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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 73.1 years (captivity) Observations: These are long-lived animals that appear to show indeterminate growth. In captivity, they can reach sexual maturity at 6 years of age. In the wild, food availability influences growth and sexual maturation with food scarcity being linked to a slower growth and a delayed maturity (Lance 2003). A decline in egg production in females over 30 years of age has been reported (Castanet 1994).
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Conservation Status

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American alligators are listed as threatened by the federal government because they are similar in appearance to American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus). American crocodiles are endangered and the government does not want hunters to confuse the two species. Hunting is allowed in some states, but is is heavily controlled.

US Federal List: threatened

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: lower risk - least concern

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Behavior

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American alligators are the most vocal of all crocodilians, and communication begins early in life, while alligators are still in eggs. When they are ready to hatch, the young will make high pitched whining noises. Alligators commonly bellow and roar at one another. The bellow is loud and throaty, and can be heard from up to 165 yards away. Alligators also emit sounds called chumpfs. These are cough like purrs made during courting.

Other communication during mating season includes non-verbal forms such as lifting the head out of the water to show honorable intentions, headslapping by males as a sign of aggression to ward off intruders, and perhaps most notably, the virbrations, bubbles, and ripples seen in the water as a result of subaudible noises.

Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Life Cycle

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The temperature at which American alligator eggs develop determines their sex. Those eggs which are hatched in temperatures ranging from 90 to 93 degrees Fahrenheit turn out to be male, while those in temperatures from 82 to 86 degrees Fehrenheit end up being female. Intermediate temperature ranges have proven to yield a mix of both male and females. After hatching, alligators can grow rapidly, espectially during the first four years of life, averaging over 1 foot of growth for each year of life. Both sexes reach sexual maturity at around 6 feet in length, however, this occurs earlier in males because they reach this length sooner than females.

Development - Life Cycle: temperature sex determination

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Benefits

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Since the alligator will feed on almost anything, they pose a threat to humans. In Florida, where there is the greatest alligator population, there were five deaths to alligator attacks from 1973 to 1990. Dogs and other pets are also sometimes killed. (University of Florida)

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Benefits

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Alligators are hunted mostly for their skin, but also they are hunted for their meat. Today, there is a multimillion dollar industry in which alligators are raised in captivity for the production of their meat and skin. Also, alligators are a tourist attraction, especially in Florida.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Associations

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American alligators have proven to be an important part of the environment, and therefor, are considered by many to be a "keystone" species. Not only do they control populations of prey species, they also create peat and "alligator holes" which are invaluable to other species. Red-bellied turtles, for example, incubates its own eggs in old alligator nests. Alligators also are good indicators of environmental factors, such as toxin levels. Increased levels of mercury have been found in recent blood samples.

Ecosystem Impact: creates habitat; keystone species

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Trophic Strategy

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Alligators are basically carnivores, but they eat more than just meat, feeding on anything from sticks to fishing lures to aluminum cans. Mostly, they consume fish, turtles, snakes, and small mammals. When they are young they feed on insects, snails, and small fish.

Alligators hunt primarily in the water at night, snapping up small prey and swallowing it whole. Large prey are dragged under water, drowned and then devoured in pieces. Alligators have also been known to hold food in their mouth until it deteriorates enough to swallow. They also have a specialized valve in the throat called a glottis, which allows them to capture prey underwater.

With regards to hunting animals on land, alligators are usually considered idle hunters, waiting offshore for unsuspecting prey to drink at the water's edge. With this approach an alligator is likely to grab the drinking animal's head, slowly pulling it underwater until it drowns. In this way alligators exert minimal energy in capturing prey.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; fish; eggs; insects; mollusks

Plant Foods: wood, bark, or stems

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Piscivore )

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Distribution

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American alligators are found from the southern Virginia-North Carolina border, along the Atlantic coast to Florida and along the Gulf of Mexico as far west as the Rio Grande in Texas.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Habitat

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American alligators are usually found in freshwater swamps, marshes, rivers, lakes, and occasionally, smaller bodies of water. It is believed that this preference for calm waters has to do with their swimming and breathing. In areas of protected water, an American alligator has only to keep its nasal disk above water to breath, whereas in rough water the snout must be at a steeper angle, making it more difficult to swim. They can also tolerate reasonable amounts of salinity, but only for short amounts of time due to their lack of buccal glands.

American alligators are also known to modify their enivironment by creating burrows. These are created using both snout and tail and are used for shelter and hibernation during freezing temperatures. If the water they live in dries out, alligators will swim or walk to other bodies of water, sometimes even taking shelter in swimming pools.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water

Wetlands: marsh ; swamp

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Life Expectancy

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While there are currently no methods for determining the age of an alligator while still alive, it is known that those in the wild tend to live to between 35 and 50 year, while those in captive generally live longer, around 65-80 years. Factors which can lead to earlier mortality include successful predation early in life and hunting by humans.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
35 to 50 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
65 to 80 years.

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Morphology

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The average size for an adult female is just under 3 meters (9.8 feet), while the adult male usually falls between 4 and 4.5 meters (13 to 14.7 feet). American alligators reaching lengths of 5-6 meters (16 to 20 feet) have been reported in the past, but there have been no recent recordings equaling those lengths.

Legs of American alligators are characteristically short, though capable of carrying the animal at a gallop. The front legs have five toes while the back legs have only four. The snout of this alligator species is also distinct, being significantly broader for those in captive, mainly due to a difference in diet.

Nostrils at the end of the snout allow for breathing while the alligator is otherwise fully submerged beneath the water's surface. During times of hibernation, alligators keep these nostrils just above the water's surface, allowing the top part of the body to freeze in ice. The large fourth tooth in the lower jaw fits into a socket in the upper jaw and is not visible when the mouth is closed.

Both males and females have an "armored" body with a muscular flat tail, used in propelling the animal forward while swimming. The skin on their back is armored with embedded bony plates called osteoderms or scutes. Adult males and females have an olive brown or black color with a creamy white underside. The young can be distinguished from adults because they have bright yellow stripes on their tails. Eye color of American alligators is generally silverish.

Range length: 3 to 4.5 m.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average mass: 150000 g.

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.1539 W.

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Associations

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The first few years of a hatchlings life are the most dangerous, as anything that can eat a small alligator will. Snakes, wading birds, osprey, raccoons, otters, large bass, garfish, even larger alligators will feed upon young alligators. Once the alligator reaches about 4 feet, its only real predator is man. Extremely thick skin protected by bony plates called scutes prevent harm from most attacks. It is this skin, though, which attracts man to alligators. It is commercially used for the creation of wallets, purses, boots, and other textiles.

Known Predators:

  • snakes (Serpentes)
  • birds (Aves)
  • raccoons (Procyon lotor)
  • American river otter (Lontra canadensis)
  • bigmouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
  • gars (Lepisosteidae)
  • American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Reproduction

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Breeding takes place during the night, in shallow waters. Females usually initiate courtship during peak activity. When males (bulls) wish to attract females, they often roar or bellow, emmitting subaudible vibrations which can be seen by the bubbles and ripples they produce. Other courtship rituals include rubbing, touching, blowing bubbles, and vocalizing. It is also common for males to raise their heads out of the water, exposing their vulnerable necks as an expression of "good intentions". It is also quite common for both partners to try and push one another underwater in an attempt to judge eachothers strength.

Alligators are not monogamous, but rather, polygynous, which means one male may service up to ten or more females in his territory. This maximizes chances for successful breeding. Male alligators are territorial animals during the breeding season, and will defend their area against other male intruders, often displaying acts of headramming and sparring with open jaws.

Mating System: polygynous

Both males and females reach sexual maturity when they are about six feet long, a length attained at about 10 to 12 years, earlier for males than females. Courtship starts in April, with mating occuring in early May. After mating has taken place, the female builds a nest of vegetation. Then, around late June and early July, the female lays 35 to 50 eggs. Some females have been reported as laying up to 88 eggs. The eggs are then covered with the vegetation nest through the 65-day incubation period.

Towards the end of August, the young alligators begin to make high-pitched noises from inside of the egg. This lets the mother know that it is time to remove the nesting material, and the six to eight inch alligator is hatched. Newly hatched alligators live in small groups, call "pods." Eighty percent of young alligators fall victim to birds and raccoons. Other predators include bobcats, otters, snakes, large bass and larger alligators. Females have been known to aggressively defend their young during these first few months and, in some cases, years. Maturity is generally reached during the sixth year.

Breeding interval: American alligators breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in early May, with egg laying occuring in late June and early July.

Range number of offspring: 35 to 88.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 10 to 12 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 10 to 12 years.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); oviparous

Males provide no parental care, and parental care by the female is limited to the first year of life. She is responsible for removing any vegetation covering the nest when her young are ready to hatch, and she will often bring them to water after hatching. During the first year or so she will defend her hatchlings from predators. After the first year, the female leaves her young to tend to new hatchlings of the next breeding season.

Parental Investment: pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Female)

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Schechter, B. and R. Street 2000. "Alligator mississippiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alligator_mississippiensis.html
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Benjamin Schechter, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Robin Street, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Lauren Pajerski, Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan
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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors

The American Alligator is one of the largest North American reptiles. This species is native to the South-East United States, where it inhabits wetlands on the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Florida, and in the Northern Gulf of Mexico west to Texas (Scott 2004). Alligators mostly inhabit marshes and swamps, but can also be found in rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. Although they cannot survive in seawater, they do tolerate brackish water and venture into salt marshes, mangrove swamps, and other estuarine habitats (Scott 2004).

Adults and subadult alligators prey on a variety of aquatic organism including fish, crabs, snakes, turtles, mammals, birds, and other alligators (Jensen et al. 2008). Juveniles eat insects, amphibians, crayfish, molluscs and small fish (Jensen et al. 2008, Scott 2004).

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American Alligator: A Brief History

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Crocodilia, originating more than 200 million years ago in the late Triassic Period natives to the super continent Pangea. Fossils of these early crocodilians were among the first vertebrates to be scientifically studied by pioneers of paleontology in the early 19th century. Unlike present crocodilians, their predecessor's had longer limbs and shorter snouts, making them more equipped for a terrestrial life. This genus represents evolution at it's best. These living fossils have survived an array of mass extinctions including continental drift. Spawning 22 different species, all adapted to a more Amphibious life style, most well know being the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). The American Alligator typically ranges from 10 to 15 feet, the largest being male, although the biggest on record ranges to 20 feet long. This unique animal has internal sexual organs, so a probe is needed to determine sex. Running down the entire back side of the alligator is a protective bony plate called osteoderms. On land they can reach speeds between 9 to 19 miles an hour, surprisgly they have also been known to survive temperatures as low as 26.5 degrees Fahrenheit. In early June most of the Florida population of Alligators lay their eggs. The female will pile various vegetation from her environment together, then will repeatedly drag her body over to create a mound to nest her eggs. The eggs are about the size of an ostrich egg and she will lay between 30 to 40 eggs. They incubate for about 65 days. The temperature of the incubation determines the sex of the hatchlings. 90 to 93 for a male, 82 to 86 a female, with Crocodiles it is the opposite, the warmer eggs will be females, the cooler eggs will be males, this phenomenom is referred to as Temperature-Dependant Sex Determination or (TSD). When born these hatchlings are prey to anything in the environment so, evolution has equppied them with yellowish bands to camouflage them with their environment. Unusual for the reptile kingdom, the American Alligator is very protective of it's young and will guard the nest.
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Physiology

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Studies by Farmer and Sanders (2010) revealed that the lungs of the American Alligator--like those of birds, but unlike those of mammals--move air in only one direction during both inspiration and expiration through most of the tubular gas-exchanging bronchi (parabronchi). (In mammals, air moves tidally into and out of terminal gas-exchange structures, which are cul-de-sacs.) Given the phylogenetic relationship between crocodilians and birds, which are both archosaurs, Farmer and Sanders suggest that this air flow pattern may date back to the basal archosaurs of the Triassic and may have been present in their non-dinosaur descendants (phytosaurs, aetosaurs, rauisuchians, crocodylomorphs, and pterosaurs) as well as in dinosaurs, including birds (the avian dinosaurs).

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Distribution

provided by ReptileDB
Continent: Middle-America North-America
Distribution: SE USA (Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas), Mexico
Type locality: "les bords du Mississipi," U.S.A.
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Missisipi alliqatoru ( Azerbaijani )

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Missisipi alliqatoru (lat. Alligator mississippiensis) və ya Amerikan alliqatoru — iki tanınmış alliqator növündən biridir. Şimali Amerikada yaşayır və Cənub-Şərqi ABŞ üçün endemik sayılır.

Bu canlı Texas ştatından Şimali Karolinaya qədər göllər, çaylar və sipər bataqlıqları kimi suyun təzə sularında yaşayan böyük bir sürünən timsahkimiləri təmsil edir. Bu, simpatrik, kəskin timsahdan daha geniş bir ağız, qaranlıq rəng və duzlu su üçün daha az tolerantlıq ilə fərqlənir, soyuducu suya qovuşdurmaqla kompensasiya edilir. Cinsin ikinci nümayəndəsi olan Çin alliqatoru ilə müqayisədə, Missisipi alliqatoru daha böyükdür.

Alliqatorlar — balıqlar, amfibiyalar, sürünənlər, quşlar və kiçik məməlilər yeyən yırtıcılardır. Yeni doğulanlar xüsusilə onurğasızlara qidalanırlar. Quraqlıq mövsümündə digər orqanizmlərə ev sahibliyi edən xüsusi çuxurların qazılması, sulak ekosistemində mühüm rol oynayırlar. Bir il ərzində, xüsusilə yetişdirmə mövsümündə alliqatorlar ərazini qeyd etmək və uyğun tərəfdaşları tapmaq üçün səslər səsləndirirlər. Kişilər qadınları cəlb etmək üçün infrousadan istifadə edirlər. Yumurta su bədəninin yaxınlığında sığınacaq yerində düşmüş bitki örtüyündən, çubuqdan və kirdən hazırlanmış bir yuvaya qoyulur. Gənc timsahlar bədənin ətrafındakı sarı xətlər ilə anadan olurlar və bir ilə qədər ananın himayəsi altında olurlar.

Tarixən olaraq, bir zamanda tənzimlənməmiş ovlanma sayıları çox təsirləndi və Amerika timsahı bir zamanlar nəsli kəsilməkdə olan bir növ olaraq sıralandı. Lakin növlərin qorunması üçün sonrakı səyləri onların sayını dramatik şəkildə artırmağa imkan verdi və indi Missisipi timsahı əsasən onun yaşıllığı səbəbindən minimal risklə qorunub saxlanılır. Timsahlar dəriləri və ətləri üçün fermalarda istehsal olunur. Bu heyvan üç Amerika ştatının rəsmi dövlət sürünənləridir: Florida, LuizianaMississippi.

Sistematika və filogeniya

Amerikan alliqatoru ilk dəfə 1801-ci ildə fransız zooloqu François Marie Daudin tərəfindən Crocodilus mississippiensis kimi təsnif olunmuşdur[2]. 1807-ci ildə Jorj Kyuve Alliqator cinsini təsvir etmiş və Çin alliqatoru birlikdə Amerika alliqatorunu müqayisə etmişdir. Alliqator ailəsi, Nil timsahı və ya qavial ilə müqayisədə, Amerika alliqatoru ilə daha yaxından əlaqəli olan timsah dəstəsinin bütün tükənmiş və müasir üzvlərini əhatə edir.

Bu ailənin üzvləri ilk dəfə təbaşir dövrünün sonunda göründü. Leidyosuchus Albertanın ən tanınmış cinsidir. Fosil alliqatorlari Avrasiya ərazisində aşkar edilmişdi ki, onlar bir zamanlar Şimali AtlantikBerinq boğazının torpaq körpüsünü istifadə edərək, Şimali Amerika və Avrasiyanı təbaşir, paleogenneogen dövründə birləşdirdilər. Alliqatorlar və kaymanlar Şimali Amerikada təbaşirin sonunda bölündü; sonuncu, Neogen dövründə Panama boğazının formalaşmasından əvvəl Paleogen dövründə Cənubi Amerikaya çatdı. Çin alliqatoru isə, ehtimal ki, Neogen dövründə Berinq boğazından keçən bir timsahdır. Müasir Amerika alliqatoru pleystosen paleontoloji salnamələrində yaxşı təmsil olunur[3].. Missisipi alliqatorunun tam mitoxondrial genomu 1990-cı illərdə sıralanırdı, o, timsahların məməlilərə və daha çox quşlara və onurğalılara aid bir dərəcədə inkişaf etdiyini söylədi[4]. Ancaq 2014-ci ildə nəşr olunan tam genom, alimlərin məməlilər və quşlara görə daha yavaş inkişaf etdiyini göstərir[5].

Təsviri

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Heyvanın kəlləsi

Missisipi alliqatorunun pəncələri xarakterik olaraq qısa, lakin kifayət qədər qüvvətli və yer üzündəki bədəni dəstəkləyə bilir[6]. Digər yer üzündə ölənlərin əksəriyyətindən fərqli olaraq, alliqatorlar əllərindəki proksimal bitmədən distal köməyi ilə sürətlərini artırırlar. Ön pəncə beş barmaq, on beş ayaqda yalnız dörd barmaq var. Suda timsahlar balıq kimi üzərək, çanaq sahəni və quyruq tərəfdən tərəfə hərəkət edirlər[7]. Alliqator qarın əzələləri bədənin içərisində ağciyərlərin mövqeyini dəyişə bilər və buna görə timsahın suya dalmağı, suyun qalxmasına və yuvarlanmasına imkan verən bükülmə mərkəzini köçürür[8].

Baş boynundan çox fərqlənir. Xüsusilə vəhşi alliqatorlar uzun və nazikdən qısa və kütləvi görünüşlərdə fərqlənir və bu, müəyyən şəxslərin genetik məlumatları, onların dietası və ətraf iqlim kimi faktorlar arasında fərqlər ola bilər. Alligatorların geniş sifətləri var,

Ölçüləri[9]

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Ağzını açmış amerikan alliqatoru

Missisipi alliqatoru olduqca böyük bir heyvandır. Erkəklər ən azı 4.54 m, dişilər isə maksimum 3 m uzunluğa çatır. Ancaq 5 və ya 6.3 m uzunluğunda, yarım ton ağırlığında fərdlər də vardır. İstisna hallarda dişi timsah daha da böyük ola bilər[10][11]. XIX və XX əsrlərdə 5 metrdən çox uzunluqda olan alliqatorlar bilinmişdir, lakin bu məlumatlardan heç biri etibarlı sayılmır. Beləliklə, bildirilmiş ən böyük timsah, 1890-cı ildə Luizianada Marş Aylenddə vurulmuş bir erkək idi. Məlumatlara görə, uzunluğu 5,8 m-dir, ancaq nəqliyyat vasitəsi olmadığı üçün bu timsah ölçmə aparıldıqdan sonra palçıqlı sahildə qaldı[12]. Bu heyvanın ölçüləri düzgün göstərildiyi təqdirdə, çəkisi təqribən 1000 kq olmalıdır[13]. Floridada nə vaxtsa öldürülən ən böyük timsahın, qeyri-rəsmi məlumatlara görə, uzunluğu 5,31 m-dir[14][15]. Elmi dəlillərə əsasən, 1977-ci ildən 1993-cü ilə qədər Florida şəhərində öldürülən ən böyük timsah, yalnız 4.23 metr uzunluğunda və 473 kiloqram ağırlığında idi[16]. Ölçüsü ən böyük tanınmış alliqatora təxmin edilən başqa bir nümunə isə 4.54 m uzunluğunda ola bilər. Alabamada tutulan ən böyük timsahın uzunluğu 4,5 m və çəkisi 459 kq idi[17].Arkanzasda isə çox böyük bir timsah öldürüldü, bu da 4,04 metr uzunluğa çatdı və bildirildiyi kimi 626 kiloqram ağırlığında idi[18].

Lakin, Missisipi alliqatorları adətən belə böyük ölçülərə malik olmurlar. Erkəklərin əksəriyyəti yalnız 3,4 m-ə qədər böyüyür və 200 kq-dan çox kütləyə malik olurlarг[19], tam yetkin dişilərin normal ölçüsü isə 2,6 m, kütləsi 50 kq olur[20]. Floridanın Nyunans gölündə yetkin erkəklər yalnız 73.2 kq orta hesabla, yetkin dişilər isə 55.1 kq çəkir. Floridanın Qriffin Dövlət Parkında hər iki cinsin yetkinləri ortalama 57,9 kiloqram ağırlığında olur[21]. Cinsi yetkinliyə çatmış fərdlərin orta çəkisi təxminən 30 kiloqram, çəki göstəriciləri isə 160 kiloqramdır[22]. Missisipi alliqatorlarının erkəkləri dişilərindən fərqli olaraq daha çox olmasına baxmayaraq, bu növdə cinsi dimorfizm timsah dəstəsinin bəzi digər üzvlərindən daha az sayılır. Alliqatorların çəkisi, uzunluğu, yaşı, sağlamlığı, ilin vaxtı və mövcud qida qaynaqlarından asılı olaraq çox dəyişir. Böyük yetkin timsahlar yetkinlik yaşına çatmayanlarla müqayisədə nisbətən daha iri həcmli olurlar[23]. Digər sürünənlərə aid olan vəziyyətdə olduğu kimi, Amerika alliqatorları aralıq şimal hissələrində - Arkanzasın cənubundakı Alabama, şimal Karolina da adətən az olurlar.

Dişləmə gücü

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Amerikan alliqatorunun dişləri

Missisipi alliqatorları bir zamanlar 9452 nyuton gücünə qədər bir ölçü alətini sıxaraq, laboratoriyada dişləmə gücünə görə rekord keçirdilər. Qeyd etmək lazımdır ki, bu tədqiqatlar zamanı hələ də timsah əmrinin digər nümayəndələrinin dişləmə qüvvəsi ölçülməyib. Daha sonra müəyyənləşdirilmişdir ki, alliqatorların dişləmə qüvvəsi birbaşa heyvanın ölçüsündən asılıdır və yalnız bu istisna qısa müddətli yemək formalarıdır. Beləliklə, gələcəkdə daha böyük duzlu su timsahı və Nil timsahları alliqatorlardan daha çox ölçmə zamanı daha yüksək ədədlər verdi[24][25]. Çənələrin sıxma gücünün çox yüksək olmasına baxmayaraq, alliqatorların çənələrini açmaqdan məsul olan əzələlər zəifdir və heyvanları başlarına hərəkət etmədən müqavimət göstərmirsə, çənələri əlləri ilə və ya yapışan bant ilə bağlana bilər.

