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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 75 years (wild) Observations: These animals take about 20 years to reach sexual maturity and are extremely long-lived (Das 1994). Although their exact longevity is unknown, some estimates indicate these animals can live up to 50-75 years (Cailliet et al. 2001).
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Conservation Status

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No special status.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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This fish causes tremendous damage when packs of them become entangled in commercial fishing nets.

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Benefits

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This species is used for its oil and as fish meal. It is also a popular labratory animal. In some areas (Europe more than the U.S.), it is a popular food fish.

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Spiny dogfish prey on bony fishes, smaller sharks, octopuses, squid, crabs, and eggcases of sharks and chimaeras.

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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The spiny dogfish inhabits the temperate and subarctic latitudes of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Specimens have been found in the Black and Mediterranean seas.

Biogeographic Regions: arctic ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Spiny dogfish exist in an oceanic environment of depths from the surface to 400 fathoms or more. They prefer a temperature range of 6-11 degrees centregade.

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
60.0 years.

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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The spiny dogfish can be recognized by its two dorsal fins, each with a spine; second dorsal is smaller than the first. Pectoral fins posses curved margins and rounded free rear tips. These sharks have narrow anterior nasal flaps. The teeth are oblique and smooth with a notch on the outer margin. Color is slate grey to brown above (often with scattered small white spots) and light grey to pure white on the belly. An albino was reported in Norwegian waters.

Range mass: 3.1 to 9.1 kg.

Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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This shark is ovoviviparous. Males reach maturity between 80-100cm in length or at around 11 years of age; females mature at100-124 cm or in 18-21 years. Mating takes place during the winter months. As soon as the eggs are fertilized, the female secretes a thin, horny, transparent shell around them. The shells suround several eggs at once and are called candles. Gestation lasts between 22-24 months. Litters range between 2-11 pups and are between 20-30 cm at birth. They live for as long as 25-30 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
3163 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
7668 days.

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Street, R. 2002. "Squalus acanthias" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Squalus_acanthias.html
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

provided by Arkive
Said to be the most abundant living shark, the spiny dogfish is a slow, inactive swimmer and forms massive feeding aggregations of thousands of individuals. Tending to be same-sex and same-size shoals, they prey on shoals of bony fish, as well as octopuses, smaller sharks, squid, crabs and shark egg cases (3). They are highly migratory, moving towards the equatorial side of their range during winter (2). With estimates of between 20 years and 75 years, the spiny dogfish is thought to be a very long-lived fish that matures late and reproduces slowly, with gestation lasting two years – the longest of any vertebrate (1) (2) (3). An ovoviviparous species, spiny dogfish develop in eggs within the female, and gain nourishment from their yolk sacs, After four to six months, these eggs are shed, but the embryos continue to develop inside the female, still living off the yolk sac attached to their abdomens. Finally, after another 18 to 20 months of development, six to seven live young are born, measuring 20 to 33 centimetres. Despite possessing venom-delivering spines on each of its two dorsal fins, the spiny dogfish is eaten by cod, red hake, goosefish, other spiny dogfish, larger sharks, seals, and orcas (2).
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Conservation

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These sharks are especially vulnerable to over-fishing as they are slow to mature, have a very long gestation period, and produce very few young. Demand for these fish is highest in Europe, but they were commonly caught in American waters for export to Europe. The American National Marine Fisheries Services closed American waters to dogfish fishing in July 2003 on evidence that the population was on the edge of collapse (2). WWF have created a suggested recovery plan that aims to reduce exploitation to very low rates to allow recovery, and to reduce by-catch by avoiding areas with spiny dogfish. Monitoring and research on the spatial and seasonal patterns of distribution are also planned (6).
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Description

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The common name 'dogfish' was given by fisherman to small sharks due to their habit of hunting shoals of fish in 'packs' (3). The spiny dogfish is a small, slim fish with a narrow, pointed snout and distinctive white spots (4). The back is slate grey to brown and the belly is pale grey to white. It has two dorsal fins, the first of which is smaller (3). They both have a spine which can inject venom causing strong pain lasting for several hours, and very occasionally death in humans (4). The pectoral fins are curved and have rounded tips (3).
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Habitat

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Found from the surface to a depth of 900 metres, the spiny dogfish is thought to tolerate in temperatures of between 7 and 15 degrees Celsius.
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Range

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Distributed along coastlines, the spiny dogfish is found in the western Atlantic, eastern Atlantic, western Pacific and eastern Pacific, as well as the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea (4).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List.
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Threats

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The spiny dogfish is considered to be the most abundant living shark, yet two particular subpopulations in the northwest and northeast Atlantic Ocean are considered to be at risk due to massive fishing pressure. This shark is caught for food, liver oil, and used to make sand paper, vitamins, leather, fertiliser, pet food and fish meal (1) (4). At a time of peak abundance between 1900 and 1910, it is estimated that up to 27 million spiny dogfish were caught off the Massachusetts coast every year (5).
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Brief Summary

provided by Ecomare
Spurdogs are regularly caught by fishermen in the North Sea. In October 2008, the fishing vessel TX68 caught many spurdogs in its net in just one fishing attempt. The crew filled more than 60 crates just with this shark. This shark is named after the characteristic spines, or spurs, on the front of its dorsal fins, which are defense weapons. This creates a problem for fishermen when trying to remove them from their nets. Otherwise, spurdogs are harmless.
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Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Doornhaaien worden regelmatig door vissers in de Noordzee gevangen. In oktober 2008 kreeg de vissersboot TX68 in één trek wel heel erg veel doornhaaien in de netten. Bij elkaar vulden deze haaien 60 viskisten! De doornhaai dankt zijn naam aan de stekels aan zijn rugvinnen die werken als verdedigingswapens. Die stekels maken het ook lastig voor vissers om de haaien uit hun netten te krijgen. Verder zijn doornhaaien ongevaarlijk.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
fieldmarks: Two dorsal fins with ungrooved large spines, first dorsal spine origin behind pectoral rear tips, white spots on gray sides, oblique-cusped cutting teeth in both jaws, no subterminal notch on caudal fin, no anal fin, and upper precaudal pit and lateral keels on caudal peduncle. Body fairly slender. Snout subangular, pointed, narrow, and moderately long, diagonal distance from snout tip to excurrent aperture of nostril greater than that from excurrent aperture to upper labial furrow, preoral snout about 1.2-1.3 times mouth width, preorbital snout less than twice eye length. Eyes about equidistant between snout tip and first gill slits. Nostrils nearer snout tip than mouth; anterior nasal flap with posterior secondary lobe minute or absent. Lateral trunk denticles small, tricuspidate and with deeply scalloped posterior borders in adults. Pectoral fins narrow and falcate, posterior margins slightly concave, rear tips narrowly rounded. Pelvic midbases closer to second dorsal base than to first. First dorsal spine short, much shorter than fin base and with tip falling far below apex of fin; second moderately long, about as high as fin, and less than 5% of total length; first dorsal fin more posteriorly situated, with origin over or behind pectoral free rear tips and spine origin behind tips; first dorsal low, height less than half length from origin to rear tip; second dorsal markedly smaller than first, with height less than 5% of total length; pectoral fins narrow and falcate, posterior margins slightly concave, rear tips narrowly rounded; pelvic midbases closer to second dorsal base than to first; caudal fin narrow-lobed and moderately long, with a long ventral lobe and strongly notched postventral margin. Upper precaudal pit well developed on caudal peduncle. Colour gray above, white below, usually with conspicuous white spots present on sides of body, dorsal and fins without white edges but dusky-tipped in young and plain in adults. Size moderate to large, up to 1.5 m but mostly smaller.

References

  • Bigelow, & Schroeder, (1948, 1957)
  • Fowler, (1941)
  • Garrick, (1960)
  • Jensen, (1966)
  • Ketchen, (1975)

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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 1
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Distribution

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AntetropicalWestern Atlantic: Greenland and Labrador (Canada) to Florida (USA), Cuba; Uruguay and Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: Iceland and Murman Coast (Russia) to Morocco, West Sahara, Canary Islands, Mediterranean and Black Sea; Cape coast of South Africa. Western Pacific: Bering Sea to Japan, Sea of Okhots, Republic of Korea and northern China; southern Australia, New Zealand, ? Papua New Guinea. Eastern Pacific: Bering Sea to southern Baja California, possibly Gulf of California; Chile.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 1
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Size

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May exceptionally reach 160 cm in the eastern north Pacific, but most individuals there are smaller, and other populations apparently reach smaller maximum sizes. Size of males at maturity from 59 to 72 cm and maximum size of mature males from 83 to 100 cm; size of females at maturity from 70 to 100 cm and maximum size of mature females from 101 to 124 cm; size of young at birth 22 to 33 cm.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 1
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
This is one of the most important sharks for fisheries because of its abundance in colder waters, utilization in various fisheries, and damage it does to gear and catches of other fishes. Catches of Squalus acanthias reached a peak in 1972 (73,500 t) then declined but in the last decade they have stabilized in a range between 36,000 and 51,000 t. Most of the catches reported to FAO have come firstly from area 27 (Northeast Atlantic) and then from area 21 (Northwest Atlantic) but in 1995 and 1996 catches taken in area 21 have exceeded those from area 27. Minor catches have been reported from Northeast Pacific (maximum 5,314 t in 1988) and Mediterranean and Black Sea (peaking at 1,789 t in 1988 but only 143 t in 1996).The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 22 756 t. The countries with the largest catches were Canada (5 536 t) and Norway (1 461 t). It is captured primarily in bottom trawls and with longlines and handlines, but also commonly with gill nets seines, fish traps, and other gear; it is also readily taken by rod and reel . It is utilized fresh, fresh-frozen, smoked, boiled-marinated, dried-salted, and in the form of fish cakes for human consumption. It is also used for liver oil, fish meal, pet food, fertilizer and leather. There are and have been numerous fisheries for picked dogfish around the world. There have been several cases of overexploitation of this species, which is the most abundant shark in the world (Compagno 1984), but the enormous abundance of the stocks usually prevents a total collapse and the fisheries normally stop for economic reasons. A combination of overexploitation, shifting markets and economic constraints has caused almost all picked dogfish fisheries to undergo declines. In most of these fisheries, the larger females are primarily targeted and this usually leads to overexploitation of the female stock while the male stock might be still at a healthy level (Holden 1968, Bonfil in press b). In European waters (mainly the North and Irish Seas), picked dogfish has been fished since the beginning of this century mainly by British and Norwegian fishermen, but later also by the French and the Irish (Bonfil 1994). Total catches were on average of 3,000 t/y before the 1930s, rose to over 12,000 t/y by 1937 mainly due to increases in the Norwegian fishery and then varied between 20,000-42,000 t/y in the period 1951-70 (Holden 1977). Holden (1968) considered that the female part of the Scottish-Norwegian stock of picked dogfish was being overfished in the late 1960s, but no stock assessments are known for any of the European fisheries for picked dogfish. Holden (1977) and Myklevoll (1989d) illustrate many of the factors that have caused the variations in the catches of picked dogfish in the British and Norwegian fisheries. These include among others, differences in size and presentation of the product due to different capture methods, competitiveness of prices, limits on market demand, and the existence of alternative and more profitable fisheries. The British Columbia picked dogfish fishery, which dates at least from the mid-19th century, has undergone also several booms and busts due mostly to economic factors (Ketchen 1986, Bonfil in press b). However, Ketchen (1986) reported a few signs of overexploitation for this stock during the heavy and uncontrolled vitamin A fishery, which might have brought about a large decline in the biomass of some local picked dogfish stocks. With that exception, the picked dogfish in the Northeastern Pacific has always remained at healthy levels. In Irish waters, a fishery for picked dogfish developed rapidly during the 1980s but decreasing catches in the NW fishing grounds shifted the effort towards the SW. This, together with the disappearance of larger females from the catches caused the concern of the Irish Department of the Marine (Rose 1996). In the western North Atlantic an increase in biomass of local picked dogfish stocks and a strong decline in more valuable groundfish stocks spurred an increase in dogfish exploitation mainly by US fishermen. Total dogfish catches rose from some 5,000 t/y in the mid-1980s to 22,500 t in 1993 (Rago et al . 1994). Most of this production of picked dogfish is exported to several markets in Europe for human consumption. The recreational catch of picked dogfish in this region is only about 8% of the commercial catch but large amounts of discards are suspected to happen in the size-discriminating commercial fishery and could add up to some 14,000 t/y (Rago et al. 1994). Fishable biomass of the NW Atlantic stock is estimated to have increased six-fold in the period 1968-89 to a peak of 300,000 t and then declined due to exploitation to less than 150,000 t (ICES 1998). A pronounced decrease in mean length of females has also been detected in this fishery where recently over 75% of the landed females were immature. The US Atlantic fishery is reported to have been recently declared as overexploited and a management plan is currently under preparation (ICES 1998). Conservation Status : Smith et al. (1998) found that the picked dogfish has the lowest intrinsic rebound potential of the 26 shark species they analysed. This is due to the extreme biological characteristics of this species, which is very slow growing and attains sexual maturity after many years. The abundance of picked dogfish is certainly very high in general but the declines in several heavily exploited stocks signal the high likelihood of impacting individual stocks if not managed properly. This species seems to be a good candidate for Lower Risk/Least Concern at the world level and Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent in the NE and NW Atlantic where it is heavily fished and still unmanaged.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 1
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
An extremely abundant, boreal to warm-temperate,inshore and offshore dogfish of continental and insular shelf waters and the upper slopes, from the surface down to the bottom but usually near the bottom; found from the intertidal down to at least 900 m.This is possibly the most abundant living shark, despite its restricted range, and the only one that supports fisheries of a size rivalling those of the more commercially important bony fishes. Bigelow & Schroeder (1948) noted that in a time of peak abundance in 1904-05 an estimated 27,000,000 dogfish were taken off the Massachusetts coast each year. The piked dogfish is probably the best-known of living sharks, particularly from a morphological, experimental and fisheries-biological viewpoint, though its ecological relationships and ethology is far less well known than some other sharks, particularly certain tropical carcharhinids and sphyrnids. Knowledge of its biology clearly reflects the concerns of fisheries and the interests of fisheries biologists, as well as its great abundance, but even with the massive corpus of information available great gaps remain in our knowledge of its biology. The literature on this shark is so enormous that only a small amount of the available information can be presented here. [more...] The dogfish forms immense feeding aggregations or packs in rich foraging grounds and may be present in thousands.Longline sets of 700 to 1500 hooks with nearly every hook bearing a dogfish have been reported from the Western North Atlantic. Dogfish often occur in schools segregated by size and sex, including those of small juveniles of both sexes in equal numbers, mature males, larger immature females, and large mature females. Mixed schools of adults have also been reported, but at best these are probably less common than segregated schools. These schools are dense and localized in a given area, and move erratically over short periods of time, possibly reflecting pursuit of schooling prey fishes. In general, males occur in shallower water than females, with the exception of large pregnant females. Pregnant females may congregate in enclosed shallow bays like San Francisco Bay in California, and drop their young there. Dogfish are also found as solitary individuals and may also associate with schools or aggregations of other temperate sharks such as the leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata ) and the brown smoothhound (Mustelus henlei ) in the Eastern North Pacific. Although the piked dogfish is often found in enclosed bays and estuaries, and can tolerate brackish water, it apparently cannot survive fresh water for more than a few hours and does not occur there. During the rainy winter and spring of California dogfish may leave San Francisco Bay and other shallow bays and estuaries as the salinity drops, but return in late spring and summer. Much has been written of the seasonal, bathymetric, and localized movements of this shark.An important correlate of dogfish movements seems to be water temperature; the sharks favour a temperature range with a minimum of 7-8°C and maximum of 12-15°C, and apparently make latitudinal and depth migrations to stay within their optimum range. Thus in the Western North Atlantic dogfish move inshore from their wintering grounds in deep water off the US Middle Atlantic and Southern States as the water warms in spring, pressing northwards along the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador and southwards along the US Atlantic coast occasionally to Cuba. [more...] An ovoviviparous shark, with litters of 1 to 20 young. There is much regional variation in reported litter sizes that may be correlated with other factors than maternal size, but in general larger mother sharks have larger litters of fetuses that attain a larger size before birth than smaller ones. The gestation period is variously reported as 18 to 24 months, and may differ in areas. Mating of dogfish may occur in the winter. Birth in the dogfish may occur primarily during the cold months of the year, with considerable variation and with some young produced in spring and summer. The sex ratio at birth is 1:1. Young are delivered head first with a series of rhythmic contractions reminiscent of birth in mammals. Age of piked dogfish is commonly determined by counting annual growth rings on the fin spines, though wear of the spines in large dogfish may limit the usefulness of this method. This is apparently a slow-growing and maturing species, that is very long-lived. Ages at maturity may vary regionally, and has been variously reported as 10-20 years for females and 11 or more years for males. Ketchen (1975), trying a variety of methods on British Columbian dogfish estimated an average of 14 years to maturation for males and 23 years for females. Maximum age is at least 25 to 30 years, with some estimates going much higher and approaching 100 years.This shark is a powerful, voracious predator that feeds primarily on bony fishes, and is capable of dismembering rather large prey with its strong jaws and clipper-like teeth. Its bony fish prey includes herring, sardines, menhaden and other clupeids, true smelt (Osmeridae) and their eggs, hake, cod, pollock, ling, haddock and other gadoids, midshipmen, blennies, sand lances, mackerel, porgies, croakers, flatfish and sculpins. [more...] The main impact of this shark on people is economic, however: both negative, as it displaces or chases off other fishes, gets hooked or netted in gear intended for other species, damages fishing gear, and destroys hooked and netted fishes; and positive, as a fisheries species and an integral and important member of offshore and inshore marine communities. Suggestions have been made to 'control' the numbers of dogfish in the western North Atlantic, by a variety of sometimes bizarre methods, though the necessity of doing this is largely a result of prejudice against dogfish as human food and unreasoned hatred for these sharks. [more...] Apart from human beings, this shark is preyed on by a number of larger sharks, some bony fishes, seals and killer whales.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 1
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Diagnostic Description

