Amenazas
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
Factores de riesgo
El incremento de actividad forestal. En las áreas de colecta sigue predominando el bosque de pino y encino, pero existen áreas de manejo forestal cerca, aún cuando éstas son pequeñas en comparación con las áreas de bosque sin manejo.
- bibliographic citation
- Sánchez Cordero, V. 2003. Ficha técnica de Sciurus aberti subsp. durangi. Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W036. México, D.F.
- author
- Sánchez Cordero, V.
Análisis de riesgo
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Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
6.1.3 Económico
Es quizás la especie más ampliamente cultivada del género Bromus en Norteamérica. Crece solo o mezclado con alfalfa o trébol rojo y forma una excelente pradera aprovechable por medio del apacentamiento, como heno o en ambas formas. Agronómicamente, es de valor por su capacidad para producir forraje en invierno o al inicio de la primavera (Langer &Hill, 1991).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Biología
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
Antecedentes del estado de la especie o de las poblaciones principales
No se tienen registros fósiles para esta subespecie.
- bibliographic citation
- Sánchez Cordero, V. 2003. Ficha técnica de Sciurus aberti subsp. durangi. Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W036. México, D.F.
- author
- Sánchez Cordero, V.
Comportamiento
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Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
7.5 Plasticidad ambiental y tolerancia
No tolera largos periodos de humedad o de inundación prolongada. Tolera moderadamente suelos alcalinos y salinos. Tolera pH de 6.0 - 7.5 y es muy susceptible a enfermedades en áreas con alta humedad (Cantú-Brito, 2006).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Descripción
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
No se tiene una descripción específica para esta subespecie. Las descripciones se refieren a Sciurus aberti.
- bibliographic citation
- Sánchez Cordero, V. 2003. Ficha técnica de Sciurus aberti subsp. durangi. Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W036. México, D.F.
- author
- Sánchez Cordero, V.
Descripción
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
1.1 Descripción de la especie
Culmos erectos, de 46 a 107 cm de alto, con rizomas rastreros formando un césped denso; vernación enrollada. Vainas redondas u ovales en sección transversal, con márgenes concrescentes en toda su longitud, lisas y casi siempre glabras; aurículas ausentes o rudimentarias. Lígulas de 1.5 a 2.0 mm de largo, truncada. Láminas lisas, planas de 5 a 12 mm de ancho, glabras, las nervaduras inconspicuas, la nervadura media aquillada en la superficie abaxial, el margen de liso a escabroso. Inflorescencia una panícula abierta de 16 a 20 cm de largo, erecta, densa, con ramas verticiladas, a menudo de color rojo, divergentes en la antesis y adpresas con el tiempo. Espiguillas de 2.0 a 2.5 cm de largo, de 5 a 10 flósculos, subcilíndricos antes de la antesis. Glumas primera gluma de 4 a 6 mm de largo, 1 nervada; segunda gluma de 6 a 9 mm de largo, 3 nervadas. Lemas de 9 a 12 mm de largo, 5 a 7 nervadas, glabras o ligeramente escabrosas, obtusas, emarginadas, mucronadas o con arista de 1 a 2 mm de largo. Flor con anteras 3.5 a 6 mm de long (Beetle et al., 1987).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Dispersión
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
4.3 Forma de dispersión o propagación
Reproducción por semilla y vegetativa por medio de rizomas (Cantú-Brito, 2006).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Distribución
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
Actual
MEXICO / DURANGO
Localidad tipo, Ciudad Rancho, 100 mi. al oeste de Durango.
MEXICO / CHIHUAHUA / GUACHOCHI
Samachique o Samochique, 2 mi al W de. 7000 ft.
MEXICO / CHIHUAHUA / TEMOSACHI
Localidad Yahuirachic o Yaguirachic, 130 mi. al Oeste de Chihuahua, 8500 ft.
Original
MEXICO
No se tienen datos históricos disponibles para esta subespecie, los registros de localidades son a nivel especie. La subespecie fue descrita en 1893 por Thomas.
- bibliographic citation
- Sánchez Cordero, V. 2003. Ficha técnica de Sciurus aberti subsp. durangi. Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W036. México, D.F.
- author
- Sánchez Cordero, V.
Esperanza de vida
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
4.7 Longevidad
Especie perenne (Beetle, 1987).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Estado de conservación
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001
Pr sujeta a protección especial
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010
Pr sujeta a protección especial
- bibliographic citation
- Sánchez Cordero, V. 2003. Ficha técnica de Sciurus aberti subsp. durangi. Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W036. México, D.F.
- author
- Sánchez Cordero, V.
Hábitat
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
En Durango, viven en bosque de encino y pino, en elevaciones de 6600 ft. con áreas de pastizales. En Chihuahua también en bosques de pino o bosques de encino.
Macroclima
El clima de la zona es tipo C, que varía de templado húmedo a subhúmedo.
Situación actual del hábitat con respecto a las necesidades de la especie
En general los puntos de colecta siguen permaneciendo como áreas de vegetación natural, existen pequeñas áreas de manejo forestal, pero en mucha menor proporción que las áreas de bosque.
- bibliographic citation
- Sánchez Cordero, V. 2003. Ficha técnica de Sciurus aberti subsp. durangi. Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W036. México, D.F.
- author
- Sánchez Cordero, V.
Hábitat
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
3.4 Hábitat- SNIB - CONABIO, 2007
Se establece en terrenos cultivados para producción de forraje y heno así como en terrenos áridos y secos, a las orillas de carreteras y caminos, en sitios de disturbio y en cualquier tipo de suelos (Cantú-Brito, 2006).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Reproducción
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
4.5 Reproducción
Inicia su crecimiento a principios de la primavera aunque se le considera una especie de clima o estación fría. Florece de mayo a julio; tiene la capacidad de rebrotar y producir inflorescencias en el otoño cuando tiene humedad suficiente (Cantú-Brito, 2006).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Usos
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by Conabio
Agropecuario
Tiene valor forrajero excelente (Cantú-Brito, 2006).
1.8 Usos de la especie
En áreas donde se reporta como invasora ocasionalmente es cultivado para forraje (Hitchcock, 1951; Rosengurtt et al., 1970).
- bibliographic citation
- CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Bromus inermis. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
Comments
provided by eFloras
Awnless Brome, as interpreted here, is part of a species complex grading into awned and/or hairy forms especially in Asia. It shows quite clear connections with
Bromus stenostachyus Boiss. and the Caucasian
Bromus biebersteinii Roem. & Schult. Its distinction from
Bromus confines is also rather ill-defined.
A very useful fodder grass introduced into the British Ises and North America for this reason.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Comments
provided by eFloras
This species has been spread worldwide through seed production for pasture and fodder.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Perennial, with spreading rhizomes. Culms loosely tufted, erect, 50–120 cm tall, glabrous or retrorsely hairy below nodes. Leaf sheaths glabrous or shortly hairy; leaf blades flat, 20–30 cm × 4–8 mm, both surfaces and margins scabrid, glabrous or margins sparsely ciliate, apex acuminate, ligule 1–2 mm. Panicle dense at first, spreading after anthesis, 10–20 cm; branches 3–5 per node, up to 10 cm, scabrid, each bearing 2–6 spikelets. Spikelets 15–25 mm, florets 6–12; rachilla internodes 2–3 mm, spinulose; glumes lanceolate, margins membranous, lower glume 4–7 mm, 1-veined, upper glume 6–10 mm, 3-veined; lemmas oblong-lanceolate,8–12 mm, 5–7-veined, glabrous, base scabrid, apex obtuse or emarginate; awn up to 3–4 mm, or awnless; palea shorter than lemma, keels ciliate. Anthers 3–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 14, 28, 56.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Rhizomatous perennial; culms solitary or loosely tufted, up to 120 cm high. Leaf-blades up to 35 cm long, 4-8 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely ciliate on the margins; sheaths glabrous or very shortly pubescent. Panicle 10-20 cm long, usually rather dense, occasionally loose and open. Spikelets narrowly oblong, 8-13-flowered, 15-30(-35) mm long, pallid or slightly purple-tinged; glumes narrowly lanceolate, glabrous, the lower 3.5-8 mm long, 1-nerved, the upper 6-11 mm long, 3-nerved; lemmas oblong-lanceolate, the lower 9.5-13 mm long, 5-7-nerved, usually glabrous or often sparsely hairy at the base, rarely sparsely appressed hirsute all over, truncate at the tip, shortly and bluntly 2-toothed, awnless or with an awn up to 1.5 mm long, rarely the awn as much as 4-6 mm; palea almost as long as the lemma, ciliate on the back and keels or glabrous on the back; rhachilla pubescent; anthers (3-)3.5-5.5(-7) mm long.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
provided by eFloras
Distribution: Kashmir; Europe and temperate Asia.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
provided by eFloras
Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia (Caucasus), Europe].
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flower/Fruit
provided by eFloras
Fl. & Fr.Per.: June-August.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
provided by eFloras
Gullies on slopes, roadsides, river banks, dominant species of mountain meadows; 1000–3500 m.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
provided by eFloras
Bromopsis inermis (Leysser) Holub; Bromus pskemensis Pavlov; Zerna inermis (Leysser) Lindman.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
competition,
cool-season,
fire use,
prescribed fire,
warm-seasonLate spring burning has sometimes been only marginally effective in
controlling smooth brome [
23,
93]. Kirsh [
70] reported that smooth brome
was actually stimulated by an early May prescribed fire. This variable
response may be due, in part, to the fact that control effects have been
targeted against several cool-season exotic grasses rather than smooth
brome alone. Since phenologies of cool-season grasses differ, timing of
a particular fire may reduce other cool-season species but not smooth
brome [
16].
In a defoliation experiment, Harrison and Romo [
58] found that smooth
brome regrowth was related to both growth stage and soil moisture
conditions. After defoliation in the vegetative stage, smooth brome
resumed growth in 45 to 75 growing days when soil moisture was
favorable. Smooth brome did not resume growth until the next growing
season after clipping in dry years. When plants were defoliated during
reproduction, new tillers did not emerge until the next fall regardless
of soil moisture conditions.
Blankenspoor and Larson [
16] used a prescribed fire and watering
treatment to determine smooth brome's response to late spring (9 May,
1989) fire under low and high soil moisture levels. They found the
following changes in percent smooth brome biomass after treatment:
Burned Unburned
------ --------
high-water -17.0 +10.5
low-water -8.2 +11.7
Decreases in the two burned treatments were significantly different
(p=0.05), but increases in the unburned treatments were not. Apparently
when soil moisture is high, warm-season grasses are able to outcompete
fire-injured smooth brome for water. With less soil moisture available,
warm-season grasses may be less able to take competitive advantage of
fire-injured smooth brome [
16].
In the same study, Blankespoor and Larson [
16] found that on unburned
plots, increases in smooth brome biomass were greatest on plots with low
initial smooth brome biomass. This relationship approached significance
(p=0.06) for unburned, high-water plots and was strongly significant
(p=0.001) for unburned, low-water plots. As a cool-season species with
substantial growth occurring early in the growing season, smooth brome
apparently encounters little competition from water-stressed,
warm-season plants in the absence of fire.