Alliqatorun səsi

Yayılması

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Missisipi alliqatoru Floridada

Missisipi alliqatorlarının təbii sahəsi Şimali Amerikadır — Atlantik sahilində və Meksika körfəzi boyunca ABŞ-ın cənub-şərq ştatları Şimali KarolinaCənubi Karolina, Corciya, Florida, TexasLuiziana daxildir. Şirin su hövzələrində yaşayırlar: çaylar, göllər, göllər və sulu sahələr, durğun su sahələrini üstün tuturlar. Yaşadığı ərazisi qurudursa, timsahlar başqa yerdən sığınacaq kimi istifadə edirlər. Şimal-mərkəzi Florida ştatında yaşayan timsahların həyat tərzi ilə bağlı bir araşdırmada erkəklərin bahar zamanı göllərin açıq sularını üstün tutduqları halda, dişilər həm bataqlıq, həm də açıq su obyektlərindən istifadə edirdilər. Yaz aylarında erkəklər də açıq suyu seçim edir, dişilər isə yuvalarını qurmaq və yumurta qoymaq üçün bataqlıqlara davam edir. Hər iki cinsin alliqatorları bəzən sığınacaq və ya qışlama sahələri üçün məkan qazanır və ya sadəcə ağac kökləri arasında yer tuturlar. Belə sığınacaqlar onlara çox isti və ya çox soyuq havaya dözməkdə kömək edir[26][27].

Qidalanması

Alliqatorlar opportunist yırtıcılardır və tutulması mümkün olan hər şey ilə qidalana bilirlər. Əsasən həşərat, həşərat sürfələri, ilbizlər, hörümçəklər və qurdlar kimi onurğasızlarla qidalanır[28]. Onlar böyüdükcə, onlar mütənasib olaraq daha çox yırtıcı yeməyə qadirdirlər. Lakin, timsahın əksəriyyətindən fərqli olaraq, alliqatorlar nadir hallarda böyük heyvanlara hücum edir və böyük alliqatorlar tərəfindən tutulan qurbanların əksəriyyəti erkəklərdən daha kiçikdir[29]. Yetkinlərin pəhrizinin əsasları balıq, bağa, quş, ilan və kiçik məməlilərdən ibarətdir. Mədə məzmununun tədqiqi göstərir ki, ondatrayenotlar məməlilər arasında ən çox yayılmış yemdir. Yemlərin əsasən yayıldığı Luizianada onlar bəlkə də yetkin erkək alliqatorlarının pəhrizinin əsas komponentidirlər. Köpəklər, pişiklər və buzovlar da daxil olmaqla ev heyvanları da zaman zaman timsahlar tərəfindən tutula bilər[30][31][32].

Həmçinin bax

Xarici keçidlər

Vikianbarda Missisipi alliqatoru ilə əlaqəli mediafayllar var.

Ədəbiyyat

  • Boulenger GA. Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311 pp. + Plates I-VI. (Alligator mississippiensis, p. 290).
  • Daudin FM (1802). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire Naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Tome Second [Volume 2]. 432 pp. Paris: F. Dufart. ("Crocodilus mississipiensis [sic]", new species, pp. 412–416). (in French and Latin).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 Plates, 207 Figures. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Alligator mississippiensis, p. 170 + Plate 13 + photographs on pp. 166–167, 465).
  • Smith, Hobart M.; Brodie, Edmund D., Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Alligator mississippiensis, pp. 208–209).

İstinadlar

  1. Daudin 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; ouvrage faisant suit à l'Histoire naturell générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et rédigee par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Vol. 2. F. Dufart, Paris [1802], 432 pp
  2. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Alligator". www.itis.gov. İstifadə tarixi: 2016-03-23.
  3. Brochu, Christopher A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir. 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340. JSTOR 3889340.
  4. Janke, A.; Arnason, U. (1997). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (12): 1266–72. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025736. PMID 9402737.
  5. Green RE, Braun EL, Armstrong J, Earl D, Nguyen N, Hickey G, Vandewege MW, St John JA, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Castoe TA, Kern C, Fujita MK, Opazo JC, Jurka J, Kojima KK, Caballero J, Hubley RM, Smit AF, Platt RN, Lavoie CA, Ramakodi MP, Finger JW, Suh A, Isberg SR, Miles L, Chong AY, Jaratlerdsiri W, Gongora J, Moran C, Iriarte A, McCormack J, Burgess SC, Edwards SV, Lyons E, Williams C, Breen M, Howard JT, Gresham CR, Peterson DG, Schmitz J, Pollock DD, Haussler D, Triplett EW, Zhang G, Irie N, Jarvis ED, Brochu CA, Schmidt CJ, McCarthy FM, Faircloth BC, Hoffmann FG, Glenn TC, Gabaldón T, Paten B, Ray DA (2014). "Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs". Science. 346 (6215): 1254449. doi:10.1126/science.1254449. PMC 4386873. PMID 25504731.
  6. Reilly, S. M.; Elias, J. A. (1998). "Locomotion in alligator mississippiensis: kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling-to-erect paradigm" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 201 (18): 2559–74. PMID 9716509.
  7. Fish, F. E. (1984). "Kinematics of undulatory swimming in the American alligator" (PDF). Copeia. 1984 (4): 839–43. doi:10.2307/1445326. 2013-10-21 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2016-03-23.
  8. Uriona, T. J.; Farmer, C. G. (2--8). "Recruitment of the diaphragmaticus, ischiopubis and other respiratory muscles to control pitch and roll in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 211 (7): 1141–11477. doi:10.1242/jeb.015339. PMID 18344489. Check date values in: |year= (kömək)
  9. "American alligator - Philadelphia Zoo". www.philadelphiazoo.org. İstifadə tarixi: 2016-03-23.
  10. Crocodiles and Alligators edited by S Charles A. Ross & Stephen Garnett. Checkmark Books (1989), ISBN 978-0-8160-2174-1.
  11. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  12. Britton, A. 1999. «Alligator mississippiensis» in «Crocodilians, Natural History and Conservation».
  13. Smith, E. N., Standora, E. A., & Robertson, S. L. (1984). Physiological thermoregulation of mature alligators. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 77(1), 189—193.
  14. [1]. Everglades.national-park.com
  15. [2]. FloridaAdventuring.com
  16. Woodward, A. R., White, J. H., & Linda, S. B. (1995). Maximum size of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Herpetology, 507—513.
  17. "Alabama alligator is largest ever legally killed in state". CBC News. İstifadə tarixi: 2014-08-18.
  18. "Record gator caught in Southwest Arkansas". FoxNews.com. İstifadə tarixi: March 15, 2014.
  19. «American Alligator Fact Sheet». The National Zoo.
  20. «Gator factsheet». Savannah River Ecology Laboratory.
  21. Honeyfield, D. C.; Ross, J. P.; Carbonneau, D. A.; Terrell, S. P.; Woodward, A. R.; Schoeb, T. R.; Hinterkopf, J. P. (2008). "Pathology, physiologic parameters, tissue contaminants, and tissue thiamine in morbid and healthy central Florida adult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)". Journal of wildlife diseases. 44 (2): 280–294. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.280.
  22. Ruben, J. A.; Jones, T. D. (2000). "Selective factors associated with the origin of fur and feathers". American Zoologist. 40 (4): 585–596. doi:10.1668/0003-1569(2000)040[0585:sfawto]2.0.co;2.
  23. Saalfeld, D. T.; Webb, K. K.; Conway, W. C.; Calkins, G. E.; Duguay, J. P. (2008). "Growth and condition of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in an inland wetland of east Texas". Southeastern Naturalist. 7 (3): 541–550. doi:10.1656/1528-7092-7.3.541.
  24. "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120316093427.htm". www.sciencedaily.com. İstifadə tarixi: 2016-03-23. External link in |title= (kömək)
  25. Erickson, Gregory M.; Lappin, A. Kristopher; Vliet, Kent A. (2003). "The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 260 (3): 317–327. doi:10.1017/S0952836903003819.
  26. "What's the difference between a crocodile and an alligator?". Flmnh.ufl.edu. İstifadə tarixi: August 26, 2012.
  27. Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. səh. 195. ISBN 0-7153-5272-5.
  28. Valentine Jr, J. M.; Walther, J. R.; McCartney, K. M.; Ivy, L. M. (1972). "Alligator diets on the Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 36: 809–815. doi:10.2307/3799434.
  29. Keddy, P.A., L. Gough, J.A. Nyman, T. McFalls, J. Carter and J. Siegrist (2009). Alligator hunters, pelt traders, and runaway consumption of Gulf coast marshes: A trophic cascade perspective on coastal wetland losses. pp. 115—133 in B.R. Silliman, E.D. Grosholz, and M.D. Bertness (eds.) Human Impacts on Salt Marshes. A Global Perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA ISBN 0-520-25892-4 Google Books
  30. Rice, A. N. (2004). Diet and condition of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in three central Florida lakes (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida).
  31. Gabrey, S. W. (2010). "Demographic and geographic variation in food habits of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Louisiana". Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 5 (2): 241–250.
  32. Saalfeld, D. T.; Conway, W. C.; Calkins, G. E. (2011). "Food Habits of American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in East Texas". Southeastern Naturalist. 10 (4): 659–672. doi:10.1656/058.010.0406.
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Missisipi alliqatoru: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Missisipi alliqatoru (lat. Alligator mississippiensis) və ya Amerikan alliqatoru — iki tanınmış alliqator növündən biridir. Şimali Amerikada yaşayır və Cənub-Şərqi ABŞ üçün endemik sayılır.

Bu canlı Texas ştatından Şimali Karolinaya qədər göllər, çaylar və sipər bataqlıqları kimi suyun təzə sularında yaşayan böyük bir sürünən timsahkimiləri təmsil edir. Bu, simpatrik, kəskin timsahdan daha geniş bir ağız, qaranlıq rəng və duzlu su üçün daha az tolerantlıq ilə fərqlənir, soyuducu suya qovuşdurmaqla kompensasiya edilir. Cinsin ikinci nümayəndəsi olan Çin alliqatoru ilə müqayisədə, Missisipi alliqatoru daha böyükdür.

Alliqatorlar — balıqlar, amfibiyalar, sürünənlər, quşlar və kiçik məməlilər yeyən yırtıcılardır. Yeni doğulanlar xüsusilə onurğasızlara qidalanırlar. Quraqlıq mövsümündə digər orqanizmlərə ev sahibliyi edən xüsusi çuxurların qazılması, sulak ekosistemində mühüm rol oynayırlar. Bir il ərzində, xüsusilə yetişdirmə mövsümündə alliqatorlar ərazini qeyd etmək və uyğun tərəfdaşları tapmaq üçün səslər səsləndirirlər. Kişilər qadınları cəlb etmək üçün infrousadan istifadə edirlər. Yumurta su bədəninin yaxınlığında sığınacaq yerində düşmüş bitki örtüyündən, çubuqdan və kirdən hazırlanmış bir yuvaya qoyulur. Gənc timsahlar bədənin ətrafındakı sarı xətlər ilə anadan olurlar və bir ilə qədər ananın himayəsi altında olurlar.

Tarixən olaraq, bir zamanda tənzimlənməmiş ovlanma sayıları çox təsirləndi və Amerika timsahı bir zamanlar nəsli kəsilməkdə olan bir növ olaraq sıralandı. Lakin növlərin qorunması üçün sonrakı səyləri onların sayını dramatik şəkildə artırmağa imkan verdi və indi Missisipi timsahı əsasən onun yaşıllığı səbəbindən minimal risklə qorunub saxlanılır. Timsahlar dəriləri və ətləri üçün fermalarda istehsal olunur. Bu heyvan üç Amerika ştatının rəsmi dövlət sürünənləridir: Florida, LuizianaMississippi.

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Aligator Amerika ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Aligator Amerika (Alligator mississippiensis) a zo ur stlejvil hag a vev e geunioù dour dous, lennoù ha stêrioù gevred Stadoù-Unanet Amerika.

Doareoù pennañ

Etre 2.5 ha 5.5 m eo o hirder, gris-gell pe du o liv ha ront o beg ledan.

Boued

Ar re vihan en em vag diwar divellkeineged, gleskered ha pesked pa'c'h a ar re vras da chaseal evned-dour ha bronneged.

Emzalc'h

Dre m'emañ lec'hiet uhel o daoulagad hag o divfronell war o fenn eo al lodennoù nemeto a zeu war-wel p'emañ ar peurrest eus o c'horf en dour. Evel-se e c'hellont chom koulz lâret diwelus o c'hedal o freizh.

 src=
Tiriad aligator Amerika

Liammoù diavaez

Aligator Amerika war ADW (e saozneg)

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Aligator Amerika: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Aligator Amerika (Alligator mississippiensis) a zo ur stlejvil hag a vev e geunioù dour dous, lennoù ha stêrioù gevred Stadoù-Unanet Amerika.

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Aligátor severoamerický ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ
ikona
Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

Aligátor severoamerický či aligátor americký, aligátor mississippský nebo aligátor štikohlavý (Alligator mississippiensis) je jeden ze dvou žijících druhů aligátorů, zástupce čeledi aligátorovitých (Alligatoridae). Aligátor severoamerický obývá pouze jihovýchod Spojených států amerických, kde žije v močálech, řekách nebo bažinách, které se často překrývají s oblastmi, které obývají lidé. Co do velikosti je větší, než jeho nejbližší příbuzný aligátor čínský (Alligator sinensis). Má velké, tmavé, silné tělo se silnými končetinami, širokou hlavou a velice silným ocasem. Samci těchto aligátorů dosahují většinou délky do 5,5 m, největší zaznamenaná délka dosahovala 5,8 m.[2] Ocas je téměř stejně dlouhý jako zbytek aligátorova těla a většinou funguje jako kormidlo při plavání. Občas ho můžou aligátoři použít jako zbraň, pokud se cítí ohrožení, a mířená rána tímto ocasem může představovat u menších živočichů i smrt, u člověka pak velice vážné zlomeniny. Aligátor severoamerický umí velice rychle a obratně plavat a občas i na zemi se může na krátkou vzdálenost pohybovat velice rychle.

Potrava

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Aligátor severoamerický číhající na kořist.

Aligátoři požírají převážně ryby, ptáky, želvy, savce a obojživelníky. Důležitou část potravy tvoří u mladých aligátorů drobní bezobratlí, zvláště pak hmyz a jeho larvy, hlemýždi, pavouci nebo červi, občas si pochutnají i na drobných rybkách. Postupem času se začnou živit i většími rybami a dalšími vodními živočichy, žábami a pomalu i savci, zvláště pak krysami a dalšími myšovci. Téměř dospělí aligátoři loví živočichy v rozsahu od hadů a želv až k ptákům a středně velkým savcům.

Dospělí aligátoři severoameričtí se neostýchají zaútočit ani na kořist ve velikosti prasat, jelenů a domácích zvířat, zvláště pak koz a ovcí, která se chodívají napít k napajedlu. Časté jsou i případy kdy zaútočí na menšího a slabšího zástupce svého druhu. Větší samci si troufnou i na velké šelmy, jako pumy nebo dokonce medvědy, což činí z aligátora severoamerického jednoho z nejnebezpečnějších severoamerických lovců z říše živočichů.

V žaludcích aligátorů severoamerických jsou často nalézány i drobné kameny, které aligátoři požírají pro semletí potravy, což umožňuje jednodušší trávení. Tento proces je velice důležitý, jelikož aligátor požírá svou kořist až na větší zvířata v celku.

I přesto, že sdílí některé lokality s lidmi, jsou útoky na člověka spíše ojedinělou záležitostí. Naopak, aligátoři se lidí spíše bojí a většinou se jim snaží obloukem vyhýbat a většina útoků na lidi je způsobena tím, že lidé aligátory krmí. Kousnutí aligátora je velice nebezpečné a pokud k němu dojde, neměl by člověk váhat a naopak by měl vyhledat nejbližšího lékaře. Pokud tak neučiní, může dojít k velice nebezpečné infekci a následně k amputaci postiženého místa, v tomto případně nejčastěji nohy.

Výzkum ukázal, že aligátoři často záměrně polykají kameny, aby se dokázali lépe a déle udržet pod vodou při potápění do větších hloubek.[3][4]

Rozmnožování

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2 roky staré mládě

Aligátoři severoameričtí se páří v mělkých vodách obvykle v dubnu. Před pářením se konají pomalé námluvy při kterých, ačkoli nemají aligátoři hlasivky, vydávají samci výrazné zvuky, kterými přitahují pozornost samic. Samec se několik dní zdržuje se samicí a občas ji „pohladí“ přední nohou a čeká na samiččino rozhodnutí, zda dá souhlas k spáření či ne.

Samice si poblíž vody vybere místo na postavení hnízda, na které začne ocasem i končetinami shrabovat všechnu možnou dostupnou rostlinnou vegetaci. Nakonec vypadá hnízdo jako hromada rostlin s prohlubní uprostřed, kam samice klade 28 až 52 bílých vajec, velikostí podobných husím a prohlubeň zahrabe dalším rostlinstvem. Samice po dobu zhruba 65 dní vejce chrání. Po vylíhnutí začnou mláďata vydávat pronikavý skřehotavý zvuk, což je znamení pro samici, že je musí co nejrychleji z hnízda vyhrabat. Mláďata jsou podobná svým rodičům, jen mají několik žlutých skvrn na těle. U matky se zdržují maximálně po dobu tří let a pohlavní dospělosti dosahují zhruba v 8 až 13 letech.

Chov v českých zoo

Aligátora chová např. ZOO Ústí nad Labem, Krokodýlí ZOO Protivín,ZOO Zlín V minulosti byl v tuzemských zoo častější, nikdy se v nich nerozmnožil.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku American Alligator na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. http://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/eco/gator.htm
  3. T. J. Uriona, M. Lyon & C. G. Farmer (2019). Lithophagy Prolongs Voluntary Dives in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Integrative Organismal Biology 1(1): oby008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/oby008
  4. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/02/alligators-gobble-rocks-stay-underwater-longer

Literatura

Externí odkazy

Krokodýli (Crocodilia) čeleď gaviálovití (Gavialidae)
rod gaviál (Gaviál)
druh: gaviál indický (Gavialis gangeticus)
rod tomistoma (Tomistoma)
druh: tomistoma úzkohlavá (Tomistoma schlegelii)
čeleď aligátorovití (Alligatoridae)
rod aligátor (Alligator)
druhy: aligátor severoamerický (Alligator mississippiensis) • aligátor čínský (Alligator sinensis)
rod Paleosuchus
druhy: kajman trpasličí (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) • kajman klínohlavý (Paleosuchus trigonatus)
rod kajman (Caiman)
druhy: kajman paraguayský (Caiman yacare) • kajman brýlový (Caiman crocodilus) • kajman šíronosý (Caiman latirostris)
rod Melanosuchus
druh: kajman černý (Melanosuchus niger)
čeleď krokodýlovití (Crocodylidae)
rod krokodýl (Crocodylus)
druhy: krokodýl americký (Crocodylus acutus) • krokodýl orinocký (Crocodylus intermedius) • krokodýl Johnstonův (Crocodylus johnsoni) • krokodýl filipínský (Crocodylus mindorensis) • krokodýl Moreletův (Crocodylus moreletii) • krokodýl nilský (Crocodylus niloticus) • krokodýl západoafrický (Crocodylus suchus) • krokodýl novoguinejský (Crocodylus novaeguineae) • krokodýl bahenní (Crocodylus palustris) • krokodýl mořský (Crocodylus porosus) • krokodýl kubánský (Crocodylus rhombifer) • krokodýl siamský (Crocodylus siamensis)
rod Mecistops
druh: krokodýl štítnatý (Mecistops cataphractus)
rod Osteolaemus
druh: krokodýl čelnatý (Osteolaemus tetraspis)
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Aligátor severoamerický: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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ikona Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

Aligátor severoamerický či aligátor americký, aligátor mississippský nebo aligátor štikohlavý (Alligator mississippiensis) je jeden ze dvou žijících druhů aligátorů, zástupce čeledi aligátorovitých (Alligatoridae). Aligátor severoamerický obývá pouze jihovýchod Spojených států amerických, kde žije v močálech, řekách nebo bažinách, které se často překrývají s oblastmi, které obývají lidé. Co do velikosti je větší, než jeho nejbližší příbuzný aligátor čínský (Alligator sinensis). Má velké, tmavé, silné tělo se silnými končetinami, širokou hlavou a velice silným ocasem. Samci těchto aligátorů dosahují většinou délky do 5,5 m, největší zaznamenaná délka dosahovala 5,8 m. Ocas je téměř stejně dlouhý jako zbytek aligátorova těla a většinou funguje jako kormidlo při plavání. Občas ho můžou aligátoři použít jako zbraň, pokud se cítí ohrožení, a mířená rána tímto ocasem může představovat u menších živočichů i smrt, u člověka pak velice vážné zlomeniny. Aligátor severoamerický umí velice rychle a obratně plavat a občas i na zemi se může na krátkou vzdálenost pohybovat velice rychle.

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Amerikansk alligator ( Danish )

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Amerikansk alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) er den ene af de to nulevende arter i slægten Alligator.

Videnskabeligt navn

Den franske zoolog François Marie Daudin gav arten det videnskabelige navn Alligator mississipiensis i 1802 idet han troede, at Mississippi-floden blev stavet med kun et 'P'. Den Internationale Kommission for Zoologisk Nomenklatur (ICZN) henstiller til, at man skriver artsnavnet med dobbelt-p, da navnet refererer til Mississippi-floden.

Beskrivelse

Voksne hunner af den amerikanske alligator bliver normalt op til 2,6 meter lange, mens voksne hanner bliver omkring 3,4 meter.[2] Den største han nedlagt i 1890 menes at have målt 5,8 meter.[3] Det største videnskabeligt bekræftede eksemplar er en han fra Florida, der målte 4,23 m og vejede 473 kg.[4] Ca. halvdelen af kropslængden udgøres af halen, så selve dyret opfattes ofte som kortere end det er. Alligatorer vokser hele livet, men efter at de er blevet kønsmodne, sker væksten i et meget langsomt tempo.