provided by Fishbase
This moderately sized species is distinguished by the following set of characters: very slender body, abdomen width 7.2-9.2% TL; narrow head, width at mouth 7.9-10.2% TL; mouth width 1.7-2.2 times its horizontal prenarial length; moderately long snout, preoral length 2.2-2.5 times horizontal prenarial length, 8.5-9.8% TL; single-lobed anterior nasal flap; small dorsal fins, raked, first dorsal-fin height 1.1-1.3 times its inner margin length, second dorsal-fin height 0.7-0.9 times its inner margin length; origin of first dorsal-fin located just posterior to pectoral-fin free rear tips; exposed bases of dorsal-fin spines relatively narrow, 0.4-0.7% TL; short spine of first dorsal fin, exposed length 1.7-2.7% TL; pectoral-fin anterior margin 1.9-3.1 times its inner margin length; preventral caudal margin 1.9-2.6 times inner margin of pelvic fin; pale caudal fin with poorly demarcated, whitish margin, blackish caudal blotch at the apex of upper lobe, anterior margins of both lobes whitish in juveniles; dark caudal bar absent; dorsal and lateral surfaces of body bluish grey with an irregular array of moderately-large white spots; whitish ventrally; flank denticles tricuspid; monospondylous centra 41-45, precaudal centra 74-79, total centra 100-105 (Ref. 58446).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Life Cycle

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Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Ovoviviparous, with litters of 1 to 21 young (Ref. 247, 88865). Mating probably occurs in winter. Gestation period of 18 to 24 months, longest known of all chondrichthyans (Ref. 26346). Size at birth 18-30 cm (Ref. 26346). In the northeast Atlantic, pups are born in winter, with size at birth about 26-28 cm (Ref. 88864). Sex ratio at birth is 1:1. Gravid females congregate in enclosed shallow bays to give birth (Ref. 247). The mother shark experiences a series of rhythmic contractions, just like in mammals, and the young are delivered head first. Larger older females have bigger litters with larger pups; a female with 100 cm TL carries on average 4 times as many embryos compared to a 70 cm female and the former have higher survival rates than those born to small females (Ref. 4856, 88869, 88883).
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Migration

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Kent E. Carpenter
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 2; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0; Vertebrae: 101 - 109
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Trophic Strategy

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Common in cold waters; usually at temperatures of 6-15°C (Ref. 5951); inhabits rocky regions (Ref. 9137). A carnivore (Ref. 9137) and opportunist feeder (Ref. 43115). Feeds on fishes (mackerel, sand lance, silver hake, white hake, haddock, pollock, Atlantic salmon, menhaden, winter flounder and longhorn sculpin), cephalopods (e.g. squids), amphipods, crabs, shrimps, molluscs, ctenophores, echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumber), polychaete worms, sea anemones, jellyfish, and red, green and brown algae; herring, capelin and cod found to be important foods (Ref. 5951, 28070). Smaller individuals (
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Biology

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Possibly the most abundant living shark (Ref. 247). A demersal, inshore and offshore dogfish of the continental and insular shelf and upper slopes (Ref. 247, 11230, 119696). Usually near the bottom, but also in midwater and at the surface (Ref. 26346); occurs mainly between 10-200 m depth (Ref. 247). Males and gravid females usually found shallower than non-gravid females. Tolerates brackish water, often found in enclosed bays and estuaries. Reported to enter freshwater (Ref. 11980) but cannot survive there for more than a few hours (Ref. 247). Highly migratory species, used to be observed in large foraging schools with up to thousands of individuals, usually segregated by size and /or sex, with schools of large gravid females preferentially targeted by fisheries. Their latitudinal (north-south) and depth-related (nearshore-offshore) movements appear to be correlated with their preferred temperature (Ref. 247). Tagging experiments showed that populations in the northern North Sea and northwest Scotland made winter migrations to off Norway and summer migrations to Scotland (Ref. 88880, 88881). Transoceanic migrations recorded, but rare (Ref. 88864). Longevity in the northern Atlantic is about 35-50 years (Ref. 88882), but most live only 20-24 years (Ref. 88187). Growth is slow. At sexual maturity, males are 60-70 cm long, females 75-90 cm (Ref. 35388). Gestation period is 2 years (Ref. 36731). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 205). Feeds on a diversity of prey, ranging from comb jellyfish, squid, mackarel and herring to a wide array of benthic fishes, shrimps, crabs and even sea cucumbers (Ref. 93252). The only species of horned sharks that can inflict toxins with its tail. Detects weak electric fields generated by potential prey (Ref. 10311). Utilized for human consumption, liver oil, vitamins, sand paper, leather, fertilizer, etc. (Ref. 247, 27436). Eaten fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988).
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Spikkel-penhaai ( Afrikaans )

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Die Spikkel-penhaai (Squalus acanthias) kom wêreldwyd voor en word in Suider-Afrika gevind vanaf die Oranjerivier tot by die Oos-Kaap. By die haai is die eerste dorsale vin agter die pektorale vin, die snoet is gepunt met wit kolle op. In Namibië word dit die doringhaai genoem.

Sien ook

Bron

Verwysings

  1. Fordham, S., Fowler, S.L., Coelho, R., Goldman, K.J. & Francis, M. (2006). "Squalus acanthias". IUCN Rooilys van Bedreigde Spesies. Weergawe 2012.1. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur. Besoek op 7 September 2012.AS1-onderhoud: Veelvoudige name: authors list (link)

Eksterne skakel

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Spikkel-penhaai: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Spikkel-penhaai (Squalus acanthias) kom wêreldwyd voor en word in Suider-Afrika gevind vanaf die Oranjerivier tot by die Oos-Kaap. By die haai is die eerste dorsale vin agter die pektorale vin, die snoet is gepunt met wit kolle op. In Namibië word dit die doringhaai genoem.

 src=

Kop van naby

 src=

'n Berg Spikkel-penhaaie wat met nette gevang is

 src=

Spikkel-penhaai naby Kalifornië, 302 meter onder water

 src=

Die een is aan die kus van Washington in die VSA afgeneem

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Spineg ( Breton )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar spineg, pe ki-mor, pe touilh-spin, (Squalus acanthias) zo ur pesk migornek kar d'ar rinkin.

Tiriad ar spineg
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Agullat ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'agullat, ferró, quelve, cassó o quissona (d'en terra) (Squalus acanthias) és un petit tauró de color cendrós, amb una forta pua a l'aleta dorsal. De la seua pell s'obté un cuir molt sòlid.

Descripció

  • Cos allargat i fusiforme.
  • Dues aletes dorsals antecedides per una forta espina, la primera més grossa que la segona.
  • Sense aleta anal ni membrana nictitant.
  • Amb cinc parells de fenedures branquials.
  • Color gris clar o marronat, els costats més clars i el ventre blanquinós.
  • Taques clares, irregularment escampades pel dors i els flancs, que desapareixen amb l'edat.
  • El mascle pot arribar a fer 100 cm de longitud i madura entre els 59 i 72 cm.
  • La femella arriba als 120 cm de longitud i madura entre els 70 i 100 cm.

Hàbitat

És, probablement, el tauró més freqüent del món i un dels més ben estudiats. Generalment se'l troba en moles separades per sexe i per edat. També se l'ha vist en grups mixtos de joves i adults, i formant agregacions amb diferents espècies de taurons. És de moviments lents però també se'l cita com un gran migrador.

Cerca la termoclina ideal de l'aigua que va de 7 °C de mínima a 15 °C de màxima.

Colonitza els ambients sublitorals fins als 400 m de fondària.

Alimentació

El seu nodriment prové de tota classe d'ésser viu que sigui copiós en el seu medi. És un predador oportunista i menja peixos que formin bancs, crustacis, mol·luscs, cucs, ctenòfors, algues, etc.

Reproducció

És ovovivípar aplacentari. Després d'una gestació de 18 a 24 mesos pot tindre una ventrada d'una a vint cries (la normal és d'una dotzena), segons l'edat de la mare. Els nounats en néixer poden fer de 22 a 33 cm i arribaran a viure entre 15 i 30 anys. Vers la primavera s'apropen a la costa per reproduir-se i a la tardor tornen cap al fons.

Aprofitament

Espècie d'interès comercial pesquer. L'art per a la captura és el palangre o l'arrossegament. Immediatament després de la seua pesca, és escorxat i arriba a la llotja sense cap ni pell, on es ven amb diversos noms.

La carn es pot consumir fresca, congelada, bullida, escabetxada, en croquetes, salada o fumada.

El seu fetge conté un oli de qualitat.

També pot aprofitar-se com a pinso per a animals estabulats, menja per a mascotes, fertilitzants i cuir.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Agullat Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Agullat: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'agullat, ferró, quelve, cassó o quissona (d'en terra) (Squalus acanthias) és un petit tauró de color cendrós, amb una forta pua a l'aleta dorsal. De la seua pell s'obté un cuir molt sòlid.

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Ci Pigog ( Welsh )

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Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Squalidae ydy'r Ci Pigog sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: cŵn pigog (Lladin: Squalus acanthias; Saesneg: Spiny dogfish).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys y Môr Du a'r Môr Canoldir ac mae i'w ganfod ym Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Bregus' (Vulnerable) o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.[1]

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org; adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Ci Pigog: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Squalidae ydy'r Ci Pigog sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: cŵn pigog (Lladin: Squalus acanthias; Saesneg: Spiny dogfish).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys y Môr Du a'r Môr Canoldir ac mae i'w ganfod ym Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Bregus' (Vulnerable) o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.

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Pighaj ( Danish )

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Pighaj (latin: Squalus acanthias) er en mindre haj, som lever i store dele af verden – dog ikke omkring polerne og i troperne. Den er holder primært til i kystområderne, især bugte og flodudmundinger, men er også i stand til at dykke ned til omkring 1.400 meters dybde.

Den almindelige pighaj er grå med små, lyse pletter og har fået sit navn efter de to pigge, som sidder foran rygfinnerne, og bruges i selvforsvar. Som den eneste i sin art, udskiller den almindelige pighaj en nervegift i sine piggene. Giften er ikke livsfarlig for mennesker, men kan dog forvolde stor smerte.

Almindeligvis jager den sild, torsk og de dyr, der lever på havbunden. De færdes i stimer af som regel samme køn. Nogle tager på sæsonbetingede migrationer f.eks. for at finde nye områder med føde eller hvor hunnerne kan føde deres unger.

Normal længde er op til 1,6 meter med en vægt på 9 kg og lever i op til 75 år. Den føder 1-20 levende unger ad gangen, som hver varierer i længden 18-30 cm. Sælges af fiskehandlere under betegnelsen kongeål.

