status review with notes on ecology, behaviour and conservation. Small Carnivore Conservation 16: 1–21.
  6. ^ a b c Mudappa, D. 2002. Observations of small carnivores in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Small Carnivore Conservation 27: 4–5.
  7. ^ a b c Su Su. 2005. Small carnivores and their threats in Hlawga Wildlife Park, Myanmar. Small Carnivore Conservation 33: 6–13.
  8. ^ Jerdon, T.C. 1867. The Mammalia of India: A Natural History of all the Animals known to Inhabit Continental India. Roorkee (Author). (petikan)
  9. ^ a b Sterndale, R. A. 1884. Natural History of The Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Thacker, Spink. Calcutta. (petikan)
  10. ^ Poerwadarminta, W.J.S. 1976. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Balai Pustaka, Jakarta.
  11. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. 1933. The civet cats of Asia. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. , 36: 423-49 (pt 1) & 629-56 (pt 2).
  12. ^ Pocock, R. I. 1939. Genus Viverricula Hodgson. in: The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1: 362–376. Taylor and Francis, London.
  13. ^ Corbet, G.B. & J.E. Hill. 1992. The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: a systematic review. Nat. Hist. Mus. Publ. and Oxford Univ. Press. p. 206
  14. ^ Sody, H.J.V. 1931. Six new mammals from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 91: 349–360.

Pranala luar

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Musang rase: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Musang rase, (Viverricula malaccensis) adalah sejenis karnivora kecil dalam suku Viverridae. Hewan ini menyebar luas di Asia Selatan dan Tenggara. Dikenal dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai small Indian civet, spesies ini adalah satu-satunya anggota marga Viverricula.

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Viverricula indica ( Italian )

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La civetta indiana (Viverricula indica E.Geoffroy, 1803) è un carnivoro della famiglia dei viverridi, unica specie del genere Viverricula (Hodgson, 1838), diffusa nell'Ecozona orientale[1][2].

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Carnivoro di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 500 e 610 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 280 e 390 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 65 e 120 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 25 e 43 mm e un peso fino a 4 kg.[3]

Caratteristiche craniche e dentarie

Il cranio presenta un rostro corto e delicato. La scatola cranica è lunga, stretta e compressa posteriormente. La bolla timpanica è grande e allungata.

Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:

2 4 1 3 3 1 4 2 2 4 1 3 3 1 4 2 Totale: 40 1.Incisivi; 2.Canini; 3.Premolari; 4.Molari;

Aspetto

La pelliccia è corta e densa ed è priva della cresta dorsale di peli eretti. Il colore generale del corpo varia dal grigio al marrone chiaro. Sono presenti 4-5 file di piccole macchie nerastre nella parte anteriore del corpo, che diventano più grandi e tendono ad allinearsi in diverse file lungo i fianchi. Nella parte posteriore della schiena sono presenti 6-8 strisce longitudinali. La striatura del collo è molto simile a quella delle specie del genere Viverra. Le zampe sono relativamente corte. Gli artigli sono semi-retrattili e privi di rivestimenti di pelle. L'andatura è digitigrada. Il muso è relativamente corto e appuntito. Le orecchie sono lunghe e diritte. I loro margini anteriori sono uniti tra loro. La fronte è stretta. La coda è lunga come la testa ed il corpo ed è provvista di 6-9 anelli neri, intervallati da anelli bianchi. Sono presenti delle ghiandole odorifere perianali. Le femmine hanno 3 paia di mammelle.

Biologia

Comportamento

È una specie notturna, terricola, quasi completamente solitaria e asociale, eccetto che durante la stagione degli accoppiamenti, i quali avvengono solitamente una volta l'anno. Si rifugia nelle cavità di alberi abbattuti o in tane scavate, principalmente abbandonate da altri animali. Negli insediamenti umani trova riparo in diverse cavità nascoste.

Alimentazione

Si nutre principalmente di piccoli vertebrati come ratti, scoiattoli, piccoli uccelli, lucertole e anche di insetti. Talvolta si nutre di frutta, carogne e rifiuti. Sono state osservate attaccare animali domestici e pollame.