Alligatorhanner har en markant forhøjning yderst på snuden, mens denne forhøjning er mindre markant eller slet ikke eksisterende hos hunnerne.

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Alligatorunge, ca. 2 år gammel. Bemærk de gule ryg- og sidestriber.

De unge dyr har på kroppens sider gule striber på en sort baggrund, der virker som camouflage. Efterhånden som dyret bliver ældre, bliver disse striber olivenfarvede, brune og til sidst sorte. Ellers er de voksne alligatorers farve på ryg og sider mørkt olivengrøn, men farven kan variere og er ofte næsten helt sort. På bugen er alligatorer lysere, nærmest flødefarvede. Den mørke farve på ryggen gør den sværere at opdage for byttedyr over vandet, der ofte ser nærmest sort ud, mens den lyse farve på bugen, gør dem sværere at se for byttedyr, der befinder sig under dem, da de så ser dem op mod overfladen.

Alligatorer er forholdsvis hurtige og adrætte dyr i modsætning til, hvad man skulle tro. I vandoverfladen kan alligatorer svømme op til 16 km i timen, og neddykkede kan deres hastighed komme op i nærheden af 25 km i timen. Også på land er alligatoren hurtig, 15–20 km i timen, og over meget korte distancer kan de nå op på næsten 50 km i timen. Alligatorer kan også springe ud af vandet. Unge alligatorer kan springe helt ud af vandet, mens ældre og tungere alligatorer typisk kan springe ca. 2/3 af deres egen kropslængde. Man skal derfor være forsigtig, når man jager eller på anden måde beskæftiger sig med alligatorer.

En af grundene til, at de kan være så hurtige, skyldes nok at alligatorer ånder ligesom fugle. [5]

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Lysende alligatorøjne.

Alligatorens øjne er placeret, så den ikke kan se fremad men kun til siden, mens krokodillers øjne er placeret, så de ser fremad. Hvis man lyser på en alligators øjne i mørke, skinner de rødt.

Leveområder

Alligatoren lever i subtropiske ferskvandsområder, så som marskområder, sumpe, floder, søer mm.

Den amerikanske alligator lever i det sydlige USA (se kortet i boksen), i staterne Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina og South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma og Texas. I begyndelsen af de 20. århundrede fandt der en voldsom jagt sted på alligatorer, som primært blev jaget på grund af deres skind. I 1967 blev den amerikanske alligator registreret som en truet dyreart, og op gennem 1970'erne begyndte man et succesfuldt genopretningsprojekt for bestanden, blandt andet med totalt jagtforbud og udsætning af voksne eksemplarer, og i dag er antallet af amerikanske alligatorer omkring et par millioner. Heraf findes ca. 1 million i Florida og ca. 750.000 i Louisiana. Arten er slettet på listen over truede dyrearter, men er stadig på observationslisten over arter i risikogruppe. En af grundene til at arten fortsat holdes på observationslisterne, er at de har en stor lighed med den amerikanske krokodille, der fortsat er truet af udryddelse. Florida er det eneste sted i verden, hvor der både findes krokodiller og alligatorer i naturen, og der er kun mellem 500 og 1000 eksemplarer af den amerikanske krokodille tilbage i staten.

Formering og levevis

Alligatorer er territoriale dyr, og voksne hanner hævder et territorium på omkring 1,5 km af vandområdet, de lever ved, mens hunner hævder territorier på ca. det halve. Yngre og mindre alligatorer hævder mindre eller ingen territorier.

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Alligatoræg og nyklækkede unger.

Alligatorer har en ingen stemmebånd, men hannerne kan udstøde nogle "brøl" som i parringssæsonen bruges til at lokke hunnerne til. Hør et alligatorbrøl her:

En han parrer sig med 10-15 hunner på en parringssæson, der ligger i forårsmånederne. Hunnerne bliver kønsmodne, når de er omkring 7 til 10 år gamle, derefter parrer de sig hvert år, så længe de lever. I naturen kan alligatorer blive omkring 50-70 år gamle, i fangenskab helt op til 90 år. Hunnerne lægger mellem 20 og 50 æg ad gangen. Imidlertid er det kun omkring 2-3% af ungerne, der overlever til voksenalderen. En alligatorunge er ca. 15 cm lang, når den udklækkes og i naturen vokser de ca. 30 cm pr år. Når en alligator er omkring 1 meter lang, har den ingen naturlige fjender, bortset fra mennesket, mens unge alligatorer er føde for såvel fugle, som store fisk og andre alligatorer.

Alligatorers køn er ikke bestemt lige fra befrugtningstidspunktet, som, tilfældet er hos fx pattedyr. Hvilket køn ungerne får afhænger af den temperatur æggene udsættes for under udrugningen, der varer ca. 65 dage. Hvis temperaturen er under 30 grader celsius, bliver alle æg til hunner, er temperaturen over 34 grader bliver alle æg til hanner. Temperaturer mellem 30 og 34 grader giver unger af begge køn. Æggene lægges i reder, som hunnerne bygger af græs og blade, og rederne placeres ofte på bredden af bayous eller på ”flydende øer”, der driver rundt i marsken. Formålet med rederne er primært at hæve æggene op fra vandoverfladen, så risikoen for at de oversvømmes bliver mindre. Når æggene er lagt dækkes reden af mere vegetation og mudder. Plantedelene rådner efterhånden, hvilket skaber varme, som er med til at udruge ungerne.

Hunnen bliver ikke altid ved reden, når æggene er lagt, men hun holder sig i nærheden, og trues reden vil hun lynhurtigt vende tilbage for at forsvare den. Når æggene er klar til at klækkes, vil hunnen ”åbne” reden, og hjælpe ungerne med at komme ud af ægget, ved at knuse dette forsigtigt mellem tænderne. Kommer moderen ikke tilbage til reden, vil ungerne med stor sandsynlighed dø, for mange kan ikke komme ud af ægget ved egen hjælp, og de vil sandsynligvis ikke kunne komme gennem det lag af vegetation og tørret mudder, der dækker reden. Når æggene er klækket, vil hunnen tage mellem 8 og 10 unger i munden ad gangen og bære dem ned til vandet. Her ryster hun på hovedet i vandet, og får på denne måde ungerne til at svømme ud af munden. Når de kommer ud i vandet, vil ungerne danne stimer, evt. sammen med unger fra andre reder, og de bliver sammen med deres mor i en lang periode, normalt mindst et år, men af og til op til både to og tre år. I den tid passer hunnen på ungerne. Alligatoren er det eneste krybdyr, der passer på sin yngel på denne måde.

Om vinteren og i tørkeperioder går alligatorerne i hi i huler, som de graver i brinkerne på de vandområder, hvor de holder til. "Alligatorhulerne" kan ligge så langt som 6 meter inde i brinkerne, og hulerne graves, så der er luft nok til at alligatorerne kan trække vejret. I disse huler kan dyrene overleve, selv om temperaturen uden for falder til under frysepunktet. På særligt varme dage kommer de ud af deres hi, og lægger sig i solen og varmer sig. Skulle det blive frost mens en alligator er ude af hiet, kan den også overleve korte perioder med frost i modsætning til krokodiller, som vil fryse ihjel i frostvejr, og som derfor ikke kommer ud af hiet i hele dvaleperioden. I dvaleperioden indtager alligatorerne ingen føde, men tærer på de energidepoter, de har opbygget, især i halen, i løbet af sommeren. Også i vand, kan alligatorer overleve i frostvejr. De lægger sig i overfladen med næseborene over vandet, så hvis overfladen fryser, kan de stadig trække vejret. Man har i øvrigt eksempler på, at alligatorer, der er frosset helt fast i is og hvor også næseborene er blevet dækket, har kunnet overleve i op til 8 timer uden at trække vejret!

Føde

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Alligatorer har en kraftig kæbemuskulatur og mange tænder
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Udsigt til et alligatorgab

Alligatorer lever af megen forskellig føde. Unge alligatorer lever primært af små, hvirvelløse dyr, frøer og små fisk. Efterhånden som de vokser udvides føden til at omfatte større fisk, små pattedyr, skildpadder, vandfugle og krybdyr, herunder også mindre alligatorer. Desuden æder alligatorer gerne ådsler af større dyr. Der er rapporteret om hændelser, hvor alligatorer har ædt hunde og andre husdyr, der har svømmet i floder eller bayous, og alligatorer har også angrebet mennesker. Her mener man dog, at alligatorerne må have forvekslet mennesket med et mindre byttedyr eller have følt sig truet. I modsætning til krokodiller betragter alligatorer ikke mennesker som naturlige byttedyr.

Når en alligator skal åbne munden, er den ikke særligt god til det; man kan faktisk med to fingre holde en alligatorens kæber sammen. Når den skal lukke den igen, gør den det så meget mere effektivt. En fuldvoksen gennemsnitsalligator kan bide sammen med mere end 800 kg pr. kvadratcentimeter, hvilket betyder at den nemt kan knuse skjoldet på selv ret store skildpadder foruden knogler på andre dyr, som de æder.

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Det kan gå vildt til, når alligatorer fouragerer.

Alligatorerne ligger og lurer i vandoverfladen, med kun øjnene og næseborene over vandet, og når de opdater et byttedyr angriber de det, og sluger det helt. En alligator har ca. 80 tænder i munden ad gangen og når tænderne er slidt, skiftes de. En gennemsnits alligator kan få mellem 2- og 3.000 tænder i løbet af sine levetid, men tænderne kan ikke anvendes til at tygge med, kun til at fastholde, rive og flå. Er byttedyret for stort til at sluge helt, (fx et dådyr eller lignende) trækker alligatoren det ned under vandet og drukner det, ved den såkaldte dødsrulning, hvor alligatoren simpelthen roterer om sin egen længdeakse indtil dyret er druknet eller mindre stykker løsrives fra dyret.. Når dyret er druknet, gemmer alligatoren det under en sunket træstamme, eller andet, der er egnet til at fastholde byttet. Her får det så lov til at ligge og gå i forrådnelse i 2-3 uger, indtil alligatoren kan rive stykker af det, og sluge disse.

Når en alligator har føde, spiser den alt det den overhovedet kan komme af sted med. Er der føde nok, kan den næsten bogstaveligt spise til den revner. Der er eksempler på, at alligatorer har ædt sig ihjel, når der var føde nok. Til gengæld kan de overleve uden føde i lange perioder, hvis der er fødeknaphed i deres territorium. Hvor meget føde, de har behov for afhænger også af omgivelsernes temperatur. Jo koldere det er, jo mindre behøver alligatoren at spise. Når vandtemperaturen falder til omkring 27 grader celsius begynder de at miste appetitten, og omkring 20 grader holder de simpelthen op med at fouragere.

Alligatorfarme

I Florida, Texas og Louisiana er alligatorfarme almindelige. I 1970'erne blev mange af disse farme oprettet som en del af genropretningsprojekt for alligatorbestanden og dette projekt løber fortsat. Derfor indsamles æg fra alligatorreder, og disse udklækkes så på farmene, hvor dyrene så bliver til de er omkring 2-3 år gamle. På farmene er væksten op mod det dobbelte af væksten i naturen, så når ungerne udsættes i naturen er de 1 – 1,5 meter lange og har dermed betydeligt større chance for at overleve. Det har vist sig, at omkring 15-20% af de indsamlede æg udvikler sig til alligatorer, som efter udsættelse overlever ind i voksenalderen i modsætning til de 2-3% af de æg, der udklækkes i naturen.

I dag drives også alligatorfarme med henblik på en kommerciel udnyttelse af alligatorerne. Hoveder eller kranier sælges ofte som souvenirs til turister. Skindet forarbejdes til beklædning, sko, bælter eller tasker og punge. Kødet sælges også og anvendes som føde. Blandet andet sælges mørbrad og filet og af og til kan man også købe "alligator vinger", der er fødderne. Kødet er meget magert, kun 2 gram fedt pr. 100 g og slet ingen kulhydrater. Kødet fra halen er hvidt og meget mørt, mens det fra resten er dyret er mørkere og noget fastere. Konsistensen af kødet er som kylling og smagen er let fiskeagtig. Der laves også alligatorpølser, som for pølseelskere skulle være en stor delikatesse. De består typisk af 75% alligatorkød og 25% svinekød. I alt sælges i USA omkring 135 tons alligatorkød til føde hvert år.

Alligatorjagt

I Louisiana findes der ca. 750.000 alligatorer, og for at holde bestanden på et rimeligt niveau og dermed sikre at hele økosystemet ikke generes af en overproduktion af alligatorer, gives der årligt tilladelse til at nedlægge omkring 30.000 dyr. Hvert år laver biologer et overslag over den samlede bestand, og hvor stor en procentdel denne skal reduceres med. Det kan fx være 3-4%.

Det er imidlertid ikke alle, der må jage alligatorer. Ejer man et område med alligatorer bliver bestanden i det konkrete område vurderet af biologer og vildtkonsulenter. Skønner de, at der er fx 100 alligatorer i området, og der skal jages 4% på statsplan, får ejeren tilladelse til at fange 4 alligatorer. Denne tilladelse kan ikke overdrages. Det er dog muligt at lade andre stå for jagten, hvis bare ejeren af det pågældende område deltager i jagten. Det benytter nogle ejere sig af, til at sælge alligatorjagtture for flere tusinde dollars.

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Det ser ud til at denne alligator griner, måske af en uheldig jæger!.

For hver alligator, der gives tilladelse til at fange, udleveres et særligt mærke til ejeren, som identificerer denne. Straks når alligatoren er fanget, skal dette mærke sættes i dyrets skin, nærmere betegnet i det 6 rygskæl, talt fra halespidsen, og mærket ”forsegles”. Dette mærke skal blive i skindet under hele forarbejdningsprocessen, indtil skindet bruges til jakker, bælter eller tasker. Mærket kontrolleres jævnligt undervejs af myndighederne, og de virksomheder, der forarbejder skindet, skal kunne gøre rede for alle de skind, de har brugt. Kun skind, der er forsynet med mærke, må indhandles. Da der kun udleveres et antal mærker, svarende til det antal dyr, der må nedlægges, kan man på denne måde kontrollere jagtens størrelse. "Krybskytteri" på alligatorer straffes strengt, og det gælder både for jægere, der nedlægger flere dyr end de har tilladelse til, og for jægere, der nedlægger dyr helt uden tilladelse eller uden for deres eget område. I Louisiana straffes krybskytteri på alligatorer med 10 års fængsel og $10.000 i bøde som maksimum, og maksimumstraffen anvendes stort set altid. Er krybskytten en autoriseret alligatorjæger, får han desuden altid inddraget sin licens. Selve fangsten af alligatorer er under alle omstændigheder begrænset til eksemplarer på minimum 6 fod (183 cm). Mindre eksemplarer skal sættes ud igen. Jagten er desuden begrænset til få måneder hvert år.

Fangsten foregår typisk på den måde, at alligatorjægeren om aftenen sejler ud til de steder, hvor han ved at alligatorer holder til. Her binder han en ca. 10 meter lang snor til en gren, et godt stykke over vandoverfladen. I enden af snoren sidder en ca. 10 cm lang og ca. ½ cm tyk jernkrog. På denne krog anbringes en kylling, der har været slagtet i 5-6 dage, så den har en kraftig lugt af ådsel. Krogen anbringes, så den hænger 50–60 cm over vandet. Derefter forlader jægeren stedet. Alligatorer, der primært jager om natten, får nu færten af byttet. De ”springer” ud af vandet og sluger kyllingen hel, og dermed også krogen. Når de nu svømmer væk, vil de trække snoren ud til de ikke kan komme længere. Når de opdager at de ”er fanget”, vil de dykke ned til bunden og gemme sig i mudderet. Krogens placering inde i kyllingen sikrer at alligatoren ikke såres af krogen. Næste dag kommer ejeren så tilbage og kontrollerer fælden. Når han kan se, at krogen ikke længere hænger på sin plads ved han, at der er en alligator i den anden ende. Nu vil han så – meget forsigtigt – hale alligatoren op fra bunden. Hvis alligatoren er under 6 fod kappes snoren, og alligatoren kan svømme væk. Krogen lader man forblive hvor den er. Alligatoren har så stærk en mavesyre, at selv en så kraftig krog som man anvender til fangsten, vil være gået fuldstændigt i opløsning på 3-4 uger – uden at alligatoren er blevet skadet. Er alligatoren stor nok, skal den derimod slås ihjel. Tidligere knuste man hovedet på den med en økse, men den metode er man gået bort fra i dag. Efter at man begyndte at sælge kranierne til turister, var det simpelt hen for besværligt at rekonstruere dem, når kraniet var knust. Nogle jægere stikker en kniv i hjernen på dyret, men den mest almindelige metode er at skyde den med en kaliber 22 riffel. Her gælder det dog om at ramme meget præcist. Alligatorens hud på hovedet er meget hård, og hovedskallen er meget kraftig, så der er kun et lille område lige over øjnene, hvor man kan skyde dyret. Hvert år er der jægere, som ikke rammer rigtigt, og så sker det at de selv eller deres jagtkammerater bliver ramt at kuglen, der rikochetterer fra dyrets hoved – af og til med dødelig udgang, og så kan man vel sige, at det var alligatoren, som trak det længste strå.

Konfrontationer med mennesker

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Selv om de ser fredelige ud, skal man ikke komme i nærkontakt med alligatorer.

Bortset fra jagtulykker, hvor der altså dør 2-3 mennesker om året, har der i mange år kun været få konfrontationer mellem alligatorer og mennesker, da alligatorer som regel holder sig på afstand af mennesker i modsætning til mange krokodillearter, fx nilkrokodillen, der opfatter mennesker som naturlige byttedyr. Det sker dog at alligatorer dræber mennesker. Fra 1970 til slutningen af 1990'erne blev 9 mennesker dræbt af alligatorer i USA. Ofte sker dødsfald som følge af infektioner forårsaget af alligatorbid, eller som følge af at et menneske bliver ramt af et slag fra alligatorens hale.

Antallet af rapporter om alligatoroverfald på mennesker er dog vokset meget inden for de seneste 5 år, hvor 11 mennesker i USA er blevet dræbt af alligatorer, alene 3 i 2006. Årsagen til denne stigning er formodentlig at mennesket trænger mere og mere ind på alligatorernes leveområder, og at man ikke respekterer at alligatoren faktisk er et rovdyr. Ikke mindst er alligatorhunner meget aggressive overfor alt, hvad der nærmer sig rederne, når der er æg.

Alligatorhistorier

Som med mange andre rovdyr, fortælles der mange historier om alligatorer. Her er et par stykker:

  • En alligators længde kan bedømmes ved at se på dens hoved. Afstanden mellem næsebor og øjne, målt i tommer, svarer til alligatorens samlede længde, målt i fod.
  • Alligatorer laver altid deres dødsrulning mod uret, mens krokodiller altid roterer med uret.
  • Alligatorer er meget hurtige dyr, men på grund af deres kropslængde i forhold til benlængden, er de ikke så gode til at skifte retning. De skal stort set standse helt op, før de kan fortsætte i en anden retning, så skulle man blive forfulgt af en alligator, kan man undslippe ved at løbe i zigzag.

Se også

Kilder/referencer

  1. ^ Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). Alligator mississippiensis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 29. januar 2017.
  2. ^ "Gator factsheet" (PDF). Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. Hentet 14. august 2012.
  3. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  4. ^ Woodward, A. R.; White, J. H. & Linda, S. B. (1995). "Maximum size of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)". Journal of Herpetology. 29 (4): 507-513. JSTOR 1564733.
  5. ^ University of Utah (2010, January 15). Alligators breathe like birds, study finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 24, 2010 Citat: "...By demonstrating one-way or "unidirectional" airflow within the lungs of alligators, the new study -- published in the Jan. 15 issue of the journal Science -- means that such a breathing pattern likely evolved before 246 million years ago, when crocodilians split from the branch of the archosaur family tree that led to pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds..."
  • Engelsk Wiki (3 forskellige artikler om alligatorer)
  • Samtaler med National Park Rangers i Barrataria Preserve i Louisiana samt "alligatorguider" fra samme område
  • Oplysningsmateriale fra Jean Lafitte National Park i Louisiana

Eksterne henvisninger

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Amerikansk alligator: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Amerikansk alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) er den ene af de to nulevende arter i slægten Alligator.

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Mississippi-Alligator ( German )

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Junge Mississippi-Alligatoren

Der Mississippi-Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), auch Hechtalligator genannt, ist ein im Südosten der USA lebender Alligator.

Verbreitung

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Verbreitung

Der Mississippi-Alligator kommt in den Bundesstaaten North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma und Texas vor, wo er meist langsam fließende Süßwasserflüsse, Sümpfe, Marschland und Seen bewohnt. Jedoch gab es auch schon Sichtungen in Memphis, Tennessee.

In Florida kommt der Mississippi-Alligator unter anderem im Everglades-Nationalpark vor.

Äußere Merkmale

Der Mississippi-Alligator wird bis zu sechs Meter lang, weist jedoch meist nur eine Länge von dreieinhalb bis vier Metern auf. Die Schnauze der Tiere ist breit, flach und vorn stumpf abgerundet. Die Färbung ist dunkel, fast schwarz, die Jungtiere haben gelbliche Querbänder. Die Bauchseite ist dunkel, kann aber auch hell sein.

Ernährung

Das Nahrungsspektrum der Alligatoren ist sehr groß und umfasst Fische, Vögel, Schildkröten, Schnecken und Säugetiere. Jungtiere, für die größere Beute noch ungeeignet ist, vertilgen Insekten, Spinnen, Larven, Weichtiere und Würmer. Ausgewachsene Exemplare erbeuten sogar Tiere von der Größe eines Schafes oder Wildschweins. Auch kleinere Artgenossen sind nicht vor ihnen sicher. Angriffe auf Menschen sind jedoch eher selten, da Alligatoren Menschen scheuen.