På trods af dens store udbredelse, trues pighajen af overfiskeri. Dette hænger sammen en meget lang generationstid, idet hunnen først bliver kønsmoden, når den er omkring 12-15 år, og dens graviditet varer næsten to år. Der er således stor risiko for at den fanges, før den når at føde nye unger.

Dens særlige navn kongeål hænger sammen med at fiskehandlere tidligere havde svært ved at sælge dens kød. Men ved i stedet at sælge kødet som kongeål, lykkedes det at gøre det til en mere populær forbrugsvare.

Referencer

  1. ^ "Squalus acanthias". IUCN's Rødliste. 2008. Hentet 2015-05-20.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Pighaj: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Pighaj (latin: Squalus acanthias) er en mindre haj, som lever i store dele af verden – dog ikke omkring polerne og i troperne. Den er holder primært til i kystområderne, især bugte og flodudmundinger, men er også i stand til at dykke ned til omkring 1.400 meters dybde.

Den almindelige pighaj er grå med små, lyse pletter og har fået sit navn efter de to pigge, som sidder foran rygfinnerne, og bruges i selvforsvar. Som den eneste i sin art, udskiller den almindelige pighaj en nervegift i sine piggene. Giften er ikke livsfarlig for mennesker, men kan dog forvolde stor smerte.

Almindeligvis jager den sild, torsk og de dyr, der lever på havbunden. De færdes i stimer af som regel samme køn. Nogle tager på sæsonbetingede migrationer f.eks. for at finde nye områder med føde eller hvor hunnerne kan føde deres unger.

Normal længde er op til 1,6 meter med en vægt på 9 kg og lever i op til 75 år. Den føder 1-20 levende unger ad gangen, som hver varierer i længden 18-30 cm. Sælges af fiskehandlere under betegnelsen kongeål.

På trods af dens store udbredelse, trues pighajen af overfiskeri. Dette hænger sammen en meget lang generationstid, idet hunnen først bliver kønsmoden, når den er omkring 12-15 år, og dens graviditet varer næsten to år. Der er således stor risiko for at den fanges, før den når at føde nye unger.

Dens særlige navn kongeål hænger sammen med at fiskehandlere tidligere havde svært ved at sælge dens kød. Men ved i stedet at sælge kødet som kongeål, lykkedes det at gøre det til en mere populær forbrugsvare.

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Dornhai ( German )

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 src=
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Dornhais

Der Dornhai (Squalus acanthias) ist ein Hai aus der Familie der Dornhaie (Squalidae) – es ist eventuell die individuenreichste Haiart.

Der Dornhai hat einen schlanken, langgestreckten Körper mit spitzer Schnauze. Die Farbe von Rücken und Flanken variiert von dunkelgrau bis braun mit weißen Flecken, die Bauchseite ist hell. Vor jeder seiner beiden Rückenflossen befindet sich ein spitzer Dorn – daher der Name –, der über eine Furche mit einer Giftdrüse verbunden ist. Dornhaie werden etwa einen Meter lang und erreichen ein Gewicht von bis zu zehn Kilogramm, selten darüber. Sie leben in einer Tiefe von 50 bis 200 Metern und traten in früheren Zeiten weltweit in gewaltigen Schwärmen auf.

Dornhaie können über 20 Jahre alt werden. Erst nach zehn Jahren werden sie geschlechtsreif. Die Weibchen sind dann etwa 75 bis 90 Zentimeter, die Männchen 60 bis 80 Zentimeter lang. Nach der inneren Befruchtung durch Kopulation bilden sich im Weibchen Eikapseln mit bis zu sechs Eiern. Die Embryonen schlüpfen bereits im Mutterleib aus ihren Eikapseln und entwickeln sich in der Gebärmutter (dem Uterus) bis zur Geburtsgröße von 20 bis 30 Zentimetern (Ovoviviparie). Nach 18 bis 22 Monaten werden etwa zwei bis elf Junge geboren.

Aufgrund dieser langsamen Vermehrung sind sie, wie alle anderen Haiarten auch, besonders durch Überfischung bedroht und stehen auf der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten. In der EU besteht ein Verbot der gezielten Befischung für den SEAFO-Übereinkommensbereich.[1]

Das Fleisch ist wie bei allen Knorpelfischen grätenfrei; die Rückenstücke des Dornhais kommen in Deutschland als Seeaal auf den Markt, die Bauchlappen werden geräuchert als Schillerlocken gehandelt, obwohl die Bestände im Nordatlantik um 95 Prozent zurückgegangen sind.[2] Andere Namen für im deutschsprachigen Raum angebotene Haiprodukte sind Kalbsfisch, Speckfisch, Karbonadenfisch, Königsaal, Seestör oder Steinlachs (Englisch: Rock Salmon).

Das Muskelfleisch des Hais ist meist stark mit Methylquecksilber belastet. Nach einer Studie des Instituts für Toxikologie an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel überschreitet zum Beispiel eine Portion von 150 g Schillerlocken die duldbare Tagesdosis für Erwachsene um das Zehnfache.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. , abgerufen am 1. März 2017
  2. Vigo in Spanien – Tausendfacher Haitod
  3. Hermann Kruse: Quecksilberanreicherungen in der Schillerlocke: Toxizität des Methylquecksilbers. In: Meeresumweltsymposium 2010, Kurzfassung, Seite 23 (Memento des Originals vom 22. Mai 2012 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
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Dornhai: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Dornhais

Der Dornhai (Squalus acanthias) ist ein Hai aus der Familie der Dornhaie (Squalidae) – es ist eventuell die individuenreichste Haiart.

Der Dornhai hat einen schlanken, langgestreckten Körper mit spitzer Schnauze. Die Farbe von Rücken und Flanken variiert von dunkelgrau bis braun mit weißen Flecken, die Bauchseite ist hell. Vor jeder seiner beiden Rückenflossen befindet sich ein spitzer Dorn – daher der Name –, der über eine Furche mit einer Giftdrüse verbunden ist. Dornhaie werden etwa einen Meter lang und erreichen ein Gewicht von bis zu zehn Kilogramm, selten darüber. Sie leben in einer Tiefe von 50 bis 200 Metern und traten in früheren Zeiten weltweit in gewaltigen Schwärmen auf.

Dornhaie können über 20 Jahre alt werden. Erst nach zehn Jahren werden sie geschlechtsreif. Die Weibchen sind dann etwa 75 bis 90 Zentimeter, die Männchen 60 bis 80 Zentimeter lang. Nach der inneren Befruchtung durch Kopulation bilden sich im Weibchen Eikapseln mit bis zu sechs Eiern. Die Embryonen schlüpfen bereits im Mutterleib aus ihren Eikapseln und entwickeln sich in der Gebärmutter (dem Uterus) bis zur Geburtsgröße von 20 bis 30 Zentimetern (Ovoviviparie). Nach 18 bis 22 Monaten werden etwa zwei bis elf Junge geboren.

Aufgrund dieser langsamen Vermehrung sind sie, wie alle anderen Haiarten auch, besonders durch Überfischung bedroht und stehen auf der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten. In der EU besteht ein Verbot der gezielten Befischung für den SEAFO-Übereinkommensbereich.

Das Fleisch ist wie bei allen Knorpelfischen grätenfrei; die Rückenstücke des Dornhais kommen in Deutschland als Seeaal auf den Markt, die Bauchlappen werden geräuchert als Schillerlocken gehandelt, obwohl die Bestände im Nordatlantik um 95 Prozent zurückgegangen sind. Andere Namen für im deutschsprachigen Raum angebotene Haiprodukte sind Kalbsfisch, Speckfisch, Karbonadenfisch, Königsaal, Seestör oder Steinlachs (Englisch: Rock Salmon).

Das Muskelfleisch des Hais ist meist stark mit Methylquecksilber belastet. Nach einer Studie des Instituts für Toxikologie an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel überschreitet zum Beispiel eine Portion von 150 g Schillerlocken die duldbare Tagesdosis für Erwachsene um das Zehnfache.

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Piiakuulu ( Livvi )

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Piiakuulu (Squalus acanthias) on kala.

Livvinkieline nimi

Täs artikkelis käytetty nimi on kiännetty kalan suomenkielizes nimes "piikkihai".

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Piiakuulu: Brief Summary ( Livvi )

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Piiakuulu (Squalus acanthias) on kala.

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Qhyin`d mér ( Picard )

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Qhyin`d mér (Squalus acanthias)

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Spinarolu ( Corsican )

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U Spinarolu (Squalus acanthias) hè un pesciu di mare chì face parte di a famiglia di i Squalidae.

In Corsica

U spinarolu hè prisente in Corsica.

Referenze

  • Miniconi R., Molinier R., Nouhen D., Pimort M.-J. (1980) Pesci di Corsica è di u Mediterraniu, Parcu Naturale Regiunale di Corsica (in francese)

Ligami

Da vede dinù

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Spinarolu: Brief Summary ( Corsican )

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U Spinarolu (Squalus acanthias) hè un pesciu di mare chì face parte di a famiglia di i Squalidae.

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Ακανθίας ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο ακανθίαςσκυλόψαρο είναι το πιο γνωστό σκυλόψαρο, μέλος της οικογένειας των σκυτελλιδών. Το κύριο χαρακτηριστικό του ακανθία είναι οι δύο άκανθες μπροστά από το πρώτο και δεύτερο ραχιαίο πτερύγιο. Απαντάται σε ρηχά νερά και σε μεγαλύτερες αποστάσεις από τις ακτές, κυρίως σε εύκρατες θάλασσες. Έχει πιστοποιηθεί ότι ζει πάνω από 100 χρόνια.[2]

Περιγραφή

O ακανθίας έχει ραχιαία αγκάθια, δεν έχει πρωκτικό πτερύγιο ενώ φέρει και λευκά στίγματα κατά μήκος της πλάτης του. Το ουραίο πτερύγιο έχει ασύμμετρους λοβούς, σχηματίζοντας μια ετερόκερκη ουρά. Το όνομα ακανθίας αναφέρεται σε δύο αγκάθια του καρχαρία. Αυτά χρησιμοποιούνται αμυντικά. Σε περίπτωση που συλληφθεί, ο ακανθίας μπορεί να κυρτώνει την πλάτη του εν είδει αψίδας για να διαπεράσει τον εχθρό του. Αδένες στη βάση των αγκαθιών εκκρίνουν ήπιο δηλητήριο.

Τα αρσενικά ωριμάζουν σε ηλικία περίπου 11 ετών, φτάνοντας σε μήκος 80-100 εκατοστών, ενώ τα θηλυκά ωριμάζουν σε 18 με 21 χρόνια και είναι ελαφρώς μεγαλύτερα από τα αρσενικά, φτάνοντας το ένα με ενάμιση μέτρο μήκος.[3] και τα δύο φύλα είναι γκρίζα καφετί στο χρώμα και είναι πιο σκούρα στη ράχη και λευκότερα στη κοιλιά. Τα αρσενικά προσδιορίζονται από ένα ζευγάρι πυελικών πτερυγίων που τροποποιήθηκε ως όργανο μεταφοράς σπέρματος ή πτερυγιόποδο. Το αρσενικό εισάγει το ένα πτερυγιόποδο στην αμάρα του θηλυκού στη διάρκεια της συνουσίας. Είναι ωοζωοτόκα ζώα.

Πηγές

  1. Fordham, S., Fowler, S.L., Coelho, R., Goldman, K.J. & Francis, M. (2006). Squalus acanthias στην Κόκκινη Λίστα Απειλούμενων Ειδών της IUCN. Έκδοση 2013.2. Διεθνής Ένωση Προστασίας της Φύσης (IUCN). Ανακτήθηκε 26 Ιανουαρίου 2014.
  2. «Mote Marine Laboratory, "Shark Notes"». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 24 Ιανουαρίου 2012. Ανακτήθηκε στις 3 Οκτωβρίου 2011.
  3. Kindersley, Dorling (2005) [2001]. Animal. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.
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Ακανθίας: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο ακανθίας,ή σκυλόψαρο είναι το πιο γνωστό σκυλόψαρο, μέλος της οικογένειας των σκυτελλιδών. Το κύριο χαρακτηριστικό του ακανθία είναι οι δύο άκανθες μπροστά από το πρώτο και δεύτερο ραχιαίο πτερύγιο. Απαντάται σε ρηχά νερά και σε μεγαλύτερες αποστάσεις από τις ακτές, κυρίως σε εύκρατες θάλασσες. Έχει πιστοποιηθεί ότι ζει πάνω από 100 χρόνια.

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Spiny dogfish

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The spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), spurdog, mud shark, or piked dogfish[2] is one of the best known species of the Squalidae (dogfish) family of sharks, which is part of the Squaliformes order.[3]

While these common names may apply to several species, Squalus acanthias is distinguished by two spines (one anterior to each dorsal fin) and no anal fin. It lives in shallow waters and further offshore in most parts of the world, especially in temperate waters. Those in the northern Pacific Ocean were reevaluated in 2010 and found to constitute a separate species, now called the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi).[4]

Description and behaviour

Spiny dogfish pup

The spiny dogfish has dorsal fins, no anal fin, and white spot along its back. The caudal fin has asymmetrical lobes, forming a heterocercal tail. The species name acanthias refers to the shark's two spines. These are used defensively. If captured, the shark can arch its back to pierce its captor with spines near the dorsal fins that secrete a mild venom into its predator.[5]

This shark is known to hunt in packs that can range up into the thousands. They are aggressive hunters and have a sizable diet that can range from squid, fish, crab, jellyfish, sea cucumber, shrimp and other invertebrates.[6]

Dogfish sharks experience one of the longest gestation periods of any organism, which can last from around 18 to 24 months. During spawning season, which occurs during the colder months of winter, females can lay anywhere from 2 to 12 eggs, which develop ovoviviparously and the pups are birthed as live young, with about 5 to 6 in each litter of pups, mainly depending on the size of the female. Reproduction occurs in the winter in offshore waters, while pups are normally born in the warmer and deeper offshore waters where it is harder for humans and predators to reach them. The reproductive cycle begins when females produce several large eggs of yellow coloring, which become fertilized once they pass through the shell gland and are wrapped in what is called a "candle", or a kind of reproductive capsule. One can determine if an egg is fertilized when the blastoderm is visible. The candle passes through the rest of the reproductive tract until it reaches the uterus. Attached to the gill region of the pup is a yolk sac which provides nutrients for them as they develop, which they absorb as they grow. Even after fully absorbing the yolk sac, the pups may live in the uterus for a period of time afterwards during the gestation period.[7][8] Both sexes are greyish brown in color and are countershaded. Males are identified by a pair of pelvic fins modified as sperm-transfer organs, or "claspers". The male inserts one clasper into the female cloaca during copulation.

