Common Starling

Sturnus vulgaris est species avium passeriformium familiae Sturnidarum. Hic sturnus est circiter 20 centimetra longus, pennis nigris, aliquando punctis albis, cruribus roseis, rostro hieme nigro et aestate flavo. Iuvenes sunt fusciores adultis. Est avis garrula, praesertim cum congregatur, et clamorem non musicum sed varium facit. Facultas eius imitandi apud Plinium, auctores Mabinogii, ac Shakesperium notata est.

Huic speciei sunt circiter duodecim subspecies, quae in habitationibus apertis per Europam temperatam et Asiam occidentalem ova gignunt. Sturnus vulgaris in Australiam, Novam Zelandiam, Canadam, Civitates Foederatas, Mexicum, Peruviam, Argentinam, Falklandiam, Brasiliam, Chiliam, Uraquariam, Africam Australem, ac Viti introductus est.^[2]

Apud Plinium

Gaius Plinius Secundus haec de sturnis scripsit:

abeunt et merulae turdique et sturni simili modo in vicina. sed hi plumam non amittunt nec occultantur, visi saepe ibi quo hibernum pabulum petunt [...] sturnorum generi proprium catervatim volare et quodam pilae orbe circumagi, omnibus in medium agmen tendentibus.^[3]

[...]

cum haec proderem, habebant et Caesares iuvenes sturnum, item luscinias Graeco ac Latino sermone dociles, praeterea meditantes assidue et in diem nova loquentes, longiore etiam contextu. docentur secreto et ubi nulla alia vox misceatur, adsidente qui crebro dicat ea, quae condita velit, ac cibis blandiente.^[4]

Notae

Bibliographia

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• Coward, Thomas Alfred (1941). The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (First series). London: Frederick Warne
• Currie, F A; Elgy, D; Petty, S J (1977). Starling roost dispersal from woodlands: Forestry Commission Leaflet 69. Edinburgh: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-710218-0
• Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007). Australian Pest Animal Strategy – A national strategy for the management of vertebrate pest animals in Australia. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Water Resources. ISBN 978-0-642-55369-0
• Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1998). Starlings and Mynas. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3961-X
• Federation of Alberta Naturalists (2007). The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta: A Second Look. Edmonton: Federation of Alberta Naturalists. ISBN 978-0-9696134-9-7
• Génsbøl, Benny (1984). Birds of Prey of Europe, North Africa and Middle East. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219176-8
• Gray, John Edward (1831). Zoological Miscellany. Wurtz: Treuttel
• Higgins, P J; Peter, J M; Cowling, S J, eds. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic Birds. Volumes 7: Boatbill to Starlings. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553996-6
• del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David, eds. (2009). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-50-7
• Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
• Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1970). The Mabinogion. London: J M Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-01097-2
• Kilham, Lawrence; Waltermire, Joan (1988). On Watching Birds. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-763-6
• Lever, Christopher (2010). Naturalised Birds of the World. London: A&C Black. ISBN 1-4081-2825-X
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1758) (Latin). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
• Lockwood, William Burley, ed. (1984). The Oxford Book of British Bird Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214155-4
• Long, John A (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Terrey Hills: A H & A W Reed. ISBN 0-589-50260-3
• Lorenz, Konrad Z (1961). King Solomon's Ring. Wilson, Marjorie Kerr (translator). London: Methuen. ISBN 0-416-53860-6
• Marjoniemi, Kyösti (2001). Thermogenic mechanisms during the development of endothermy in juvenile birds. Oulu: University of Oulu. ISBN 951-42-6542-4
• Michalowski, Kevin (2011). Gun Digest Book of Sporting Shotguns. Iola: Gun Digest Books. ISBN 1-4402-2669-5
• Neves, Verónica (2005). Towards a Conservation Strategy of the Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii in the Azores Archipelago. Glasgow: University of Glasgow
• Parkes, John; Weller, Wendy; Reddiex, Ben (2005). Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference. Wellington, New Zealand: The Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa)
• Parkin, David; Knox, Alan (2009). The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 1-4081-2500-5
• Raffaele, Herbert; Wiley, James; Garrido, Orlando; Keith, Allan; Raffaele, Janis (2003). Birds of the West Indies. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-5419-6
• Rasmussen, Pamela C; Anderton, John C (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-66-0
• Robertson, Hugh; Heather, Barrie (2005). Hand Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-14-028835-X
• Rothschild, Miriam; Clay, Theresa (1957). Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites. New York: Macmillan
• Sibley, David (2000). The North American Bird Guide. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. ISBN 1-873403-98-4
• Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854099-1
• Sparagano, Olivier A E, ed. (2009). Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-2730-6
• Taylor, Marianne; Holden, Peter (2009). RSPB Where to Discover Nature: In Britain and Northern Ireland. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 1-4081-0864-X
• Watling, Dick (2003). A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia. Suva: Environmental Consultants. ISBN 982-9030-04-0
• Yeats, William Butler (2000). The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-454-7

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Sturnum vulgarem spectant.