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Alligatornest

Fortpflanzung

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Schwimmender Mississippi-Alligator

Die Paarungszeit des Mississippi-Alligators beginnt im Frühjahr. Die Männchen erzeugen in dieser Zeit tiefe Bellgeräusche, um die Weibchen anzulocken und ihre Konkurrenten auf Distanz zu halten. Sie verfügen jedoch über keine Stimmbänder, sondern erzeugen die Geräusche mit ihrer Lunge. Das Weibchen errichtet in Wassernähe ein Nest aus pflanzlichem Material. Dort legt es bis zu 50 Eier ab, welche durch die Wärme der verrottenden Pflanzen ausgebrütet werden. Dabei hängt es von der Bruttemperatur ab, welches Geschlecht die Jungtiere haben werden. Das Weibchen beschützt sein Gelege bis zum Schlupf der Jungtiere, welche es ausgräbt und in seinem Maul zum Wasser trägt. Die gelbgestreiften Jungtiere ernähren sich zunächst noch von ihrem Dottersack und bleiben etwa fünf Monate in der Nähe ihrer Mutter, ehe sie ein eigenständiges Leben beginnen. Diese beschützt sie auch vor ihren zahlreichen Feinden wie Waschbären, Reihern und den eigenen Artgenossen.

Mensch und Mississippi-Alligatoren

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Mississippi-Alligator im Tierpark Hellabrunn
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Mississippi-Alligator im Oasis Park auf Fuerteventura

Es gibt nicht viele Hinweise auf den Umgang der Ureinwohner mit den Alligatoren. Lediglich eine Radierung von Theodore de Bryce Le Moin aus dem Jahr 1565 zeigt Indianer aus dem heutigen Florida, die Alligatoren mit langen Spießen jagen. Erst in den letzten Jahrhunderten wurden die Krokodile ihrer Häute und ihres Fleisches wegen intensiv bejagt. Die ersten Erwähnungen zur Nutzung von Krokodilhäuten stammen aus dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Eine kommerzielle Jagd setzte mit dem Sezessionskrieg 1861 bis 1865 ein. Die Nachfrage nach Produkten aus Krokodilleder, besonders nach Schuhen, Gürteln und Taschen stieg in dieser Zeit deutlich an. Auch der Fang von Jungalligatoren und deren Verkauf – lebend oder präpariert – war sehr lukrativ. Um etwa 1900 brachen die Bestände des Mississippi-Alligators aufgrund der starken Bejagung zusammen, und die Krokodiljagd verlagerte sich nach Mittel- und Südamerika. Laut IUCN gilt die Art mittlerweile wieder als ungefährdet. Nach dem BNatSchG ist der Mississippi-Alligator allerdings seit dem 31. August 1980 besonders geschützt.[1] Die Einfuhr lebender oder toter Tiere in die Europäische Union bedarf der Genehmigung ebenso wie die Einfuhr von Waren, die aus Teilen des Mississippi-Alligators hergestellt wurden.

Die Haltung von Alligatoren als Terrarientiere ist aufgrund der Größe und Unberechenbarkeit der Tiere vergleichsweise schwierig. In Tiergärten sind Mississippi-Alligatoren jedoch recht häufig zu finden.

Für Menschen können Alligatoren zur Gefahr werden, wenn sie sich an Flüssen aufhalten oder mit kleinen Motorbooten auf dem Fluss bewegen, da der Motorenlärm die Angriffslust verstärken kann. CrocBITE, die weltweite Datenbank für Krokodilangriffe der Charles Darwin University, registrierte seit 1969 (Stand: Juli 2019) 243 Attacken durch Mississippi-Alligatoren auf Menschen, 37 davon endeten für das Opfer tödlich.[2]

Besonderheiten

Alligatoren und Kaimane vertragen Kälte viel besser als echte Krokodile. So kann der Mississippi-Alligator in einer Kältestarre über zwei bis drei Monate selbst Minusgrade überleben[3], ohne sich einzugraben. Dabei liegt er im Flachwasserbereich, sodass nur seine Schnauzenspitze aus der Wasseroberfläche herausragt. Gefriert das Gewässer, bleibt durch dieses selbstgeschaffene Atemloch eine Möglichkeit zu atmen.[4]

Mississippi-Alligatoren verfügen, wie andere Vertreter der Crocodylia auch, über ein ausgeprägtes Kommunikationssystem, da ihnen eine Vielzahl verschiedener Laute zur Verfügung stehen. Der Paarungsruf („bellow“) des Mississippi-Alligators kann eine Lautstärke von 91–94 Dezibel an Land und 121–125 Dezibel unter Wasser erreichen,[5] wobei die Formanten des Rufes Hinweise auf die Größe des Tieres liefern.[6]

Für den Mississippi-Alligator wurden 1984 Hinweise auf einen Magnetsinn publiziert.[7]

Literatur

  • Charles A. Ross (Hrsg.): Krokodile und Alligatoren – Entwicklung, Biologie und Verbreitung. Jahr, Hamburg 1994, Orbis, Niedernhausen 2002. ISBN 3-572-01319-4

Einzelnachweise

  1. Datenbank des Bundesamtes für Naturschutz in Bonn; www.wisia.de
  2. CrocBITE – Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database, abgerufen am 22. Juli 2019
  3. Tierisch trickreich. Weshalb sich Alligatoren im Winter freiwillig einfrieren lassen. In: geo.de. 1. März 2021, abgerufen am 8. März 2021.
  4. Coole Reptilien und ihre Tricks. Eingefrorene Alligatoren und vereiste Frösche. In: MDR.de. 7. Januar 2018, abgerufen am 19. August 2018.
  5. A. L. Vergne, M. B. Pritz & N. Mathevon: Acoustic communication in crocodilians: from behaviour to brain. In: Biological Reviews, Vol. 84, S. 391–411, 2009. (Digitalisat)
  6. St. A. Reber, J. Janisch, K. Terregrosa, J. Darlington, K. A. Vliet & W. T. Fitch: Formants provide honest acoustic cues to body size in American alligators. In: Nature - Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 11 S., 2017. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01948-1 (pdf)
  7. Gordon H. Rodda: The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity. In: Journal of Comparative Physiology A. Band 154, Nr. 5, 1984, S. 649–658, doi:10.1007/BF01350218.
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Mississippi-Alligator: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Junge Mississippi-Alligatoren

Der Mississippi-Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), auch Hechtalligator genannt, ist ein im Südosten der USA lebender Alligator.

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Alligator mississippiensis ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Alligator mississippiensis es un specie de Alligator.

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American alligator ( Scots )

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The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), whiles referred tae colloquially as a gator or common alligator, is a lairge crocodilian reptile endemic tae the sootheastren Unitit States. It is ane o twa livin species in the genus Alligator within the faimily Alligatoridae; it is lairger nor the ither extant alligator species, the Cheenese alligator. Adult male American alligators meisur 3.4 tae 4.6 m (11 tae 15 ft) in lenth, an can weigh up tae 453 kg (1,000 lb). Females are smawer, meisurin around 3 m (9.8 ft). The American alligator indwalls freshwatter wetlands, such as marshes an cypress swamps frae Texas tae North Carolina. It is distinguished frae the sympatric American crocodile bi its broader snout, wi owerlappin jaws an darker colouration, an is less tolerant o sautwatter but mair tolerant o cuiler climates nor the American crocodile, which is foond anly in tropical climates.

References

  1. Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). "Alligator mississippiensis". IUCN Reid Leet o Threatened Species. Version 2008. Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
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American alligator: Brief Summary ( Scots )

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The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), whiles referred tae colloquially as a gator or common alligator, is a lairge crocodilian reptile endemic tae the sootheastren Unitit States. It is ane o twa livin species in the genus Alligator within the faimily Alligatoridae; it is lairger nor the ither extant alligator species, the Cheenese alligator. Adult male American alligators meisur 3.4 tae 4.6 m (11 tae 15 ft) in lenth, an can weigh up tae 453 kg (1,000 lb). Females are smawer, meisurin around 3 m (9.8 ft). The American alligator indwalls freshwatter wetlands, such as marshes an cypress swamps frae Texas tae North Carolina. It is distinguished frae the sympatric American crocodile bi its broader snout, wi owerlappin jaws an darker colouration, an is less tolerant o sautwatter but mair tolerant o cuiler climates nor the American crocodile, which is foond anly in tropical climates.

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Amerikańsczi aligator ( Kashubian )

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Amerikańsczi aligator

Amerikańsczi aligator (Alligator mississippiensis) – to je ôrt gadzënë z rodzëznë aligatorowatëch. Òn żëje w Nordowi Americe.


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Bí-kok té-chhùi-kho̍k ( Nan )

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Bí-kok té-chhùi-kho̍k (Eng-gí: American alligator), ha̍k-miâ Alligator mississippiensis, sī té-chhùi-kho̍k (alligator) ê nn̄g chéng chi it. Chit chióng kho̍k-hîBí-kok ê tang-lâm tē-khu ê tâm-tē seng-oa̍h.

Bûn-hiàn

  1. Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). Alligator mississipiensis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 24 February 2009.
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Bí-kok té-chhùi-kho̍k: Brief Summary ( Nan )

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Bí-kok té-chhùi-kho̍k (Eng-gí: American alligator), ha̍k-miâ Alligator mississippiensis, sī té-chhùi-kho̍k (alligator) ê nn̄g chéng chi it. Chit chióng kho̍k-hîBí-kok ê tang-lâm tē-khu ê tâm-tē seng-oa̍h.

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Американски алигатор ( Macedonian )

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Американскиот алигатор (Alligator mississippiensis) е еден од двата преживеани видови на алигатори, род од фамилијата Alligatoridae. Американскиот алигатор живее само на територијата на југоисточен САД, каде ги населува мочурливите земјишта. Овој вид е поголем од другиот преживен вид на алигатор – кинескиот алигатор.

Распространетост и живеалиште

Американскиот алигатор го среќаваме во југоисточниот дел на САД, од Северна Каролина, јужно до Флорида и западно до јужниот дел на Тексас. Ги среќаваме во државите Северна Каролина, Јужна Каролина, Џорџија, Флорида, Алабама, Мисисипи, Арканзас, Луизијана, Тексас и Оклахома.

Иако првенствено се слатководни животни, алигаторите понекогаш ги среќаваме и во деловите каде има мешање на слатка и морска вода[1]. Овие животни живеат во мочуришни земјишта. Алигаторите зависат од мочуриштата, и на одреден начин и мочуриштата зависат од нив. Како суперпредатори, тие ја контролираат бројноста на популациите на глодари и други животни кои доколку се во преголем број можат да ја уништат мочуришната вегетација.

Американските алигатори се поотпорни на ладно од американскиот крокодил. За разлика од крокодилите кои на температура од -13 оС брзо подлегнуваат на ладното и се дават, американскиот алигатор ги издржува овие температури без проблеми[2]. Се смета дека поради оваа адаптативна карактеристика алигаторите се далеку пораспространети на север од американските крокодили[2]. Всушност американскиот алигатор е најсеверно распространето крокодиловидно животно, и најотпорен на ниски температури[3].

Алигаторски дупки

Најголема корист за мочуриштето и неговите жители се „алигаторските дупки“ кои ги градат возрасните индивидуи на алигатори и ги прошируваат низ годините[4]. Алигаторот ја употребува устата и канџите да ја раскопува вегетацијата за да го расчисти просторот, а потоа туркајќи со телото и удирајќи со опашката, создава депресија која се полни со вода за време на влажната сезона а потоа ја држи водата откако ќе престанат дождовите. За време на сувата сезона, поточно за време на големите суши, алигаторските дупки ги снабдуваат со вода рибите, инсектите, раковите, змииите, желките, птиците и другите животни вклучувајќи го и алигаторот.

Понекогаш, алигаторот може да ги прошири овие дупки со копање под надвиснат брег за да создаде скриено дувло. После тунелот кој може да биде долг и до 6 метри, тој го проширува дувлото, прваејќи еден вид на соба со таван доволно повисок од нивото на водата за да има простор за дишење. Ова не е алигаторско гнездо, туку само начин за преживување на сувата сезона и зимата.

Карактеристики

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Американски алигатор во Флорида

Американскиот алигатор има широко, малку заоблено тело со широка глава и многу моќна опашка. Најчесто имаат темнозелена, кафена, сива или скоро црна боја на кожата со кремави нијанси на стомакот. Водите богати со алги им даваат на алигаторите позеленкаста боја, додека танините од надвиснатите дрвја им даваат потемна боја. Возрасните мажјаци се долги помеѓу 3,96 и 4,48 метри, додека женките се со просечна должина од 3 метри[5][6]. Најтешките мажјаци од овој вид достигнуваат околу 473 килограми, а најтешките жeнки околу 130 килограми[7]. Најголемиот регистриран американски алигатор бил со должина од 5,8 метри[8]. Опашката која е половина од вкупната должина на алигаторот првично се користи за пливање. Опашката исто така ја користат и како оружје за одбрана доколку се почувствуваат загрозени. Алигаторите во вода се движат многу брзо, но затоа се далеку побавни на копно. Поседуваат пет канџи на двете предни нозе и по четири канџи на задните. Американскиот алигатор има најсилен загризок од сите живи животни. Измерен во лабораториски услови изнесува 9452 N[9].

Некои алигатори не го поседуваат генот за меланин, што ги прави албино. Овие алигатори се екстремно ретки и е речиси невозможно да се сретнат во дивината. Албино алигаторите преживуваат само во заробеништво. Како сите албино животни, и овие се многу ранливи на сонце и лесно забележливи за предаторите[10].

Исхрана

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Американски алигатор со својот плен - возрасен елен

Алигаторите се хранат со риби, птици, желки, змии, цицачи и влекачи. Младенчињата сепак се хранат со помал плен како без’рбетници, односно инсекти, ларви, полжави, пајаци и црви. Тие исто така јадат и мали риби. Како растат така одбираат се поголем плен. Така за кратко време тие почнуваат да јадат риби, мекотели, жаби и мали цицачи како стаорци и глувци. Младите алигатори имаат поголем избор на плен, од змии и желки до птици и цицачи со средна големина како ракуни.

Откако ќе достигнат зрелост секое животно кое живее во водата или доаѓа до водата за да пие вода е потенцијален плен. Возрасните крокодили јадат и елени, домашни животни од типот на крава и овца, но и помали алигатори. Во ретки случаи забележани се големи мажјаци на американски алигатор како ловат американска црна мечка или пантер од Флорида, што го прави алигаторот вистински суперпредатор во регионите каде што живее[11]. Американскиот алигатор е познат и под името „Кралот од Еверглејдс“[12].

Желудникот на алигаторот често содржи гастролити. Функцијата на овие камења е дробење на храната што помага при дигестијата. Ова е доста важо, бидејќи алигаторите го голтаат целиот плен.

Размножување

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Младенче на алигатор
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Младенче со впечатливите жолти пруги на телото

Сезоната на парење започнува на пролет. Иако алигаторите немаат гласни жици, мажјаците рикаат гласно за да ги привлечат женките и да ги предупредат останатите мажјаци. Овие рикања ги произведуваа со воздух кој го вдишуват во белите дробови а потоа го ипуштаат во испрекинати интервали.

Мажјаците употребуваат и инфразвук за време на сезоната за парење. Додека нивната глава и опаш се над водата а телото е нурнато, водата над грбот прска поради нивното инфразвучно рикање, и ова се нарекува „танц на водата“.[1]

Женките градат гнезда од растенија и кал во близина на вода. Во нив положуваат 20 до 50 јајца, по големина слични на гускините. Oва ги разликува од нилските крокодили, кои јајцата ги положуваат во дупки[2]. Температурата на која се наоѓаат јајцата за време на периодот на инкубација е одлучувачки фактор за полот на младите алигатори. Доколку температурата е 32,2 - 33,8 °C се развиваат машки, а доколу е 27,7 – 30 °C се развиваат женски. Доколу температураат е помеѓу, тогаш леглото е мешано, односно има и машки и женки алигатори. Мајката останува близу до гнездото за време на периодот на инкубација кој трае 65 дена и го заштитува од предатори. Кога младите почнуваат да излегуваат од јајцата испуштаат високо-фрекфентни крикови, со кои ја повикуваат мајката да го откопа гнездото.

Младенчињата се морфолошки идентични со родителите, и имаат жолти пруги околу нивните тела. По излегувањето од јајцата тие се упатуваат директно кон водата. Првите неколку дена живеат на резервите од жолчка кои ги имаат во стомаците. Мајката се грижи за младите во следните 5 месеци.

Алигаторите достигнуваат зрелост за парење на возраст помеѓу 8 и 13 години, кога се долги 1,8 - 2,1 метри. Од оваа возраст, ниниот раст станува побавен. Најстарите мажјаци кои имаат 30 или повеќе години можат да пораснат и до должина од 4,85 метри[13] и да тежат до 510 килограми.

Алигаторите и луѓето

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Борба на алигатор и питон

Алигаторите се способни да убијат човек, но генерално се доста претпазливи и не ги гледаат луѓето како потенцијален плен. Каснувањето од алигатор е сериозна повреда најмногу поради опасноста од инфекција. Неадекватен третман на ваквите рани може да резултира со сериозни инфекции поради кои е неопходна ампутација на екстремитетот. Опашката на алигаторот е исто така моќно оружје со кое може да бутне човек на земја и да крши коски. Алигаторите се родители кои се однесуваат заштитнички спрема нивните млади, и напаѓаат било што што ќе се доближи премногу или претставува закана.

Ов 1948 година, регистрирани се повеќе од 275 неиспровоцирани напади на луѓе во Флорида, од кои најмалку 17 резултирале со смрт[14]. За време на 70тите, 80тите и 90тите години, имало само 9 фатални напади во САД, но алигаторите убиле 12 луѓе од 2001 до 2007 година.

Одгледување

Одгледувањето на алигатори е во вистински пораст на Флорида, во Тексас, во Џорџија и во Луизијана. Овие три држави годишно произведуваат околу 45 000 кожи од алигатор. Овие кожи достигнуваат висока цена на пазарот, па така кожа со должина од 1,8-2 метри достигнува цена од 300 долари. Производството на месо од алигатор исто така е доста популарно, па годишно се произведуваат и до 140 тони. Според оделот за земјоделство на Флорида, 100 грама месо од алигатор има 240 калории[15].

Заштитен статус

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Американски алигатор од Мисисипи

Низ историјата, алигаторите биле изумрени во многу делови од нивната распространетост поради прекумерниот лов и загубата на природното живеалиште, па така пред 30тина години луѓето мислеле дека овој вид нема никогаш да закрепне. Во 1967 година, американскиот алигатор е ставен на листата на загрозени видови, со што се сметало дека е во опасност од изумирање на сите територии на кои бил распространет.

Заедничките напори на „United States Fish and Wildlife Service“ државната агенција во САД, и формираните одгледувачки фарми помогнале за спасување на овој вид. Ловот на алигаторот станал забранет со закон, што овозможило зголемување на бројот на индивидуите во природата. Постојат и програми за набљудување со кои се следи зголемувањето на популациите. Во 1987 година, агенцијата објавува дека бројноста на американскиот алигатор е стабилизирана и полека го трга од листата на загрозени видови.

Наводи

  1. „American Alligator“. Uga.edu. конс. 2008-12-02.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. стр. 195. ISBN 0715352725.
  3. Alligator physiology and life history: the importance of temperature, Valentine A. Lance. Experimental Gerontology, Vol. 38, Issue 7, 20 јули,03, pp. 801-805.
  4. http://www.fws.gov/endangered/factsheets/alligator.pdf
  5. „Crocodilian Species - American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)“. Flmnh.ufl.edu. конс. 2008-10-14.
  6. „ADW: Alligator mississippiensis: Information“. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. конс. 2008-10-14.
  7. Woodward, Allan R.; White, John H.; Linda, Stephen B.. Maximum Size of the Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). „Journal of Herpetology“ том 29 (4): 507-513.
  8. „Salt Grass Flats - American Alligator“. Saltgrassflats.com. конс. 2008-12-02.
  9. The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (PDF). „Journal of Zoology“ том 260 (3): 317-327. http://www.alligatorfarm.us/images/Research/Erickson%20et%20al.%202003.pdf.
  10. „White albino alligators“. .softpedia.com. конс. 2008-10-27.
  11. „American Alligator“. Sciencedaily.com. конс. 2008-10-14.
  12. „Alligator Page 2“. Biol.andrews.edu. конс. 2008-10-14.
  13. „Animal Planet :: Australia Zoo - American Alligator“. Animal.discovery.com. 13 октомври, 2008. конс. 2008-10-14. Check date values in: |date= (помош)
  14. „Living with Alligators“. Myfwc.com. конс. 2008-10-14.
  15. „Calories in Alligator, Crocodile“. Annecollins.com. конс. 2008-12-11.

Наворешни врски

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Американски алигатор: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

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Американскиот алигатор (Alligator mississippiensis) е еден од двата преживеани видови на алигатори, род од фамилијата Alligatoridae. Американскиот алигатор живее само на територијата на југоисточен САД, каде ги населува мочурливите земјишта. Овој вид е поголем од другиот преживен вид на алигатор – кинескиот алигатор.

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American alligator

provided by wikipedia EN

The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), sometimes referred to colloquially as a gator or common alligator, is a large crocodilian reptile native to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the two extant species in the genus Alligator, and is larger than the only other living alligator species, the Chinese alligator.

The American alligator is the largest reptile in North America. Adult male American alligators measure 3.4 to 4.6 m (11.2 to 15.1 ft) in length, and can weigh up to 453 kg (1,000 lb), with unverified sizes of up to 5.84 m (19.2 ft) and weights of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) making it the second largest member of the family Alligatoridae, after the black caiman. Females are smaller, measuring 2.6 to 3 m (8.5 to 9.8 ft) in length.[5][6][7][8][9] The American alligator inhabits subtropical and tropical freshwater wetlands, such as marshes and cypress swamps, from southern Texas to North Carolina.[10] It is distinguished from the sympatric American crocodile by its broader snout, with overlapping jaws and darker coloration, and is less tolerant of saltwater but more tolerant of cooler climates than the American crocodile, which is found only in tropical and warm subtropical climates.