In females the size of ova and the state of uteri determines whether sexual maturity has been reached, while in males, clasper length and calcification is the determination factor. Many of the growth patterns show a isometric growth pattern, as the pups have very similar features to the adults. Sexual maturity does not match body size development, they mature quite earlier than one would expect. Most males reach sexual maturity at an earlier ages of around 10 years, growing to be about 60–65 cm in length. Females take a longer period of time, around 16 years, to reach sexual maturity, and can grow to about 80–84 cm (30–30 in) at that time. Some dogfish have been seen to live nearly 70 years, but the average lifespan is around 30–40 years.[9][10] Male Spiny dogfish use their claspers to impregnate females, which take time to develop properly, and before reaching sexual maturity, tend to be longer than their pelvic fins. During this time, the testes develop, but no sperm will exist inside until later stages are reached, and genital ducts are deformed compared to adult ducts. Once the adult stage is reached, claspers have elongated, and are now hardened with calcium and are still slightly longer than their pelvic fin. At this point testes are fully developed, and sperm exist within the seminal vesicles, and genital ducts conform to a twisted shape we commonly see in adults.[11]

Spiny dogfish are bottom-dwellers. They are commonly found at depths of around 50–149 m (160–490 ft), but have been found deeper than 700 m (2,300 ft).[12]

Life span estimates based on analysis of vertebral centra and annuli in the dorsal spines range from 35 to 54 years.[13]

Commercial use

Braised dogfish

Spiny dogfish are sold as food in Europe, the United States, Canada, New Zealand,[14] Venezuela and Chile. The meat is primarily eaten in England, France, Italy, the Benelux countries, Germany, and as an unwitting houndshark in Greece. The fins and tails are processed into fin needles for cheaper versions of shark fin soup in Chinese cuisine. In England, dogfish are bought in fish and chip shops as "huss", and previously as "rock salmon" until the term was outlawed. Commercial harvests where banned in the UK from 2010 until 2023.[15] In France, they are sold as "small salmon" (saumonette) and in Belgium and Germany as "sea eel" (zeepaling and Seeaal, respectively). In Greece, all small dogfish are commercially called galéos, after the critically endangered Galeorhinus galeus that produces a seasonal dish; other small sharks such as the spiny dogfish substitute it.

Spiny dogfish bodies are ground into fertilizer, liver oil and pet food. Because of their availability, cartilaginous skulls and small sizes, they are popular vertebrate dissection specimens in high schools and universities.

Reported catches varied between 31,700 tonnes in 2000 and 13,800 tonnes in 2008.[16] Bottom trawlers and sink gillnets are the primary tools. In Mid-Atlantic and Southern New England fisheries, they are often caught with larger groundfish, classified as bycatch, and discarded. Recreational fishing accounts for an insignificant portion of the spiny dogfish catch.[17]

The Cape Cod Commercial Fishermen's Alliance promotes sustainable use of the dogfish in restaurants and fish markets in the Cape Cod area of Massachusetts, as of 2017, paid for by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. It aims to persuade diners to buy less-popular fish.[18]

Conservation status and management

Once the most abundant shark species in the world, populations of Squalus acanthias have declined significantly. They are classified in the IUCN Red List of threatened species as Vulnerable globally and Critically endangered in the Northeast Atlantic, meaning stocks around Europe have decreased by at least 95%. This is a direct result of overfishing to supply northern Europe's taste for rock salmon, saumonette, and zeepaling. Despite these alarming figures, very few management or conservation measures are in place for Squalus acanthias.[1] In EU waters, a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) has been in place since 1999, but until 2007 it only applied to ICES Areas IIa and IV. It was also set well above the actual weight of fish being caught until 2005, rendering it meaningless. Since 2009 a maximum landing size of one metre (3 ft 3 in) has been imposed in order to protect the most valuable mature females. The TAC for 2011 was set at 0 tons, ending targeted fishing for the species in EU waters. It remains to be seen if populations will be able to recover.[19]

In the recent past the European market for spiny dogfish has increased dramatically, which led to the overfishing and decline of the species. This drastic increase led to the creation and implementation of many fishery management policies placing restrictions on the fishing of spiny dogfish. However, since the species is a late-maturing fish, it takes a while to rebuild the population.

In 2010, Greenpeace International added the spiny dogfish to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."[20] In the same year, the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS; also known as the Bonn Convention) listed the species (Northern Hemisphere populations) under Annex I of its Migratory Shark Memorandum of Understanding.[21]

In recent years, however, the US has implemented fishing controls and opened up the fishery. The proposed quota for 2011 was 16.1 million kilograms (35.5 million lb) with a trip limit of 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), an increase over past years in which the quota has ranged from 2 to 9 million kilograms (5 to 20 million lb), with trip limits from 900 to 1,400 kg (2,000 to 3,000 lb).[22] In 2010, NOAA announced the Eastern US Atlantic spiny dogfish stocks to be rebuilt,[23] and in 2011, concerns about dogfish posing a serious predatory threat to other stocks resulted in an emergency amendment of the quota with nearly 6.8 million kilograms (15 million lb) being added.[24]

In June 2018, the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified Squalus acanthias Linnaeus as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[25]

In 2023, populations in EU and UK waters were determined to have recovered enough that they could be commercially fished.[26]

Fossil range

Squalus acanthias fossils are known from the Miocene of Denmark and the Netherlands, dating from approximately 11 million years ago.[27] As with other cartilaginous fish, the fossil record of Squalus acanthias consists predominantly of dental material, as cartilage does not fossilize well. The teeth of S. acanthus can be hard to differentiate from those of other squaliforme sharks,[28] making identification difficult.

References

  1. ^ a b Finucci, B.; Cheok, J.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cotton, C.F.; Dulvy, N.K.; Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Squalus acanthias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T91209505A124551959. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T91209505A124551959.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Squalus acanthias". Florida Museum. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  3. ^ "Species Squalus acanthias Linnaeus". FishWisePro. 1758. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  4. ^ Ebert, D. A.; White, W. T.; Goldman, K. J.; Compagno, L. J.; Daly-Engel, T. S. & Ward, R. D. (2010). "Resurrection and redescription of Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) from the North Pacific, with comments on the Squalus acanthias subgroup (Squaliformes: Squalidae)". Zootaxa. 2612: 22–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2612.1.2.
  5. ^ "Spiny Dogfish". Oceana. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  6. ^ "Squalus acanthias summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2019-02-23.
  7. ^ Jones, Thomas S.; Ugland, Karl I. (15 Jan 2021). "Reproduction of female spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias, in the Oslofjord". NOAA Fisheries Scientific Publications. 4 (99): 685–690. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  8. ^ Natanson, Lisa J.; McCandless, Camilla T.; James, Kelsey; Hoey, John (8 August 2017). "Gestation period and pupping seasonality of female spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) off southern New England". NOAA Fisheries Scientific Publications. 4 (115): 473–483. doi:10.7755/FB.115.4.4.
  9. ^ "Spiny Dogfish". Government of Canada. Government of Canada. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  10. ^ Bargione, Giada; Fortunata, Donato; La Mesa, Mario; Mazzoldi, Carlotta; Riginella, Emilio; Vasapollo, Claudio; Virgili, Massimo; Luchetti, Alessandro (4 October 2019). "Life-history traits of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias in the Adriatic Sea". Scientific Reports. 9 (14317): 26–38. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914317B. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50883-w. PMC 6778190. PMID 31586144.
  11. ^ Ismen, Ali; Yigin, C. Cigdem (1 March 2013). "Reproductive Biology of Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias, in the North Aegean Sea". Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 13: 169–177. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_20. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  12. ^ Jose I. Castro (2011). The Sharks of North America. Oxford University Press, US. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-19-539294-4.
  13. ^ Bubley, W. J.; Kneebone, J.; Sulikowski, J. A.; Tsang, P. C. W. (2012). "Reassessment of spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias age and growth using vertebrae and dorsal-fin spines". Journal of Fish Biology. 80 (5): 1300–1319. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03171.x. ISSN 1095-8649. PMID 22497385.
  14. ^ Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022). Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 164–169. ISBN 978-1-77554-179-0. Wikidata Q114871191.
  15. ^ Harmsworth, Ellie (8 April 2023). "Rising Costs Put Shark Back on Menu at Britain's Chippies: FT". Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  16. ^ FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011). Yearbook of fishery and aquaculture statistics 2009. Capture production (PDF). Rome: FAO. pp. 302–303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-19.
  17. ^ Katherine Sosebee; Paul Rago (December 2006). "Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US: Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)". NEFSC – Resource Evaluation and Assessment Division.
  18. ^ Wilcox, Meg (2017-07-04). "Dogfish — it's what's for dinner on the Cape". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  19. ^ "Spurdog in the Northeast Atlantic" (PDF). Advice September 2011. ICES, Copenhagen. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  20. ^ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list Archived February 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks. PDF. Cms.int. Retrieved on 2016-11-14.
  22. ^ "Mid-Atlantic Council Adopts Increase in Spiny Dogfish Quotas". Atlantic Highlands Herald. 19 October 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
  23. ^ NOAA Announces Recovery of Spiny Dogfish Stock. greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov
  24. ^ "Threat of Dogfish Sharks Unite Commercial and Recreational Fishermen From Maine to North Carolina". FishNet USA via Prnewswire. May 4, 2009.
  25. ^ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 11. ISBN 9781988514628. OCLC 1042901090.
  26. ^ Chase, Chris (12 March 2023). "UK moving to reopen fishery for a once-endangered species". SeafoodSource. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758 (spiny dogfish)". 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  28. ^ Kriwet, Jürgen; Klug, Stefanie, eds. (2009), "Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks", American Fisheries Society, doi:10.47886/9781934874073.ch3, ISBN 9781934874073, retrieved 2022-11-24 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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Spiny dogfish: Brief Summary

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The spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), spurdog, mud shark, or piked dogfish is one of the best known species of the Squalidae (dogfish) family of sharks, which is part of the Squaliformes order.

While these common names may apply to several species, Squalus acanthias is distinguished by two spines (one anterior to each dorsal fin) and no anal fin. It lives in shallow waters and further offshore in most parts of the world, especially in temperate waters. Those in the northern Pacific Ocean were reevaluated in 2010 and found to constitute a separate species, now called the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi).

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Squalus acanthias ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La mielga, galludo o tollo de cacho (Squalus acanthias) es una especie de elasmobranquio escuálido de la familia Squalidae. Es un pequeño tiburón alcanza 1,25 metros de longitud,[2]​ tiene cuerpo estilizado con espinas venenosas y muy afiladas en las aletas dorsales. El aparato toxicóforo está delante de cada aleta dorsal, con la glándula toxicófora ubicada en el surco dorsal de dicho radio. Cuando el tóxico se inyecta en la piel produce un intenso dolor de la zona, tumefacción y rubor.[3]

Es una especie muy abundante, de aguas boreales a templadas, que aparece en zonas costeras y exteriores de la plataforma continental, en declives insulares y en la parte superior del talud. Habita desde la superficie a las proximidades del fondo, generalmente muy próximo al mismo. Posiblemente sea el tiburón más abundante, no obstante su distribución es más restringida en relación a otras especies. Es un nadador lento e inactivo y se pueden encontrar tanto en solitario, en compañía de otros tiburones o formando grandes bancos, a veces de miles de ejemplares. En general, los machos aparecen en aguas más superficiales que las hembras, con excepción de las hembras preñadas. Muestra preferencia por aguas cuyo rango de temperatura oscila entre un mínimo de 7 u 8 °C y un máximo de 12 o 15 °C y supuestamente realiza migraciones latitudinales y en profundidad para mantenerse en dicho rango.

Habita en fondos entre 100 y 900 metros de profundidad, siendo más abundante entre 200 y 400 m. Se suele agrupar en bandadas.[2]​ La mielga es ovovivípara, con camadas de 1 a 20 embriones por gestación. Generalmente las hembras grandes tienen camadas más numerosas y crías que alcanzan mayor talla al nacer. Las crías miden entre 22 y 33 cm. al nacer y la proporción de sexos es la misma. La hembra libera a los embriones por la cabeza con una serie de contracciones rítmicas que recuerda al nacimiento en los mamíferos.

Es un predador insaciable que se alimenta principalmente de peces óseos, siendo capaz de despedazar presas relativamente grandes con sus poderosas mandíbulas y dientes en forma de tijera. Se alimentan de arenques, caballas, cangrejos, etc. Prefiere las aguas templadas y frías. Se suele encontrar en el mar del Norte.

En canario este animal es llamado galludo o pinchudo; en cambio el nombre F.A.O. es en español mielga, Picked dogfish en inglés, y Aiguillat commun en francés.

Galería

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Fordham, S., Fowler, S.L., Coelho, R.P., Goldman, K. & Francis, M. P. (2016). «Squalus acanthias». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 28 de agosto de 2016.
  2. a b Franquet, F.; Brito, A. Especies de interés pesquero de Canarias. Gobierno de Canarias. ISBN 84-606-2462-5.
  3. García Gimeno y Sánchez Segarra, R.M. y P.J. (1998). «Riesgos Sanitarios del Pescado: III Ictiotoxismos e intoxicación por bivalvos». Revista Alimentaria: 103. |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)

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Squalus acanthias: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La mielga, galludo o tollo de cacho (Squalus acanthias) es una especie de elasmobranquio escuálido de la familia Squalidae. Es un pequeño tiburón alcanza 1,25 metros de longitud,​ tiene cuerpo estilizado con espinas venenosas y muy afiladas en las aletas dorsales. El aparato toxicóforo está delante de cada aleta dorsal, con la glándula toxicófora ubicada en el surco dorsal de dicho radio. Cuando el tóxico se inyecta en la piel produce un intenso dolor de la zona, tumefacción y rubor.​

Es una especie muy abundante, de aguas boreales a templadas, que aparece en zonas costeras y exteriores de la plataforma continental, en declives insulares y en la parte superior del talud. Habita desde la superficie a las proximidades del fondo, generalmente muy próximo al mismo. Posiblemente sea el tiburón más abundante, no obstante su distribución es más restringida en relación a otras especies. Es un nadador lento e inactivo y se pueden encontrar tanto en solitario, en compañía de otros tiburones o formando grandes bancos, a veces de miles de ejemplares. En general, los machos aparecen en aguas más superficiales que las hembras, con excepción de las hembras preñadas. Muestra preferencia por aguas cuyo rango de temperatura oscila entre un mínimo de 7 u 8 °C y un máximo de 12 o 15 °C y supuestamente realiza migraciones latitudinales y en profundidad para mantenerse en dicho rango.