Lyon's Research Paper (
Lyon 1971) provides further information on
prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant species including
smooth brome.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
smooth brome
Austrian brome
awnless brome
bromegrass
Hungarian brome
Russian brome
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverThe cover value of smooth brome has been rated as follows [
40]:
UT CO WY MT ND
upland game birds fair ---- ---- good good
waterfowl fair ---- ---- ---- fair
small nongame birds good fair ---- fair fair
small mammals good fair ---- good ----
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
cool-seasonSmooth brome is an exotic, cool-season grass from 1.3 to 3.2 feet
(0.4-1.0 m) tall. Blades are flat. The inflorescence is an open
panicle from 2.4 to 6.8 inches (6-17 cm) long bearing 6 to 11-flowered
spikelets. Lemmas have short awns ( less than 2 mm) or are unawned [
53,
54,
61].
Two principle types of smooth brome are recognized, the northern and
southern. The northern type is weakly rhizomatous, with leaves well up
on the stem and short glumes. A few northern cultivars are actually
bunchgrasses. The southern type is strongly rhizomatous, with leaves
near the base of the stem and long glumes. Other notable differences
are earlier spring growth of the southern type and more even growth of
the northern type through the growing season [
55].
In a meadow in West Virginia on shallow silty loam, smooth brome roots
grew to a depth of 18 inches (46 cm), with most of the root biomass
occurring in the first 3 inches (7.6) of soil. (Average root
productivity was 717.7 lbs/acre inch at 0-3 inches below ground [
52].)
Witte [
127] found roots as long as 9.4 feet (2.87 m).
Due to cloning, smooth brome is a long-lived species. Plantings have
persisted for at least 60 years [
98].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Smooth brome is native to Eurasia. In North America it occurs from
Alaska and all the Canadian provinces and territories south to southern
California and New Mexico, northern Oklahoma, and North Carolina
[
6,
61,
67,
90,
99,
110].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
litterMost smooth brome cultivars are rhizomatous [
56,
110], and survive fire
by sprouting from rhizomes. Weakly rhizomatous or bunchgrass types
probably regenerate after fire primarily by tillering. Rates of
postfire recovery probably differ between cultivars, with rhizomatous
types recovering more quickly than bunchgrass types, but such
differences have not been documented in the literature.
Periodic early spring or fall fire promotes rhizomatous smooth brome by
removing litter from sod-bound plants [
56,
110].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
association,
cool-season,
cover,
forbs,
litter,
stand-replacing fire,
tillerIf smooth brome is growing in association with a legume and an
increase in smooth brome productivity is desired, early spring rather
than late summer or early fall fire is generally recommended.
Late-season fire harms many legume species [
62,
74,
94].
Fire control: An important management goal in remnant prairie is to
maintain or increase diversity of native species and depress growth and
production of exotic invaders such as smooth brome. Becker [
11]
concluded that annual spring burning on Pipestone National Monument
prairie helped control smooth brome and other cool-season exotic
grasses, and that the structure, composition, and diversity of the
severely degraded native prairie was improved by annual burning.
Similarly, two consecutive spring fires on portions of an eastern South
Dakota tallgrass prairie where smooth brome was dominant reduced smooth
brome and Kentucky bluegrass coverage [
15].
Blankespoor and Larson's [
16] prescribed fire-water treatment study
suggests that prescribed late spring fire will most effectively control
smooth brome in wet years. They recommend continuing a program of
prescribed burning through drier years, however. Since they found that
smooth brome increased in importance without burning, and that increases
were greatest when initial smooth brome biomass was low, they concluded
that failing to burn smooth brome in dry years is likely to accelerate
its expansion.
For control, Willson [
124] recommended burning smooth brome in late
spring after it has produced five or more green leaves per tiller;
unelongated tillers, which are not greatly damaged by fire, generally
have fewer than five green leaves per tiller.
Postfire plantings: Smooth brome has been extensively planted to
increase forage and/or reduce erosion in burned areas
[
14,
29,
34,
35,
61,
79,
106]. This practice has been questioned because
native species appear to be at least equally effective in reducing
erosion, and exotic grasses such as smooth brome may interfere with the
growth of native forbs and grasses [
34].
Postfire plantings of smooth brome have been successful across a wide
range of habitats and climates. For example, big sagebrush-threetip
sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata-A. tripartita) rangeland in Idaho was
burned in summer 1937 and seeded with one of six grasses to reduce
sagebrush cover and increase forage production. On plots seeded to
smooth brome, smooth brome yield increased from 57 pounds per acre in
1940 to 148 pounds per acre in 1948. Sagebrush coverage was lower on
smooth brome plots than on plots of any of the five other grasses
planted [
14].
In Montana smooth brome seeded in after stand-replacing fire in
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) showed "fair" vigor (density of 4.4
plants/sq ft) on slopes with a southwestern exposure and "good" vigor
(density of 8.2 plants/sq ft) on slopes with a northeastern exposure
[
45].
Litter accumulation: Bleak [
18] reported a 39 percent average rate of
decay of bagged smooth brome litter in direct contact with snow cover
over two consecutive winters.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
hemicryptophyteHemicryptophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverSmooth brome is widely adapted to a variety of sites. It is common in
riparian zones, valley bottoms, and dryland sites. [
48,
56,
119]. It is
adapted to all soil textures [
49,
55,
90], although it may not thrive on
sand or heavy clay [
119]. Smooth brome tolerates acid soils; it
comprised the dominant cover on a coal spoil of pH 4.5 in British
Columbia [
56]. It does not grow on soils that are more than moderately
alkaline [
55]. It is fairly saline tolerant [
56]. Smooth brome grows
best on moist, well-drained soils [
49], but tolerates poorly drained
soils [
32]. Smooth brome is best adapted to regions receiving more than
15 inches (380 mm) of annual precipitation [
98,
119]. Eleven inches (280
mm) of annual precipitation is the minimum that will support smooth
brome without irrigation [
98].
Some cultivars of smooth brome are adapted to northern latitudes and
high elevations [
60,
102]. Smooth brome persists to about 9,000 feet
(2,743 m) elevation in the northern Rocky Mountains [
24,
119] and to
about 11,000 feet (3,300 m) in the central and southern Rocky Mountains
[
119]. General elevational ranges in several states are:
from 7,000 to 10,000 feet (2,134-3,048 m) in Arizona [
69]
below 8,900 feet (2,700 m) in California [
61]
from 4,500 to 10,000 feet (1,372-3,048 m) in Colorado [
57]
from 4,096 to 10,352 feet (1,280-3,235 m) in Utah [
121]
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the term:
cover Smooth brome occurs in most SAF Cover Types.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
Smooth brome occurs in most FRES ecosystems.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):
More info for the term:
cover Smooth brome occurs in most SRM Cover Types.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Smooth brome is probably top-killed by fire.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
herbaceous,
seedLivestock: Smooth brome cultivars have been bred for nutritional
quality and adaptation to selected climates. This has made smooth brome
one of the most important exotic forage grasses in the United States and
Canada. It is widely planted in pastures and rangelands from Texas to
Alaska and Yukon Territory [
87,
88,
110].
Wildlife: Grazing wildlife utilize smooth brome to varying degrees,
depending upon wildlife species and smooth brome quality. Elk use it as
a winter food [
63]. Mule deer in central Utah were found to use it only
lightly [
7], but deer utilization of smooth brome is generally
considered good [
40,
110]. Geese [
26] and small rodents such as pocket
gophers [
81] also graze smooth brome. The seeds may not be preferred by
granivores. Everett and others [
46] found that when offered the seed of
18 herbaceous species, deer mouse selected smooth brome seed the least.
Smooth brome provides cover for birds and small mammals [
10]. Ducks,
[
33,
78], gray partridge [
27], American bittern, northern harrier, and
short-eared owl [
41] use it as nesting cover.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
graminoidGraminoid
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
association,
cool-season,
fire exclusion,
forbs,
forest,
grassland,
litter,
prescribed fire,
restoration,
rhizome,
seedRange: Smooth brome's tolerance to grazing is generally rated as high
[
56]. It is highly adaptable, having persisted in many of the habitats
where it was planted to increase forage production including
pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) [
39], quaking aspen (Populus
tremuloides) [
21], and subalpine and alpine ranges [
56,
102]. It has
persisted on old saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) meadows with saline
soils once the saltgrass was removed [
84,
85].
Smooth brome may not tolerate grazing on all habitat or site types.
Currie and Smith [
36] reported that smooth brome planted on
low-fertility ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest soils in Colorado
declined under even light-intensity cattle grazing. They speculated
that smooth brome is more likely to persist under cattle grazing on
fertile soils.
Laycock and Conrad [
77] used cattle to test several grazing systems on
rangeland seeded to crested wheatgrasses (Agropyron cristatum and A.
desertorum) and smooth brome in mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia
tridentata spp. vaseyana) habitat in Utah. They found that average
cattle weight gain was the same under all systems, but heavy June
grazing in alternate years best promoted grass production.
Ungulates in Yellowstone National Park utilized smooth brome growing in
association with other graminoids and forbs, but did not graze smooth
brome where it grew in a monoculture [
48].
Forestry: In British Columbia, height and biomass of lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta var. latifolia) seedlings established from a mix of
lodgepole pine seed and smooth brome and other grass seed were less
than height and biomass of lodgepole pine seedlings established from
lodgepole pine seed sown alone [
28].
Native grassland restoration: Smooth brome dominates many native
grasslands and old fields [
2]. Masters and Vogel [
82] stated that on
tallgrass prairie, it is usually found in areas with a history of
overgrazing and/or fire exclusion. Grassland restoration efforts often
include controlling smooth brome with cool-season grass herbicides such
as atrazine and glyphosate, mowing, and/or prescribed fire [
73].
Anderson [
2] found that near Lincoln, Nebraska, fall application of
glyphosate helped control smooth brome. Atrazine may not be as
effective; other studies [
83,
96] have reported that while atrazine
controlled other exotic cool-season grasses, it did not significantly
reduce smooth brome.
Establishment and maintenance: Seed handling and planting guidelines
for smooth brome are available [
49,
116,
117]. Cultivars adapted to
selected environments and/or regions are sold commercially
[
56,
103,
104,
108,
119,
123].
Smooth brome requires fertile soil in order to maintain nutritional
quality. On infertile soils it needs periodic fertilization or a
companion nitrogen fixer. On rangelands smooth brome is usually planted
in a mix with alfalfa (Medicago sativa), yellow sweet clover (Melilotus
officinalis), or other legume species. Fertilization affects growth
allocation: Watkins [
120] found that fertilizers increased leaf and
shoot growth but reduced rhizome and root growth.
Rhizomatous cultivars become sod-bound after several years unless litter
is removed by grazing and/or fire [
56,
110].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
freshThe National Academy of Sciences [
89] found the nutritional content of
fresh, flowering smooth brome in the United States was as follows:
dry matter (%) 27.1
ash (%) 1.9
crude fiber (%) 8.3
ether extract (%) 0.9
N-free extract(%) 13.2
protein (%, N x 6.25) 2.8
digestible energy (Mcal/kg)
cattle 0.79
domestic sheep 0.78
Nutritional content of fresh smooth brome in immature, early bloom,
milk, dough, overripe, and weathered stages, and of cured smooth brome
in each stage, is also available [
89].
The nutritional value of smooth brome for wildlife has been rated as
follows [
40]:
UT CO WY MT ND
elk good good ---- poor ----
mule deer good fair ---- ---- poor
white-tailed deer ---- ---- ---- ---- poor
upland game birds good ---- ---- ---- poor
small nongame birds fair ---- ---- ---- ----
waterfowl fair ---- ---- fair ----
small mammals good good ---- ---- ----
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AK CA CO CT DE HI ID IL IN IA
KS KY ME MD MA MI MN MO MT NE
NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR
PA RI TN TX UT VT WA WV WI WY
DC AB BC MB NB NF NT NS ON PE
PQ SK YT
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Early growth of smooth brome is highly palatable. Palatability and
nutritional quality drop rapidly after flowering. Fall green-up
provides palatable forage later in the year [
110].