American alligators are apex predators and consume fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Hatchlings feed mostly on invertebrates. They play an important role as ecosystem engineers in wetland ecosystems through the creation of alligator holes, which provide both wet and dry habitats for other organisms. Throughout the year (in particular during the breeding season), American alligators bellow to declare territory, and locate suitable mates.[11] Male American alligators use infrasound to attract females. Eggs are laid in a nest of vegetation, sticks, leaves, and mud in a sheltered spot in or near the water. Young are born with yellow bands around their bodies and are protected by their mother for up to one year.[12]

The conservation status of the American alligator is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Historically, hunting had decimated their population, and the American alligator was listed as an endangered species by the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Subsequent conservation efforts have allowed their numbers to increase and the species was removed from endangered status in 1987. The species is the official state reptile of three states: Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

Taxonomy

The American alligator was first classified by French zoologist François Marie Daudin as Crocodilus mississipiensis in 1801. In 1807, Georges Cuvier created the genus Alligator;[13] the American alligator and the Chinese alligator are the only extant species in the genus. They are grouped in the family Alligatoridae with the caimans. The superfamily Alligatoroidea includes all crocodilians (fossil and extant) that are more closely related to the American alligator than to either the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) or the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus).[14]

Phylogeny

Members of this superfamily first arose in the late Cretaceous, about 100–65 million years ago (Mya). Leidyosuchus of Alberta is the earliest known fossil, from the Campanian era 83 to 72 Mya. Fossil alligatoroids have been found throughout Eurasia, because bridges across both the North Atlantic and the Bering Strait connected North America to Eurasia about 66 to 23 Mya.

Alligators and caimans split in North America during the late Cretaceous, and the caimans reached South America by the Paleogene, before the closure of the Isthmus of Panama during the Neogene period, from about 23 to 2.58 Mya. The Chinese alligator likely descended from a lineage that crossed the Bering land bridge during the Neogene. Fossils identical to the existing American alligator are found throughout the Pleistocene, from 2.5 million to 11.7 thousand years ago.[15] In 2016, a Miocene (about 23 to 5.3 Mya) fossil skull of an alligator was found at Marion County, Florida. Unlike the other extinct alligator species of the same genus, the fossil skull was virtually indistinguishable from that of the modern American alligator. This alligator and the American alligator are now considered to be sister taxa, meaning that the A. mississippiensis lineage has existed in North America for over 8 million years.[16]

The alligator's full mitochondrial genome was sequenced in the 1990s, and it suggests the animal evolved at a rate similar to mammals and greater than birds and most cold-blooded vertebrates.[17] However, the full genome, published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds.[18]

Characteristics

American alligator skull

Domestic American alligators range from long and slender to short and robust, possibly in response to variations in factors such as growth rate, diet, and climate.

Size

The American alligator is a relatively large species of crocodilian. On average, it is the largest species in the family Alligatoridae, with only the black caiman being possibly larger.[19] Weight varies considerably depending on length, age, health, season, and available food sources. Similar to many other reptiles that range expansively into temperate zones, American alligators from the northern end of their range, such as southern Arkansas, Alabama, and northern North Carolina, tend to reach smaller sizes. Large adult American alligators tend to be relatively robust and bulky compared to other similar-length crocodilians; for example, captive males measuring 3 to 4 m (9 ft 10 in to 13 ft 1 in) were found to weigh 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb), although captive specimens may outweigh wild specimens due to lack of hunting behavior and other stressors.[20][21]

Large male American alligators reach an expected maximum size up to 4.6 m (15 ft 1 in) in length and weighing up to 453 kg (1,000 lb), while females reach an expected maximum of 3 m (9 ft 10 in).[5][6] However, the largest free-ranging female had a total length of 3.22 m (10 ft 7 in) and weighed 170 kg (370 lb).[22] On rare occasions, a large, old male may grow to an even greater length.[23][24]

Largest

During the 19th and 20th centuries, larger males reaching 5 to 6 m (16 ft 5 in to 19 ft 8 in) were reported.[25] The largest reported individual size was a male killed in 1890 on Marsh Island, Louisiana, and reportedly measured at 5.84 m (19 ft 2 in) in length, but no voucher specimen was available, since the American alligator was left on a muddy bank after having been measured due to having been too massive to relocate.[24] If the size of this animal was correct, it would have weighed about 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).[26] In Arkansas, a man killed an American alligator that was 4.04 m (13 ft 3 in) and 626 kg (1,380 lb).[27] The largest American alligator ever killed in Florida was 5.31 m (17 ft 5 in), as reported by the Everglades National Park, although this record is unverified.[28][29] The largest American alligator scientifically verified in Florida for the period from 1977 to 1993 was reportedly 4.23 m (13 ft 11 in) and weighed 473 kg (1,043 lb), although another specimen (size estimated from skull) may have measured 4.54 m (14 ft 11 in).[20] A specimen that was 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in) long and weighed 458.8 kg (1,011.5 lb) is the largest American alligator killed in Alabama and has been declared the SCI world record in 2014.[30][31]

Reported sizes

Average

American alligators do not normally reach such extreme sizes. In mature males, most specimens grow up to about 3.4 m (11 ft 2 in) in length, and weigh up to 360 kg (790 lb),[7] while in females, the mature size is normally around 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in), with a body weight up to 91 kg (201 lb).[8][9] In Newnans Lake, Florida, adult males averaged 73.2 kg (161 lb) in weight and 2.47 m (8 ft 1 in) in length, while adult females averaged 55.1 kg (121 lb) and measured 2.22 m (7 ft 3 in).[43] In Lake Griffin State Park, Florida, adults weighed on average 57.9 kg (128 lb).[44] Weight at sexual maturity per one study was stated as averaging 30 kg (66 lb) while adult weight was claimed as 160 kg (350 lb).[45]

Relation to age

There is a common belief stated throughout reptilian literature that crocodilians, including the American alligator, exhibit indeterminate growth, meaning the animal continues to grow for the duration of its life. However, these claims are largely based on assumptions and observations of juvenile and young adult crocodilians, and recent studies are beginning to contradict this claim. For example, one long-term mark-recapture study (1979–2015) done at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center in South Carolina found evidence to support patterns of determinate growth, with growth ceasing upon reaching a certain age (43 years for males and 31 years for females).[46]

Sexual dimorphism

While noticeable in very mature specimens, the sexual dimorphism in size of the American alligator is relatively modest among crocodilians.[47] For contrast, the sexual dimorphism of saltwater crocodiles is much more extreme, with mature males nearly twice as long as and at least four times as heavy as female saltwater crocodiles.[48] Given that female American alligators have relatively higher survival rates at an early age and a large percentage of given populations consists of immature or young breeding American alligators, relatively few large mature males of the expected mature length of 3.4 m (11 ft 2 in) or more are typically seen.[49]

Color

Dorsally, adult American alligators may be olive, brown, gray, or black. However, they are on average one of the most darkly colored modern crocodilians (although other alligatorid family members are also fairly dark), and can be reliably be distinguished by color via their more blackish dorsal scales against crocodiles.[23] Meanwhile, their undersides are cream-colored.[50] Some American alligators are missing or have an inhibited gene for melanin, which makes them albino. These American alligators are extremely rare and almost impossible to find in the wild. They could only survive in captivity, as they are very vulnerable to the sun and predators.[51]

Jaws, teeth, and snout

American alligator showing teeth
The snout of an American alligator skull

American alligators have 74–80 teeth.[25] As they grow and develop, the morphology of their teeth and jaws change significantly.[52] Juveniles have small, needle-like teeth that become much more robust and narrow snouts that become broader as the individuals develop.[52] These morphological changes correspond to shifts in the American alligators' diets, from smaller prey items such as fish and insects to larger prey items such as turtles, birds, and other large vertebrates.[52] American alligators have broad snouts, especially in captive individuals. When the jaws are closed, the edges of the upper jaws cover the lower teeth, which fit into the jaws' hollows. Like the spectacled caiman, this species has a bony nasal ridge, though it is less prominent.[25] American alligators are often mistaken for a similar animal: the American crocodile. An easy characteristic to distinguish the two is the fourth tooth. Whenever an American alligator's mouth is closed, the fourth tooth is no longer visible. It is enclosed in a pocket in the upper jaw.

Bite

Adult American alligators held the record as having the strongest laboratory-measured bite of any living animal, measured at up to 13,172 N (1,343.2 kgf; 2,961 lbf). This experiment had not been, at the time of the paper published, replicated in any other crocodilians, and the same laboratory was able to measure a greater bite force of 16,414 N (1,673.8 kgf; 3,690 lbf) in saltwater crocodiles;[53][54] notwithstanding this very high biting force, the muscles opening the American alligator's jaw are quite weak, and the jaws can be held closed by hand or tape when an American alligator is captured. No significant difference is noted between the bite forces of male and female American alligators of equal size.[52] Another study noted that as the American alligator increases in size, the force of its bite also increases.[55]

Movement

"High walk" of an American alligator
X-ray video of a female American alligator showing contraction of the lungs while breathing

When on land, an American alligator moves either by sprawling or walking, the latter involving the reptile lifting its belly off the ground. The sprawling of American alligators and other crocodylians is not similar to that of salamanders and lizards, being similar to walking. Therefore, the two forms of land locomotion can be termed the "low walk" and the "high walk". Unlike most other land vertebrates, American alligators increase their speed through the distal rather than proximal ends of their limbs.[56] In the water, American alligators swim like fish, moving their pelvic regions and tails from side to side.[57] During respiration, air flow is unidirectional, looping through the lungs during inhalation and exhalation;[58] the American alligator's abdominal muscles can alter the position of the lungs within the torso, thus shifting the center of buoyancy, which allows the American alligator to dive, rise, and roll within the water.[59]

Distribution

American alligator (right) and American crocodile (left) at Mrazek Pond, Florida

American alligators, being native both to the Nearctic and Neotropical realms, are found in the wild in the Southeastern United States, from the Lowcountry in South Carolina, south to Everglades National Park in Florida, and west to the southeastern region of Texas.[60] They are found in parts of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Some of these locations appear to be relatively recent introductions, with often small but reproductive populations.[61] Louisiana has the largest American alligator population of any U.S. state. In the future, possible American alligator populations may be found in areas of Mexico adjacent to the Texas border.[62] Alligators have been naturally expanding their range into Tennessee,[63] and have established a small population in the southwestern part of that state via inland waterways, according to the state's wildlife agency.[64]

Conservation status

A leucistic American alligator at Gatorland

American alligators are currently listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List, even though from the 1800s to the mid-1900s, they were being hunted and poached by humans unsustainably. In 1987, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service pronounced the American alligator fully recovered.[65]

Historically, hunting and habitat loss have severely affected American alligator populations throughout their range, and whether the species would survive was in doubt. In 1967, the American alligator was listed as an endangered species (under a law that was the precursor Endangered Species Act of 1973), since it was believed to be in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.[66]

Both the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and state wildlife agencies in the South contributed to the American alligator's recovery. Protection under the Endangered Species Act allowed the species to recuperate in many areas where it had been depleted. States began monitoring their American alligator populations to ensure that they would continue to grow. In 1987, the USFWS removed the animal from the endangered species list, as it was considered to be fully recovered. The USFWS still regulates the legal trade in American alligators and their products to protect still endangered crocodilians that may be passed off as American alligators during trafficking.[66]

American alligators are listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning that international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.[3]

Habitat

They inhabit swamps, streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. A lone American alligator was spotted for over 10 years living in a river north of Atlanta, Georgia.[67] Females and juveniles are also found in Carolina Bays and other seasonal wetlands. While they prefer fresh water, American alligators may sometimes wander into brackish water,[68] but are less tolerant of salt water than American crocodiles, as the salt glands on their tongues do not function.[69] One study of American alligators in north-central Florida found the males preferred open lake water during the spring, while females used both swampy and open-water areas. During summer, males still preferred open water, while females remained in the swamps to construct their nests and lay their eggs. Both sexes may den underneath banks or clumps of trees during the winter.[43]

In some areas of their range, American alligators are an unusual example of urban wildlife; golf courses are often favoured by the species due to an abundance of water and a frequent supply of prey animals such as fish and birds.[70][71]

Cold tolerance

American alligators are less vulnerable to cold than American crocodiles. Unlike an American crocodile, which would immediately succumb to the cold and drown in water at 45 °F (7 °C) or less, an American alligator can survive in such temperatures for some time without displaying any signs of discomfort.[72] This adaptiveness is thought to be why American alligators are widespread further north than the American crocodile.[72] In fact, the American alligator is found farther from the equator and is more equipped to handle cooler conditions than any other crocodilian.[73] When the water begins to freeze, American alligators go into a period of brumation; they stick their snouts through the surface, which allows them to breathe above the ice,[68] and they can remain in this state for several days.[74]

Ecology and behavior

Basking

An American alligator basks on the bank of a pond in Big Cypress National Preserve.

American alligators primarily bask on shore, but also climb into and perch on tree limbs to bask if no shoreline is available. This is not often seen, since if disturbed, they quickly retreat back into the water by jumping from their perch.[75]

Holes

American alligators modify wetland habitats, most dramatically in flat areas such as the Everglades, by constructing small ponds known as alligator holes. This behavior has qualified the American alligator to be considered a keystone species. Alligator holes retain water during the dry season and provide a refuge for aquatic organisms, which survive the dry season by seeking refuge in alligator holes, so are a source of future populations. The construction of nests along the periphery of alligator holes, as well as a buildup of soils during the excavation process, provides drier areas for other reptiles to nest and a place for plants that are intolerant of inundation to colonize. Alligator holes are an oasis during the Everglades dry season, so are consequently important foraging sites for other organisms.[76] In the limestone depressions of cypress swamps, alligator holes tend to be large and deep, while those in marl prairies and rocky glades are usually small and shallow, and those in peat depressions of ridge and slough wetlands are more variable.[77]

A young American alligator preying on a bullfrog
American alligator in the Everglades

Prey

Bite and mastication

The teeth of the American alligator are designed to grip prey, but cannot rip or chew flesh like teeth of some other predators (such as canids and felids), and depend on their gizzard, instead, to masticate their food. The American alligator is capable of biting through a turtle's shell or a moderately sized mammal bone.[78]

Tool use

American alligators have been documented using lures to hunt prey such as birds.[79] This means they are among the first reptiles recorded to use tools. By balancing sticks and branches on their heads, American alligators are able to lure birds looking for suitable nesting material to kill and consume. This strategy, which is shared by the mugger crocodile, is particularly effective during the nesting season, in which birds are more likely to gather appropriate nesting materials.[80] This strategy has been documented in two Florida zoos occurring multiple times a day in peak nesting season and in some parks in Louisiana. The use of tools was documented primarily during the peak rookery season when birds were primarily looking for sticks.[81]

Aquatic vs terrestrial

American alligator about to eat a crab

Fish and other aquatic prey taken in the water or at the water's edge form the major part of American alligator's diet and may be eaten at any time of the day or night. Adult American alligators also spend considerable time hunting on land, up to 160 feet (50 m) from water, ambushing terrestrial animals on trailsides and road shoulders. Usually, terrestrial hunting occurs on nights with warm temperatures.[82] When hunting terrestrial prey, American alligators may also ambush them from the edge of the water by grabbing them and pulling the prey into the water, the preferred method of predation of larger crocodiles.[23]

An American alligator in the process of consuming a freshwater turtle.

Additionally, American alligators have recently been filmed and documented killing and eating sharks and rays; four incidents documented indicated that bonnetheads, lemon sharks, Atlantic stingrays, and nurse sharks are components of the animal's diet. Sharks are also known to prey on American alligators, in turn, indicating that encounters between the two predators are common.[83][84]

Common

American alligators are considered an apex predator throughout their range. They are opportunists and their diet is determined largely by both their size and age and the size and availability of prey. Most American alligators eat a wide variety of animals, including invertebrates, fish, birds, turtles, snakes, amphibians, and mammals. Hatchlings mostly feed on invertebrates such as insects, insect larvae, snails, spiders, and worms, as well as small fish and frogs.[85][86] As they grow, American alligators gradually expand to larger prey. Once an American alligator reaches full size and power in adulthood, any animal living in the water or coming to the water to drink is potential prey. Most animals captured by American alligators are considerably smaller than itself.[25] A few examples of animals consumed are largemouth bass, spotted gar, freshwater pearl mussels, American green tree frogs, yellow mud turtles, cottonmouths, common moorhens, and feral wild boars.[87] Stomach contents show, among native mammals, muskrats and raccoons are some of the most commonly eaten species.[88] In Louisiana, where introduced coypu are common, they are perhaps the most regular prey for adult American alligators, although only larger adults commonly eat this species.[89][88] It has also been reported that large American alligators prey on medium-sized American alligators, which had preyed on hatchlings and smaller juveniles.[90]

If an American alligator's primary food resource is not available, it will sometimes feed on carrion and non-prey items such as rocks and artificial objects, like bottle caps. These items help the American alligator in the process of digestion by crushing up the meat and bones of animals, especially animals with shells.[91]

Large animals

Other animals may occasionally be eaten, even large deer or feral wild boars, but these are not normally part of the diet. American alligators occasionally prey on large mammals, such as deer, but usually do so when fish and smaller prey levels go down.[92] Rarely, American alligators have been observed killing and eating bobcats, but such events are not common and have little effect on bobcat populations.[93][94] Although American alligators have been listed as predators of the Nilgai and the West Indian manatees, very little evidence exists of such predation.[95] In the 2000s, when invasive Burmese pythons first occupied the Everglades, American alligators have been recorded preying on sizable snakes, possibly controlling populations and preventing the invasive species from spreading northwards.[96] However, the python is also known to occasionally prey on alligators, a form of both competition and predation.[97] American alligator predation on Florida panthers is rare, but has been documented. Such incidents usually involve a panther trying to cross a waterway or coming down to a swamp or river to get a drink.[98] American alligator predation on American black bears has also been recorded.[99][100][101]

Domestic animals

Occasionally, domestic animals, including dogs, cats, and calves, are taken as available, but are secondary to wild and feral prey.[25] Other prey, including snakes, lizards, and various invertebrates, are eaten occasionally by adults.[23]

Birds

Water birds, such as herons, egrets, storks, waterfowl and large dabbling rails such as gallinules or coots, are taken when possible. Occasionally, unwary adult birds are grabbed and eaten by American alligators, but most predation on bird species occurs with unsteady fledgling birds in late summer, as fledgling birds attempt to make their first flights near the water's edge.[23]

Fruit

In 2013, American alligators and other crocodilians were reported to also eat fruit.[102] Such behavior has been witnessed, as well as documented from stomach contents, with the American alligators eating such fruit as wild grapes, elderberries, and citrus fruits directly from the trees. Thirty-four families and 46 genera of plants were represented among seeds and fruits found in the stomach contents of alligators.[103] The discovery of this unexpected part of the American alligator diet further reveals that they may be responsible for spreading seeds from the fruit they consume across their habitat.[104]

Cooperative Hunting

Additionally, American alligators engage in what seems to be cooperative hunting.[105][106] One observation of cooperative hunting techniques was where there are pushing alligators and catching alligators and they were observed taking turns in each position. Another observation said that about 60 alligators gathered in an area and would form a semicircle with about half of them and would push the fish closer to the bank. Once one of the alligators caught a fish another one would enter into its spot, and it would take the fish to the resting area. This was reported to have occurred two days in a row.[107]

In Florida and East Texas

The diet of adult American alligators from central Florida lakes is dominated by fish, but the species is highly opportunistically based upon local availability. In Lake Griffin, fish made up 54% of the diet by weight, with catfish being most commonly consumed, while in Lake Apopka, fish made up 90% of the food and mostly shad were taken; in Lake Woodruff, the diet was 84% fish and largely consists of bass and sunfish. Unusually in these regions, reptiles and amphibians were the most important nonpiscivore prey, mostly turtles and water snakes.[108] In southern Louisiana, crustaceans (largely crawfish and crabs) were found to be present in the southeastern American alligators, but largely absent in southwestern American alligators, which consumed a relatively high proportion of reptiles, although fish were the most recorded prey for adults, and adult males consumed a large portion of mammals.[109]

In East Texas, diets were diverse and adult American alligators took mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates (e.g. snails) in often equal measure as they did fish.[110]

Vocalizations

Alligator bellow, ogg/Vorbis format

Alligator bellow, ogg/Vorbis format

Alligator hiss ogg/Vorbis format

Problems playing these files? See media help.

Mechanism

An American alligator is able to abduct and adduct the vocal folds of its larynx, but not to elongate or shorten them; yet in spite of this, it can modulate fundamental frequency very well.[111] Their vocal folds consists of epithelium, lamina propria and muscle. Sounds ranged from 50 to 1200 Hz. In one experiment conducted on the larynx, the fundamental frequency depended on both the glottal gap and stiffness of the larynx tissues. As the frequency increases, there's high tension and large strains. The fundamental frequency has been influenced by the glottal gap size and subglottal pressure and when the phonation threshold pressure has been exceeded, there will be vocal fold vibration.[112]

Calls

Crocodilians are the most vocal of all non-avian reptiles and have a variety of different calls depending on the age, size, and sex of the animal.[113] The American alligator can perform specific vocalizations to declare territory, signal distress, threaten competitors, and locate suitable mates. Juveniles can perform a high-pitched hatchling call (a "yelping" trait common to many crocodilian species' hatchling young)[114] to alert their mothers when they are ready to emerge from the nest. Juveniles also make a distress call to alert their mothers if they are being threatened. Adult American alligators can growl, hiss, or cough to threaten others and declare territory.

Bellowing

Both males and females bellow loudly by sucking air into their lungs and blowing it out in intermittent, deep-toned roars to attract mates and declare territory.[115] Males are known to use infrasound during mating bellows. Bellowing is performed in a "head oblique, tail arched" posture. Infrasonic waves from a bellowing male can cause the surface of the water directly over and to either side of his back to literally "sprinkle",[116] in what is commonly called the "water dance".[117] Large bellowing "choruses" of American alligators during the breeding season are commonly initiated by females and perpetuated by males.[118] Observers of large bellowing choruses have noted they are often felt more than they are heard due to the intense infrasound emitted by males. American alligators bellow in B flat (specifically "B♭1", defined as an audio frequency of 58.27 Hz), and bellowing choruses can be induced by tuba players, sonic booms, and large aircraft.[119]

Lifespan

American alligators typically live to the age of 50, and possibly over 70 years old. Males reach sexual maturity at around 11.6 years, and females at around 15.8 years. Although it was originally thought that alligators never stop growing, studies have now found that males stop growing at around the age of 43 years, and females stop growing at around the age of 31 years.[46]

Reproduction

Nest and young in Florida
Young American alligator swimming, showing the distinctive yellow striping found on juveniles
Juvenile resting on adult

Breeding season

The breeding season begins in the spring. On spring nights, American alligators gather in large numbers for group courtship, in the aforementioned "water dances".[120] The female builds a nest of vegetation, sticks, leaves, and mud in a sheltered spot in or near the water.