Habita en fondos entre 100 y 900 metros de profundidad, siendo más abundante entre 200 y 400 m. Se suele agrupar en bandadas.​ La mielga es ovovivípara, con camadas de 1 a 20 embriones por gestación. Generalmente las hembras grandes tienen camadas más numerosas y crías que alcanzan mayor talla al nacer. Las crías miden entre 22 y 33 cm. al nacer y la proporción de sexos es la misma. La hembra libera a los embriones por la cabeza con una serie de contracciones rítmicas que recuerda al nacimiento en los mamíferos.

Es un predador insaciable que se alimenta principalmente de peces óseos, siendo capaz de despedazar presas relativamente grandes con sus poderosas mandíbulas y dientes en forma de tijera. Se alimentan de arenques, caballas, cangrejos, etc. Prefiere las aguas templadas y frías. Se suele encontrar en el mar del Norte.

En canario este animal es llamado galludo o pinchudo; en cambio el nombre F.A.O. es en español mielga, Picked dogfish en inglés, y Aiguillat commun en francés.

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Harilik ogahai ( Estonian )

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Harilik ogahai ehk katraan (Squalus acanthias) on hailiik ogahailaste sugukonnast.

 src=
Levikukaart

Tal on sale, väljavenitatud keha ja terav koon. Selg ja küljed on helehallid kuni pruunid valgete laikudega, kõht on hele.

Kummagi seljauime ees on terav oga, mis on vao kaudu ühenduses mürginäärmega.

Ogahaid kasvavad umbes meetri pikkuseks ning kaaluvad kuni 10 kg, harva rohkem.

Nad elavad 50–200 m sügavusel ning liiguvad suurte parvedena.

Ogahaid elavad kuni 20 aastat. Suguküpseks saavad nad alles 10-aastaselt. Emased on siis umbes 75–90, isased 60–80 cm pikad. Pärast sisemist viljastamist kopulatsiooni teel moodustuvad emasel munakapslid, kus on kuni kuus muna. Embrüod kooruvad kapslitest juba emaihus ja arenevad emaka piirkonnas sünnikasvuni 20–30 cm (ovovivipaaria). 18–22 kuu pärast sünnib 2–11 poega.

Sellise aeglase paljunemise tõttu on harilik ogahai sarnaselt teiste hailiikidega ohustatud ülepüüdmisest ja on kantud punasesse raamatusse.

Harilikku ogahaid tarvitatakse toiduks.

Viited

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Harilik ogahai: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Harilik ogahai ehk katraan (Squalus acanthias) on hailiik ogahailaste sugukonnast.

 src= Levikukaart

Tal on sale, väljavenitatud keha ja terav koon. Selg ja küljed on helehallid kuni pruunid valgete laikudega, kõht on hele.

Kummagi seljauime ees on terav oga, mis on vao kaudu ühenduses mürginäärmega.

Ogahaid kasvavad umbes meetri pikkuseks ning kaaluvad kuni 10 kg, harva rohkem.

Nad elavad 50–200 m sügavusel ning liiguvad suurte parvedena.

Ogahaid elavad kuni 20 aastat. Suguküpseks saavad nad alles 10-aastaselt. Emased on siis umbes 75–90, isased 60–80 cm pikad. Pärast sisemist viljastamist kopulatsiooni teel moodustuvad emasel munakapslid, kus on kuni kuus muna. Embrüod kooruvad kapslitest juba emaihus ja arenevad emaka piirkonnas sünnikasvuni 20–30 cm (ovovivipaaria). 18–22 kuu pärast sünnib 2–11 poega.

Sellise aeglase paljunemise tõttu on harilik ogahai sarnaselt teiste hailiikidega ohustatud ülepüüdmisest ja on kantud punasesse raamatusse.

Harilikku ogahaid tarvitatakse toiduks.

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Mielga pikart ( Basque )

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Mielga pikarta (Squalus acanthias) Squalidae familiako itsas arrain selazeoa da, metro bat luze dena, kolore arrekoa, bizkar-hegal bakoitzaren aurreko ertzean ezten pozoidun bana duena. Itxuraz marrazoaren antzekoa da, tamainaz ordea askoz txikiagoa. Mediterraneo itsasoan eta Ozeano Atlantikoan bizi da.

Erreferentziak


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Mielga pikart: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Mielga pikarta (Squalus acanthias) Squalidae familiako itsas arrain selazeoa da, metro bat luze dena, kolore arrekoa, bizkar-hegal bakoitzaren aurreko ertzean ezten pozoidun bana duena. Itxuraz marrazoaren antzekoa da, tamainaz ordea askoz txikiagoa. Mediterraneo itsasoan eta Ozeano Atlantikoan bizi da.

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Piikkihai ( Finnish )

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Piikkihai (Squalus acanthias) on piikkihaiden heimoon kuuluva rustokalalaji, joka voi kasvaa metrin mittaiseksi. Se on saanut nimensä selkäevissä olevista piikeistä. Väriltään se on harmahtavan ruskea, vatsapuolelta vaalea. Piikkihai syö kalaa ja selkärangattomia, ja saalistaa suurissa parvissa. Se onkin yksi harvoista hailajeista, joka elää parvissa, jonka vuoksi sitä on helppo pyydystää suuria määriä. Kalanviljelylaitokseen osuessaan piikkihaiparvi voi tehdä pahaa jälkeä. Piikkihaita pyydystetään ihmisruoaksi ja syödään niin Euroopassa kuin Kiinassakin, jossa siitä tehdään haineväkeittoa. Haihyytelö on Länsi-Euroopassa arvostettu herkku, samoin erilaiset mädistä valmistetut hyytelöt. Trooppisilla alueilla piikkihain lihaa kuivataan tai savustetaan, jolloin sitä on helppo säilyttää ja myydä. Sen pientä päätä (15-30 cm) myydään matkamuistoksi. Piikkihai ei ole ihmiselle vaarallinen.

Levinneisyys

Piikkihai on yleinen Skandinavian rannikolla. Lisäksi sitä tavataan Välimeressä sekä Pohjois- ja Etelä-Amerikan, Japanin ja Australian rannikolla. Ne viihtyvät mutapohjaisissa vesissä. Sillihain ohella piikkihai on toinen hailalaji, jota on tavattu myös Suomen merialueelta.

Itämereen se tulee nimenomaan suolapulssien mukana.

Lähteet

  1. Fordham, S., Fowler, S.L., Coelho, R.P., Goldman, K. & Francis, M.P.: Squalus acanthias IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  • Vida, A. & Kotai, T., 365 kalaa, h.f.ullmann, Kiina 2007, 400 s.

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä kaloihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Piikkihai: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Piikkihai (Squalus acanthias) on piikkihaiden heimoon kuuluva rustokalalaji, joka voi kasvaa metrin mittaiseksi. Se on saanut nimensä selkäevissä olevista piikeistä. Väriltään se on harmahtavan ruskea, vatsapuolelta vaalea. Piikkihai syö kalaa ja selkärangattomia, ja saalistaa suurissa parvissa. Se onkin yksi harvoista hailajeista, joka elää parvissa, jonka vuoksi sitä on helppo pyydystää suuria määriä. Kalanviljelylaitokseen osuessaan piikkihaiparvi voi tehdä pahaa jälkeä. Piikkihaita pyydystetään ihmisruoaksi ja syödään niin Euroopassa kuin Kiinassakin, jossa siitä tehdään haineväkeittoa. Haihyytelö on Länsi-Euroopassa arvostettu herkku, samoin erilaiset mädistä valmistetut hyytelöt. Trooppisilla alueilla piikkihain lihaa kuivataan tai savustetaan, jolloin sitä on helppo säilyttää ja myydä. Sen pientä päätä (15-30 cm) myydään matkamuistoksi. Piikkihai ei ole ihmiselle vaarallinen.

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Squalus acanthias ( French )

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L’aiguillat commun, aussi appelé aiguillat tacheté, requin épineux (selon la CITES), ou simplement aiguillat, est une espèce de petit requin très prisée pour la consommation humaine. De ce fait, il dispose de nombreux noms vernaculaires, comme chien de mer en français, et spiny dogfish, dogfish ou grayfish en anglais. De petite taille, mais réputé agressif, l'aiguillat commun est le représentant le plus courant des requins squaliformes.

Répartition

 src=
Répartition de l'aiguillat

L'aiguillat se retrouve entre les eaux fraîches et peu profondes des zones tempérées et subarctiques de l'hémisphère nord, dans les océans Atlantique et Pacifique[1]. Il vit à des profondeurs de 10 à 200 m, mais a déjà été observé à 960 m de profondeur. C'est un poisson migrant au rythme des saisons, se tenant dans des eaux dont la température oscille entre 5 et 16 °C et qui se reproduit au large.

Atlantique Ouest

 src=
L'aiguillat, classé vulnérable par l'UICN, fait partie des espèces victimes de la surpêche.

Du Labrador jusqu'à la Caroline du Nord, puis vers les Antilles, plus au large. Pour l'hiver, les aiguillats migrent vers le sud, ou parfois en eaux plus profondes, et ce, plus vite dans les eaux plus septentrionales. On a remarqué des déplacements étendus, impliquant une bonne vitesse de croisière (10 km par jour), chez des individus marqués, à l'ouest de l'Atlantique[2].

Atlantique Est

De la Scandinavie jusqu'au Maroc, pénétrant dans la mer Noire et la Méditerranée. Le marquage en Norvège indique qu'ils migrent en automne pour gagner les eaux à l'ouest des îles Shetland et Orkney et qu'il retournent à la côte norvégienne au début du printemps[réf. nécessaire].

Description

 src=
Tête d'aiguillat commun

Leur surnom de chiens de mer est dû au fait que ces requins se déplacent et chassent souvent en groupes nombreux, comme les chiens.

Le corps fusiforme s'allonge sur près de 1 m et pèse environ 4 kg, dans le cas du mâle. La femelle, plus grande que le mâle, peut atteindre 1,3 m. L'aiguillat commun est généralement gris ardoise ou brunâtre, avec des taches blanches sur le dos, et des taches gris pâle ou blanches sur le ventre. Les mâles adultes sont munis de ptérygopodes. La coloration du dos va du gris ardoise au gris brunâtre et elle tourne au gris pâle, puis au blanc sur le ventre ; quelques rangées irrégulières de taches blanches sur les dos et gris pâle sur le ventre. Caractéristique chez les squales, l'œil est grand, ovale et blanc à la pupille noire qui semble vous regarder presque avec malice. Les deux nageoires dorsales de l'aiguilat commun sont chacune précédées d'une épine forte, fixe, pointue et venimeuse, quoique non mortelle, pouvant décourager d'éventuels prédateurs. La queue hétérocerque, sa tête aplatie au museau obtus, ainsi que l'absence de nageoire anale, contribuent grandement à son hydrodynamisme. Ses mâchoires sont symétriquement garnies de petites dents coupantes à une pointe, orientée vers la commissure des lèvres.

Alimentation

L'aiguillat est vorace et son alimentation est très diversifiée. Le chiot se tient dans les eaux de surface ou à des profondeurs moyennes, dévorant méduses (cnidaires) et autres organismes planctoniques. Lorsqu'il atteint 40 cm ou environ 5 ans, il descend graduellement à de plus grandes profondeurs. Il se nourrit de poissons, tels le capelan, le hareng, le maquereau, la morue, le saumon et le merlu, de mollusques, tels le calmar et le buccin, de crustacés, tels les crabes, les amphipodes et les crevettes, et aussi de polychètes.

Reproduction

 src=
Petits chiens de mer et leurs sacs vitellins, extirpés de l'utérus par dissection (d'une femelle conservée en solution). À la naissance, les petits n'ont pas fini de se nourrir de leur sac vitellin, dont le volume est beaucoup plus petit que sur la photo. Ici, les poissons mesurent environ 17 cm.
 src=
Museau d'aiguillat commun vu partiellement par transparence : on y voit les petites écailles de la peau et plus spécialement les pores (plus lumineux), qui mènent aux ampoules de Lorenzini, leur permettent de sentir les champs électriques.

La fécondation a lieu dans les oviductes entre février et juin. Les femelles portent ordinairement de 4 à 6 « chiots » pendant 18 à 24 mois, (c'est période de gestation la plus longue connue chez les vertébrés; l'éléphant n'en a que pour 21 mois). Les chiots naissent en hiver, dans les zones plus chaudes, au large et vers le Sud. Ce sont des répliques exactes des adultes, mesurant entre 22 et 33 cm de long, soit le quart de leur longueur maximale. Les mâles sont matures à l'âge de 4 ou 5 ans et les femelles de 7 à 8 ans.

La croissance de l'aiguillat commun est lente et sa longévité surpasse celle de la plupart des requins : il peut vivre jusqu'à 70 ans soit le double de la longévité moyenne des requins, qui est d'ordinaire comprise entre 20 et 30 ans. Les anneaux visibles sur les épines des nageoires dorsales permettent de mesurer l'âge et la vitesse de croissance du requin, à l'instar des anneaux sur les sections d'arbres ou des otolithes chez les poissons osseux.

Pêche et alimentation

En Norvège, l'aiguillat est pêché toute l'année, à l'aide de palangres et de filets. Dans le Golfe du Saint-Laurent, il fait partie des espèces qu'on retrouve souvent parmi les prises accidentelles.

Ce requin n'est pas très apprécié des pêcheurs côtiers gaspésiens, entre autres, au point que certains cessent de pêcher quelque temps pour permettre à ces squales de passer et éviter ainsi de faire dévorer à mesure les poissons qui mordraient à leurs lignes.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'aiguillat était pêché pour en extraire la vitamine A contenue dans l'huile de son foie. La production de vitamines synthétiques a mis fin aux besoins d'huile de foie d'aiguillat, mais néanmoins ce poisson présente toujours une importance économique. Il s'est révélé comme ayant une bonne chair pour la cuisine ; il est souvent utilisé comme spécimen à l'étude dans les classes de biologie et d'anatomie ; converti en farine de poisson, il sert à alimenter les animaux familiers.