The palatability of smooth brome has been rated as follows [
40]:
UT CO WY MT ND
cattle good good good good good
domestic sheep good good good good good
horses good good good good good
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
phenology,
seedSmooth brome undergoes fall green-up. Inflorescences are initiated
during cool, short fall days [
90]. In colder climates, smooth brome is
dormant in winter. It may remain green year-round in southern climates
[
76]. Spring growth begins early in the season [
110,
107]. Lengthening
culms expose the panicles in late spring to early summer [
90], and
smooth brome flowers in summer. In Minnesota, flowering occurred from
early to late June [
80,
86]. It occurred in late May or early June in
Ames, Iowa, with later, sporadic flowering [
72]. Phenology is delayed
in northern latitudes and high elevations. Smooth brome on the Wasatch
Plateau of Utah flowers 85 to 102 days after snowmelt [
44]. Seed
matures in early to late summer [
49]. Smooth brome grows throughout the
growing season when soil water is adequate. Under dry soil conditions
it becomes dormant, but it resumes growth when soils moisten [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cool-season,
cover,
density,
fire severity,
frequency,
fuel,
prescribed fire,
seed,
severity,
tiller,
warm-seasonEarly spring (late March-April) or late-season (late summer-fall) fire
can increase smooth brome productivity [
62,
65], especially when smooth
brome has become sod-bound. Late spring fire generally damages
cool-season grasses such as smooth brome [
8,
82]. Old [
93], Kirsch and
Kruse [
71], and Blankespoor [
15] have reported reductions in smooth
brome with late spring burning.
Old [
93] attributed decreases in smooth brome after late April fire to
the advanced stage of development of smooth brome. Rate of smooth brome
regrowth after fire cannot always be predicted based solely upon season
of burning and attendant phenological stage, however. Blankenspoor and
Larson [
16] cited soil moisture and nutrient levels and soil texture as
factors other than phenological stage that may affect smooth brome rate
of recovery.
In order to determine at which stage of growth smooth brome is most
susceptible to fire, Willson [
124] prescribe-burned smooth brome at
tiller emergence (late March at the Mead, Nebraska, study site), tiller
elongation (mid-May), and heading (late May). Late March fire had no
significant effect on smooth brome. Mid-May or late May fire reduced
fall tiller density approximately 50 percent when compared to controls.
Examples of late spring fire: Short- and mid-grass prairie of Pipestone
National Monument, Minnesota, was spring-burned (mid- to late April)
annually from 1983 to 1987. The prairie had been severely degraded by
invasion of cool-season exotic grasses including smooth brome,
quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), and Kentucky bluegrass. Fire severity
was low to moderate except in 1984, when high fuel levels were present.
Smooth brome postfire coverage was [
11]:
1984 1985 1987
---- ---- ----
season spring spring summer
cover (%) 21.3 22.4 26.4(a)
-------------------------------------
a = data pooled with quackgrass
Lack of flower and seed production was noted in the cool-season grasses
including smooth brome, while native warm-season grasses increased
height growth and seed production. Height (cm) of smooth brome was
as follows [
11]:
Prefire Postfire
-------------- -------------------------------------
1983 1984 1985 1987
--------------- --------------- ------ ------
spring summer spring summer spring summer
60 50 60 60 50 40
Smooth brome flowering was inhibited by a 2 May, 1972, prescribed fire in
Minnesota prairie [
95].
Examples of fire in seasons other than late spring: On the Rathbun
Wildlife Area in southern Iowa, smooth brome is managed as ring-necked
pheasant cover. Smooth brome showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in
percent coverage following September or April prescribed burning.
February burning resulted in a nonsignificant decrease in smooth brome
coverage, with significant declines in smooth brome frequency in some
years [
51].
A 22 April, 1983, prescribed fire on the Hillendale Game Farm of central
Pennsylvania increased smooth brome production. On 5 October, 1983,
production was 69 kilograms per hectare on the unburned control and 612
kilograms per hectare on the burn [
65].
In Iowa, three consecutive early spring (23-28 March, 1986; 11-12 April,
1987; 13-20 April, 1988) prescribed fires in pastureland excluded from
grazing had no significant effect on smooth brome. On some plots,
atrazine was applied 7 to 10 days after burning; the fire plus atrazine
treatments had no significant effect on smooth brome [
101].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
herb,
rhizome,
tussock Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Tussock graminoid
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cool-season,
cover,
fresh,
seed,
stratificationSmooth brome reproduces by seed, rhizomes, and tillers. Spread by seed
has been rated moderate, and vegetative spread has been rated good [
97].
Smooth brome is usually cross-pollinated [
72,
86], although it may
self-fertilize from different spikelets of the same plant [
86]. McKone
[
72] found that seed set was significantly lower in smooth brome than in
other brome species. Insect herbivory has been cited as a factor
reducing seed set in smooth brome [
86,
91]. Seed yield of smooth brome
broadcast-planted in Michigan 174 pounds per acre when grown with
alfalfa and 121 pounds per acre when grown alone [
122]. Seed has
remained viable for 22 months to over 14 years [
49,
55]. Seed stored in
a shed for 19 years showed 20 percent germination [
66]. Seed requires
stratification to germinate. Germinative capacity of fresh, stratified
seed has varied from 83 to above 95 percent in the laboratory [
49].
Optimal temperatures for germination in the greenhouse were from 68 to
86 degrees Fahrenheit (20-30 deg C) [
49]. Like all cool-season species,
however, smooth brome can germinate at lower temperatures. Bleak [
17]
reported that smooth brome seed sown in late fall to early winter in
central Utah germinated and produced roots and shoots under deep snow
cover. Light enhances germination but is not required [
49].
Seedling growth is rapid [
56,
59]. Knobloch [
72], who described
germination and seedling development in detail, reported that 54 days
after sowing, greenhouse-grown seedlings had 150-millimeter-long roots,
five leaves, and had begun tillering. Baker and Jung [
9] found that
under greenhouse conditions, the optimal day temperature for growth was
between 64.9 and 76.8 degrees Fahrenheit (18.3-24.9 deg C), and that food
reserves were depleted less with low night temperatures than with warm
night temperatures. Cultivars differ in rate of growth and drought
tolerance [
30].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
cover,
grassland,
shrubsSmooth brome generally invades after disturbance and persists
[
19,
20,
37]. It is a common invader of disturbed prairie throughout the
Great Plains [
112,
125,
126]. In Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming,
smooth brome cover was similar in young eastern cottonwood (Populus
deltoides), mature eastern cottonwood, and grassland areas [
19]. Boggs
and Weaver [
20] reported that along the Yellowstone River, moderate
grazing increased the occurrence of shrubs in mature eastern cottonwood,
and severe grazing converted the area to smooth brome, timothy (Phleum
pratense), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis).
Smooth brome tolerates moderate shade to full sun [
49,
56]
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
introgressionThe currently accepted scientific name of smooth brome is Bromus inermis
Leyss. Infrataxa are [
54,
61,
68]:
Bromus inermis subsp. inermis Leyss
Bromus inermis subsp. inermis var. divaricatus Rohlena
Bromus inermis subsp. inermis var. inermis Leyss
Kartesz [
68] recognizes Pumpelly brome as a subspecies of B. inermis, B.
inermis ssp. pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon. FEIS follows the treatment
of other authorities in recognizing Pumpelly brome as a separate
species, B. pumpellianus Scribn. [
54,
58,
61,
67,
115,
121]. (A literature
summary of B. pumpellianus is available in FEIS.) Considerable
hybridization and introgression have occurred between smooth brome, an
introduced species, and Pumpelly brome, a native species [
5,
53,
121].
Smooth brome does not hybridize with other North American species [
4].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Smooth brome has been extensively used for rehabilitation. It is cold
hardy and fairly resistant to saline soils and drought [
117]. The
ability of most cultivars to spread rhizomatously makes smooth brome a
good soil binder [
56,
103,
104]. It is recommended for erosion control
and streambank and stream bottom stabilization in all areas of the
United States except the Southeast [
104,
118]. Southern cultivars tend
to be more strongly rhizomatous than northern cultivars, and generally
give the best erosion control [
64]. Some southern cultivars will grow
in northern latitudes of the United States [
25]. Smooth brome has also
been successful in rehabilitating mined lands [
38,
43], game ranges
[
51,
65], roadsides [
42], and ski areas [
12]. Smooth brome establishes
on high-elevation sites [
56]. It can be an aggressive colonizer on many
sites, however, and may crowd out native species [
107].
Smooth brome showed poor survivorship on semiarid canyonland in
northwestern Idaho that was disked and seeded with several grass species
to remove yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) [
92].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1996. Bromus inermis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Derivation of specific name
provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
inermis: unarmed, without spines
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
- bibliographic citation
- Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Bromus inermis Leyss. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=103870
- author
- Mark Hyde
- author
- Bart Wursten
- author
- Petra Ballings
Distribution
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by IABIN
Chile Central
Physical Description
provided by USDA PLANTS text
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Rhizome elongate, creeping, stems distant, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems solitary, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly closed, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence a contracted panicle, narrowly paniculate, branches appressed or ascending, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet 3-10 mm wide, Spikelets with 3-7 florets, Spikelets with 8-40 florets, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Spikelets disarticulating beneath or between the florets, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes shorter than adjacent lemma, Glumes 1 nerved, Glumes 3 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex dentate, 2-fid, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea shorter t han lemma, Palea longer than lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Palea keels winged, scabrous, or ciliate, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear, Caryopsis hairy at apex.
Bromus inermis
(
Asturian
)
provided by wikipedia AST
La bromus inermis (o bromu inernme) ye una especie fanerógama perteneciente a la familia de les gramínees (Poaceae). Ye nativa d'Europa.
Identificación
Planta perenne, rizomatosa, de 30-150 cm, con fueyes de 5-12 mm d'anchor, glabres o glabrescentes, con lígula curtia y truncada.
Espiguillas de 15-30 mm, con glumas desiguales, la inferior con 1 nerviu y la cimera con 3, y 5-10 flores. Flores col lema ensin aresta o con una aresta menor de 2 mm. Inflorescencia en panícula erecta y laxa.
Bioloxía y fenoloxía
Floria pel branu (de xunu a setiembre), polo que ye una planta de día curtiu.
Forma biolóxica: ye hemicriptófito (pasen el periodu desfavorable coles yemes de recambiu na superficie del suelu o darréu debaxo)
Requerimientos ambientales
Ye una planta bien rústica: Aguanta bien el clima continental con temperatures estremes (altes y baxes)y tolera les seques pocu intenses. El so temperamentu edáfico ye ampliu y tien pH óptimo ente 6-7,5.
Lentu establecimientu en campu.
En llugares fríos, con xelaes serondiegues tempranes, aconséyense les llantaderes primaverales. En condiciones d'eleváu mugor ye bien susceptible a enfermedaes, afectando al estáu sanitariu de la campera.Nun soporta'l encharcamiento.
La so persistencia media ye de 3-4 años.
Distribución y zones de cultivu
Bonal nes árees templar y fríu d'Europa y presente na metá norte de la Península Ibérica. Cultívase principalmente en EEXX y Canadá.
Na Península nun ye frecuente'l so cultivu.