Riproduzione

Gli unici dati disponibili provengono da esemplari in cattività e rivelano la presenza di due periodi d'estro, il primo da febbraio ad aprile, il secondo tra agosto e settembre. Le femmine danno alla luce 2-5 piccoli alla volta e vengono svezzati dopo 4-4,5 mesi. L'aspettativa di vita in cattività è fino a 20 anni o più.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nel Subcontinente indiano, Cina, Indocina e sulle isole indonesiane di Sumatra, Giava e Bali. È stata introdotta recentemente in Madagascar, Zanzibar, Isole Comore e Socotra.

Vive in foreste semi-sempreverdi, decidue, miste decidue, di bambù, aree arbustive, praterie e ambienti fluviali. È tollerante al degrado ambientale e si trova spesso in prossimità di insediamenti umani.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute 12 sottospecie:

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e i diversi habitat occupati, classifica V.indica come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Duckworth, J.W., Timmins, R.J. & Muddapa, D. 2008, Viverricula indica, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Viverricula indica, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Smith & Xie, 2008.

Bibliografia

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Viverricula indica: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La civetta indiana (Viverricula indica E.Geoffroy, 1803) è un carnivoro della famiglia dei viverridi, unica specie del genere Viverricula (Hodgson, 1838), diffusa nell'Ecozona orientale.

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Musang Rasa ( Malay )

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Musang Rasa (bahasa Inggeris: Musang Kecil India) ialah salah satu daripada haiwan yang terdapat di Asia Tenggara, terutamanya di Indonesia. Nama sainsnya Viverricula indica.

Taburan

Musang Tanggalong boleh didapati di Indonesia dan beberapa tempat lain di Asia Tenggara.

Ciri-ciri

Musang Rasa adalah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam haiwan, bertulang belakang (vertebrat), kelas Mamalia. Dalam aturan Carnivora, tergolong dalam keluarga Viverridae. Musang Rasa adalah haiwan berdarah panas, melahirkan anak, menjaga anak, dan mempunyai bulu di badan.

Jantung Musang Rasa terdiri daripada 4 kamar seperti manusia. Kamar atas dikenali sebagai atrium, sementara kamar bawah dikenali sebagai ventrikel.

Pembiakan

Sebagai mamalia, Musang Rasa berdarah panas, melahirkan anak, menjaga anak, dan mempunyai bulu di badan. Musang Rasa akan menjaga anaknya sehingga mampu berdikari.

Pengekalan

Musang Rasa merupakan haiwan yang dilindungi and memerlukan lesen pemburuan.

Rujukan

  1. ^ Duckworth, J.W., Timmins, R.J. & Muddapa, D. (2008). Viverricula indica. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2008. IUCN 2008. Dicapai pada 24 Mac 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern

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Musang Rasa: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Musang Rasa (bahasa Inggeris: Musang Kecil India) ialah salah satu daripada haiwan yang terdapat di Asia Tenggara, terutamanya di Indonesia. Nama sainsnya Viverricula indica.

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Rassé ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De rassé (Viverricula indica) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de civetkatachtigen (Viverridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1803.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor (inheems) in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Birma, Cambodja, China, Hongkong, India, Indonesië, Laos, Madagaskar[2], Maleisië, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand en Vietnam.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Rassé op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Nick Garbutt, Mammals of Madagascar (2007, Yale University Press)
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Rassé: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De rassé (Viverricula indica) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de civetkatachtigen (Viverridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1803.

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Wiwerka malajska ( Polish )

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Wiwerka malajska (Viverricula indica) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiwerowatych. Zamieszkuje południowo-wschodnią Azję w dziewięciu podgatunkach. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

Taksonomia

Po raz pierwszy gatunek opisał Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire w 1803 w Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d’histoire naturelle. Nadał nowemu gatunkowi nazwę Civetta indica. Holotyp pochodził z Indii[3]. Do rodzaju Viverricula wydzielił wiwerkę malajską Brian Houghton Hodgson w 1838; spostrzeżeniami podzielił się na łamach „Calcutta journal of natural history”[4]. Wyróżnia się 9 podgatunków[5]:

  • V. i. indica (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)
  • V. i. pallida (Gray, 1831)
  • V. i. bengalensis (Gray & Hardwicke, 1832)
  • V. i. deserti (Bonhote, 1898)
  • V. i. thai (Kloss, 1919)
  • V. i. muriavensis (Sody, 1931)
  • V. i. mayori (Pocock, 1933)
  • V. i. wellsi (Pocock, 1933)
  • V. i. baptistæ (Pocock, 1933)

Morfologia

Długość ciała wynosi 74–106 cm, a masa ciała – 2–4 kg. Samce są większe od samic. Sierść wiwerek malajskich ma w większości barwę brązową, żółtą lub płowopomarańczową. Dostrzec można białe i czarne obroże na szyi. Ciało pokryte jest ciemniejszymi plamkami, które na grzbiecie tworzą 6–8 pasów. Ogon paskowany, czarno-biały. Pierś jest jaśniejsza od reszty ciała, do tego bardziej szara lub brązowawa. Łapy są ciemnobrązowe lub czarne[6].

