More info for the terms:
cool-season,
cover,
density,
fire severity,
frequency,
fuel,
prescribed fire,
seed,
severity,
tiller,
warm-seasonEarly spring (late March-April) or late-season (late summer-fall) fire
can increase smooth brome productivity [
62,
65], especially when smooth
brome has become sod-bound. Late spring fire generally damages
cool-season grasses such as smooth brome [
8,
82]. Old [
93], Kirsch and
Kruse [
71], and Blankespoor [
15] have reported reductions in smooth
brome with late spring burning.
Old [
93] attributed decreases in smooth brome after late April fire to
the advanced stage of development of smooth brome. Rate of smooth brome
regrowth after fire cannot always be predicted based solely upon season
of burning and attendant phenological stage, however. Blankenspoor and
Larson [
16] cited soil moisture and nutrient levels and soil texture as
factors other than phenological stage that may affect smooth brome rate
of recovery.
In order to determine at which stage of growth smooth brome is most
susceptible to fire, Willson [
124] prescribe-burned smooth brome at
tiller emergence (late March at the Mead, Nebraska, study site), tiller
elongation (mid-May), and heading (late May). Late March fire had no
significant effect on smooth brome. Mid-May or late May fire reduced
fall tiller density approximately 50 percent when compared to controls.
Examples of late spring fire: Short- and mid-grass prairie of Pipestone
National Monument, Minnesota, was spring-burned (mid- to late April)
annually from 1983 to 1987. The prairie had been severely degraded by
invasion of cool-season exotic grasses including smooth brome,
quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), and Kentucky bluegrass. Fire severity
was low to moderate except in 1984, when high fuel levels were present.
Smooth brome postfire coverage was [
11]:
1984 1985 1987
---- ---- ----
season spring spring summer
cover (%) 21.3 22.4 26.4(a)
-------------------------------------
a = data pooled with quackgrass
Lack of flower and seed production was noted in the cool-season grasses
including smooth brome, while native warm-season grasses increased
height growth and seed production. Height (cm) of smooth brome was
as follows [
11]:
Prefire Postfire
-------------- -------------------------------------
1983 1984 1985 1987
--------------- --------------- ------ ------
spring summer spring summer spring summer
60 50 60 60 50 40
Smooth brome flowering was inhibited by a 2 May, 1972, prescribed fire in
Minnesota prairie [
95].
Examples of fire in seasons other than late spring: On the Rathbun
Wildlife Area in southern Iowa, smooth brome is managed as ring-necked
pheasant cover. Smooth brome showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in
percent coverage following September or April prescribed burning.
February burning resulted in a nonsignificant decrease in smooth brome
coverage, with significant declines in smooth brome frequency in some
years [
51].
A 22 April, 1983, prescribed fire on the Hillendale Game Farm of central
Pennsylvania increased smooth brome production. On 5 October, 1983,
production was 69 kilograms per hectare on the unburned control and 612
kilograms per hectare on the burn [
65].
In Iowa, three consecutive early spring (23-28 March, 1986; 11-12 April,
1987; 13-20 April, 1988) prescribed fires in pastureland excluded from
grazing had no significant effect on smooth brome. On some plots,
atrazine was applied 7 to 10 days after burning; the fire plus atrazine
treatments had no significant effect on smooth brome [
101].