Interés forrajero y aprovechamientu
Sémase como cultivu monófito o bífito, por casu con alfalfa (Medicago sativa) o trébole violeta(Trifolium pratense), con unes dosis de llantadera en cultivu puru de 20-25 kg/hai y n'amiestu de 10-15 kg/hai.
Produz un campera trupu y abondosu (15 t ms/hai) hasta bien avanzada la estación serondiega. La producción respuende bien a apurrir nitrogenaos. La campera ye bien palatable, d'elevada digestibilidad y altu conteníu proteico, bien apreciáu pol ganáu mayor.
Ye recomendable pa siega y apurra en verde o calteníu (segáu o silu). La so resistencia al llendo ye moderada. Encamienta pastiásela a una ciertu altor pa favorecer el so rebrote.
Crez por aciu rizomas y dáu el so calter encespedante ye afecha pal so usu na revegetación d'árees denudaes.
Variedaes: Superior, Enllordiar, Jubilee, Saratoga, Lincoln, Achenbach, Lancaster, Lyon, Baylor...
Taxonomía
Bromus inermis describióse por Friedrich Wilhelm von Leysser y espublizóse en Flora Halensis 16. 1761.[1]
- Etimoloxía
Bromus: nome xenéricu que remanez del griegu bromos = (avena), o de chancia = (alimentu).[2]
inermis: epítetu llatín que significa "ensin escayos".[3]
- Citoloxía
Númberu de cromosomes de Bromus inermis (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=42[4]
- Sinonimia
-
Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub
-
Bromus erectus Ledeb.
-
Bromus glabrescens Honda *
Bromus inopinatus B.B.Brues & C.T.Brues
-
Bromus latifolius Kar. & Kir.
-
Bromus littoreus Georgi
-
Bromus pseudoinermis Schur
-
Bromus pskemensis Pavlov
-
Bromus purpurascens Turcz. ex Griseb.
-
Bromus reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Asch. & Graebn.
-
Bromus tatewakii Honda *
Festuca inermis (Leyss.) DC.
-
Festuca leysseri Moench
-
Festuca poiformis Pers.
-
Festuca poioides Thuill.
-
Festuca rubra subsp. villosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) S.L.Liou
-
Festuca rubra var. villosa Mert. ex Koch
-
Festuca speciosa Schreb.
-
Forasaccus inermis (Leyss.) Lunell
-
Poa bromoides (Leyss.) Mérat
-
Schedonorus inermis (Leyss.) P.Beauv.
-
Schedonorus longifolius Trin. ex Steud.
-
Zerna inermis (Leyss.) Lindm.
-
Zerna inermis var. malzevii (Drobow) Tzvelev[5][6]
Ver tamién
Referencies
-
↑ «Bromus inermis». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 20 d'abril de 2013.
-
↑ (n'inglés) Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). «The grass xenera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references». The Grass Xenera of the World. Consultáu'l 19 d'agostu de 2009.
-
↑ N'Epítetos Botánicos
-
↑ Cariologia i distribució del gènere Bromus L. (Sec. Pnigma Dumort. i Sec. Ceratochloa (Beauv.)Griseb.) a Catalunya. Lloret, F. J. & A. Cardona (1988) Orsis 3: 41-54
-
↑ Bromus inermis en PlantList
-
↑ «Bromus inermis». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultáu'l 20 d'abril de 2013.
Bibliografía
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogu taxonómicu d'especies de Méxicu. 1. In Capital Nat. Méxicu. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1977. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 6: 1–584. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
- Czerepanov, S. K. 1981. Sosud. Rast. SSSR 509 pages. Naúka, Leningradskoe Otd-nie, Leningrad.
- Darke, R. 1999. Color Encycl. Ornam. Grasses 1–325. Timber Press, Portland.
- Espeyu Serna, A., A. R. López-Ferrari & J. Valdés-Reyna. 2000. Poaceae. Monocot. Mexic. Sinopsis Floríst. 10: 7–236 [and index].
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Flora of China (Poaceae). 22: 1–733. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
- Gibbs Russell, G. Y., W. G. M. Welman, Y. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. 1: 1–482. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Bromus inermis: Brief Summary
(
Asturian
)
provided by wikipedia AST
Bromus inermis La bromus inermis (o bromu inernme) ye una especie fanerógama perteneciente a la familia de les gramínees (Poaceae). Ye nativa d'Europa.
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Inflorescencia
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Ilustración
![src=]()
Espigues
![src=]()
Hábitat
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Wehrlose Trespe
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Wehrlose Trespe (Bromus inermis), auch Unbegrannte Trespe oder Unbewehrte Trespe genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Trespen (Bromus) innerhalb Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae).
Beschreibung
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Illustration aus Flora Batava, Volume 19
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Ein einzelnes Ährchen: am Grund des Ährchens befinden sich zwei Hüllspelzen (Glu, Gluma), darüber sitzen auf der Ährchenachse mehrere Blüten die jeweils in eine Deckspelze (Lem, Lemma) und eine Vorspelze (Pal, Palea) gehüllt sind.
![src=]()
Wehrlose Trespe, Blütenstand
Vegetative Merkmale
Die Wehrlose Trespe wächst als sommergrüne, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von bis zu 1 Meter. Dieses relativ hohe Wiesengras ist durch lange Ausläufer rasenbildend.
Die Laubblätter sind flach und 5 bis 9 Millimeter breit. Die meist röhrig geschlossenen Blattscheiden sowie die Blattspreiten sind kahl. Die grünlichen Blatthäutchen (Ligulae) sind unscheinbar, kurz und etwa 0,5 bis 2 Millimeter lang.
Generative Merkmale
Die Blütezeit reicht von Juni bis Juli. In einem aufrechten rispigen Blütenstand stehen vielährigen Rispenäste abwechselnd auf den Seiten einer vierkantigen Achse. Jedes bis zu 3 Zentimeter lange Ährchen enthält vier bis zehn Blüten. Die Deckspelzen sind lang eiförmig und auf dem Rücken abgerundet. Sie sind unbegrannt (daher der Name), zuweilen bespitzt, seltener auch mit 2 bis 4 Millimeter langen Grannen, welche kurz unterhalb der Spitze entspringen. Die untere Hüllspelze ist einnervig, die obere dagegen dreinervig. Die großen Staubbeutel sind auffällig gelb gefärbt.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 28, 42, 56 oder 76.[1]
Vorkommen
Die Wehrlose Trespe ist in den gemäßigten Klimagebieten Eurasiens verbreitet. In Nordamerika, in Neuseeland und anderen Ländern ist sie ein Neophyt.[2] Derzeit ist sie in Deutschland in Ausbreitung begriffen.
Die Wehrlose Trespe kommt in Deutschland zerstreut vor. Sie gedeiht auf sommerwarmen, trockenen bis wechseltrockenen, basenreichen, gern humosen, lockeren, sandigen Lehm- und Lößböden, auch auf Kies oder Ton. Sie ist vor allem an Waldrändern, an Wegen, auf Äckern, in ruderalen Halbtrockenrasen oder Ruderalfluren zu finden. Sie ist eine Charakterart der Ordnung Agropyretalia z. B. im Convolvulo-Brometum inermis.[1] In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt sie im Tiroler Teil an der Bergstation der Jöchelspitze-Seilbahn bis zu 1780 Metern Meereshöhe auf.[3]
Ökologie
Sie ist ein tiefwurzelnder Kriechwurzel-Pionier.[1]
Nutzung
Diese formenreiche Art kann als ein Futtergras mit mittelmäßigem Futterwert verwendet werden. Vor allem in den östlichen Teilen Europas wird dieses Gras wegen seiner Dürre- und Überschwemmungsresistenz genutzt.[4]
Quellen
Literatur
-
Jürke Grau, Bruno P. Kremer, Bodo M. Möseler, Gerhard Rambold, Dagmar Triebel: Gräser. Süßgräser, Sauergräser, Binsengewächse und grasähnliche Familien Europas (= Steinbachs Naturführer). Neue, bearb. Sonderausgabe Auflage. Mosaik, München 1996, ISBN 3-576-10702-9.
- E. Vogler: Gräserbestimmung nach Photos. Blackwell, Berlin, 1994. ISBN 3-8263-3018-8.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. S. 206.
-
↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Bromus inermis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 5. November 2016.
-
↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung. Band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, S. 202.
-
↑ Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Unsere Gräser. Süßgräser, Sauergräser, Binsen. 11. Auflage. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07613-X.
Weblinks
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Wehrlose Trespe: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Wehrlose Trespe (Bromus inermis), auch Unbegrannte Trespe oder Unbewehrte Trespe genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Trespen (Bromus) innerhalb Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae).
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Соргүй согоовор
(
Mongolian
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Соргүй согоовор - (англ. Bromus inermis), (орос. Костёр безостый)
Олон тооны зөөлөн мөлхөө найлзуурууд бүхий 30-70 см, таримал нөхцөлд 100 см хүртэл өндөр ургадаг олон наст үет ургамал. Нилээд өргөн, хавтгай навч нь нүцгэн юмуу үл мэдэг үсэрхэг байдаг. Навчны угларга нь битүү, цэцгийн доод хайрс соргүй, уртавтар байна. 1,5-3 мм урт харьцангуйгаар том түрүүхэй бүхий саглагар залаа баг цэцэгтэй.
Дөрөвдүгээр сарын эцсээр ургаж эхэлдэг эртэч ургамлын нэг бөгөөд тав зургаадугаар саруудад буталж голлоно. Долоодугаар сарын эхээр түрүүлж цэцэглэн наймдугаар сард үрлэнэ. Намар есдүгээр сараас үржлийн найлзуур нь нилээд их хагдарч хатуурдаг. Голын хөндийн хөвсгөр хурдсан хөрстэй нуга, хуурай ам хөндийн төв хэсэг, ойн цоорхой, атаржсан газраар ургана.[1]
Ашигласан материал
-
↑ [Г.Эрдэнэжав, Г.Балдандорж, С.Тусивахын - БНМАУ-ын тэжээлийн голлох ургамлын өнгөт альбом 1 - 1974 - хуудас 64]
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Соргүй согоовор: Brief Summary
(
Mongolian
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Соргүй согоовор - (англ. Bromus inermis), (орос. Костёр безостый)
Олон тооны зөөлөн мөлхөө найлзуурууд бүхий 30-70 см, таримал нөхцөлд 100 см хүртэл өндөр ургадаг олон наст үет ургамал. Нилээд өргөн, хавтгай навч нь нүцгэн юмуу үл мэдэг үсэрхэг байдаг. Навчны угларга нь битүү, цэцгийн доод хайрс соргүй, уртавтар байна. 1,5-3 мм урт харьцангуйгаар том түрүүхэй бүхий саглагар залаа баг цэцэгтэй.
Дөрөвдүгээр сарын эцсээр ургаж эхэлдэг эртэч ургамлын нэг бөгөөд тав зургаадугаар саруудад буталж голлоно. Долоодугаар сарын эхээр түрүүлж цэцэглэн наймдугаар сард үрлэнэ. Намар есдүгээр сараас үржлийн найлзуур нь нилээд их хагдарч хатуурдаг. Голын хөндийн хөвсгөр хурдсан хөрстэй нуга, хуурай ам хөндийн төв хэсэг, ойн цоорхой, атаржсан газраар ургана.
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Bromus inermis
provided by wikipedia EN
Bromus inermis is a species of the true grass family (Poaceae). This rhizomatous grass is native to Europe and considered invasive in North America.