La chair est blanche et sur le côté adipeux on y voir des « chevrons » rougeâtres. Elle est généralement vendue en filets, à l'état frais ou congelé. Sa chair grasse et tendre est très appréciée fumée. L'aiguillat peut être poêlé ou rôti et se retrouve dans divers plats. Il contient 2 % d'acides gras oméga-3. Les Britanniques l'utilisent pour leur fameux plat de fish and chips.

Notes et références

  1. Jadis, on ne considérait pas l'aiguillat du Pacifique Nord comme étant de la même espèce.
  2. Poissons de la Côte Atlantique du Canada, A. H. Leim et W. B. Scott, Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada, Ottawa 1972.
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Squalus acanthias: Brief Summary ( French )

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L’aiguillat commun, aussi appelé aiguillat tacheté, requin épineux (selon la CITES), ou simplement aiguillat, est une espèce de petit requin très prisée pour la consommation humaine. De ce fait, il dispose de nombreux noms vernaculaires, comme chien de mer en français, et spiny dogfish, dogfish ou grayfish en anglais. De petite taille, mais réputé agressif, l'aiguillat commun est le représentant le plus courant des requins squaliformes.

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Melga ( Galician )

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A melga[2] (Squalus acanthias) é unha especie de elasmobranquio escuálido da familia Squalidae. É unha pequena quenlla que alcanza 1,25 metros de lonxitude, ten corpo estilizado con espiñas venenosas e moi afiadas nas aletas dorsais. O aparello toxicóforo está diante de cada aleta dorsal, coa glándula toxicófora situada no asuco dorsal de devandito radio. Cando o tóxico se inxecta na pel produce unha intensa dor da zona, tumefacción e rubor.

Notas

  1. Fordham, S., Fowler, S.L., Coelho, R.P., Goldman, K. & Francis, M.P. (2016). "Squalus acanthias". Lista Vermella da IUCN. 20016: e.T91209505A2898271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T91209505A2898271.en.
  2. Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para melga.
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Melga: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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A melga (Squalus acanthias) é unha especie de elasmobranquio escuálido da familia Squalidae. É unha pequena quenlla que alcanza 1,25 metros de lonxitude, ten corpo estilizado con espiñas venenosas e moi afiadas nas aletas dorsais. O aparello toxicóforo está diante de cada aleta dorsal, coa glándula toxicófora situada no asuco dorsal de devandito radio. Cando o tóxico se inxecta na pel produce unha intensa dor da zona, tumefacción e rubor.

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Squalus acanthias ( Italian )

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Lo spinarolo[1] (Squalus acanthias) è un pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Squalidae.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nelle zone costiere dei mari temperati (normalmente con temperature pari e inferiori a 15 °C) di tutto il mondo.
Vive sui fondali, di solito non oltre i 200 metri di profondità, ma può scendere eccezionalmente fino a 1500 metri[2].

Descrizione

 src=
Spinarolo

È uno squalo dal corpo molto affusolato, ma con un profilo ventrale pronunciato. Gli occhi sono ben sviluppati. La bocca è larga e i denti delle due mascelle sono piuttosto simili. Lento nuotatore, deve il suo nome alle due pinne dorsali spinate, che vengono usate a scopo difensivo per infliggere dolorose ferite. La pinna caudale è caratterizzata da una chiglia laterale e da una fossetta dorsale. La colorazione è grigiastra con macchie bianche su fianchi. Le dimensioni medie oscillano tra un metro ed un massimo di un metro e sessanta, con un peso (per gli esemplari adulti) che va oltre i 9 kg.

Etologia

Si muove spesso in branchi composti da esemplari di un solo sesso ma anche in gruppi suddivisi per grandezza o età[3].

Riproduzione

Lo spinarolo è ovoviviparo. La femmina partorisce piccoli già formati ed indipendenti dopo una gestazione molto lunga, che dura all'incirca due anni.

Alimentazione

Lo spinarolo si nutre prevalentemente di pesci come merluzzi e aringhe, nonché di invertebrati come krill e molluschi.

Note

  1. ^ Decreto Ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su politicheagricole.it.
  2. ^ Squalus acanthias, Picked dogfish : fisheries, gamefish
  3. ^ Leonard Compagno, Marc Dando, Sarah Fowler, Sharks of the world, Princeton University Press, 2005.

Bibliografia

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Squalus acanthias: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Lo spinarolo (Squalus acanthias) è un pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Squalidae.

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Doornhaai ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De doornhaai (Squalus acanthias), ook wel speerhaai, spoorhaai of stekelhaai, is een haai uit de familie van de doornhaaien (Squalidae) en behoort daarom ook tot de orde van doornhaaiachtigen (Squaliformes).

Kenmerken

De naam dankt het dier aan de stekels bij de voorrand van de rugvinnen, waarmee hij pijnlijke steekwonden kan toebrengen. De vis kan maximaal 160 centimeter lang en 9100 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 75 jaar.

Leefwijze

De kenmerkende stekels aan de voorkant van beide rugvinnen zijn verdedigingswapens, die lastig kunnen zijn voor een visser die een doornhaai in de netten krijgt. Verder zijn doornhaaien ongevaarlijk. Deze kleine haai jaagt vooral in grote scholen op vrijzwemmende vis (voornamelijk zandspiering), maar lust ook wel kreeftachtigen, inktvissen en zeeanemonen.

Voortplanting

Deze soort is eierlevendbarend. De draagtijd is bijna 2 jaar, wat erg lang is voor een haai.

Leefomgeving

De doornhaai komt voor in zeewater en brak water. De vis prefereert een gematigd klimaat en komt voor in de Grote en Atlantische Oceaan. Bovendien komt de doornhaai voor in de Middellandse Zee en Noordzee. Doornhaaien leven op de zeebodem op een diepte van 0 tot 1460 meter.

Relatie tot de mens

In Noorwegen werd in de winter op doornhaaien gevist door trawlers en met behulp van lijnen met haken. Het gerookte vlees werd ook wel verkocht als 'zeepaling', en is onder meer in Duitsland (als 'Schillerlocken') zeer geliefd.

In 1974 werd in de Noord-Amerikaanse wateren 27.400 ton aan doornhaai gevangen. Deze hoeveelheid daalde snel naar 5900 ton gedurende de jaren 1980. In de jaren 1990 steeg de gevangen hoeveelheid weer naar 28.000 ton.[2]

De doornhaai was dus voor de beroepsvisserij van aanzienlijk economisch belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd. In de jaren 1990 werd de doornhaai sterk overbevist, in korte tijd bleek dat 75% van de volwassen vrouwtjes (die voor de nieuwe aanwas moeten zorgen) was weggevangen. In het noorden van de Atlantische Oceaan is de omvang van de populatie met minstens 95% gedaald (een factor 20 minder) door overbevissing. Helaas ontbraken aanvankelijk effectieve vangstbeperkingen. Voor de wateren van de landen van de Europese Gemeenschap gelden sinds 1999 visquota (Total Allowable Catches, TAC's). Deze visquota (TAC's) golden alleen voor bepaalde zeegebieden en ze waren eerst ruim boven wat werkelijk werd gevangen, dus eigenlijk zinloos. In 2009 is het visquotum strenger gesteld op rond de 1400 ton voor deze gebieden. De visserijcommissie van de Europese gemeenschap wil in 2010 de vangsten in deze gebieden geheel verbieden (visquotum = 0 ton).
De doornhaai is zeer kwetsbaar voor overbevissing, zoals bijna alle soorten haaien. Haaien zijn draagkrachtstrategen en hebben, zeker in vergelijking tot gewone (been-)vissen, betrekkelijk weinig nakomelingen. Deze haaiensoort is inmiddels op de internationale Rode Lijst van de IUCN beland en heeft de status kwetsbaar (vulnerable).[1]

Doornhaai in de Iconographia Zoologica van de Universiteit van Amsterdam (1700-1880)

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
  • David Burnie (2001). Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Doornhaai: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De doornhaai (Squalus acanthias), ook wel speerhaai, spoorhaai of stekelhaai, is een haai uit de familie van de doornhaaien (Squalidae) en behoort daarom ook tot de orde van doornhaaiachtigen (Squaliformes).

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Pigghå ( Norwegian )

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Pigghå (Squalus acanthias) er ein haifisk i håfamilien. Han har ein giftig pigg framme på kvar av dei to ryggfinnane, derav namnet.

Pigghåen er utbreidd langs heile norskekysten, men har gått sterkt tilbake dei siste åra. Norsk raudliste 2006 reknar den norske bestanden som kritisk truga, noko som skuldast at den låge fruktbarheita har gjort fisken særs sårbar for overfiske. Han lever på djupn ned til 400 m, og opptrer ofte i stimar på fleire tusen individ. Han kan bli opptil 120 cm lang. Kjøtet skal vere velsmakande.

Indre organ

 src=
Indre organ hos pigghå
  • 1: Lever
  • 2: Magesekk
  • 3: Bukspyttkjertel
  • 4: Tarm
  • 5: Rektal kjertel
  • 6: Milt
 src=
Pigghåmuskulatur
  • 1: Raud muskulatur
  • 2: Kvit muskulatur
  • 3: Halevene
  • 4: Halearterie
  • 5: Sentrum
  • 6: Ryggnerve
  • 7: Neuralboge
  • 8: Hemalboge
  • 9: Horisontale septum

Kjelder

Fotnotar

Bakgrunnsstoff

Faktaark om pigghå frå den norske artsdatabanken

Spire Denne biologiartikkelen er ei spire. Du kan hjelpe Nynorsk Wikipedia gjennom å utvide han.
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Pigghå: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Pigghå (Squalus acanthias) er ein haifisk i håfamilien. Han har ein giftig pigg framme på kvar av dei to ryggfinnane, derav namnet.

Pigghåen er utbreidd langs heile norskekysten, men har gått sterkt tilbake dei siste åra. Norsk raudliste 2006 reknar den norske bestanden som kritisk truga, noko som skuldast at den låge fruktbarheita har gjort fisken særs sårbar for overfiske. Han lever på djupn ned til 400 m, og opptrer ofte i stimar på fleire tusen individ. Han kan bli opptil 120 cm lang. Kjøtet skal vere velsmakande.

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Pigghå ( Norwegian )

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Pigghå (Squalus acanthias) er en haifisk i håfamilien. Den har en giftig pigg foran på hver av de to ryggfinnene, derav navnet. Det er forbudt å fiske og lande pigghå i Norge. Forbudet gjelder også fritidsfiske.

Pigghåen er vår vanligste haiart, utbredt langs hele norskekysten. Den lever på dyp ned til 1400 meter,[3] og opptrer ofte i stimer på flere tusen individer. Den fanges i dag hovedsakelig på grunn av sitt velsmakende kjøtt.

Pigghåen ble plassert i kategorien "sterkt truet" på Nasjonal rødliste i 2015, og på verdensbasis er den "sårbar".

Hunnene blir opp til 160 cm og kan veie over ni kilo, mens hannene som regel blir 90 cm lange og 6-7 kilo.[4]

Indre organer

 src=
Pigghåens indre organer
  • 1: Leveren
  • 2: Magesekken
  • 3: Bukspyttkjertelen
  • 4: Tarmen
  • 5: Rektal kjertelen
  • 6: Milten
 src=
Pigghåmuskulatur
  • 1: Rød muskulatur
  • 2: Hvit muskulatur
  • 3: Halevenen
  • 4: Halearterien
  • 5: Sentrum
  • 6: Ryggnerven
  • 7: Neuralbue
  • 8: Hemalbue
  • 9: Horisontale septum

Litteratur

Referanser

  1. ^ Squalus acanthias. In: IUCN 2016-2. Lenke sjekket 2016-11-29
  2. ^ «Artsdatabankens artsopplysninger». Artsdatabanken. 18. november 2015. Besøkt 23. januar 2019.
  3. ^ Fishbase om Pigghå
  4. ^ Fiskipedia.no: Fotnote/note Arkivert 16. mars 2010 hos Wayback Machine.

Eksterne lenker

Fiskipedia.no

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Pigghå: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Pigghå (Squalus acanthias) er en haifisk i håfamilien. Den har en giftig pigg foran på hver av de to ryggfinnene, derav navnet. Det er forbudt å fiske og lande pigghå i Norge. Forbudet gjelder også fritidsfiske.

Pigghåen er vår vanligste haiart, utbredt langs hele norskekysten. Den lever på dyp ned til 1400 meter, og opptrer ofte i stimer på flere tusen individer. Den fanges i dag hovedsakelig på grunn av sitt velsmakende kjøtt.

Pigghåen ble plassert i kategorien "sterkt truet" på Nasjonal rødliste i 2015, og på verdensbasis er den "sårbar".

Hunnene blir opp til 160 cm og kan veie over ni kilo, mens hannene som regel blir 90 cm lange og 6-7 kilo.

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Koleń pospolity ( Polish )

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Koleń pospolity[3], koleń[4] (Squalus acanthias) – gatunek ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej z rodziny koleniowatych (Squalidae). Ceniona ryba konsumpcyjna[przez kogo?].

Zasięg występowania

Przybrzeżne wody klimatu umiarkowanego wzdłuż szelfu kontynentalnego, w wodach o temperaturze od 7–15 °C. Gatunek szeroko rozprzestrzeniony. Spotykany również w zachodniej części Bałtyku. Zanotowano przypadki wpływania do estuariów.

Opis

Ciało torpedowate, szaro-brązowe z jaśniejszym brzuchem. Dwie płetwy grzbietowe, w każdej jeden kolec połączony z gruczołem jadowym. Kolenie osiągają przeciętnie do 160 cm długości (samice do 120 cm) i do 9 kg masy ciała. Największe okazy dorastają do 2 m. Pływają w stadach liczących kilkaset do kilku tysięcy sztuk. Żywią się rybami, głowonogami i skorupiakami.

Koleń pospolity wyróżnia się najdłuższą ze wszystkich ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych ciążą[5] trwającą 22–24 miesięcy. Samica rodzi od 1–20, przeciętnie 6–7 młodych. Młode po urodzeniu mają ok. 30 cm długości.