Zasięg występowania

Wiwerki malajskie zamieszkują Afganistan, Bangladesz, Mjanmę, Kambodżę, Chiny, Hongkong, Indie, część Indonezji, Laos, Malezję, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lankę, Tajwan, Tajlandię i Wietnam. Zostały introdukowane do Jemenu, na Zanzibar i Pembę, Sokotrę, Madagaskar, Komory i Filipiny[5].

Ekologia i zachowanie

Wiwerki malajskie przystosowane są do życia w wielu środowiskach, również w pobliżu siedlisk ludzkich. Preferują obszary otwarte, jak nadrzeczne lasy, lasy z drzewami zrzucającymi liście czy obszary trawiaste; rzadziej obserwowane są w gęstych lasach deszczowych. Są to ssaki żyjące samotnie, prowadzące nocny tryb życia. Sypiają w norach lub pustych pniach drzew. Są mięsożerne; zjadają głównie niewielkie kręgowce, takie jak gryzonie. Zjadają również owoce, padlinę i odpadki[6].

U samic żyjących w niewoli zaobserwowano dwa okresy rui: od lutego do kwietnia i od sierpnia do września. W niewoli mioty liczyły po 2–5 młodych; przestawały pić mleko matki w wieku 4–4,5 miesięcy. Nie jest wiadome, jak długo żyją wiwerki malajskie na wolności; w niewoli mogą żyć 20 lat i więcej[6].

Status

IUCN uznaje wiwerkę malajską za gatunek najmniejszej troski (LC, Least Concern).

Przypisy

  1. Viverricula indica, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Viverricula indica. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire: Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'histoire naturelle. 1803, s. 113.
  4. B. H. Hodgson. On the Civet of the continent of India. „Calcutta journal of natural history”. 2, s. 47–56, 1838.
  5. a b D.E.D.E. Wilson D.E.D.E., D.M., eds.D.M., Reeder D.M., eds.D.M.,, Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, s. 559, ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 .
  6. a b c Ethan Shirley: Viverricula indica, small Indian civet. W: Animal Diversity Web [on-line]. Michigan State University, 2009. [dostęp 23 lutego 2017].
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Wiwerka malajska: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Wiwerka malajska (Viverricula indica) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiwerowatych. Zamieszkuje południowo-wschodnią Azję w dziewięciu podgatunkach. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

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Liten indisk sibetkatt ( Swedish )

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Liten indisk sibetkatt[2] (Viverricula indica) är ett rovdjur i familjen viverrider.

Kännetecken

Djuret skiljer sig från arterna i släktet Viverra genom differenser i skallens och tändernas byggnad, samt genom mindre storlek, avsaknaden av manen på ryggen och en spetsigare nos. Pälsen är huvudsakligen gråbrun med långsträckta prickar fördelade över kroppen. Ansiktet och extremiteterna är helt svart, svansen har grå-svarta ringar. Dessa djur når en kroppslängd mellan 45 och 63 centimeter, en svanslängd av 30 till 43 centimeter och en vikt mellan 2 och 4 kilogram.

Utbredning

Arten förekommer i södra och sydöstra Asien från Indien och Sri Lanka över södra Kina till de indonesiska öarna som Sumatra, Java och Bali. Den blev av människan införd på Sokotra, Komorerna, Madagaskar och flera sydöstasiatiska öar. Habitatet utgörs av skogar och gräsland med tät vegetation.

Levnadssätt

Liten indisk sibetkatt är huvudsakligen aktiv på natten men i glest bebyggda områden jagar den även på dagen. De vilar i tät undervegetation eller använder ibland underjordiska bon. De vistas främst på marken men ska ha bra förmåga att klättra. Utanför parningstiden lever varje individ ensam. Reviret markeras med en vätska från körtlarna som kallas sibetolja.

Djuret är allätare och livnär sig av små ryggradsdjur, as och insekter samt frukter och rötter.