The plant is characterized by an erect, leafy, long-lived perennial, 46 to 91 cm (1+1⁄2 to 3 ft) tall, rhizomatous and commonly producing a dense sod. It starts growth in early spring; flowers May to July; reproduces from seeds, tillers, and rhizomes. It may regrow and re flower in the fall if moisture is sufficient.[1] The leaves are glabrous or occasionally pubescent, particularly on the sheaths; blades 20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 in) long, 0.6 to 1.3 cm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) wide, flat, with a raised and keeled midrib below; sheaths closed, except near collar, and papery when dry; leaves rolled in the bud; ligates up to 0.3 cm (1⁄8 in) long, rounded, and membranous; auricles absent.
Common names
-
Bromus inermis subsp. inermis
- Austrian bromegrass – English
- awnless brome – English
- Hungarian brome – English
- Hungarian bromegrass – English
- Russian bromegrass – English
- smooth brome – English
- smooth bromegrass – English
- brome inerme – French
- brome sans arêtes – French
- unbegrannte Trespe – German
- wehrlose Trespe – German
- capim-cevadilha – Portuguese
- bromo de Hungría – Spanish
- bromo inerme – Spanish
-
Bromus inermis subsp. pumpellianus
- Arctic brome – English
- Pumpelly's brome – English
References
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Bromus inermis: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Bromus inermis is a species of the true grass family (Poaceae). This rhizomatous grass is native to Europe and considered invasive in North America.
The plant is characterized by an erect, leafy, long-lived perennial, 46 to 91 cm (1+1⁄2 to 3 ft) tall, rhizomatous and commonly producing a dense sod. It starts growth in early spring; flowers May to July; reproduces from seeds, tillers, and rhizomes. It may regrow and re flower in the fall if moisture is sufficient. The leaves are glabrous or occasionally pubescent, particularly on the sheaths; blades 20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 in) long, 0.6 to 1.3 cm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) wide, flat, with a raised and keeled midrib below; sheaths closed, except near collar, and papery when dry; leaves rolled in the bud; ligates up to 0.3 cm (1⁄8 in) long, rounded, and membranous; auricles absent.
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
Bromus inermis
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Bromus inermis (o bromo inerme) es una especie fanerógama perteneciente a la familia de las gramíneas (Poaceae). Es nativa de Europa.
Identificación
Planta perenne, rizomatosa, de 30-150 cm, con hojas de 5-12 mm de anchura, glabras o glabrescentes, con lígula corta y truncada.
Espiguillas de 15-30 mm, con glumas desiguales, la inferior con 1 nervio y la superior con 3, y 5-10 flores. Flores con el lema sin arista o con una arista menor de 2 mm. Inflorescencia en panícula erecta y laxa.
Biología y fenología
Florece en verano (de junio a septiembre), por lo que es una planta de día corto.
Forma biológica: es hemicriptófito (pasan el período desfavorable con las yemas de recambio en la superficie del suelo o inmediatamente debajo)
Requerimientos ambientales
Es una planta muy rústica: Resiste bien el clima continental con temperaturas extremas (altas y bajas)y tolera las sequías poco intensas. Su temperamento edáfico es amplio y tiene pH óptimo entre 6-7,5.
Lento establecimiento en campo.
En lugares fríos, con heladas otoñales tempranas, se aconsejan las siembras primaverales. En condiciones de elevada humedad es muy susceptible a enfermedades, afectando al estado sanitario del pasto.No soporta el encharcamiento.
Su persistencia media es de 3-4 años.
Distribución y zonas de cultivo
Espontánea en las áreas templadas y frías de Europa y presente en la mitad norte de la península ibérica. Se cultiva principalmente en EE. UU. y Canadá.
En la Península no es frecuente su cultivo.
Interés forrajero y aprovechamiento
Se siembra como cultivo monófito o bífito, por ejemplo con alfalfa (Medicago sativa) o trébol violeta(Trifolium pratense), con unas dosis de siembra en cultivo puro de 20-25 kg/ha y en mezcla de 10-15 kg/ha.
Produce un pasto denso y abundante (15 t ms/ha) hasta muy avanzada la estación otoñal. La producción responde bien a los aportes nitrogenados. El pasto es muy palatable, de elevada digestibilidad y alto contenido proteico, muy apreciado por el ganado mayor.
Es recomendable para siega y aporte en verde o conservado (heno o silo). Su resistencia al pastoreo es moderada. Se recomienda pastarla a una cierta altura para favorecer su rebrote.
Crece mediante rizomas y dado su carácter encespedante es adecuada para su uso en la revegetación de áreas denudadas.
Variedades: Superior, Manchar, Jubilee, Saratoga, Lincoln, Achenbach, Lancaster, Lyon, Baylor...
Taxonomía
Bromus inermis fue descrita por Friedrich Wilhelm von Leysser y publicado en Flora Halensis 16. 1761.[1]
- Etimología
Bromus: nombre genérico que deriva del griego bromos = (avena), o de broma = (alimento).[2]
inermis: epíteto latino que significa "sin espinas".[3]
- Citología
Número de cromosomas de Bromus inermis (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=42[4]
- Sinonimia
-
Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub
-
Bromus erectus Ledeb.
-
Bromus glabrescens Honda
-
Bromus inopinatus B.B.Brues & C.T.Brues
-
Bromus latifolius Kar. & Kir.
-
Bromus littoreus Georgi
-
Bromus pseudoinermis Schur
-
Bromus pskemensis Pavlov
-
Bromus purpurascens Turcz. ex Griseb.
-
Bromus reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Asch. & Graebn.
-
Bromus tatewakii Honda
-
Festuca inermis (Leyss.) DC.
-
Festuca leysseri Moench
-
Festuca poiformis Pers.
-
Festuca poioides Thuill.
-
Festuca rubra subsp. villosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) S.L.Liou
-
Festuca rubra var. villosa Mert. ex Koch
-
Festuca speciosa Schreb.
-
Forasaccus inermis (Leyss.) Lunell
-
Poa bromoides (Leyss.) Mérat
-
Schedonorus inermis (Leyss.) P.Beauv.
-
Schedonorus longifolius Trin. ex Steud.
-
Zerna inermis (Leyss.) Lindm.
-
Zerna inermis var. malzevii (Drobow) Tzvelev[5][6]
Véase también
Referencias
-
↑ «Bromus inermis». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 20 de abril de 2013.
-
↑ (en inglés) Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). «The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references». The Grass Genera of the World. Consultado el 19 de agosto de 2009.
-
↑ En Epítetos Botánicos
-
↑ Cariologia i distribució del gènere Bromus L. (Sec. Pnigma Dumort. i Sec. Ceratochloa (Beauv.)Griseb.) a Catalunya. Lloret, F. J. & A. Cardona (1988) Orsis 3: 41-54
-
↑ Bromus inermis en PlantList
-
↑ «Bromus inermis». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 20 de abril de 2013.
Bibliografía
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1977. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 6: 1–584. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
- Czerepanov, S. K. 1981. Sosud. Rast. SSSR 509 pages. Naúka, Leningradskoe Otd-nie, Leningrad.
- Darke, R. 1999. Color Encycl. Ornam. Grasses 1–325. Timber Press, Portland.
- Espejo Serna, A., A. R. López-Ferrari & J. Valdés-Reyna. 2000. Poaceae. Monocot. Mexic. Sinopsis Floríst. 10: 7–236 [and index].
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Flora of China (Poaceae). 22: 1–733. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
- Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. 1: 1–482. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
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Bromus inermis: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Bromus inermis (o bromo inerme) es una especie fanerógama perteneciente a la familia de las gramíneas (Poaceae). Es nativa de Europa.
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Inflorescencia
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Ilustración
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Espigas
![src=]()
Hábitat
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Ohtetu luste
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Ohtetu luste (Bromus inermis) on kõrreliste sugukonda arvatud taimeliik.
Taim on Eesti üsna sage.[1]
Viited
Välislingid
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Ohtetu luste: Brief Summary
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Ohtetu luste (Bromus inermis) on kõrreliste sugukonda arvatud taimeliik.
Taim on Eesti üsna sage.
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Rehukattara
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Rehukattara (Bromus inermis, syn. Bromopsis inermis) on nurmiheinä, jota viljellään myös Suomessa. Se ei ole rehuarvoltaan yhtä hyvä kuin timotei, mutta sadon määrä on suunnilleen sama. Koska rehukattara kehittyy keväällä nopeasti, se sopii etenkin Pohjois-Suomeen.[1]
Ulkonäkö ja koko
Rehukattara kasvaa metrin korkuiseksi, ja sen lehdet ovat pitkät ja vajaan sentin levyiset. Lehdet sijaitsevat kahdessa rivissä.
Se on villinä kasvavan idänkattaran viljelymuoto.[2]
Lähteet
-
↑ MTT: Turvesoiden jatkokäyttö kotieläintuotannossa (s.16)
-
↑ Virtuella floran
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Rehukattara: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Rehukattara (Bromus inermis, syn. Bromopsis inermis) on nurmiheinä, jota viljellään myös Suomessa. Se ei ole rehuarvoltaan yhtä hyvä kuin timotei, mutta sadon määrä on suunnilleen sama. Koska rehukattara kehittyy keväällä nopeasti, se sopii etenkin Pohjois-Suomeen.
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Bromus inermis
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Bromus inermis (synonyme Bromopsis inermis), en français Brome inerme, Brome sans arêtes ou Brome de Hongrie[2], est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Pooideae, originaire des régions tempérées d'Eurasie et largement introduite en Amérique du Nord. C'est une plante herbacée vivace rhizomateuse, dont les tiges (chaumes) dressées peuvent atteindre 1 mètre de long. La plante est parfois cultivée comme plante fourragère ou pour lutter contre l'érosion des sols. L'espèce est considérée comme envahissante dans certaines régions d'Amérique du Nord.
Description
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Inflorescence lors de l'anthèse.
Le brome inerme est une plante herbacée vivace aux chaumes solitaires ou cespiteux et aux rhizomes allongés. Des gaines mortes fibreuses enveloppent la base des tiges. Les chaumes, de 30 à 100 cm de long, ont des entre-nœuds distalement pubescents. Les nœuds des chaumes sont glabres ou pubescents. La gaine est glabre ou pubérulente. La ligule est une membrane non ciliée. Le limbe foliaire, aux deux faces rugueuses, est très allongé, et mesure de 10 à 35 cm de long sur 4 à 8 mm de large[3].
L'inflorescence est une panicule ouverte ou contractée, ovale, de 10 à 15 cm de long sur 4 à 10 cm de large. Les ramifications primaires de la panicule sont elles-mêmes ramifiées et portent 1 à 2 épillets fertiles sur chaque branche inférieure[3].
Les épillets fertiles comptent de 6 à 13 fleurons fertiles, ceux de l'apex étant réduits. Les épillets sont oblongs, comprimés latéralement, mesurant de 15 à 25 mm de long sur 3 à 5 mm de large. Ils se désarticulent à maturité sous chaque fleuron fertile. Le rachillet (axe de l'épillet) a des entre-nœuds pubescents.
Les épillets sont protégés par des glumes persistantes, plus courtes que l'épillet. La glume inférieure lancéolée, membraneuse, fait 6 à 9 mm de long, soit 75 % de la longueur de la glume supérieure. La glume supérieure également lancéolée et membraneuse, à l'apex obtus , longue de 9 à 11 mm de long, est aussi longue que la lemme fertile adjacente[3].