Eggs

After the female lays her 20 to 50 white eggs, about the size of a goose egg, she covers them with more vegetation, which heats as it decays, helping to keep the eggs warm. This differs from Nile crocodiles, which lay their eggs in pits.[72] The temperature at which American alligator eggs develop determines their sex (see temperature-dependent sex determination). Studies have found that eggs hatched at a temperature below 88.7 °F or a temperature above 94.1 °F will produce female offspring, while those at a temperature between 90.5 °F to 92.3 °F will produce male offspring.[121] The nests built on levees are warmer, thus produce males, while the cooler nests of wet marsh produce females.[122] The female remains near the nest throughout the 65-day incubation period, protecting it from intruders. When the young begin to hatch — their "yelping" calls can sometimes even be heard just before hatching commences — the mother quickly digs them out and carries them to the water in her mouth,[25] as some other crocodilian species are known to do.

Young

The young are tiny replicas of adults, with a series of yellow bands around their bodies that serve as camouflage.[25] Hatchlings gather into pods and are guarded by their mother and keep in contact with her through their "yelping" vocalizations. Young American alligators eat small fish, frogs, crayfish, and insects.[123] They are preyed on by large fish, birds, raccoons, Florida panthers, and adult American alligators.[25] Mother American alligators eventually become more aggressive towards their young, which encourages them to disperse.[123] Young alligators grow 3–8 in (7.6–20.3 cm) a year and reach adulthood at 6 ft (1.8 m).[68]

Parasites

American alligators are commonly infected with parasites. In a 2016 Texas study, 100% of the specimens collected were infected with parasites, and by at least 20 different species of parasites, including lung pentastomids, gastric nematodes, intestinal helminths. When compared to alligators from different states there was no significant difference in prevelance.[124]

Interactions with exotic species

Nutria were introduced into coastal marshes from South America in the mid-20th century, and their population has since exploded into the millions. They cause serious damage to coastal marshes and may dig burrows in levees. Hence, Louisiana has had a bounty to try to reduce nutria numbers. Large American alligators feed heavily on nutria, so American alligators may not only control nutria populations in Louisiana, but also prevent them spreading east into the Everglades. Since hunting and trapping preferentially take the large American alligators that are the most important in eating nutria, some changes in harvesting may be needed to capitalize on their ability to control nutria.[89]

Recently, a population of Burmese pythons became established in Everglades National Park. Substantial American alligator populations in the Everglades might be a contributing factor, as a competitor, in keeping the python populations low, preventing the spread of the species north. While events of predation by Burmese pythons on any sizable American alligators have been observed,[97][125][126] no evidence of a net negative effect has been seen on overall American alligator populations.[127]

Indicators of environmental restoration

American alligator at Avery Island, Louisiana

American alligators play an important role in the restoration of the Everglades as biological indicators of restoration success.[128] American alligators are highly sensitive to changes in the hydrology, salinity, and productivity of their ecosystems; all are factors that are expected to change with Everglades restoration. American alligators also may control the long-term vegetation dynamics in wetlands by reducing the population of small mammals, particularly coypu, which may otherwise overgraze marsh vegetation.[89] In this way, the vital ecological service they provide may be important in reducing rates of coastal wetland losses in Louisiana.[129] They may provide a protection service for water birds nesting on islands in freshwater wetlands. American alligators prevent predatory mammals from reaching island-based rookeries and in return eat spilled food and birds that fall from their nests. Wading birds appear to be attracted to areas with American alligators and have been known to nest at heavily trafficked tourist attractions with large numbers of American alligators, such as the St. Augustine Alligator Farm in St. Augustine, Florida.[130]

Relationship with humans

An American alligator swimming in an enclosure at a zoo.

Attacks on humans

Defensive American alligator with mouth open

American alligators are capable of killing humans, but fatal attacks are rare. Mistaken identity leading to an attack is always possible, especially in or near cloudy waters. American alligators are often less aggressive towards humans than larger crocodile species, a few of which (mainly the Nile and saltwater crocodiles) may prey on humans with some regularity.[24][131] Alligator bites are serious injuries, due to the reptile's sheer bite force and risk of infection. Even with medical treatment, an American alligator bite may still result in a fatal infection.[132]

As human populations increase, and as they build houses in low-lying areas, or fish or hunt near water, incidents are inevitable where humans intrude on American alligators and their habitats. Since 1948, 257 documented attacks on humans in Florida (about five incidents per year) have been reported, of which an estimated 23 resulted in death.[133] Only nine fatal attacks occurred in the United States throughout the 1970s–1990s, but American alligators killed 12 people between 2001 and 2007. An additional report of alligator attacks showed a total of 376 injuries and 15 deaths recorded all from 1948 to 2004, leading this to an increase of the alligator population.[134] In May 2006, American alligators killed three Floridians in less than a week.[135] At least 28 fatal attacks by American alligators have occurred in the United States since 1970.

Wrestling

Man wrestling American alligator

Since the late 1880s, alligator wrestling has been a source of entertainment for some. Created by the Miccosukee and Seminole tribes prior to the arrival of Europeans, this tourism tradition remains popular despite criticism from animal-rights activists.[136]

Farming

Alligator skins

Today, alligator farming is a large, growing industry in Georgia, Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. These states produce a combined annual total of some 45,000 alligator hides. Alligator hides bring good prices and hides in the 6- to 7-ft range have sold for $300 each.[137] The market for alligator meat is growing, and about 300,000 pounds (140,000 kg) of meat are produced annually.[138] According to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, raw alligator meat contains roughly 200 Calories (840 kJ) per 3-oz (85-g) portion, of which 27 Calories (130 kJ) come from fat.

An American alligator sunning itself on the grass at a zoo.

Culture and film

The American alligator is the official state reptile of Florida,[139] Louisiana,[140] and Mississippi.[141] Several organizations and products from Florida have been named after the animal.

"Gators" has been the nickname of the University of Florida's sports teams since 1911. In 1908, a printer made a spur-of-the-moment decision to print an alligator emblem on a shipment of the school's football pennants.[142] The mascot stuck, and was made official in 1911, perhaps because the team captain's nickname was Gator.[143] Allegheny College and San Francisco State University both have Gators as their mascots, as well.[144]

The Gator Bowl is a college football game held in Jacksonville annually since 1946, with Gator Bowl Stadium hosting the event until the 1993 edition. The Gatornationals is a NHRA drag race held at the Gainesville Raceway in Gainesville since 1970.

See also

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American alligator: Brief Summary

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The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), sometimes referred to colloquially as a gator or common alligator, is a large crocodilian reptile native to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the two extant species in the genus Alligator, and is larger than the only other living alligator species, the Chinese alligator.

The American alligator is the largest reptile in North America. Adult male American alligators measure 3.4 to 4.6 m (11.2 to 15.1 ft) in length, and can weigh up to 453 kg (1,000 lb), with unverified sizes of up to 5.84 m (19.2 ft) and weights of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) making it the second largest member of the family Alligatoridae, after the black caiman. Females are smaller, measuring 2.6 to 3 m (8.5 to 9.8 ft) in length. The American alligator inhabits subtropical and tropical freshwater wetlands, such as marshes and cypress swamps, from southern Texas to North Carolina. It is distinguished from the sympatric American crocodile by its broader snout, with overlapping jaws and darker coloration, and is less tolerant of saltwater but more tolerant of cooler climates than the American crocodile, which is found only in tropical and warm subtropical climates.

American alligators are apex predators and consume fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Hatchlings feed mostly on invertebrates. They play an important role as ecosystem engineers in wetland ecosystems through the creation of alligator holes, which provide both wet and dry habitats for other organisms. Throughout the year (in particular during the breeding season), American alligators bellow to declare territory, and locate suitable mates. Male American alligators use infrasound to attract females. Eggs are laid in a nest of vegetation, sticks, leaves, and mud in a sheltered spot in or near the water. Young are born with yellow bands around their bodies and are protected by their mother for up to one year.

The conservation status of the American alligator is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Historically, hunting had decimated their population, and the American alligator was listed as an endangered species by the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Subsequent conservation efforts have allowed their numbers to increase and the species was removed from endangered status in 1987. The species is the official state reptile of three states: Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

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Misisipa aligatoro ( Esperanto )

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 src=
Defenda sinteno de aligatoro.

La Misisipa aligatoroNordamerika aligatoro (Alligator mississippiensis), estas reptilio endemia de Sudorienta Usono. Ĝi estas unu el du vivantaj specioj de aligatoroj, de la genro Alligator, ene de la familio Aligatoredoj. Ĝi estas pli granda ol la alia nuna aligatora specio, nome la Ĉina aligatoro.

La Misisipa aligatoro loĝas ĉe nesalkavaj humidejoj, kiaj marĉoj kaj marĉarbaroj de taksodioj, el Teksaso al Norda Karolino (vidu mapon).

Taksonomio kaj filogenio

Aspekto

La Misisipa aligatoro estas 4–4.5 m grandaj ĉe masklaj plenkreskuloj kaj sub 3 m ĉe inaj plenkreskuloj. Estis informoj dum la 19a kaj 20a jarcentoj de pli grandaj maskloj atingante 5–6 m, sed tio ankoraŭ disputendas.[1] Masklaj plenkreskuloj povas pezi ĉirkaŭ 227 kg dum inoj pezas ĉirkaŭ 91 kg.[2]

Anatomio

Ikso-radia filmeto de ino de Misisipa aligatoro dum spirado.

Habitato

Dieto

Reproduktado

Pri Homoj

Notoj

  1. Crocodilian Species—American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Flmnh.ufl.edu. Alirita 2008-10-14.
  2. Gator factsheet. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. Alirita 14a de aŭgusto, 2012.
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Misisipa aligatoro: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO
 src= Defenda sinteno de aligatoro.

La Misisipa aligatoro aŭ Nordamerika aligatoro (Alligator mississippiensis), estas reptilio endemia de Sudorienta Usono. Ĝi estas unu el du vivantaj specioj de aligatoroj, de la genro Alligator, ene de la familio Aligatoredoj. Ĝi estas pli granda ol la alia nuna aligatora specio, nome la Ĉina aligatoro.

La Misisipa aligatoro loĝas ĉe nesalkavaj humidejoj, kiaj marĉoj kaj marĉarbaroj de taksodioj, el Teksaso al Norda Karolino (vidu mapon).

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Alligator mississippiensis ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

El aligátor americano (Alligator mississippiensis), llamado también caimán del río Misisipi,[2]​ es una especie de saurópsido (reptil) cocodriliano de la familia Alligatoridae. Los machos pesan entre 400 y 500 kg, las hembras, 170 kg.

Características

 src=
Cráneo y mandíbula de aligátor americano.

Es la mayor especie de aligátor (género Alligator), y de hecho es uno de los cocodrilianos más grandes de América, alcanzando un máximo de 6 metros de longitud,[3]​ aunque debido a la desaparición de grandes animales de la zona por causas antrópicas, hoy en día, los machos oscilan entre 4 y 4,5 m y las hembras alcanzan los 3 m.[4][5]​ Su peso oscila entre los 70 kg de las hembras y los más de 450 kg de los machos.[6]

Taxonomía y filogenia

El cocodrilo americano se clasificó por primera vez por el zoólogo francés François Marie Daudin como Crocodilus mississipiensis en 1801. En 1807 Georges Cuvier creó el género Alligator;[7]​ que comparte con el aligátor chino (A. sinensis). Se agrupan en la familia Alligatoridae con los caimanes. La superfamilia Alligatoroidea incluye todos los cocodrilos (fósiles y existentes) que están más estrechamente relacionados con el aligátor americano que ya sea al cocodrilo del Nilo o al gavial.[8]

Los miembros de esta superfamilia surgieron en el Cretácico tardío siendo Leidyosuchus de Alberta es el género más antiguo conocido. El aligátor americano moderno está representado en el registro fósil del Pleistoceno.

Distribución

Se distribuye por los ríos, lagos, pantanos y marismas del sureste de Estados Unidos, desde Carolina del Norte hasta el valle del Río Grande en el sur de Texas. Ocasionalmente se han observado aligátors en la parte mexicana del delta del río Bravo. La persecución humana de que fue objeto en otro tiempo lo ha hecho desaparecer de muchas zonas, y actualmente sólo abunda realmente en el estado de Florida y en menor medida en la desembocadura del río Misisipí. Es una especie protegida en EE. UU., y muchos de los parques nacionales de Florida se crearon en su momento con el fin de preservar sus zonas de caza y anidación.

Biología y ecología

Esta muestra de rayos X permite apreciar el funcionamiento del aparato respiratorio.

Aunque de hábitos principalmente acuáticos, puede recorrer grandes distancias por tierra en busca de nuevos territorios e incluso galopar a velocidades de hasta 30 km/h durante cortos trechos. Los jóvenes se alimentan de gusanos e insectos acuáticos, mientras que los adultos comen casi cualquier cosa que se mueva: peces, aves, tortugas, roedores e incluso animales de la talla de un ciervo. Los aligátores también matan con frecuencia animales domésticos como perros y gatos que se alejan de la casa de sus dueños.

Los ataques al hombre no son frecuentes, pero tampoco excesivamente raros. Desde 1948 se han documentado 275 ataques no provocados en Florida, de los cuales, al menos 17 provocaron la muerte de la persona.[9]​ Por tanto, cuando se producen ataques casi nunca acaban con la muerte de la víctima. Conviene recordar que los aligátores americanos prefieren evitar al hombre, y que los casos de ataques son casi siempre consecuencia de personas imprudentes que se adentraron en sus zonas de cría. Las hembras son muy protectoras con sus huevos y crías en los primeros días de vida, por lo que no dudan en atacar a cualquier intruso que se acerque.

Dieta

Son oportunistas y su dieta está determinada en gran medida por el tamaño y la edad del cocodrilo y el tamaño y la disponibilidad de las presas. La mayoría de los cocodrilos comen una amplia variedad de animales, incluidos invertebrados, peces, aves, tortugas, serpientes, anfibios y mamíferos. Las crías se alimentan principalmente de invertebrados tales como insectos, larvas de insectos, caracoles, arañas y gusanos. A medida que crecen, los aligátores se enfrentan a presas cada vez más grandes. Una vez que un cocodrilo alcanza la edad adulta, cualquier animal que vive en el agua o acude al agua para beber es presa potencial, debido a su tamaño, potencia y rapidez. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los animales capturados por los caimanes son considerablemente más pequeños a ellos.[10]​ Los contenidos estomacales muestran, entre mamíferos nativos, ratas almizcleras y mapaches que son algunas de las especies más comúnmente consumidas. En Luisiana, donde la nutria fue introducida, son comunes y son tal vez la presa más regular para los caimanes adultos.[11]

Otras presas de este reptil, son grandes ciervos o jabalíes salvajes, pero estos no son normalmente parte de la dieta. De vez en cuando, los animales domésticos, incluyendo perros, gatos y terneros, son la última opción, pero son secundarios frente a las presas silvestres.[10]​ Las aves acuáticas, como garzas y garcetas, cigüeñas y aves acuáticas, sólo son cazadas si están despistadas.

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Ejemplar de aligátor cautivo en el Zoológico de Córdoba.

Galería de imágenes

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). «Alligator mississippiensis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 19 de noviembre de 2010.
  2. http://mediateca.educa.madrid.org/imagen/ver.php?id_imagen=af2z45ygribit834
  3. Everglades National Park article on the American Alligator
  4. Crocodile Species - American Alligator
  5. ADW: Alligator mississippiensis: Information
  6. American alligator
  7. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Alligator mississippiensis (TSN 174366)» (en inglés).
  8. Brochu, Christopher A. (mayo de 2003). «Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history». Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31 (1): 357-397. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.
  9. «Living with alligators». Archivado desde el original el 16 de octubre de 2007. Consultado el 8 de octubre de 2008.
  10. a b "Crocodilian Species—American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)". Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  11. Keddy, P.A., L. Gough, J.A. Nyman, T. McFalls, J. Carter and J. Siegrist (2009). Alligator hunters, pelt traders, and runaway consumption of Gulf coast marshes: A trophic cascade perspective on coastal wetland losses. pp. 115–133 in B.R. Silliman, E.D. Grosholz, and M.D. Bertness (eds.) Human Impacts on Salt Marshes. A Global Perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA ISBN 0520258924 Google Books

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Alligator mississippiensis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

El aligátor americano (Alligator mississippiensis), llamado también caimán del río Misisipi,​ es una especie de saurópsido (reptil) cocodriliano de la familia Alligatoridae. Los machos pesan entre 400 y 500 kg, las hembras, 170 kg.

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Ameerika alligaator ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Ameerika alligaator ehk mississippi alligaator (Alligator mississippiensis) on suur roomaja krokodilliliste seltsist. Ta elab Ameerika Ühendriikide kaguosas. Ameerika alligaator on suurem kahest elavast alligaatori perekonda kuuluvast liigist, väiksem liik on hiina alligaator.

Isased alligaatorid kasvavad 3,4–4,6 m pikkuseks ja võivad kaaluda kuni 453 kg. Emased on väiksemad ja kasvavad umbes 3 meetri pikkuseks. Ameerika alligaatorid elavad mageveega märgaladel, sealhulgas padurates ja küpressisoodes USA Texase osariigist Põhja-Carolinani. Alligaatorid eristuvad ameerika krokodillidest laiema koonu ja tumedama värvi poolest. Kui nende lõuad on suletud, siis erinevalt krokodillidest pole nende hambad nähtaval. Alligaatorid taluvad merevett kehvemini, kuid jahedamat kliimat paremini kui ameerika krokodillid, keda on leitud vaid troopilise kliimaga piirkondadest.

Alligaatorid on tippkiskjad, kes söövad kala, kahepaikseid, roomajaid, linde ja imetajaid. Vastkoorunud pojad toituvad peamiselt putukatest. Alligaatorid mängivad olulist rolli märgalade ökosüsteemis, sest tekitavad "alligaatoriauke", mis pakuvad teistele organismidele nii märjemaid kui ka kuivemaid elutingimusi. Paaritumisajal isased möirgavad ja kasutavad emaste ligimeelitamiseks infrahelisid.[2] Emane muneb munad taimedest, okstest, mudast ja lehtedest pessa, mis asub varjatud kohas vee läheduses. Vastsündinute kehade ümber on kollased vöödid ja ema valvab järeltulijaid tavaliselt aasta, aga vahel ka kaks-kolm aastat.[3]

Rahvusvaheline Looduskaitseliit loeb ameerika alligaatorit soodsas seisundis liigiks. Ajalooliselt on küttimine nende populatsiooni oluliselt kahjustanud ja 1973. aastal loeti nad ohustatud liigiks. Tänu looduskaitsjate pingutustele nende arvukus uuesti kasvas ja nad eemaldati 1987. aastal nimekirjast. Tänapäeval kütitakse alligaatoreid nende naha ja liha pärast. Ameerika alligaator on Florida, Louisiana ja Mississippi osariigi ametlik roomaja.