Om artens sätt att fortplanta sig är inte mycket känt. Honan föder två till fem ungar som hölls gömd i en underjordisk bo. Efter fyra till fem månader sluter honan att ge di.

Liten indisk sibetkatt och människor

Tidigare används sibetoljan i parfymindustrin men idag framställs ämnet mest konstgjort. Det var även anledning till djurets ökade spridning på jorden. Populationen är jämförelsevis stor och arten listas inte som hotad.

Källor

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0801857899
  1. ^ Viverricula indicaIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Mustelid Specialist Group (1996), besökt 4 oktober 2008.
  2. ^ Kommissionens förordning (EU) 2017/160 om skyddet av vilda djur (PDF), Europeiska unionen, sid.18, läst 2018-09-01.
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Liten indisk sibetkatt: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Liten indisk sibetkatt (Viverricula indica) är ett rovdjur i familjen viverrider.

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Viverricula indica ( Ukrainian )

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Морфологія

Морфометрія. Довжина голови й тіла: 530–640 мм, довжина хвоста: 300–430 мм, вага: 2–4 кг.

Опис. Загальний колір тіла сірий, світло-сірий або буро-жовтий, з численними темними плямами, які утворюють поздовжні ряди уздовж спини і боків. Хвіст з 6–9 чорними і білими кільцями і довгим блідим кінцем[3]. Лапи, як правило, темно-коричневого або чорного кольору, а груди світліше коричневого або сірого кольору, з невеликим, або відсутнім маркуванням. Самці, як правило, більші, ніж самиці. V. indica відрізняються від близькоспоріднених Viverricula значно меншими розмірами, відсутністю спинного гребеня шерсті, меншим розривом між вухами, коротшою мордочкою.

Поведінка, життєвий цикл

Веде в першу чергу нічний і наземний спосіб життя, але іноді проявляє активність протягом дня. Поживою для нього є птахи, дрібні ссавці, жаби, рептилії, комахи та фрукти[3].

Мають кілька природних хижаків, найсуттєвіші з них люди й домашні собаки. Вони швидко й добре лазять по деревах. Ховаються в норах протягом більшої частини дня. Якщо їх загнати в кут, вони будуть кусатися й дряпатися кігтями в порядку самооборони.

Тварини солітарні й асоціальні, за винятком шлюбного сезону, але рідко зустрічаються й парами. Парування зазвичай відбувається один раз на рік.

Даних про тривалість життя диких тварин немає. У неволі кілька джерел повідомляють про максимальну тривалість життя 20 років або більше.

Генетика

Каріотип характеризується диплоїдним числом, 2n=38.[4]

Загрози та охорона

Деградація середовища проживання являє собою загрозу, ступінь якої залишається неясною. Вид зареєстрований в багатьох природоохоронних територіях.[2]

Джерела

Примітки

  1. Конвенція про міжнародну торгівлю видами дикої фауни і флори, що перебувають під загрозою зникнення
  2. а б Веб-сайт МСОП
  3. а б Charles M. Françis A field guide to the mammals of South-East Asia — New Holland Publishers, 2008, p. 289
  4. Stephen J. O'Brien, Joan C. Menninger, William G. Nash Atlas of mammalian chromosomes — John Wiley and Sons, 2006, P. 502

Посилання


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Cầy hương ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cầy hương (danh pháp hai phần: Viverricula indica) là một loài thuộc họ Cầy (Viverridae).

Phân bố và môi trường sống

Cầy hương được tìm thấy trong khu vực Đông Nam Á (bao gồm cả quần đảo Indonesia), Ấn Độ, miền nam Trung Quốc. Chúng là các sinh vật sống trên mặt đất và chủ yếu sinh sống trong các khu vực rậm cỏ hay cây bụi thấp như nương rẫy ven suối.