Les fleurons sont sous-tendus par une lemme (glumelle) fertile oblongue, cartacée, glabre ou pubescente, de 9–12 mm de long, de couleur vert moyen ou violette; sans quille; 5–7 - veiné. L'apex de la lemme est denté, bifide, mutique ou aristé. L'arête principale de la lemme subapicale mesure de 5 à 10 mm de long. Les fleurons apicaux, stériles, ressemblent aux fleurons fertiles mais sont sous-développés. Les fleurons comptent 2 lodicules membraneux, 3 anthères de 4 à 5,5 mm de long et un ovaire avec un appendice charnu au-dessus de l'insertion du style[3].
Le fruit est un caryopse au péricarpe adhérent, poilu à l'apex. Le hile est linéaire[3].
Taxinomie
L'espèce Bromus inermis, a été décrite en premier par le botaniste allemand Friedrich Wilhelm von Leysser et publiée en 1761 dans Flora Halensis[4].
Synonymes
Selon The Plant List (26 janvier 2021)[1] :
-
Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub [5]
-
Bromus erectus Ledeb.
-
Bromus glabrescens Honda
-
Bromus inermis f. aristatus Drobow
-
Bromus latifolius Kar. & Kir.
-
Bromus pseudoinermis Schur
-
Bromus reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Asch. & Graebn.
-
Bromus tatewakii Honda
-
Festuca inermis (Leyss.) DC.
-
Festuca leysseri Moench
-
Festuca poiformis Pers.
-
Festuca rubra subsp. villosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) S.L.Liou
-
Festuca speciosa Schreb.
-
Forasaccus inermis (Leyss.) Lunell
-
Poa bromoides (Leyss.) Mérat
-
Schedonorus inermis (Leyss.) P.Beauv.
-
Schedonorus longifolius Trin. ex Steud.
-
Zerna inermis (Leyss.) Lindm.
Liste des variétés et sous-espèces
Selon Tropicos (26 janvier 2021)[6] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :
- sous-espèces :
-
Bromus inermis subsp. australis Zherebina
-
Bromus inermis subsp. inermis
-
Bromus inermis subsp. pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon
-
Bromus inermis subsp. reimannii Asch. & Graebn.
- variétés :
-
Bromus inermis var. arcticus (Shear ex Scribn. & Merr.) Wagnon
-
Bromus inermis var. aristatus Schur
-
Bromus inermis var. breviaristatus Zapal.
-
Bromus inermis var. ciliata (L.) Trautv.
-
Bromus inermis var. confinis (Nees) Stapf
-
Bromus inermis var. contractus Rohlena
-
Bromus inermis var. divaricatus Rohlena
-
Bromus inermis var. flexuosus Drobow
-
Bromus inermis var. grandiflora Rupr.
-
Bromus inermis var. hirsutus Čelak.
-
Bromus inermis var. hirtus Drobow
-
Bromus inermis var. inermis
-
Bromus inermis var. latifolia Podp.
-
Bromus inermis var. laxus (Hornem.) Griseb.
-
Bromus inermis var. macrostachys Podp.
-
Bromus inermis var. magnificus Podp.
-
Bromus inermis var. malzevii Drobow
-
Bromus inermis var. pellitus Beck
-
Bromus inermis var. pilosus Freyn
-
Bromus inermis var. podolicus Zapal.
-
Bromus inermis var. purpurascens (Hook.) Wagnon
-
Bromus inermis var. reimanni Asch. & Graebn.
-
Bromus inermis var. reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó
-
Bromus inermis var. sibiricus (Drobow) Krylov
-
Bromus inermis var. subulatus Trin. ex Rupr.
-
Bromus inermis var. tweedyi (Scribn. ex Beal) C.L. Hitchc.
-
Bromus inermis var. villosus (Mert. & Koch) Beck
Notes et références
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Bromus inermis: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Bromus inermis (synonyme Bromopsis inermis), en français Brome inerme, Brome sans arêtes ou Brome de Hongrie, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Pooideae, originaire des régions tempérées d'Eurasie et largement introduite en Amérique du Nord. C'est une plante herbacée vivace rhizomateuse, dont les tiges (chaumes) dressées peuvent atteindre 1 mètre de long. La plante est parfois cultivée comme plante fourragère ou pour lutter contre l'érosion des sols. L'espèce est considérée comme envahissante dans certaines régions d'Amérique du Nord.
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- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Tupa kostrjawa
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Tupa kostrjawa (Bromus inermis) je rostlina ze swójby słódkich trawow (Poaceae).
Wopis
Tupa kostrjawa docpěwa wysokosć wot 30 hač 100 cm. Rostlina njese wuběžki.
Łopjena
Łopjena su nahe a płone. Wone docpěwaja šěrokosć wot 6 hač 10 cm. Jich kóžki su 2 mm dołhe.
Kćenja
Kćěje wot junija hač julija. Pakić je zrunana a docpěwa dołhosć wot 10 hač 20 cm. Pakićowe hałuzy docpěwaja dołhosć wot 5 cm. Kłóski su linealnje-tupe a docpěwaja dołhosć wot 2 hač 3 cm. Delnja přikrywna pluwizna je jednonerwowa, mjeztym zo je hornja přikrywna pluwizna třonerwowa. Kryjace pluwizny su njekochtate abo njesu 1-2 mm dołhi kocht.
Stejnišćo
Rosće na pućowych kromach, rolach a suchich trawnikach.
Rozšěrjenje
Rostlina je w sewjernej a srjedźnej Europje rozšěrjena, při čimž južnje hač Alpskeje južneje stopy a Balkanskeje połkupy wustupuje.
Noty
-
↑ Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 212.
-
↑ W internetowym słowniku: Trespe
Žórła
- Schauer - Caspari: Pflanzenführer für unterwegs, ISBN 978-3-8354-0354-3, 2. nakład, 2008, strona 380 (němsce)
- Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
- Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
- Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
- Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
Eksterne wotkazy
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Tupa kostrjawa: Brief Summary
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Tupa kostrjawa (Bromus inermis) je rostlina ze swójby słódkich trawow (Poaceae).
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Bromus inermis
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Il forasacco spuntato (Bromus inermis Leyss., 1761) è una specie di pianta spermatofita monocotiledone appartenente alla famiglia Poaceae (sottofamiglia Pooideae ex Graminaceae).[1]
Etimologia
Il nome generico (bromus) deriva dalla lingua greca ed è un nome antico per l'avena.[2] L'epiteto specifico (inermis) significa "disarmato", senza spine.[3]
Il nome scientifico della specie è stato definito dal botanico germanico Friedrich Wilhelm von Leysser (1731 – 1815) nella pubblicazione "Flora Halensis" (Fl. Halens. 16 1761) del 1761.[4] del 1761.[1]
Descrizione
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Spighetta generica con tre fiori diversi
Queste piante arrivano ad una altezza di 8 - 16 dm. La forma biologica è emicriptofita cespitosa (H caesp), sono piante erbacee perenni con gemme svernanti al livello del suolo e protette dalla lettiera o dalla neve e presentano ciuffi fitti di foglie che si dipartono dal suolo.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Radici
Le radici sono secondarie da un lungo (2 - 5 dm) rizoma stolonifero.
Fusto
La parte aerea del fusto è un culmo glabro, eretto, robusto e foglioso; è reticolato sotto i nodi. Verso l'apice è striato e scabro (i peli sono rivolti verso l'alto).
Foglie
Le foglie lungo il culmo sono disposte in modo alterno, sono distiche e si originano dai vari nodi. Sono composte da una guaina, una ligula e una lamina. Le venature sono parallelinervie. Non sono presenti i pseudopiccioli e, nell'epidermide delle foglia, le papille.
- Guaina: la guaina è abbracciante il fusto e priva di auricole (o raramente auricolata); è glabra.
- Ligula: la ligula è molto breve (0,5 – 2 mm) e tronca.
- Lamina: la lamina, quasi glabra ma scabra su entrambe le superfici, ha delle forme sottili (con apice acuminato) e piatte con una larghezza di 5 – 10 mm (lunghezza 20 – 30 cm); i margini sono scarsamente cigliati.
Infiorescenza
Infiorescenza principale (sinfiorescenza o semplicemente spiga): le infiorescenze, terminali e ramificate (3 - 5 rami per nodo), sono formate da alcune spighette ed hanno la forma di una pannocchia ampia, spesso unilaterale e incurvata. Inizialmente è compatta; si diffonde dopo l'antesi. I rami inferiori sono semi-verticillati. Le spighette per ramo sono 2 - 6. La fillotassi dell'inflorescenza inizialmente è a due livelli, anche se le successive ramificazioni la fa apparire a spirale. Dimensione dell'infiorescenza: 10 – 25 cm.
Spighetta
Infiorescenza secondaria (o spighetta): le spighette, con forme da lanceolato a ovato-oblunghe e compresse lateralmente, sottese da due brattee distiche e strettamente sovrapposte chiamate glume (inferiore e superiore), sono formate da 7 a 11 fiori. Possono essere presenti dei fiori sterili; in questo caso sono in posizione distale rispetto a quelli fertili. Alla base di ogni fiore sono presenti due brattee: la palea e il lemma. La disarticolazione avviene con la rottura della rachilla tra i fiori o sopra le glume. Lunghezza delle spighette: 18 – 30 mm.
- Glume: le glume, con forme lanceolate, sono lunghe 4 – 7 mm quella inferiore (con una venatura) e 6 – 10 mm quella superiore (con tre venature).
- Palea: la palea è un profillo con alcune venature; può essere cigliata; è più corta del lemma.
- Lemma: il lemma, con forme oblungo-lanceolate, è lungo 7 – 8 mm (massimo 12 mm); non è aristato (appena mucronato) e possiede 3 - 7 venature; sul dorso è violetto.
Fiore
I fiori fertili sono attinomorfi formati da 3 verticilli: perianzio ridotto, androceo e gineceo.
-
Formula fiorale. Per la famiglia di queste piante viene indicata la seguente formula fiorale:[6]
-
*, P 2, A (1-)3(-6), G (2–3) supero, cariosside.
Frutti
I frutti sono del tipo cariosside, ossia sono dei piccoli chicchi indeiscenti colorati di scuro, con forme ovoidali, nei quali il pericarpo è formato da una sottile parete che circonda il singolo seme. In particolare il pericarpo è fuso al seme ed è aderente. L'endocarpo non è indurito e l'ilo è lungo e lineare. L'embrione è piccolo e provvisto di epiblasto ha un solo cotiledone altamente modificato (scutello senza fessura) in posizione laterale. I margini embrionali della foglia non si sovrappongono.