Taksonoomia ja fülogenees

Prantsuse zooloog François Marie Daudin oli esimene, kes ameerika alligaatorit klassifitseeris, andes talle 1801. aastal nimeks Crocodilus mississippiensis. Georges Cuvier klassifitseeris 1807. aastal alligaatorite perekonna (Alligator).[4] Sinna kuulub peale ameerika alligaatori ka hiina alligaator. Nad on koos kaimanitega grupeeritud alligaatorlaste (Alligatoridae) sugukonda. Ülemsugukonda Alligatoroidea kuuluvad kõik krokodillilised (elavad ja väljasurnud), kes on ameerika alligaatoriga lähemas suguluses kui niiluse krokodilli või gaavialiga.[5]

Selle ülemsugukonna liikmed ilmusid esimest korda hilisel kriidi jastul. Albertast leitud Leidyosuchus on varaseim teadaolev perekond. Alligatoroidea fossiile on leitud kõikjalt Euraasiast, kuna maismaasillad üle Beringi väina ja Põhja-Atlandi ühendasid Põhja-Ameerikat Euraasiaga kriidi-, paleogeeni ja neogeeni ajastul. Alligaatorid ja kaimanid lahknesid Põhja-Ameerikas hilisel kriidiajastul ja jõudsid paleogeeni ajal Lõuna-Ameerikasse enne Panama maakitsuse ühendumist neogeeni ajal. Hiina alligaatorid pärinevad ilmselt sugupuust, mis ületas Beringi maasilla neogeeni ajal. Tänapäeva ameerika alligaator esineb juba pleistotseeni fossiilileidudes.[6] Alligaatori täielik mitokondriaalne DNA järjestati 1990. aastatel ja sellest nähtub, et nad arenesid sarnases tempos imetajatega ning kiiremini kui linnud ja teised kõigusoojased selgroogsed.[7]

Kirjeldus

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Alligaatori kolju

Metsikute alligaatorite kehaehitus varieerub pikast ja saledast kuni lühildase ja jässakani, tõenäoliselt erisuste tõttu kasvukiiruses, dieedis ja kliimas. Alligaatoritel, eriti vangistuses kasvanutel, on lai koon. Nagu prillkaimanitel. Hambaid on 74–80.[3] Selja poolt võivad täiskasvanud alligaatorid olla oliivikarva, pruunid, hallid või mustad, kõhualune on kreemjat värvi.[8]

Mõnedel alligaatoritel puudub melaniini tootmiseks vajalik geen ja nad on seetõttu albiinod. Selliseid alligaatorid on looduses üliharuldased. Kuna nad on kiskjate ja päikese suhtes haavatavad, jäävad nad vaid vangistuses ellu.[9]

Suurus

Ameerika alligaatorid on suhteliselt suured krokodillilised: isased kasvavad kuni 4,6 m pikkuseks ja kaaluvad kuni 453 kg (1000 naela), emased kasvavad kuni 3 m pikkuseks.[10][11] Harva võivad vanad isased veelgi pikemad olla.[12][13] 19. ja 20. sajandil on esinenud teateid erakordselt suurtest 5–6-meetristest isasloomadest.[3] Teade kõige suuremast tapetud isendist pärineb 1890. aastast Marsh Island-ilt Louisianas: väidetavalt oli lastud looma pikkuseks 5,8 meetrit, kuid ühtegi tõendit selle kohta ei esitatud. Korjus jäeti pärast mõõtmist mudasele kaldapealsele, kuna see oli liigutamiseks liiga raske.[13] Kui teatatud suurus ka tõele vastas, võis see alligaator ligi tonni kaaluda. Suurim Floridas lastud alligaator oli Evergladesi rahvuspargi teatel 5,31 meetrine.[14][15] Keskmiselt ameerika alligaatorid siiski nii suured pole. Isaste keskmine pikkus on umbes 3,4 meetrit ja kaal on veidi üle 227 kg (500 naela). Emaste keskmine pikkus on 2,7 meetrit ja keskmine kaal veidi üle 91 kg (200 naela).[16] Kaal sõltub pikkusest, east, tervisest, aastaajast ja toidu kättesaadavusest. Sarnaselt teiste roomajatega on levila põhjapoolsetes osades (Lõuna-Arkansases, Alabama ja Põhja-Carolina) elavad ameerika alligaatorid kasvult väiksemad. Suurim Alabamas püütud alligaator oli ainult 3,86 m pikk ja kaalus 306,2 kg.[17]

Füsioloogia

Röntgenvideo emasest ameerika alligaatorist näitab kopsude tööd hingamise ajal
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Kõrge kõnd

Maal liiguvad alligaatorid kas roomates või kõndides. Viimase puhul tõstab alligaator kõhu maast lahti. Alligaatorid ja teised krokodillilised ei rooma samamoodi nagu salamandrid ja sisalikud, vaid teevad seda sarnasemalt kõndimisega. Seega saab kahte maal liikumise viisi jagada "madalaks kõnniks" ja "kõrgeks kõnniks".[18] Vees liiguvad alligaatorid nagu kalad, liigutades vaagnapiirkonda ja saba küljelt küljele.[19] Ameerika alligaatoritele kuulus kõige tugevama laboris mõõdetud hammustuse rekord (9452 njuutonit). Tuleb märkida, et sama eksperimenti polnud avaldamise ajal korraldatud teiste krokodilliliste peal ja sama labor mõõtis suurema tulemuse harikrokodillide puhul.[20][21] Hingamise ajal on õhuvool ühesuunaline, käies sisse- ja väljahingamisel läbi kopsude.[22]

Levila

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Alligaator Blue Hole's Big Pine Key's Floridas

Ameerika alligaatoreid leidub ainult Ameerika Ühendriikide kaguosas. Levila asub alates Great Dismal Swampi soost Põhja-Carolinas, lõunas Evergladesi rahvuspargini Floridas ja Läänes Texase lõunatipuni. Alligaatoreid leidub Põhja-Carolina, Lõuna-Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansase, Texase ja Oklahoma osariigis. Nad elutsevad soodes, ojades, jõgedes, tiikides ja järvedes. Emaseid ja noorloomi võib leida ka Carolina orvadest ja teistelt hooajalistelt märgaladelt. Kuigi nad eelistavad magevett, liiguvad nad vahel ka riimvees.[23] Siiski taluvad nad soolast vett halvemini kui krokodillid, kuna nende keelel asuvad soolanäärmed ei funktsioneeri.[24] Ühe Põhja- ja Kesk-Florida alligaatoritega tehtud uuringu järgi eelistavad isased kevadel järvede avavett, samal ajal kui emased liikusid nii avaveel kui ka soistel aladel. Suvel eelistasid isased jätkuvalt avavett, kuid emased püsisid soistel aladel, et pesi ehitada ja muneda. Mõlema soos esindajad võivad talvel kallaste või puutüvede all pesitseda.[25]

Ameerika alligaatorid taluvad külma paremini kui ameerika krokodillid. Krokodillid külmuvad ja upuvad vees, mille temperatuur on 7,2 °C, alligaatorid võivad sellist temperatuuri ilma vaevata mõnda aega taluda. Arvatakse, et see kohastumus on põhjuseks, miks ameerika alligaator on levinud kaugemale põhja kui ükski teine Ameerika krokodilliline.[26] Ühtlasi on ameerika alligaator kõigist krokodillilistest ekvaatorist kõige kaugemale levinud ja kõige külmemat kliimat taluv.[27] Kui vesi hakkab jäätuma, siis torkavad alligaatorid ninad pinnale, mis võimaldab neil jää kohal hingata.[23]

Ökoloogia ja käitumine

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Alligaator härgkonnaga

Tasastel aladel, nagu Evergladesis, muudavad alligaatorid märgala keskkonda ehitades väikseid tiike, mida tuntakse "alligaatoriaukudena". Alligaatoriaukudes säilib vesi ka kuival perioodil ja veeorganismid, mis neis varju leiavad, panevad aluse uuele populatsioonile, kui kuiv periood lõppeb. Pesade ehitamine aukude ümber ja kaevamisest tekkinud pinnase kuhjad tekitavad kuivemad kohad teistele roomajatele pesitsemiseks ning üleujutusi mittetaluvatele taimedele koloniseerimiseks. Selle tõttu loetakse alligaatoreid tugiliigiks.[28] Küpressisoodes lubjakivialangutes asuvad alligaatoriaugud kipuvad olema suured ja sügavad, samas kui mergeli preeriates ja kivistel tasandikel on need tavaliselt väikesed ja madalad ning turbarabades varieerub nende suurus rohkem.[29]

Evergladesi looduskaitseala taastamistööde hindamisel mängivad alligaatorid olulist rolli bioloogiliste indikaatoritena.[30] Nad on ülimalt tundlikud muutuste suhtes, mis puudutavad hüdroloogiat, vee soolsust ja ökosüsteemi produktiivsust: kõik need faktorid peaksid taastamise käigus muutuma. Alligaatorid võivad kontrollida märgalade pikaajalist vegetatsioonidünaamikat vähendades väikeimetajate populatsiooni, eriti nutriat, mis muul juhul kurnaks soo taimestiku liigselt.[31] Sellistena võivad nad mängida olulist ökoloogilist rolli Louisiana ranniku märgalade kahanemise kiiruse vähendamisel.[32]

Alligaatorid kaitsevad omamoodi veelinde, kes pesitsevad mageveesoodes asuvatel saartel. Nende kohalolu takistab röövloomadest imetajatel jõudmast saartel asuvatesse pesitsuspaikadesse. Vastutasuks söövad nad toidujääke ja pesadest välja kukkunud linde. On täheldatud, et soolinde, nagu näiteks kurvitsalisi, tõmbab piirkondade poole, kus leidub alligaatoreid. Turismiatraktsioonide juures, kus on palju alligaatoreid, pesitseb ka palju linde.[33]

Lisaks kallastele peesitavad alligaatorid ka puude otsas, kui sobiv kaldapealne puudub. Seda õnnestub aga harva näha, sest alligaatorid pagevad oma õrrelt kiiresti vette, kui kedagi lähenemas märkavad.[34]

Toitumine

Ameerika alligaatorit loetakse kogu tema levila ulatuses tippkiskjaks. Nad on oportunistid ja nende dieedi määrab suuresti nende vanus, kasv ja saagi saadavus. Enamik alligaatoreid sööb oma elutsükli jooksul hulka erinevaid loomi, nagu selgrootud, kalad, linnud, kilpkonnad, maod, kahepaiksed ja imetajad. Vastkoorunud toituvad peamiselt selgrootutest, nagu putukad, vastsed, teod, ämblikud ja ussid. Kasvades hakkavad alligaatorid jahtima järjest suuremat saaki. Kui alligaator on saanud täiskasvanuks, on iga vees elav või vee äärde jooma tulnud loom potentsiaalne saak. Siiski on enamik alligaatori saagiks langevatest loomadest temast märgatavalt väiksemad.[3] Alligaatorite maosisu uurimine näitab, et kohalike imetajate seas on ondatrad ja pesukarud ühed levinumad saakloomad. Louisianas, kus sisse toodud nutriad on tavalised, on nad ka alligaatorite tavalisimad saakloomad, kuigi neid söövad ainult suuremad täiskasvanud alligaatorid.[31]

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Alligaator krabi söömas (Lõuna-Carolina)

Aeg-ajalt võivad toiduks langeda ka teised loomad, isegi suured hirved või metssead, kuid tavaliselt nad alligaatori menüüsse ei kuulu. Vahel langevad saagiks ka koduloomad, nagu koerad või vasikad, kuid seda vaid juhuse tekkides ja põhitoidu moodustavad teised metsloomad.[3] Võimalusel söövad alligaatorid veelinde, nagu haigurlased, toonekurglased ja partlased. Mõnikord langevad saagiks ettevaatamatud täiskasvanud, kuid peamiselt püütakse kogenematuid noorlinde, kes suve lõpus hakkavad vee ääres lendamist õppima. Täiskasvanud isendid söövad vahel ka madusid, sisalikke ja erinevaid selgrootuid.[12]

Kalad ja muud vees või vee ääres elutsevad loomad moodustavad suurema osa alligaatori dieedist ning neid võidakse püüda igal ajal, päeval ja öösel. Täiskasvanud alligaatorid veedavad üsna palju aega ka maa peal küttides, varitsedes maismaaloomi kuni 50 meetri kaugusel veest radade ääres ja teepeenardel. Maismaal peavad alligaatorid jahti tavaliselt öösiti ja sooja ilmaga.[35] Maismaaloomi küttides võivad alligaatorid neid ka veepiiril varitseda: alligaator haarab kaldal olevast saagist kinni ja lohistab selle vette, nagu teevad suured krokodillid.[12] Alligaatori hambad on mõeldud saagist kinni haaramiseks, kuid ei sobi liha rebimiseks või närimiseks nagu näiteks koerlaste ja kaslaste hambad. Alligaator on võimeline hammustama läbi kilpkonna kilbi või keskmise suurusega imetaja kondi.[36]

Florida puumade jahtimine pole alligaatoritele omane, kuid seda on dokumenteeritud. See juhtub tavaliselt siis, kui puumad üritavad veekogu ületada või tulevad sohu või jõe äärde jooma. Alligaator on florida puuma ainus looduslik vaenlane.[37] On täheldatud baribalide jahtimist alligaatorite poolt, kuid pole teada, kas rünnati täiskasvanud looma. Täiskasvanud karud on piisavalt tugevad, et alligaatori rünnakut edukalt tõrjuda.[38][39] Kuigi alligaatorid on kantud lamantiine jahtivate kiskjate nimekirja, on vähe tõendeid, et nad ka tegelikult lamantiine või isegi nende vasikaid jahiks.[40]

Aastal 2013 selgus, et alligaatorid ja teised krokodillilised söövad muuseas ka puuvilju. Puuviljade söömist on nähtud ja tõendeid on leitud ka maosisusid uurides. Alligaatorid söövad metsikuid viinamarju, leedrimarju ja tsitruselisi otse puudelt. See ootamatu avastus näitab, et alligaatorid võivad kaasa aidata seemnete levitamisele.[41]

Tööriistade kasutamine

Ameerika alligaatoreid on dokumenteeritud saagi, näiteks lindude, ligi meelitamiseks peibutisi kasutamas.[42] See teeb neist ühed esimesed roomajad, kes teadaolevalt tööriistu kasutavad. Hoides pea peal oksarisu, õnnestub ameerika alligaatoritel ligi meelitada ja süüa linde, kes pesamaterjali otsivad. Sama taktikat kasutavad ka sookrokodillid ja see on eriti edukas pesitsushooajal.[43]

Häälitsused

Krokodillilised on roomajate seas kõige häälekamad ja tekitavad olenevalt east, suurusest ja soost erinevaid helisid.[44] Ameerika alligaatorid tekitavad spetsiifilisi helisid, et territooriumi märgistada, hädaohust teatada, konkurente peletada ja paaritumiseks kaaslasi leida. Alaealised alligaatorid oskavad tekitada kiledat häält (see on omane paljude krokodililiste noorloomadele), et emale märku ande, et nad on pesast väljumiseks valmis. Pojad teevad häda korral häält, et ema appi kutsuda. Kuigi alligaatoritel pole häälepaelu, häälitsevad nii emased kui ka isased valjult, et oma territooriumi märgistada ja paarilisi kutsuda. Nad imevad õhu kopsudesse ja tekitava selle väljapuhumisel vahelduvaid madala häälega möiratusi. Ameerika alligaatorite möiratused on erinev teiste suurte krokodilliliste möirgamisest ja seda peetakse unikaalseks. Isased kasutavad paaritumishäälitsuste tegemisel infraheli. Möirates hoitakse "pea üleval ja saba kaardus" asendit. Infrahelide lained panevad vee isase alligaatori kohal ja külgedel pritsima ja seda nimetatakse "veetantsuks".[45] Sigimishooajal tekkivad suured mörisevate alligaatorite "koorid" algatavad emased ja isased liituvad nendega.[46] Suuri mörisevaid koore vaadelnud isikud on öelnud, et nad tundsid rohkem kui kuulsid, seda isaste tekitatud intensiivsete infrahelide tõttu. Ameerika alligaatorid mörisevad si-bemollis ja nende koori võib initsieerida ka tuubamängija, helilöök või suurem lennuk.[47]

Paljunemine

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Pesa ja noorloomad Floridas

Sigimishooaeg algab kevadel. Sügisöödel kogunevad alligaatorid kurameerimiseks, niinimetatud "alligaatori tantsuks", suurematesse gruppidesse.[48] Emane ehitab taimedest, oksarisust, lehtedest ja mudast pesa varjulisse kohta vette või selle lähedusse. Seejärel muneb ta sinna 20–50 valget muna, mis on umbes samas mõõdus hanemunadega ja katab selle veel taimedega, mis oma kõdunemissoojusega mune soojendavad. See erineb niiluse krokodillide käitumisest, kes munevad aukudesse.[26]

Munade haudumise keskkonna temperatuurist sõltub, mis soost alligaatorid neis arenevad (temperatuuril 34 °C või üle selle – isased; 30 °C või alla selle – emased). Kaldavallile ehitatud pesad on soojemad ja seega arenevad neis isased, samas kui niiskesse sohu rajatud pesadest tulevad emased.[49] Emane jääb kogu 65-päevase inkubatsiooniperioodi jooksul pesa lähedusse ja kaitseb seda sissetungijate eest. Kui pojad hakkavad kooruma, kaevab ema pesa kiiresti lahti ja kannab pojad suus vette.[3]

 src=
Alligaatoripoeg, näha on iseloomulikud kollased triibud

Noored on täiskasvanud alligaatori minikoopiad ja neil on maskeerimiseks rida kollaseid vööte ümber keha.[3] Vastkoorunud kogunevad parvedesse. Ema valvab neid ja nad hoiavad temaga kontakti häälitsuste abil. Kile "kisa" on appihüüuks (paljude krokodilliliste noorloomadel esinev omadus), mispeale ema tõttab appi. Seda võib harva kuulda vahetult enne munast koorumist. Sisin on agressiooni märgiks ja tavaliste urahtustega hoiavad noorloomad omavahel kontakti. Noored alligaatorid söövad väikseid kalu, konni, jõevähke ja putukaid.[50] Neile endile peavad jahti suuremad kalad, linnud, pesukarud ja täiskasvanud alligaatorid.[3] Aja jooksul muutuvad emad oma poegade suhtes agressiivsemaks, mis julgustab neid laiali minema.[50] Noored alligaatorid kasvavad 7,6–20 cm aastas ja saavad täiskasvanuks 1,8 m pikkusena.[23] Alligaatori eluiga looduses on 30–50 aastat.[10]

Kokkupuuted eksootiliste liikidega

Nutriad toodi rannikuäärsetele märgaladele 20. sajandi keskel Lõuna-Ameerikast ja tänapäevaks on nende populatsioon plahvatuslikult kasvanud, koosnedes miljonitest isenditest. Nad põhjustavad rannikul paiknevates soodes suuri kahjustusi ja võivad kaldatammidesse urge kaevata. Louisiana on seetõttu välja pannud preemia, et proovida nende arvukust piirata. Suured alligaatorid söövad aga palju nutriaid ja võivad seega aidata nende arvukust piirata ning veelgi enam, lausa takistada nende edasist levikut Evergladesi. Kuna aga jahimehed eelistavad püüda just suuri alligaatoreid, kes on nutriate arvukuse piiramisel kõige olulisemad, võib olla vajalik muuta alligaatorite püüdmise süsteemi, et maksimaalselt ära kasutada neid nutriate arvukuse kontrollimiseks.[31]

Viimasel ajal on Evergladesi rahvuspargis end sisse seadnud võõrliik birma püüton (Python bivittatus). Kuigi on esinenud juhtumeid, kus birma püütonid kütivad alligaatoreid ja vastupidi, siis puuduvad tõendid, nagu mõjuks püütonid kokkuvõttes alligaatorite populatsioonile negatiivselt.[51][52][53]

Kaitsestaatus

Ajalooliselt on küttimine ja elupaikade häving alligaatorite populatsioonile kogu levila ulatuses laastavalt mõjunud ning mingil ajal seati liigi säilimine lausa kahtluse alla. Alligaatorid lisati 1967. aastal ohustatud liikide nimekirja (seaduse alusel, mis oli Endangered Species Act of 1973 eelkäija), kuna arvati, et see on väljasuremisohus kas osas või terves levilas.[54]

Ameerika Ühendriikide Kala ja Eluslooduse Teenistus (The United States Fish and Wildlife Services ehk USFWS) ja lõunaosariikide loodusagentuurid töötasid alligaatorite populatsiooni taastumise nimel. Kaitse aitas liigil taastuda aladel, kust nad oli välja kütitud. Osariigid hakkasid oma alligaatorite populatsioone jälgima, et veenduda nende jätkuvas kasvus. Kala ja Eluslooduse Teenistus eemaldas alligaatorid 1987. aastal ohustatud liikide nimekirjast, kuna leiti, et nad on täielikult taastunud. Teenistus reguleerib jätkuvalt alligaatorite ja nendest tehtud toodetega kauplemist, et välistada endiselt ohustatud krokodillilistega kauplemine alligaatorite pähe.[54]

Suhted inimesega

Rünnakud inimeste vastu

 src=
Ameerika alligaator kaitseasendis

Alligaatorid on võimelised inimesi tapma, kuid on tavaliselt piisavalt ettevaatlikud, et inimesi mitte saagiks pidada. Alati on võimalik, et alligaator ründab inimest ekslikult mõne saakloomaga segi ajades, seda eriti sogases vees või selle läheduses. Alligaatorid on inimeste suhtes üldiselt vähem agressiivsed kui suured krokodilliliigid, kellest mõned (peamiselt niiluse ja harikrokodill) võivad inimesi teatava regulaarsusega jahtida.[13] Alligaatori hammustused teeb ohtlikuks hammustusjõud ja infektsioonioht. Isegi ravimise korral võib alligaatori hammustus infektsiooni tõttu surmaga lõppeda.[55]

Kuna inimeste populatsioon kasvab ja nad ehitavad maju madalatele aladele või kalastavad ja kütivad vee läheduses, on intsidendid, kus alligaatorid kas ohustavad või näivad ohustavat inimeste elusid, vältimatud. Inimesed kipuvad ebatavalisi surmapõhjuseid liialdama. Alligaatorid saavad seetõttu suurema tähelepanu osaliseks kui tavalisemad surmapõhjused, nagu autoõnnetused ja uppumine. Alates 1948. aastast on Floridas dokumenteeritud 275 alligaatorirünnakut inimese vastu (umbes viis rünnakut aastas), millest vähemalt 17 lõppesid surmaga.[56] Ainult üheksa rünnakut lõppesid surmaga 1970., 1980. ja 1990. aastatel, kuid aastatel 2001–2007 tapsid alligaatorid 12 inimest. Mais 2006 tapsid alligaatorid vähem kui nädalaga kolm Florida elanikku.[57]

Alligaatorimaadlus

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Alligaatorimaadluse illustratsioon

Alates 1880. aastate lõpust on alligaatorimaadlus Ameerika Ühendriikides meelelahutuseks. Selle lõid Miccosukee and Seminoli hõimud juba enne eurooplaste saabumist ja tänapäeval on see turismiatraktsiooniks vaatamata loomaõiguslaste kriitikale.[58]

Alligaatorite kasvatamine

Alligaatorite kasvatamine on suur ja kasvav tööstusharu Georgia, Florida, Texase ja Louisiana osariigis, kus toodetakse kokku 45 000 alligaatorinahka aastas. Alligaatorinahk on kallis: ühe umbes 2-meetrise naha hind on 300 dollarit.[59] Ka alligaatoriliha turg kasvab ja aastas toodetakse umbes 140 tonni alligaatoriliha.[60] Üks portsjon (85 g) toorest alligaatoriliha sisaldab 200 kalorit, millest 27 kalorit annab lihas sisalduv rasv.[61]

Sümbol

Ameerika alligaator on USA Florida,[62] Louisiana[63] ja Mississippi[64] osariigi ametlik roomaja. Lisaks on Florida ülikooli spordivõistkondi alates 1911. aastast gator'iteks hüütud. Tol aastal otsustas üks trükkal trükkida ülikooli jalgpallivimplitele alligaatori embleemi ning see maskott jäigi külge. Võimalik, et kaasa aitas jalgpallimeeskonna kapteni Neal Storteri hüüdnimi "Bo Gator".[65] Spordijook Gatorade loodi algselt Florida ülikoolis oma Ameerika jalgpalli võistkonna jaoks.[66]

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Välislingid

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Ameerika alligaator: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Ameerika alligaator ehk mississippi alligaator (Alligator mississippiensis) on suur roomaja krokodilliliste seltsist. Ta elab Ameerika Ühendriikide kaguosas. Ameerika alligaator on suurem kahest elavast alligaatori perekonda kuuluvast liigist, väiksem liik on hiina alligaator.