Các phân loài

Mô tả

Cầy hương trưởng thành có thân dài khoảng 55–75 cm (21-29 inch), cân nặng khoảng 2–4 kg (4,5-9 pao). Nó có bộ lông với màu hung hung nâu vàng tới xám bẩn là chủ đạo. Hai tai và mõm hơi đen. Dọc sống lưng có các vệt màu đen, phần hông có các vệt (hay đốm) đen mờ xếp thành hàng chạy dọc từ vai xuống mông (phần mông rõ nét hơn). Đuôi dài khoảng 35–50 cm (khoảng hai phần ba thân) với các vòng đen trắng xen kẽ nhau (7-10 vòng mỗi loại). Bốn chân ngắn, màu đen. Cọn đực có tuyến xạ nằm giữa kế hai tình hoàn.[5]

Sinh thái và tập tính

Cầy hương là động vật ăn đêm và thông thường sống đơn độc. Chúng ăn thịt (mặc dù có ăn các loại hoa quả hay rễ cây non) nên thức ăn chủ yếu của chúng là các loại có nguồn gốc động vật như chuột, sóc, chim nhỏ, thằn lằn, sâu bọ, trứng. Mùa sinh sản không rõ ràng nhưng tập trung chủ yếu trong các tháng 4-6. Chúng là loài thú nhiều chu kỳ động dục trong năm. Con non sinh trong hang và được con mẹ cho bú. Mỗi lứa đẻ khoảng 4-5 con. Chu kỳ mang thai không rõ. Độ tuổi thuần thục sinh lý không rõ. Tuổi đời trong nuôi nhốt khoảng 22 năm, trong tự nhiên không rõ, tuy có tài liệu cho rằng khoảng 8-9 năm.

Tình trạng bảo tồn

Do cầy hương đực có tuyến xạ nằm giữa hai tinh hoàn, được con người sử dụng trong sản xuất nước hoa cũng như đôi khi bị coi là nguồn cung cấp thực phẩm nên mối đe dọa chính đối với loài này là con người. Hiện nay tại Việt Nam, loài cầy hương đã được con người thuần hóa và chăn nuôi bởi giá trị kinh tế mà nó mang lại.[6][7]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Choudhury, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Rahman, H.; Ghimirey, Y. & Mudappa, D. (2015). “Viverricula indica”. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2016.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế.
  2. ^ a ă â b c d đ Pocock, R. I. (1939). Genus Viverricula Hodgson. Pages 362–376 in: The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1Taylor and Francis, London.
  3. ^ Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Second edition. British Museum of Natural History, London. Pp. 282–283.
  4. ^ Sody, H. J. V. (1931). Six new mammals from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 91: 349–360.
  5. ^ “Cầy hương”. Sinh vật rừng Việt Nam. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2013.
  6. ^ Thanh Dũng. “Làm giàu nhờ nuôi thú lạ: Nuôi cầy hương, thơm cả xóm”. Viện Chăn nuôi, Bộ Nông nghiệp & Phát triển nông thôn. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2013.
  7. ^ Khánh Duy (ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2011). “Nuôi cầy hương - mô hình mới, lợi nhuận cao”. Báo Người lao động. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cầy hương  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cầy hương
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Cầy hương: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Cầy hương (danh pháp hai phần: Viverricula indica) là một loài thuộc họ Cầy (Viverridae).

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Малая цивета ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Расса.
Латинское название Viverricula indica
Desmarest, 1804
Ареал
изображение

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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 622006 NCBI 94196 Охранный статус
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 41710

Малая цивета[1], или расса[1] (лат. Viverricula indica) принадлежит к семейству виверровых, отряду хищных. Эта цивета — одна из самых маленьких цивет, что соответствует её названию. Длина её тела не больше 55 см, вес — 2 кг. Её отличает довольно узкая голова с широкими ушами. Мех её жёсткий серо-бурого цвета, на котором много тёмно-бурых пятен. Хвост с многочисленными кольцами.

Места обитания

Малая цивета обитает от подножья Гималаев по всей Индии, кроме областей, прилегающих к Инду, и западной части Раджастхана: на Цейлоне, в Ассаме, Южном Китае, на Малаккском полуострове, Суматре, Яве и, вероятно, на других южноазиатских островах. Водится она и на Сокотре, куда, вероятно, завезена, на Коморских островах и на Мадагаскаре. Живёт она в норах или между скалами, в лесах, иногда около человеческих жилищ, а иногда даже в них. Местные жители говорят, что она легко лазает по деревьям и бродит нередко и днём.

Размножение

Малая цивета приносит три-пять детёнышей.

Циветта и люди

На родине цивета пользуется большим почётом благодаря цибету, употребление которого очень популярно среди местных жителей. Этим веществом малайцы опрыскивают свои жилища, но этот запах невыносим для европейцев.