Riproduzione
Come gran parte delle Poaceae, le specie di questo genere si riproducono per impollinazione anemogama. Gli stigmi più o meno piumosi sono una caratteristica importante per catturare meglio il polline aereo. La dispersione dei semi avviene inizialmente a opera del vento (dispersione anemocora) e una volta giunti a terra grazie all'azione di insetti come le formiche (mirmecoria). In particolare i frutti di queste erbe possono sopravvivere al passaggio attraverso le budella dei mammiferi e possono essere trovati a germogliare nello sterco.[13]
Distribuzione e habitat
![src=]()
Distribuzione regionale
[14] – Distribuzione alpina
[15]
Fitosociologia
Dal punto di vista fitosociologico la specie di questa voce appartiene alla seguente comunità vegetale:[15]
- Formazione: comunità perenni nitrofile
- Classe: Agropyretea intermedii-repentis
- Ordine: Agropyretalia intermedii-repentis
- Alleanza: Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis
Tassonomia
La famiglia di appartenenza di questa specie (Poaceae) comprende circa 650 generi e 9.700 specie (secondo altri Autori 670 generi e 9.500[9]). Con una distribuzione cosmopolita è una delle famiglie più numerose e più importanti del gruppo delle monocotiledoni e di grande interesse economico: tre quarti delle terre coltivate del mondo produce cereali (più del 50% delle calorie umane proviene dalle graminacee). La famiglia è suddivisa in 11 sottofamiglie, il genere Bromus è descritto all'interno della sottofamiglia Pooideae con oltre 150 specie distribuite in tutto il mondo.[5][6]
Filogenesi
La tribù Bromeae (e quindi il suo unico genere Bromus) è descritta all'interno della supertribù Triticodae T.D. Macfarl. & L. Watson, 1982. La supertribù Triticodae comprende tre tribù: Littledaleeae, Triticeae e Bromeae. All'interno della supertribù, la tribù Bromeae forma un "gruppo fratello" con la tribù Triticeae.[16]
I Bromus della flora spontanea italiana sono suddivisi in tre gruppi distinti: Festucaria G. et G., Anisantha Koch e Bromus s.s. La specie di questa voce appartiene al gruppo Festucaria: il ciclo biologico di queste piante è perenne con un aspetto simile alle specie del genere Festuca (tribù Poeae, sottotribù Loliinae[17]). A maturità le spighette si restringono all'apice. Le nervature delle due glume sono diverse: quella inferiore ha una sola nervatura; quella superiore è trinervia. La resta del lemma (breve o nulla) è inserita tra i due dentelli apicali del lemma stesso.[7]
Altri studi descrivono questa specie nella sezione Bromopsis Dumort. (le spighette hanno delle forme strettamente lanceolate; i lemmi sono arrotondati o leggermente carenati con punta singola). A questa sezione appartengono altre due specie della flora spontanea italiana: Bromus erectus Huds. e Bromus ramosus Huds..[18] Alcune checklist mantengono una circoscrizione diversa per questo gruppo descrivendolo all'interno del genere Bromopsis.[19]
Il numero cromosomico della specie B. inermis è: 2n = 14, 28 e 56.[11][20]
Sinonimi
Questa entità ha avuto nel tempo diverse nomenclature. L'elenco seguente indica alcuni tra i sinonimi più frequenti:[21]
-
Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub
-
Bromopsis inermis var. aristata (Schur) Tzvelev
-
Bromopsis inermis subsp. aristata (Schur) Tzvelev
-
Bromopsis inermis subsp. australis (Zherebina) Tzvelev
-
Bromopsis inermis var. hirta (Drobow) Tzvelev
-
Bromopsis inermis var. malzevii (Drobow) Tzvelev
-
Bromopsis inermis var. pellita (Beck) Tzvelev
-
Bromopsis inermis subsp. reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Dostál
-
Bromus erectus Ledeb.
-
Bromus erectus var. laxus (Hornem.) Heynh.
-
Bromus erectus var. laxus (Hornem.) Döll
-
Bromus glabrescens Honda
-
Bromus inermis f. aristatus Drobow
-
Bromus inermis var. aristatus Schur
-
Bromus inermis subsp. australis Zherebina
-
Bromus inermis f. bulbiferus J.W.Moore
-
Bromus inermis var. contractus Röhl.
-
Bromus inermis var. divaricatus Rohlena
-
Bromus inermis var. flexuosus Drobow
-
Bromus inermis f. glabratus Drobow
-
Bromus inermis var. grandiflora Rupr.
-
Bromus inermis var. hirsutus Celak.
-
Bromus inermis var. hirtus Drobow
-
Bromus inermis var. latifolia Podp.
-
Bromus inermis f. laxus (Hornem,) Junge
-
Bromus inermis var. laxus (Hornem,) Griseb.
-
Bromus inermis var. macrostachys Podp.
-
Bromus inermis var. magnificus Podp.
-
Bromus inermis var. malzevii Drobow
-
Bromus inermis f. muticus Drobow
-
Bromus inermis f. pellitus (Beck) Todor
-
Bromus inermis var. pellitus Beck
-
Bromus inermis var. pilosus Freyn
-
Bromus inermis var. podolicus Zapal.
-
Bromus inermis f. proliferus Louis-Marie
-
Bromus inermis subsp. reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó
-
Bromus inermis var. reimannii Asch. & Graebn.
-
Bromus inermis subsp. reimannii Asch. & Graebn.
-
Bromus inermis var. reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó
-
Bromus inermis var. subulatus Trin. ex Rupr.
-
Bromus inermis f. villosus (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Todor
-
Bromus inermis f. villosus (Mert. & Koch) Fernald
-
Bromus inermis var. villosus (Mert. & Koch) Beck
-
Bromus inopinatus B.B.Brues & C.T.Brues
-
Bromus latifolius Kar. & Kir.
-
Bromus laxus Hornem,
-
Bromus pseudoinermis Schur
-
Bromus pskemensis Pavlov
-
Bromus purpurascens Turcz. ex Griseb.
-
Bromus reimannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Asch. & Graebn.
-
Bromus tatewakii Honda
-
Festuca inermis (Leyss.) DC.
-
Festuca inermis var. inermis
-
Festuca inermis var. villosa Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
-
Festuca leysseri Moench
-
Festuca poiformis Pers. [Illegitimate]
-
Festuca poioides Thuill.
-
Festuca rubra subsp. villosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) S.L.Liou
-
Festuca speciosa Schreb.
-
Forasaccus inermis (Leyss.) Lunell
-
Poa bromoides (Leyss.) Mérat
-
Schedonorus inermis (Leyss.) P.Beauv.
-
Schedonorus longifolius Trin. ex Steud.
-
Zerna inermis (Leyss.) Lindm.
-
Zerna inermis var. malzevii (Drobow) Tzvelev
Note
-
^ a b The International Plant Names Index, su ipni.org. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
-
^ Etymo Grasses 2007, pag. 55.
-
^ Botanical names, su calflora.net. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
-
^ BHL - Biodiversity Heritage Library, su biodiversitylibrary.org. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
-
^ a b Kellogg 2015, pag. 223.
-
^ a b c Judd et al 2007, pag. 311.
-
^ a b Pignatti 1982, Vol. 3 - pag. 524.
-
^ Motta 1960, Vol. 1 - pag. 348.
-
^ a b Strasburger 2007, pag. 814.
-
^ Pasqua et al 2015, pag. 467.
-
^ a b c eFloras - Flora of China, su efloras.org. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
-
^ Kew - GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora, su powo.science.kew.org. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
-
^ Kellogg 2015, pag. 73.
-
^ Conti et al. 2005, pag. 64.
-
^ a b c d Aeschimann et al. 2004, Vol. 2 - pag. 914.
-
^ Soreng et al. 2017, pag. 286.
-
^ Kellogg 2015, pag. 244.
-
^ Verloove 2012, pag. 31.
-
^ EURO MED - PlantBase, su ww2.bgbm.org. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
-
^ Tropicos Database, su tropicos.org. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
-
^ The Plant List, http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-401195 Titolo mancante per url
url (aiuto). URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2019.
Bibliografia
- Alfio Musmarra, Dizionario di botanica, Bologna, Edagricole, 1996.
- AA.VV., Flora Alpina. Volume secondo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2004.
- F.Conti, G. Abbate, A.Alessandrini, C.Blasi, An annotated checklist of the Italian Vascular Flora, Roma, Palombi Editore, 2005, ISBN 88-7621-458-5.
- Elizabeth A. Kellogg, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume XIII. Flowering Plants. Monocots. Poaceae, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 2015.
- Judd S.W. et al, Botanica Sistematica - Un approccio filogenetico, Padova, Piccin Nuova Libraria, 2007, ISBN 978-88-299-1824-9.
- Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia, Bologna, Edagricole, 1982, ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
- Giacomo Nicolini, Enciclopedia Botanica Motta, Milano, Federico Motta Editore, 1960.
- Strasburger E, Trattato di Botanica. Volume secondo, Roma, Antonio Delfino Editore, 2007, ISBN 88-7287-344-4.
- G. Pasqua, G. Abbate e C. Forni, Botanica Generale - Diversità vegetale, Padova, Piccin Nuova Libraria, 2015, ISBN 978-88-299-2718-0.
- Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Phylogeny and Classification of Poaceae (PDF), in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 88, n. 3, 2001, pp. 373-457. URL consultato il 3 dicembre 2019 (archiviato dall'url originale il 6 marzo 2016).
- Jeffery M. Saarela et al., A 250 plastome phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae): topological support under different data partitions (PDF), in PeerJ, vol. 4299, 2018, pp. 1-71.
- Robert J. Soreng et al., A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications, in JSE - Journal of Systematics and Evolution, vol. 55, n. 4, 2017, pp. 259-290.
- H. Trevor Clifford & Peter D. Bostock, Etymological Dictionary of Grasses, New York, Springer, 2007.
- Jeffery M. Saarela, Paul M. Peterson, Ryan M. Keane, Jacques Cayouette e Sean W. Graham, Molecular Phylogenetics of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae) Based on Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequence Dat (PDF), in Aliso, vol. 23, n. 1, 2007, pp. 450-467.
- Filip Verloove, A revision of Bromus section Ceratochloa (Pooideae, Poaceae) in Belgium (PDF), in Dumortiera, vol. 101, 2012, pp. 30-45.
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Bromus inermis: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Il forasacco spuntato (Bromus inermis Leyss., 1761) è una specie di pianta spermatofita monocotiledone appartenente alla famiglia Poaceae (sottofamiglia Pooideae ex Graminaceae).
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Beginklė dirsė
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Beginklė dirsė (Bromus inermis) – miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos daugiametis, pašarinis augalas.
Aukštis iki 150 cm. Savaime auga laukuose, pakelėse, pakrantėse, pievose. Neatsėjant išsilaiko apie 10 metų. Šieno derlius ki 60 cnt/ha.
Lietuvoje dažna, sėjama pievose, ganyklose[1].
Šaltiniai
Vikiteka
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Beginklė dirsė: Brief Summary
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Beginklė dirsė (Bromus inermis) – miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos daugiametis, pašarinis augalas.
Aukštis iki 150 cm. Savaime auga laukuose, pakelėse, pakrantėse, pievose. Neatsėjant išsilaiko apie 10 metų. Šieno derlius ki 60 cnt/ha.
Lietuvoje dažna, sėjama pievose, ganyklose.
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Kweekdravik
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
Kweekdravik (Bromopsis inermis subsp. inermis) is een vaste plant, die behoort tot de grassenfamilie (Gramineae of Poaceae). De plant komt van nature voor in Eurazië en is vandaar uit verspreid naar Noord-Amerika. In Nederland komt de plant voor in het rivierengebied. In Oost-Europa en Noord-Amerika wordt kweekdravik als voedergras gebruikt, omdat het een goede droogteresistentie heeft en ook goed tegen overstromingen kan.
De plant wordt 30-100 cm hoog, heeft lange wortelstokken en vormt een losse zode. De donkergroene, vlakke, 10-15 cm lange bladeren zijn 6-12 mm breed en in het jonge stadium ingerold. De bladeren zijn meestal kaal en de bladscheden verspreidt behaard met vrij lange haren. Het tongetje is 1,5 mm lang.