Ochrona

Gatunek wpisany do Czerwonej Księgi IUCN jako narażony na wyginięcie (kategoria VU). Jeden z najpospolitszych i najdłużej żyjących rekinów – kolenie pospolite żyją do 75 lat.

Przypisy

  1. Squalus acanthias, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Squalus acanthias. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Krystyna Kowalska, Jan Maciej Rembiszewski, Halina Rolik Mały słownik zoologiczny, Ryby, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1973
  4. G. Nikolski: Ichtiologia szczegółowa. Tłum. Franciszek Staff. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1970.
  5. Ryby : encyklopedia zwierząt. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN : Dorota Szatańska, 2007. ​ISBN 978-83-01-15140-9​ (seria).

Bibliografia

  • Squalus acanthias. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 28 września 2008]
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Koleń pospolity: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Koleń pospolity, koleń (Squalus acanthias) – gatunek ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej z rodziny koleniowatych (Squalidae). Ceniona ryba konsumpcyjna[przez kogo?].

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Squalus acanthias ( Portuguese )

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Squalus acanthias (conhecido em Portugal como galhudo ou galhudo-malhado[1]) é uma espécie de elasmobrânquio esqualiforme da família Squalidae. É um pequeno tubarão de profundidade que pode alcançar 1,25 metros de comprimento,[2] com corpo estilizado com espinhos venenosos muito afilados nas barbatanas dorsais.

Notas

  1. «DGRM - Denominações Comerciais». Consultado em 8 de fevereiro de 2017[ligação inativa]
  2. Especies de interés pesquero de Canarias. Fernando Franquet & Alberto Brito. ISBN 84-606-2462-5. Gobierno de Canarias.
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Squalus acanthias: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Squalus acanthias (conhecido em Portugal como galhudo ou galhudo-malhado) é uma espécie de elasmobrânquio esqualiforme da família Squalidae. É um pequeno tubarão de profundidade que pode alcançar 1,25 metros de comprimento, com corpo estilizado com espinhos venenosos muito afilados nas barbatanas dorsais.

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Câine de mare ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Identificare externă pentru
Squalus acanthias NCBI 7797 ITIS 160617 EOL 206805 Vedeți și clasificarea de la Wikispecii

Câinele de mare (Squalus acanthias) este o specie de rechin din ordinul Squaliformes, familia Squalidae, cunoscut și sub numele de „peștele cu pinteni”.[2]

Habitat

Câinele de mare poate fi întâlnit în apele puțin adânci din Marea Neagră, Marea Mediterană, Marea Baltică, Marea Nordului și apele reci din Atlantic și Pacific. În Marea Neagră, se află una dintre cele mai mari populații de rechini din acest gen. Spre deosebire de rechinii oceanici, este total inofensiv pentru om. [3] Din familia Squalidae, în Marea Neagră este prezentă și specia Squalus blainville.

Traiește mai mult izolat la adâncimi de 50-90 metri, în intervalul martie-iunie și octombrie-noiembrie, uneori până la 100 m, foarte rar apropiindu-se de litoral la adâncimi mai mici de 10 m. Se hrănește cu scrumbii, aterine, hamsii, guvizi, stavrizi, crabi și creveți. [4]

Descriere

Câinele de mare are o talie mică. La maturitate masculii ajung la 1-1,5 m, femelele până la 1,7 m, iar greutatea între 6-14 kg.
Pielea este acoperită cu solzi mărunți, placoizi. Ambele înotătoare dorsale sunt precedate de câte un țep, de unde-i provine și numele de peștele cu pinteni.

 src=
Cap de câine de mare

Are capul plat, gura este așezată ventral sub bot. Dinții sunt ascuțiți, așezați pe 6 rânduri, cu vârfurile îndoite de la mijloc în direcția colțurilor gurii. Ochii sunt foarte mari, de formă ovală, fără membrană (pleoapă), iar culoarea irisului poate varia foarte mult. Branhiile sunt mici și așezate înaintea pectoralelor.

În colorația corpului predomină nuanța cenușiu-albăstruie, cenușiu închis pe partea dorsală și părțile laterale, pe burtă alb-gălbuie. Este un înotător foarte bun datorită formei hidrodinamice deosebite a corpului.

Fiind adaptați vieții în ape reci, câinii de mare nu au un metabolism intens și au un ritm de creștere foarte lent. Vârsta medie este de 35-40 de ani, dar sunt și exemplare care trăiesc până la 50-75 de ani. Masculii ating maturitatea sexuală la vârsta de 10-11 ani și femelele la 18-21 de ani.

Este o specie ovovipară, perioada de împerechere fiind în ianuarie-martie. După o perioadă de gestație de 22-24 luni, nasc între 2 și 11 pui, măsurând 25-30 cm. [5]

Creșterea lentă, maturitatea sexuală târzie și faptul că femelele produc un număr mic de pui pe an, fac ca populațiile de câine de mare să se refacă foarte greu. [6] Letea Sorina, 20 Iunie 2012

 src=
Distribuția Squalus acanthias (în albastru)

Pescuit și consum

Carnea câinelui de mare este comestibilă, bună la gust și lipsită de grăsimi. Poate fi consumată în stare proaspătă, congelată, afumată (batog), semiconserve și conserve.

Din ficat (cca. 13,2% din greutatea corpului) se extrage un ulei (untura de pește), foarte bogat în vitamina A. Pielea poate fi utilizată în șlefuirea metalelor sau tăbăcită la confecționare diferitelor obiecte de marochinarie. [7]

Anual se pescuiesc în apele marine aproape 15 000 tone. În Marea Neagră, capturile raportate de câine de mare au scăzut în ultimii 20 de ani, cu peste 70%. [8]

Note

  1. ^ Fordham, S., Fowler, S.L., Coelho, R., Goldman, K.J. & Francis, M. (2006). Squalus acanthias. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Accesat în 7 septembrie 2012.Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
  2. ^ toateanimalele.ro: Cainele de mare (Squalus acanthias)
  3. ^ libertatea.ro: Cel mai fricos rechin trăiește în Marea Neagră
  4. ^ crap.ro: Rechinul - câine de mare (rechinul căine)
  5. ^ ecomareaneagra.wordpress.com: Peștii din Marea Neagră
  6. ^ acvaristica.info: Singurul rechin din Marea Neagră, Squalus acanthias.
  7. ^ creeaza.com: Familia Squalidae
  8. ^ gazetadeagricultura.info: Rechinul Mării Negre, 15 Octombrie 2012

Vezi și

Legături externe

Wikţionar
Caută „câine-de-mare” în Wikționar, dicționarul liber.
Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Câine de mare

Bibliografie

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Câine de mare: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Câinele de mare (Squalus acanthias) este o specie de rechin din ordinul Squaliformes, familia Squalidae, cunoscut și sub numele de „peștele cu pinteni”.

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Pigghaj ( Swedish )

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Pigghajen (Squalus acanthias) är en haj som tillhör familjen pigghajar. Den kommer från Nordatlanten in till den svenska västkusten i juni, oftast i stora stim.

Pigghajen är en rastlös jägare som ständigt är på vandring. Den är en allätare vad gäller födan, och på menyn står allt från sill, makrill, torsk, plattfisk till allehanda kräftdjur.

Pigghajen har likt andra hajar inre befruktning, och som många andra hajar föder den levande ungar, oftast 4–8, som är 20–25 cm långa. Befruktningen sker med hjälp av hanarnas könsrullar, som är ombildade bukfenor och som motsvarar däggdjurens penis. Reproduktionen är långsam, eftersom pigghajen inte blir könsmogen förrän efter 10–14 år, och honan behöver 2 år på sig innan ungarna kan födas.[2]

Pigghajen är en matfisk och utsatt för hårt fisketryck. I fiskhandeln finns den till försäljning flådd och med huvudet borttaget under namnet nordsjöål eller felaktigt kallat havsål. Havsål är inte en haj utan en en benfiskart.

Arten är starkt hotad, och EU har fastställt fiskekvoter för pigghaj, men de har legat långt över forskarnas rekommendationer.[2][ifrågasatt uppgift]

1 april 2011 blev pigghajen totalfredad i svenska vatten. Fångade hajar skall snabbt sättas tillbaka i oskadat skick.[3]

Bygdemål

I Halland kallas denna art hå.[4]

Se även

Referenser

  1. ^ ArtDatabanken
  2. ^ [a b] Svenska Dagbladet 2008-04-24
  3. ^ Pigghaj – fiske och fångster[död länk] Fiskeriverket, 2011-09-01
  4. ^ Johan Ernst Rietz: Svenskt dialektlexikon, Gleerups, Lund 1862…1867, faksimilutgåva Malmö 1962, sida 276, spalt 2 [1]
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Pigghaj: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Pigghajen (Squalus acanthias) är en haj som tillhör familjen pigghajar. Den kommer från Nordatlanten in till den svenska västkusten i juni, oftast i stora stim.

Pigghajen är en rastlös jägare som ständigt är på vandring. Den är en allätare vad gäller födan, och på menyn står allt från sill, makrill, torsk, plattfisk till allehanda kräftdjur.

Pigghajen har likt andra hajar inre befruktning, och som många andra hajar föder den levande ungar, oftast 4–8, som är 20–25 cm långa. Befruktningen sker med hjälp av hanarnas könsrullar, som är ombildade bukfenor och som motsvarar däggdjurens penis. Reproduktionen är långsam, eftersom pigghajen inte blir könsmogen förrän efter 10–14 år, och honan behöver 2 år på sig innan ungarna kan födas.

Pigghajen är en matfisk och utsatt för hårt fisketryck. I fiskhandeln finns den till försäljning flådd och med huvudet borttaget under namnet nordsjöål eller felaktigt kallat havsål. Havsål är inte en haj utan en en benfiskart.

Arten är starkt hotad, och EU har fastställt fiskekvoter för pigghaj, men de har legat långt över forskarnas rekommendationer.[ifrågasatt uppgift]

1 april 2011 blev pigghajen totalfredad i svenska vatten. Fångade hajar skall snabbt sättas tillbaka i oskadat skick.

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Mahmuzlu camgöz köpek balığı ( Turkish )

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Mahmuzlu camgöz (Squalus acanthias), Squalidae familyasından Türkiye sularında da görülen bir köpek balığı türü.

Genelde 80–100 cm ve 3–4 kg olan bu köpek balığının 150 cm'ye ve 10 kg'ye çıktığı bilinir [1]. Ancak 200 cm ve 15–20 kg olanlarına da rastlanmıştır. Aslen halk arasında camgöz olarak bilinse de camgözler sınıfından değildir. En önemli özelliği iki sırt yüzgecinin önlerinde birer sivri mahmuz bulunmasıdır. Gözleri ise dışarıya doğru çıkık yeşil-mavi renktedir.

Balık sürüleriyle ve ahtapotlarla beslenen ve bu sürüleri takip eden, kendisi de sürü oluşturan bayağı köpek balığı, çok keskin dişleriyle profesyonel balıkçıların ağlarına büyük zarar verir. Kırlangıç türü dip balıklarını avlayan amatör balıkçıların oltalarına nadiren takılır.

İnsanlara saldırmaz.

Eti Türkiye'de pek yenmez. Ancak pek çok Avrupa ülkesinde mutfaklarda kullanılır. Son yıllarda (2006) sayılarında büyük bir düşme görüldüğünden birçok yerde kırmızı listeye alınmıştır (ticareti yapılsa da tüketimi tavsiye edilmeyenlerin listesi).

Kaynakça

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Mahmuzlu camgöz köpek balığı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Mahmuzlu camgöz (Squalus acanthias), Squalidae familyasından Türkiye sularında da görülen bir köpek balığı türü.

Genelde 80–100 cm ve 3–4 kg olan bu köpek balığının 150 cm'ye ve 10 kg'ye çıktığı bilinir . Ancak 200 cm ve 15–20 kg olanlarına da rastlanmıştır. Aslen halk arasında camgöz olarak bilinse de camgözler sınıfından değildir. En önemli özelliği iki sırt yüzgecinin önlerinde birer sivri mahmuz bulunmasıdır. Gözleri ise dışarıya doğru çıkık yeşil-mavi renktedir.

Balık sürüleriyle ve ahtapotlarla beslenen ve bu sürüleri takip eden, kendisi de sürü oluşturan bayağı köpek balığı, çok keskin dişleriyle profesyonel balıkçıların ağlarına büyük zarar verir. Kırlangıç türü dip balıklarını avlayan amatör balıkçıların oltalarına nadiren takılır.

İnsanlara saldırmaz.

Eti Türkiye'de pek yenmez. Ancak pek çok Avrupa ülkesinde mutfaklarda kullanılır. Son yıllarda (2006) sayılarında büyük bir düşme görüldüğünden birçok yerde kırmızı listeye alınmıştır (ticareti yapılsa da tüketimi tavsiye edilmeyenlerin listesi).

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Катран звичайний ( Ukrainian )

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Зовнішній вигляд

Як і всі акули, катран має обтічну форму тіла, що вважається однією з досконалих для риб.

Довге і струнке тіло акул може легко розтинати воду і пливти з великою швидкістю. Паща її міститься на нижньому боці загостреного рила і півмісяцем загинається назад у постійному лютому оскалі. Всередині пащі є кілька рядів зубів, якими риби хапають, рвуть, ріжуть, подрібнюють їжу. Зуби в акул виростають на зміну вирваним, сточеним або тим, що випали.

Забарвлення сірувато-коричневе, спина темніша, з боків тіла поодинокі білі плями, черево світле.

В основі спинних плавців є кістяні загнуті шипи, уколи якими можуть викликати некроз тканин[2].

Для людини ця акула не становить небезпеки. Людина може лише поранитися колючками або променями плавців під час необережного перебирання улову.

Ареал

Тримається зграями в придонних шарах води, але зустрічається і біля поверхні. Поява його біля берегів збігається з температурою води близько +14…+ 15 °C, тобто навесні та восени. Взимку зграї з риб різних розмірів (від 60 до 135 см) тримаються на глибинах 100—200 м, де температура води +7…+8 °С. Тут вони живляться хамсою й ставридою. А влітку, з травня по серпень, на глибинах 40—45 м переважають самиці завдовжки понад 100 см. У цей час дорослі самиці та молодь тримаються на глибинах понад 40 м. Тут вони живляться переважно шпротом і мерлангом, які не витримують значного прогрівання води й опускаються в придонні шари води.