Питаясь кофейными зёрнами, цивета «участвует» в приготовлении самого дорогого сорта кофе в мире «Kopi Luwak» или «Кофе циветы». Животные наедаются спелыми зернами, но они не перевариваются и выходят с экскрементами. Этот процесс происходит на островах Суматра, Ява и Сулавеси индонезийского архипелага, в Филиппинах (где конечный продукт называется Kape Alamid), во Вьетнаме и в кофейных провинциях Южной Индии. Фермеры собирают эти зерна и продают перекупщикам. Считается, что энзимы (ферменты) в желудке циветы улучшают вкус кофе, расщепляя белки, которые придают кофе его горький вкус. Очищенное зерно слегка обжаривают, чтобы не уничтожить сложный аромат, который получают в результате этого процесса. В 2004 году в результате вируса SARS было истреблено тысячи цивет, но из-за этого спрос на кофе не изменился.

Питание

Держат рассу в клетках, кормят рисом, бананами и птицами. Через определённые промежутки собирают у неё цибет. Малайцы говорят, что после обильного кормления животного бананами цибет становится наиболее благовонным.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 107. — 10 000 экз.
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Малая цивета: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Малая цивета, или расса (лат. Viverricula indica) принадлежит к семейству виверровых, отряду хищных. Эта цивета — одна из самых маленьких цивет, что соответствует её названию. Длина её тела не больше 55 см, вес — 2 кг. Её отличает довольно узкая голова с широкими ушами. Мех её жёсткий серо-бурого цвета, на котором много тёмно-бурых пятен. Хвост с многочисленными кольцами.

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小靈貓 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Viverricula indica
Desmarest, 1804 綠 - 現存分布 紫 - 可能分布
綠 - 現存分布
紫 - 可能分布

小灵猫Viverricula indica),又名香狸七間狸、麝香貓。目前被認為有十個亞種

特征

小灵猫体型似大灵猫,但是较小,长约48-58厘米,尾长33-41厘米;全身灰黄或浅棕色,背部有棕褐色条纹,体侧有黑褐色斑点,颈部有黑褐色横行斑纹,尾部有黑棕相间的环纹。

分布和習性

是生活在東南亞南亞的一種麝貓;分布在中國南方、越南泰國寮國柬埔寨等地。小靈猫多棲息在低山的森林、闊葉林等,除了會吃老鼠昆蟲青蛙鳥類外,偶爾也會吃水果。這個物種多在晚上或清晨活動,白天則躲在樹洞或石洞中休息。

分佈及生境

小靈貓分佈於中國南部和中部地區、香港印度寮國緬甸泰國越南柬埔寨斯里蘭卡。曾有記錄於尼泊爾不丹孟加拉馬來半島爪哇以及巴厘島,但近年未有再作搜索以取得最近的記錄。目前在新加坡的狀況還不清楚。小靈貓已被引入到馬達加斯加

棲息於落葉闊葉林、針闊葉混合林、竹林、叢林、草原河流等區域。

亞種分佈

參考

  1. ^ Duckworth, J. W., Timmins, R. J. and Muddapa, D. Viverricula indica. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.

外部連結

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小靈貓: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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小灵猫(Viverricula indica),又名香狸、七間狸、麝香貓。目前被認為有十個亞種

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인도사향고양이 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

인도사향고양이고양이아목 사향고양이과에 속하는 포유동물이다. 색깔과 크기가 다양하여 몸길이는 33-97cm이고 털은 검은색·갈색·회색·황갈색이다. 네 다리는 짧고 꼬리가 길다. 털은 거칠고 목에서 등 가운데를 거쳐 꼬리까지 길고 검은 털이 나 있다. 생식기와 항문 사이에 주머니로 된 사향선(麝香腺)이 있어 악취를 분비한다. 수컷의 사향선으로는 향료를 제조하기도 한다. 사향고양이는 텃세권을 만들어 놓고 그 영역 안에서 생활한다. 나무를 잘 타 대부분의 시간을 나무 위에서 보낸다. 몇몇 종만이 땅 위나 굴 속에서 산다. 주로 밤에 활동하며 혼자 살며, 조류·양서류·곤충류·설치류·작은 파충류·식물·동물의 알을 먹는다. 인도에서 인도네시아에 이르는 지역에 분포한다.

계통 분류

다음은 사향고양이과의 계통 분류이다.[1]

사향고양이과    

줄무늬사향고양이

     

흰코사향고양이

   

아시아사향고양이

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