Kweekdravik bloeit in juni en juli met een rechtopstaande, 10-20 cm lange pluim, waarvan de takken vaak naar één zijde zijn gekeerd. De tot 3 cm lange aartjes zijn slank en hebben geen of zeer korte, (soms tot 3 mm lang), kafnaalden. Het onderste kroonkafje is 10-14,5 mm en het bovenste 12 mm lang. Het onderste kelkkafje is lang-eirond, aan de rugzijde afgerond en 8-10,5 mm lang, het bovenste drienervig en 7-8 mm lang. Een aartje bestaat uit 6 tot 8 bloemen. De heldergele, een tot drie helmknoppen zijn tot 4,5 mm lang.
De vrucht is een graanvrucht.
De plant komt voor op droge, matig voedselrijke, liefst kalkhoudende grond in ruige bermen, tussen struikgewas en zandige rivierduinen.
Externe link
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Kweekdravik: Brief Summary
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
Kweekdravik (Bromopsis inermis subsp. inermis) is een vaste plant, die behoort tot de grassenfamilie (Gramineae of Poaceae). De plant komt van nature voor in Eurazië en is vandaar uit verspreid naar Noord-Amerika. In Nederland komt de plant voor in het rivierengebied. In Oost-Europa en Noord-Amerika wordt kweekdravik als voedergras gebruikt, omdat het een goede droogteresistentie heeft en ook goed tegen overstromingen kan.
De plant wordt 30-100 cm hoog, heeft lange wortelstokken en vormt een losse zode. De donkergroene, vlakke, 10-15 cm lange bladeren zijn 6-12 mm breed en in het jonge stadium ingerold. De bladeren zijn meestal kaal en de bladscheden verspreidt behaard met vrij lange haren. Het tongetje is 1,5 mm lang.
Kweekdravik bloeit in juni en juli met een rechtopstaande, 10-20 cm lange pluim, waarvan de takken vaak naar één zijde zijn gekeerd. De tot 3 cm lange aartjes zijn slank en hebben geen of zeer korte, (soms tot 3 mm lang), kafnaalden. Het onderste kroonkafje is 10-14,5 mm en het bovenste 12 mm lang. Het onderste kelkkafje is lang-eirond, aan de rugzijde afgerond en 8-10,5 mm lang, het bovenste drienervig en 7-8 mm lang. Een aartje bestaat uit 6 tot 8 bloemen. De heldergele, een tot drie helmknoppen zijn tot 4,5 mm lang.
De vrucht is een graanvrucht.
De plant komt voor op droge, matig voedselrijke, liefst kalkhoudende grond in ruige bermen, tussen struikgewas en zandige rivierduinen.
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Stokłosa bezostna
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Stokłosa bezostna (Bromus inermis Leyss.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny wiechlinowatych. Jako gatunek rodzimy występuje w Eurazji. Ponadto zawleczony do Afryki, Ameryki, Australii i Nowej Zelandii[2]. W Polsce jest gatunkiem pospolitym[3].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Wieloletnia wysoka trawa rozłogowa dorastająca 1,4 metra wysokości.
-
Liście
- Pochwa liściowa zrośnięta, zamknięta. Blaszka liściowa naga, do 18 mm szerokości, żeberkowana z wyraźnym nerwem środkowym tzw. "kilem".
-
Kwiaty
- Zebrane w równowąskie kłoski długości około 3 cm, te z kolei zebrane we wzniesioną wiechę długości 10-15 cm. Plewa dolna jednonerwowa, górna - trójnerwowa. Plewka dolna dwuzębna, długości 10-13 mm. Pylniki jaskrawożółte[4].
-
Owoce
-
Ziarniaki.
Biologia i ekologia
Bylina, hemikryptofit. Rośnie na zboczach, wałach, w rowach i zaroślach. Kwitnie w czerwcu i lipcu. Liczba chromosomów 2n = 14, 28, 56[5].
Zastosowanie
Stokłosa bezostna jest cenną trawą pastewną. Uprawiana na stanowiskach suchszych, dobrze znosi trudniejsze warunki.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
-
Mała Encyklopedia Rolnicza, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, Warszawa, 1964.
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- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Stokłosa bezostna: Brief Summary
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Stokłosa bezostna (Bromus inermis Leyss.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny wiechlinowatych. Jako gatunek rodzimy występuje w Eurazji. Ponadto zawleczony do Afryki, Ameryki, Australii i Nowej Zelandii. W Polsce jest gatunkiem pospolitym.
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Foderlosta
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
Foderlosta, Bromus inermis, är ett gräs.
Externa länkar
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Foderlosta: Brief Summary
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
Foderlosta, Bromus inermis, är ett gräs.
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Стоколос безостий
(
Ukrainian
)
provided by wikipedia UK
![src=]()
Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою:
Стоколос безостий Стоколос безостий (Bromus inermis) — рослина родини Тонконогові (Poaceae). Кормова рослина.
Морфологічна характеристика
Поширена багаторічна кореневищна верхова злакова рослина.
Розрізняють 4 типи стоколосу безостого: степовий, лісостеповий, лучний північної нечорноземної смуги, лучний південної нечорноземної смуги. Стоколос безостий — рослина озимо-ярого типу.
Високі стебла за сприятливих умов вирощування досягають висоти 120–150 см. Листя шорсткувате або голе, піхва листка на більшій частині замкнена коротким тупим язичком. Завдяки високій врожайності (300–400 ц/га) і облистненості, що пояснюється наявністю в травостої вегетативних пагонів, стоколос безостий займає одне з перших місць серед сінокісних злакових. Характеризується підвищеною посухостійкістю. Більшість коренів розміщена в шарі ґрунту 0 — 30 см, а окремі корені проникають углиб його на 1,5—2 м і більше. Суцвіття — розкидиста волоть. Насіння велике, має високу схожість.
Повного розвитку досягає на другому році життя, за сприятливих умов дає високі врожаї протягом 10—12 років і більше. Відростає рано навесні, дає два укоси. На родючих ґрунтах при достатній вологості вихід сіна становить 60—70 ц/га, насіння 7—10 ц/га.
Практичне використання
Введена в культуру в 1860 р. селянами Воронезької губернії (с. Студений Колодязь). Використовують переважно для створення багаторічних сіножатей і пасовищ із сумішей з нещільнокущових трав. Росте в заплавах річок і на наносних ґрунтах, схилах балок.
Стоколос висівають у травосумішах із злаковими і бобовими травами. Особливо підходить він для висівання з еспарцетом і люцерною на схилах. Сіють одночасно з озимими або рано навесні. За звичайної рядкової сівби норма висіву стоколосу становить 18—20 кг/га, у сумішах 8—10 кг/га. В Україні широко районовано сорти стоколосу Козаровицький, Полтавський 30, Дніпровський. Заслуговує на увагу збір і розмноження місцевих дикоростучих екотипів.
Поширення
Природний ареал
Натуралізація
Культивування
Джерела
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Стоколос безостий: Brief Summary
(
Ukrainian
)
provided by wikipedia UK
Стоколос безостий (Bromus inermis) — рослина родини Тонконогові (Poaceae). Кормова рослина.
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Bromus inermis
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Bromus inermis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Leyss. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1761.[1]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Bromus inermis: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Bromus inermis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Leyss. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1761.
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Костёр безостый
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Костёр безостый
Международное научное название
Bromus inermis Leyss., 1761
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 40502NCBI 15371EOL 1114232GRIN t:7807IPNI 393784-1TPL kew-401195 Костёр безо́стый[2], или Костре́ц безостый[3] (лат. Brōmus inērmis) — вид однодольных растений рода Костёр (Bromus) семейства Злаки (Poaceae)[4]. Растение впервые описано в 1761 году немецким ботаником Фридрихом Вильгельмом фон Ляйссером[5].
Распространение и среда обитания
Широко распространён в Европе, в Центральной и Восточной Азии и Северной Америке[6].
В России встречается в Черноземье, Поволжье, в западной и восточной Сибири[2].
Растёт на лугах, на берегах водоёмов, в разреженных лесах, у дорог. Предпочитает богатые почвы со слабокислой или нейтральной реакцией. Не переносит анаэробных условий среды и близости грунтовых вод. Устойчив к заморозкам и затоплению. Размножается вегетативно или семенами[3].
В диких условиях нередко образует чистые заросли. С видом конкурируют свербига восточная, вербейник монетный, мятлик луговой, ряд других злаков и бобовых[3].
Ботаническое описание
Многолетнее растение с длинным корневищем. Стебель 60—100 см в высоту.
Листовые пластинки 4—10 мм шириной, тёмно-зелёного цвета.
Соцветие — метёлка, 15—20 см длиной[3].
Продолжительность жизни — 5—7 лет; может достигать 10—20 лет на пойменных участках[2].
Хозяйственное значение и применение
Ценная кормовая культура, возделываемая на сено и зелёный корм. Широко применяется на долголетних пастбищах[2]. Значительные исследования культуры были проведены И. Н. Клингеном[7].
Ботаническая классификация
Синонимика
По данным The Plant List на 2013 год, в синонимику вида входят[8]:
Костёр безостый имеет местные названия во многих европейских языках[9].
Примечания
Костёр безостый: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Костёр безо́стый, или Костре́ц безостый (лат. Brōmus inērmis) — вид однодольных растений рода Костёр (Bromus) семейства Злаки (Poaceae). Растение впервые описано в 1761 году немецким ботаником Фридрихом Вильгельмом фон Ляйссером.
无芒雀麦
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Bromus inermisLeyss. 无芒雀麦（学名：Bromus inermis），也称禾萱草、无芒草，是一种可作为牧草和人工草场的禾本目植物。
形态
一年生草本；叶片偏硬线形，长约15到20厘米，两面具有细柔的毛；直立茎干分4至6节；夏季开花，圆锥花序开展，分枝细弱下垂，小穗扁平，含有7-14小花，外稃有芒；黑褐色扁平种子平均每粒重4毫克。须状地下根系发达。
生态习性
无芒雀麦属于多年生植物，高度可达1米至1.5米。不适应潮湿、高温天气，在低温干旱的环境中有较强适应能力，在年降水量400毫米的地方仍然能够生长，过冬时能耐受零下30℃的气温，若有积雪覆盖则可承受接近零下50℃的温度。最适宜在壤土和粘壤土中种植，对于轻质壤土也有较强适应能力。在PH为8的盐碱地中生长时受到的影响并不明显，水淹45天后依旧可以恢复正常生长。[1]在人工栽培环境下每亩可产400至600公斤茎、叶，每年可有200多天保持绿色，生命力也很强，能够同其他植物竞争而获得优势。[2]
人工种植时第一年便可达1至2米，寿命可达6到8年。[3]
分布
野生的无芒雀麦在亚洲、欧洲和北美洲的温带地区的分布较广，经人工培育后的品种还可种植在寒带地区。
栽培
温带地区春、夏、秋季均可栽培，半干旱地区在夏季降雨集中时栽培效果更好。作为饲料作物时常和豆科植物混合栽培，本种可利用豆科植物根瘤固氮能力增强养分供给。[4]播种后10天便可出芽，大多数植株第二年开花，花期可持续半个月。[5]
利用
无芒雀麦用途颇广，可以作为水土保持的固土植物，在要求不高的时候也可作为人工草场。不过最主要额用途还是用作放牧时的饲料植物，或者是将其茎叶收割喂养牲畜，也可在干燥处理后作为干草储备。[6]
参考文献
无芒雀麦: Brief Summary
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
无芒雀麦（学名：Bromus inermis），也称禾萱草、无芒草，是一种可作为牧草和人工草场的禾本目植物。
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Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Bromus inermis op Wikimedia Commons. 
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