Народжуваність

Живородна акула. Самиця народжує понад 15 малят завдовжки 22— 27 см. Дорослими вони стають через 13—17 років. Розміри катрана не перевищують 150 см, а маса досягає 15—20 кг.

Господарча цінність

З м'яса можна виготовляти консерви й балики. З печінки, маса якої становить до 30 % маси тіла, виробляють технічний і медичний жир, багатий на вітаміни А і D. З хвостів, голів та плавців виготовляють клей. Плавці також ціняться як харчовий продукт, а яйця, що досягають в діаметрі 4 см, можна споживати.

Примітки

  1. УДК 597.2/5(477) Ю. В. Мовчан «Риби України (таксономія, номенклатура, зауваження)» — Збірник праць Зоологічного музею, 2008—2009, № 40 PDF
  2. Мінічева Г.Г., Толоконников ГЮ., Хуторной CO., Демчишина Н. М. 3.3 - Отруйні чорноморські риби // Методичні вказівки з практичних занять "Основи гідрології". — Одеський державний екологічний університет. — Одеса, 2004. — С. 28.

Джерела та література

  • Щербуха А. Я. Риби наших водойм.— 2-ге видання, доп.— К.: Рад. шк., 1987.— 159 с., іл.
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Катран ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Катран (значения).
 src=
Катран на марке СССР 1991 года

Биология

Рацион короткопёрых колючих акул разнообразен. Он состоит из костистых рыб, таких как скумбрия, песчанка, хек, пикша, сайда, атлантический лосось, менхаден, камбала, а также крабов, кальмаров, креветок, головоногих, полихет, морских анемонов, медуз и даже водорослей[19]. Несмотря на небольшой размер, устройство челюстей и зубов этих акул позволяет им наносить мощные укусы.

В свою очередь катраны могут стать добычей крупных рыб, в том числе акул, морских млекопитающих, косаток и даже чаек, которые сбрасывают небольших акул на камни, чтобы умертвить[20].

На катранах паразитируют инфузории Trichodina fultoni и Trichodina jadranica[21], myxosporea Chloromyxum leydigi, Chloromyxum ovatum[21] и Chloromyxum squali[22], различные виды моногеней, в том числе Erpocotyle abbreviata, Heterocotyle minima, Microbothrium apiculatum и Squalonchocotyle squali[23], цестоды (Chimaerarhynchus rougetae, Eutetrarhynchus ruficollis, Grillotia erinaceus[24] и и т. д.[25]), трематоды Hemiurus levinseni, Otodistomum veliporum, Prosorhynchus squamatus и Steganoderma formosum[26], нематоды Contracaecum sp. , Hysterothylacium aduncum и Metanisakis tricupola и веслоногие рачки Lernaeopoda galei и Pseudocharopinus bicaudatus[21].

Размножение

Катраны размножаются яйцеживорождением, оплодотворение внутреннее. Спаривание происходит весной. Развивающиеся яйца размещаются в расширенных яйцеводах и располагаются в двух тонких желатинозных капсулах[2]. Каждая капсула содержит от 3 до 13 яиц (обычно 1—4) диаметром около 4—4,5 см. Развитие зародышей в теле самки продолжается 18—22 месяца. Молодь появляется на свет обычно весной, но иногда вымётывание растягивается до осени. В помёте бывает от 6 до 29 мальков длиной 22—27 см[27].

Самцы достигают половой зрелости в возрасте 11 лет при длине 80—100 см, самки становятся половозрелыми в возрасте 18—21 год при длине 98,5—159 см[28]. Максимальная продолжительность жизни составляет 75 лет[10].

Взаимодействие с человеком

Катраны не представляют опасности. Человек может лишь пораниться колючками или лучами плавников во время неосторожного перебирания улова, поскольку пойманные акулы способны сильно выгибаться. Железы у основания шипов вырабатывают слабый яд.

Короткопёрая колючая акула — один из самых многочисленных видов акул в мире. По оценкам на пике численности у побережья Массачусетса в середине XX века ежегодно добывали около 27 000 000 короткопёрых колючих акул[18][8].

 src=
Улов катранов

Хозяйственная ценность

Мясо короткопёрых колючих акул не имеет специфического для многих других акул аммиачного запаха и в некоторых странах ценится даже выше, чем сельдь[2]. Его используют в свежем и солёном виде, из него производят консервы и балык. Из печени, масса которой составляет до 30 % массы тела, вырабатывают технический и медицинский жир, богатый витаминами А и Е. Из хвостов, голов и плавников делают клей. Плавники также ценятся как пищевой продукт. Этих акул в большом количестве ловят в Японии, Китае, Англии, Норвегии и других странах. До Второй мировой войны маринованное или копчёное мясо катранов поступало в Германии на рынок под названием «морской угорь» и было очень популярно[2]. Однако в мясе короткопёрых колючих акул могут накапливаться тяжелые металлы[20].

В 1980-х годах в СССР получил популярность изготавливавшийся из хрящей катрана препарат «Катрекс», якобы помогавший справиться с раковыми опухолями. Тем не менее, его эффективность доказана не была[29]. Кроме того, акулий хрящ используют при лечении остеоартритов[20]. В конце XX века Франция была крупнейшим импортёром мяса катрана среди стран Евросоюза, а Норвегия — среди стран, не входящих в союз. Пик добычи пришёлся на 1972 год и составил 73 500 тонны, затем последовал спад и в 1990-х годах стабилизация уловов на уровне 36 000—51 000 тонн. Наибольшая часть обыкновенных катранов ловится в Северной Атлантике[11]. Эти акулы являются ценным материалом для проведения биомедицинских исследований, например, функции почек человека. Из выстилки желудка катранов был получен новый антибиотик широкого спектра скваламин[20], эффективный против целого ряда болезней, включая лихорадку Денге, жёлтую лихорадку и гепатиты B, C и D[30].

Массовый промысел, позднее созревание и медленный цикл воспроизведения, в том числе очень продолжительный срок беременности делают короткопёрых колючих акул чрезвычайно чувствительными к перелову. Иногда пойманных в качестве прилова катранов выбрасывают за борт. Уровень выживаемости у них довольно высок. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус «Уязвимый»[11]. В США в целях восстановления популяции этих акул введены квоты на их добычу[31].

См. также

Примечания

  1. Световидов А. Н. Рыбы Черного моря. — (В серии: Определители по фауне СССР, издаваемые Зоологическим институтом АН СССР. Вып. 86) — М.-Л.: Наука, 1964. — С. 26. — 552 с.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Жизнь животных. Том 4. Ланцетники. Круглоротые. Хрящевые рыбы. Костные рыбы / под ред. Т. С. Расса, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1983. — С. 41. — 575 с.
  3. 1 2 Линдберг, Г. У., Герд, А. С., Расс, Т. С. Словарь названий морских промысловых рыб мировой фауны. — Ленинград: Наука, 1980. — С. 46. — 562 с.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Моисеев Р. С., Токранов А. М. и др. Каталог позвоночных Камчатки и сопредельных морских акваторий. — Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчатский печатный двор, 2000. — С. 16. — ISBN 5-85857-003-8.
  5. Губанов Е. П., Кондюрин В. В., Мягков Н. А. Акулы Мирового океана: Справочник-определитель. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1986. — С. 173. — 272 с.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 37. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  7. Морская собака // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Compagno, Leonard J.V. 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes // FAO species catalogue . — Rome : Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , 1984 . — Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date . — P. 111–112. — ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  9. 1 2 Васильева Е. Д. Рыбы Чёрного моря. Определитель морских, солоноватоводных, эвригалинных и проходных видов с цветными иллюстрациями, собранными С. В. Богородским. — М.: ВНИРО, 2007. — 238 с. — 200 экз.ISBN 978-5-85382-347-1.
  10. 1 2 3 Катран (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Squalus acanthias (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  12. Linné, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Ed. X., 1: 824 p. Stockholm (L. SALVIUS)
  13. My etymology. A universal etymology dictionary (неопр.). Проверено 21 марта 2013.
  14. FishBase — Squalus suckleyi
  15. Ebert, D. A., White, W. T., Goldman, K. J., Compagno, L. J. V., Daly-Engel, T .S., Ward, R.D. Resurrection and redescription of Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) from the North Pacific, with comments on the Squalus acanthias subgroup (Squaliformes: Squalidae) (англ.) // Zootaxa. — 2010. — Vol. 2612. — P. 22—40. — ISSN 1175-5334.
  16. 1 2 Cathleen Bester. Spiny dogfish (неопр.). Florida Museum of Natural history. Проверено 31 октября 2013.
  17. Cox, G. and M. Francis. Sharks and rays of New Zealand.. — Canterbury Univ. Press, Univ. of Canterbury, 1997.
  18. 1 2 Bigelow, H. B. and Schroeder, W. C. Sharks = In Tee-Van, J., Breder, C. M., Hildebrand, S. F., Parr, A. E. and Schroeder W. C.(eds.) Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part one. Lancelets, cyclostomes, sharks. — New Haven: Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, 1948. — С. 59—546. — 576 с.
  19. Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott,. Atlantic fishes of Canada. — Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1988. — ISBN fb5951.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Aidan Martin. Spiny Dogfish (неопр.). ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Проверено 31 октября 2013.
  21. 1 2 3 Гаевская А.В. Паразиты и болезни рыб Черного и Азовского морей: I - морские, солоноватоводные и проходные рыбы. — Севастополь: ЭКОСИ-Гидрофизика, 2012. — 380 с.
  22. Gleeson R.J., Adlard R.D. Phylogenetic relationships amongst Chloromyxum Mingazzini, 1890 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), and the description of six novel species from Australian elasmobranchs // Parasitology International. — 2012. — Июнь (т. 61, № 2). — С. 267—274. — ISSN 1383-5769. — DOI:10.1016/j.parint.2011.10.008. [исправить]
  23. Sproston, N. G. A synopsis of the monogenetic trematodes // Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. — 1946. — Vol. 25. — P. 185—600.
  24. Palm, H.W. The Trypanorhyncha Diesing. — PKSPL-IPB Press, 2004. — ISBN 979-9336-39-2.
  25. Squalus acanthias (неопр.). Shark References.
  26. Myers Betty J. PARASITES FROM ELASMOBRANCH HOSTS FROM THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS REGION OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE // Canadian Journal of Zoology. — 1959. — Июнь (т. 37, № 3). — С. 245—246. — ISSN 0008-4301. — DOI:10.1139/z59-029. [исправить]
  27. Васильева Е. Д. Рыбы Чёрного моря. Определитель морских, солоноватоводных, эвригалинных и проходных видов с цветными иллюстрациями, собранными С. В. Богородским. — М: ВНИРО, 2007. — С. 238.
  28. Kindersley, Dorling. Animal. — New York City: DK Publishing, 2001,2005. — ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.
  29. Н.Н. Трапезников, академик РАН и РАМН, Л.А. Дурнов, академик РАМН. Шарлатанство и онкология (неопр.). // skeptik.net со ссылкой на «Вместе против рака», № 1-2000. Проверено 13 сентября 2011. Архивировано 10 марта 2012 года.
  30. Ted Thornhill. An antibiotic found in liver of sharks 'could revolutionise human medicine (неопр.). MailOnline (20 September 2011).
  31. Mid- Atlantic Council on Dogfish (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка). Проверено 31 октября 2013. Архивировано 2 ноября 2013 года.
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Катран: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Катран (значения).  src= Катран на марке СССР 1991 года
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白斑角鯊 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Squalus acanthias
Linnaeus, 1758 Squalus acanthias distmap.png

白斑角鯊學名Squalus acanthias),又名棘角鯊薩氏角鯊軟骨魚綱角鯊目角鯊科的其中一,是一種很著名的角鯊屬成員。牠們的特徵是在兩個背鰭上都有鰭棘,且沒有臀鰭。牠們分佈世界上大部份的淺水及海面海域,尤其是在溫帶的水域。

形態及行為

白斑角鯊背鰭有鰭棘,沒有臀鰭,背部有白點。尾鰭有不同稱的突,形成了歪形尾。雄性約於11歲時達至性成熟,長0.8至1米。雌性約於18至21歲性成熟及較雄性稍大,達1至1.24米。牠們的身體呈灰褐色及反蔭蔽。雄性的一對腹鰭變成了輸送精子器官,稱為「鰭腳」,於交配時將鰭腳伸入雌性的陰溝中。

白斑角鯊的鰭棘是用來保護自己的:當被捕捉曷,牠會屈曲身體,以棘來割傷捕獵者。棘的底部會分泌輕微的毒素

白斑角鯊的群族達數百至數千條。群族一般會由差不多體型及性別所組成。牠們以硬骨魚、細少的鯊魚及多種無脊椎動物為食物。牠們亦是其他大型魚類、其他鯊魚及水中的哺乳動物的獵物。

白斑角鯊是卵胎生的。卵子在母體內受精。雄性會將鰭腳伸入雌性的輸卵管,並沿鰭腳上部份的溝排出精子。在受精後,卵子會由一層薄膜所包圍,一般會包裹幾顆卵子。牠們會在冬季交配,妊娠期長達22至24個月,是脊椎動物中最長的。每胎平均約有6至7條幼鯊,最多及最少分別可達11條及12條。

用途

白斑角鯊在歐洲美國加拿大新西蘭智利都會用作食物。魚肉主要銷往英格蘭法國比荷盧三國關稅同盟的國家及德國。鰭及尾巴則會作為價值較次等的魚翅。牠們會被作為肥料、肝油及飼料,加上牠們的體型,很適合作為實驗教學的材料。

参考资料

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维基百科作者和编辑

白斑角鯊: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

白斑角鯊(學名:Squalus acanthias),又名棘角鯊或薩氏角鯊,軟骨魚綱角鯊目角鯊科的其中一,是一種很著名的角鯊屬成員。牠們的特徵是在兩個背鰭上都有鰭棘,且沒有臀鰭。牠們分佈世界上大部份的淺水及海面海域,尤其是在溫帶的水域。

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Diet

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Opportunistic feeder, but primarily small fishes such as herrring, capelin and cod

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Greenland to Argentina

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Frequents coastal and inshore waters, found at temperatures of 6-15 C.

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

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nektonic

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

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Known from seamounts and knolls

Reference

Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.

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