Isased alligaatorid kasvavad 3,4–4,6 m pikkuseks ja võivad kaaluda kuni 453 kg. Emased on väiksemad ja kasvavad umbes 3 meetri pikkuseks. Ameerika alligaatorid elavad mageveega märgaladel, sealhulgas padurates ja küpressisoodes USA Texase osariigist Põhja-Carolinani. Alligaatorid eristuvad ameerika krokodillidest laiema koonu ja tumedama värvi poolest. Kui nende lõuad on suletud, siis erinevalt krokodillidest pole nende hambad nähtaval. Alligaatorid taluvad merevett kehvemini, kuid jahedamat kliimat paremini kui ameerika krokodillid, keda on leitud vaid troopilise kliimaga piirkondadest.

Alligaatorid on tippkiskjad, kes söövad kala, kahepaikseid, roomajaid, linde ja imetajaid. Vastkoorunud pojad toituvad peamiselt putukatest. Alligaatorid mängivad olulist rolli märgalade ökosüsteemis, sest tekitavad "alligaatoriauke", mis pakuvad teistele organismidele nii märjemaid kui ka kuivemaid elutingimusi. Paaritumisajal isased möirgavad ja kasutavad emaste ligimeelitamiseks infrahelisid. Emane muneb munad taimedest, okstest, mudast ja lehtedest pessa, mis asub varjatud kohas vee läheduses. Vastsündinute kehade ümber on kollased vöödid ja ema valvab järeltulijaid tavaliselt aasta, aga vahel ka kaks-kolm aastat.

Rahvusvaheline Looduskaitseliit loeb ameerika alligaatorit soodsas seisundis liigiks. Ajalooliselt on küttimine nende populatsiooni oluliselt kahjustanud ja 1973. aastal loeti nad ohustatud liigiks. Tänu looduskaitsjate pingutustele nende arvukus uuesti kasvas ja nad eemaldati 1987. aastal nimekirjast. Tänapäeval kütitakse alligaatoreid nende naha ja liha pärast. Ameerika alligaator on Florida, Louisiana ja Mississippi osariigi ametlik roomaja.

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Mississippiko aligatore ( Basque )

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Mississippiko aligatorea (Alligator mississippiensis) Alligator generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Alligatoridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

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Mississippiko aligatore: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Mississippiko aligatorea (Alligator mississippiensis) Alligator generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Alligatoridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Mississippinalligaattori ( Finnish )

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Mississippinalligaattori eli amerikanalligaattori (Alligator mississippiensis) on suurin alligaattorilaji. Sen pituus on noin 3 m koirailla, naarailla vähemmän, mutta pisin tavattu yksilö on ollut 5,8 m pitkä. Sillä on vaalea vatsa, jossa ei ole luutumia tai sarveistumia, ja sitä on metsästetty nahkansa vuoksi.

Lisääntyminen

Touko–heinäkuussa alligaattorinaaras laskee 20–70 munaa jopa metrin korkuiseen ja parin metrin levyiseen pesään, jonka se rakentaa savesta, mullasta ja kasveista. Se vartioi pesää herkeämättä 9–10 viikkoa, kunnes 20 cm pitkät poikaset kuoriutuvat. Emo auttaa ne ulos niiden piipityksen ohjaamana. Se kaivaa poikasilleen uuden, suuremman onkalon, jonka halkaisija on yleensä yli 3 m. Poikaset pysyvät emonsa luona 1–3 vuotta.

Elintavat

Nuoret alligaattorit syövät enimmäkseen selkärangattomia eläimiä, mutta aikuiset voivat käydä myös suurien nisäkkäiden, kuten koirien ja kauriiden kimppuun. Ne eivät ole yleensä vaaraksi ihmisille, ja kömpelyytensä vuoksi ne eivät onnistu tekemään eläinlaumassa suurta tuhoa.

Alligaattorit elävät keskimäärin 56-vuotiaiksi.

Ääninäytteitä

Kuvia

Lähteet

  1. Crocodile Specialist Group: Alligator mississippiensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 1996. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 21.6.2014. (englanniksi)
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Mississippinalligaattori: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Mississippinalligaattori eli amerikanalligaattori (Alligator mississippiensis) on suurin alligaattorilaji. Sen pituus on noin 3 m koirailla, naarailla vähemmän, mutta pisin tavattu yksilö on ollut 5,8 m pitkä. Sillä on vaalea vatsa, jossa ei ole luutumia tai sarveistumia, ja sitä on metsästetty nahkansa vuoksi.

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Alligator d'Amérique ( French )

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Alligator mississippiensis

Alligator mississippiensis, l'Alligator d'Amérique ou cocodri(e) ou crocodril en français cadien[1], est une espèce de crocodiliens de la famille des Alligatoridae[2] et de la sous-famille des Alligatorinae.

Description

La longueur moyenne des mâles est comprise entre 4 et 4,5 mètres et ils peuvent atteindre exceptionnellement 5 à 6 mètres et un poids maximal de 500 kg. Les femelles mesurent moins de 3 mètres. L'Alligator d'Amérique est plus grand que l'autre espèce d'alligator, l'Alligator de Chine.

Il a été mesuré en laboratoire que l'alligator américain peut exercer entre ses mâchoires une force atteignant 9 452 N, soit le poids d'une masse de 964 kg. Cette force dans la mâchoire est supérieure à celle que peut fournir n'importe quelle autre espèce actuellement vivante. Toutefois, l'étude n'a pas été menée sur d'autres crocodiliens[3].

Écologie et biologie

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Un alliagator d'Amérique juvénile sur la tête d'un parent.

L'espèce fréquente les eaux douces marécageuses mais peut se rencontrer aussi dans des rivières ou des lacs. Elle tolère un léger degré de salinité durant un bref laps de temps et peut alors se trouver dans des eaux saumâtres comme des mangroves.

Les jeunes se nourrissent d'invertébrés et particulièrement d'insectes, de petits poissons et de grenouilles. En grandissant, ils chassent des proies de plus en plus grandes comme des tortues, des petits mammifères, des oiseaux, des reptiles y compris d'autres alligators.

Cette espèce peut rester sous l'eau plusieurs heures en détournant la circulation sanguine uniquement vers les poumons et le cerveau ; si elle nage ou chasse, cette durée est réduite à 20 minutes. Les poumons lui servent à respirer, mais aussi à manœuvrer sous l'eau selon une étude réalisée par des biologistes de l’Université d'État de l'Utah[4]. Ses poumons agissent comme des « flotteurs internes » (variation de flottabilité comme la vessie natatoire des poissons, projetant ses poumons sur le côté lorsqu'elle se retourne sur elle-même, vers la tête lorsqu’elle refait surface, vers la queue quand elle plonge), lui permettant ainsi lorsqu'elle chasse de se déplacer discrètement sans alerter la proie. En conclusion de cette étude, les chercheurs émettent l'hypothèse que le développement du muscle du diaphragme a eu d'abord une fonction locomotrice puis une fonction respiratoire et étendent leurs observations à certaines tortues, salamandres, grenouilles africaines à griffes et lamantins qui pourraient avoir la même adaptation apparue chez les archosauriens[5].

La détermination du sexe dépend de la température régnant durant une période critique de l’incubation. Une température inférieure à 30 °C entre le 7e et le 21e jour ne donnera que des femelles ; si la température excède 34 °C, le nid ne donnera que des mâles[6]. Si la température varie, la proportion entre les mâles et les femelles variera également.

Répartition

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Distribution.

Cette espèce se rencontre aux États-Unis dans la totalité de la Floride et de la Louisiane, les parties méridionales de la Géorgie, de l'Alabama et du Mississippi, les régions côtières de la Caroline du Sud et de la Caroline du Nord, le sud-est du Texas et l'extrême Sud-Est de l'Oklahoma et de l'Arkansas. La majorité des alligators américains se situent en Floride et en Louisiane, où ils sont nombreux. Cette espèce est aussi présente dans le nord du Mexique.

Les alligators américains vivent dans des environnements d'eau douce, comme les étangs, les marais, les marécages, les rivières et les lacs, ainsi que dans les milieux saumâtres. La Floride du Sud est le seul endroit où coexistent alligators et crocodiles.

Systématique

L'espèce a été décrite par le naturaliste François Marie Daudin en 1802, sous le nom initial de Crocodilus mississipiensis[7]. L'épithète spécifique, mississippiensis, vient du fleuve Mississippi suivi du suffixe latin ensis (provenant de).

Synonymes

  • Crocodilus mississipiensis Daudin, 1802 Protonyme
  • Crocodilus lucius Cuvier, 1807
  • Alligator lucius (Cuvier, 1807)
  • Crocodilus cuvieri Leach, 1815

Taxinomie

François Marie Daudin utilisa l'orthographe de l'époque lorsqu'il décrivit la première fois cette espèce. En effet, il orthographia son nom en mississipiensis, avec un seul p tandis qu'aujourd'hui[Depuis quand ?], le p est redoublé. La nouvelle orthographe a été rétablie par une décision de la Commission internationale de nomenclature zoologique.

L'Alligator d’Amérique et l'Homme

On connaît des cas exceptionnels où un alligator a attaqué des enfants et même des adultes. Les alligators sauvages que des êtres humains nourrissent s'habituent à la présence humaine et attaquent plus volontiers. L'alligator du Mississippi peut, de manière insolite, venir sur les parkings de supermarché, dans les piscines privées ou près des abreuvoirs à bétail.[réf. nécessaire]

Protection

Ses effectifs sont estimés à plus d'un million d'individus[8]. Cette espèce est la mieux connue parmi les crocodiliens. Les programmes de protection mis en place à la fin des années 1960 ont permis une très nette augmentation de ses effectifs. C'est en particulier l'instauration de quotas sur la chasse qui a permis cette embellie. Les fermes d'élevage, dont le compte s'élève à plus de 150, ont permis des réintroductions dans de nombreux milieux où les alligators avaient disparu (par exemple en Arkansas et au Mississippi).

Cuisine

L'alligator entre, à titre de composant, dans la cuisine cadienne. Il est surtout utilisé dans des recettes de ragoûts, tel que le gumbo. Sa chair dense et blanche est très ressemblante à celle du poulet.

Notes et références

  1. Amanda Lafleur, Benjamin Forkner, « A Cajun French-English Glossary », sur Louisiana State University (consulté le 30 octobre 2010).
  2. (en) Référence Reptarium Reptile Database : Alligator mississippiensis .
  3. (en) Gregory M. Erickson, A. Kristopher Lappin et Kent A. Vliet, « The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) », Journal of Zoology, no 260,‎ 9 janvier 2003, p. 317-327 (ISSN , lire en ligne [PDF]).
  4. Ils ont implanté des électrodes sur les muscles respiratoires (notamment ceux du diaphragme) d'un alligator et l'ont filmé, pouvant corréler ainsi ses mouvements et l'action de ces muscles.
  5. (en) T.J.Uriona et C.G Farmer, « Recruitment of the diaphragmatics, ischiopubis and other respiratory muscles to control pitch and roll in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) », Journal of Experimental Biology (en), vol. 211,‎ 2008, p. 1141-1147.
  6. Description des reptiles sur batraciens-reptiles.com.
  7. * Daudin, 1802 : Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des reptiles ; ouvrage faisant suit à l'Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon ; et rédigée par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes, vol. 2, F. Dufart, Paris, p. 1-432 (texte intégral).
  8. Sur Crocodilian Species List.

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Alligator d'Amérique: Brief Summary ( French )

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Alligator mississippiensis

Alligator mississippiensis, l'Alligator d'Amérique ou cocodri(e) ou crocodril en français cadien, est une espèce de crocodiliens de la famille des Alligatoridae et de la sous-famille des Alligatorinae.

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Aligátor do Mississippi ( Galician )

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 src=
Aligátor do Mississippi comendo un crustáceo

O aligátor do Mississippi[1] (Alligator mississippiensis) é unha especie de réptil crocodilio que se encontra exclusivamente na rexión sueste dos Estados Unidos, xunto aos regatos e pantanos.

Características

 src=
Cranio e mandíbula de aligátor do Mississippi.

É maior especie do xénero Alligator, e de feito é un dos crocodilios máis grandes de América, alcanzando un máximo de 6 metros de longo,[2] aínda que debido á desaparición de grandes animais da zona por causas antrópicas, hoxe en día, os machos oscilan entre 4 e 4,5 m e as femias chegan aos 3 m.[3][4] O seu peso oscila entre os 70 kg das femias e os máis de 450 kg dos machos.[5]

Taxonomía e filoxenia

Este crocodilio americano foi clasificado por primeira vez polo zoólogo francés François Marie Daudin como Crocodilus mississipiensis en 1801. En 1807 Georges Cuvier creou o xénero Alligator;[6] que comparte co Alligator sinensis. Ambos agrúpanse na familia Alligatoridae, xunto cos caimáns. A superfamilia Alligatoroidea inclúe tódolos crocodilos (fósiles e existentes) que están máis estreitamente relacionados co crocodilo americano que xa sexa o crocodilo do Nilo ou ao gavial.[7][Cómpre clarificar]

Os membros desta superfamilia xurdiron por primeira vez no Cretáceo tardío. O Leidyosuchus de Alberta é o xénero máis antigo coñecido. O crocodilo americano moderno está representado no rexistro fósil do Plistoceno.

Distribución

Distribúese polos ríos, pantanos e marismas do sur de Estados Unidos, desde Carolina do Norte ata o sur de Texas, lindando coa fronteira mexicana chegando ata o estado de Tamaulipas. A persecución humana de que foi obxecto noutro tempo fíxoo desaparecer de moitas zonas, e neste momento só abunda realmente no estado de Florida e en menor medida na desembocadura do río Mississippi. É unha especie protexida en EE.UU., e moitos dos parques nacionais de Florida creáronse no seu momento co fin de preservar as súas zonas de caza e cría.

Galería de imaxes

Notas

  1. Forma recomendada polo SNL da USC a partir da proposta do Diccionario das ciencias da natureza e da saúde (A-C). A Coruña, Deputación da Coruña, 2000. [1]
  2. Everglades National Park article on the American Alligator
  3. Crocodile Species - American Alligator
  4. ADW: Alligator mississippiensis: Information
  5. American alligator
  6. url=http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174366#
  7. Brochu, Christopher A. (2003). "Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31: 357–97. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.

Véxase tamén

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Aligátor do Mississippi: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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 src= Aligátor do Mississippi comendo un crustáceo

O aligátor do Mississippi (Alligator mississippiensis) é unha especie de réptil crocodilio que se encontra exclusivamente na rexión sueste dos Estados Unidos, xunto aos regatos e pantanos.

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Američki aligator ( Croatian )

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Američki aligator (Alligator mississippiensis), često i misisipski aligator prema latinskom nazivu, je jedan od dvije vrste roda Alligator u redu krokodila. Ova vrsta živi samo na jugoistoku SADa gdje nastanjuje mokre okoliše koji se često preklapaju s ljudskim obitavalištima. Veći je od druge vrste ovog roda, kineskog aligatora.

Rasprostranjenost

 src=
Područje rasprostranjenosti američkog aligatora

Ova vrsta živi na području američkih država Sjeverne i Južne Karoline, Georgije, Floride, Alabame, Mississippija, Louisiane, Arkansasa, Oklahome i Teksasa gdje nastanjuje uglavnom spore tekućice, močvare, poplavne pašnjake i jezera. No, čini se da zadnjih godina prodiru sve dalje na sjever. Tako je opažen već kod Memphisa, u Tennessiju.

Vanjska obilježja

Američki aligator naraste do šest metara, no većina ih je duga oko tri metra. Mogu težiti do pola tone. Ženke su dosta manje, i rijetko su duže od tri metra. Široka, sprijeda tupo zaobljena njuška životinje izgledom potsjeća na štuke. Obojeni su tamno, gotovo crno, a mladunci imaju žućkaste poprečne pruge. Trbušna strana je uglavnom isto prilično tamna, no može biti i svijetla.

Razmnožavanje

Vrijeme parenja američkih aligatora počinje u proljeće. U to vrijeme mužjaci se glasaju dubokim zvukom koji potsjeća na pseći lavež. Time dozivaju ženke ali i drže na rastojanju druge mužjake. Nemaju glasnice, a zvuk "proizvode" plućima. U to vrijeme mužjaci su izuzetno teritorijalni, a pare se s više ženki.

Ženke u blizini vode grade gnijezda od biljnog materijala. Tu polaže oko 50 jaja koja se zatim griju temperaturom koja se razvija truljenjem biljnih tvari što ih okružuju. O temperaturi kojoj su jaja izložena u razdoblju inkubacije zavisi i spol mladunaca. Ženke čuvaju leglo sve do valjenja mladunaca. Kad valjenje počne, izvaljeni mladunci se javljaju, pa im majka pomaže izlazak iz gnijezda, uzima ih u usta i nosi do vode. Žućkasto prugasti mladunci u prvo vrijeme se još hrane ostatkom žumanjaca, a u majčinoj blizini ostaju do oko pet mjeseci, kad kreću u samostalni život. U tom razdoblju majka ih štiti od brojnih grabežljivaca.

Američki aligatori i ljudi

Ne postoji puno podataka o odnosu američkih Indijanaca i ovih aligatora, osim jedne grafike Theodora de Bryce Le Moina iz 1565. s prikazom indijanskog lova na aligatore dugačkim kopljima. Tek u kasnijim stoljećima počinje ozbiljan lov na njih radi kože i mesa. Prvi izvještaji o korištenju kože aligatora potječu s kraja 18. stoljeća. U vrijeme građanskog rata počinje pravi komercijalni lov na ove životinje radi zadovoljavanja velike potražnje za izradu cipela, pojaseva i torbica. Pored toga, raste i potražnja za živim mladim kao prepariranim životinjama, pa se oko 1900te cijela vrsta našla u vrlo ugroženom položaju s malim brojem jedinki. Lov na krokodile premjestio se u Srednju i Južnu Ameriku. 1966te Kina i SAD stavljaju svoje aligatore pod zaštitu.

Prema izviješću IUCNa danas se američki aligator više ne smatra ugroženim, a postoje i procjene da je broj jedinki narastao na oko 100.000.

Danas se komercijalne potrebe zadovoljavaju životinjama koje se uzgajaju na farmama, a postali su i turistička atrakcija i redovno ih se može vidjeti u zoološkim vrtovima. Pored toga, omiljeni su i u terarijima, što ipak nije jednostavno zbog njihove veličine i opasnosti koju pretstavljaju za ljude.

Literatura

  • Charles A. Ross: Krokodile und Alligatoren – Entwicklung, Biologie und Verbreitung (Krokodili i aligatori - razvoj, biologija i rasprostranjenost). Hamburg 1994, Orbis, Niedernhausen 2002. ISBN 3-572-01319-4


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Američki aligator: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Američki aligator (Alligator mississippiensis), često i misisipski aligator prema latinskom nazivu, je jedan od dvije vrste roda Alligator u redu krokodila. Ova vrsta živi samo na jugoistoku SADa gdje nastanjuje mokre okoliše koji se često preklapaju s ljudskim obitavalištima. Veći je od druge vrste ovog roda, kineskog aligatora.

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Alligator mississippiensis ( Italian )

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L'alligatore del Mississippi (Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1801)) è un rettile della famiglia degli Alligatoridi, endemico degli Stati Uniti d'America.[2]

È uno dei pochi loricati a vivere anche in un'area a clima sostanzialmente temperato. I maschi hanno una taglia massima compresa tra i 4 metri e i 4,5 metri, ma tra la fine del XIX secolo e l'inizio del XX sono stati catturati esemplari di oltre 5 metri. Esistono racconti, non confermati, di esemplari di circa 6 metri. Le femmine raggiungono quasi i 3 metri.

Distribuzione e habitat

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Areale dell'A. mississippiensis

Alabama, Arkansas, Carolina del Nord, Carolina del Sud, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas.

Vive prevalentemente in stagni di acqua dolce e paludi, ma anche in fiumi, laghi e corsi d'acqua più piccoli. Possono tollerare per un breve periodo un ragionevole grado di salinità, e sono stati trovati nelle acque salmastre delle paludi di mangrovie. In ogni caso, mancano delle ghiandole escretori del sale (al contrario dei coccodrilli). Una caratteristica dell'alligatore del mississippi è il grosso quarto dente inferiore che si inserisce in una fossetta della mascella superiore.

Descrizione

Il corpo è praticamente uguale a quello degli altri loricati, e il muso è quello caratteristico degli altri alligatoridi, allargato. La larghezza varia a seconda delle popolazioni. Gli animali in cattività hanno una mascella significativamente più grossa degli animali selvatici, probabilmente a causa di differenze nella dieta. Quando la bocca è chiusa, i bordi della mascella inferiore coprono i denti superiori, la cui punta trova alloggio in apposite cavità. È presente un arco penale, simile a quello riscontrabile negli altri alligatoridi.

I piccoli sono sostanzialmente uguali ai coccodrilli del Nilo, fatta eccezione per la colorazione. Infatti hanno vivaci bande bianco-nere su fondo nero.

Totale denti: 30-35: Mascellari: 13 - 15; Mandibolari: 19-20. I denti ricrescono.

Gli alligatori possono raggiungere i 500 kg di peso, anche se in media si aggirano sui 200–250 kg (femmine) o 350–400 kg (maschi). Esemplari di 600 kg non sono mai stati documentati nell'ultimo secolo, nonostante i presunti avvistamenti.

Il loro morso, come per tutti i coccodrilli, è uno dei più forti in natura. L'alligatore può esercitare una pressione mascellare di 400 kg/cm² per una forza di 16.000 N (1600 kg forza), sei volte più alta di quella generata da uno squalo bianco o da una tigre[3]. Le mascelle si chiudono a scatto in circa 20 centesimi di secondo, con una velocità dell'ordine di 380 km/h. In proporzione al peso, la forza del suo morso è simile a quella degli altri coccodrilli, inclusi caimani e gaviali; ciò gli consente di spezzare qualunque osso e di rompere istantaneamente il guscio di molluschi e persino grosse tartarughe[4].

L'alligatore del Mississippi è presente in natura allo stato libero ma è anche allevato dall'uomo allo scopo di ricavarne carne per l'alimentazione e pelle. La pelle di alligatore mississippiensis è infatti considerata di grande pregio dall'industria della moda e del lusso, che la utilizza per la produzione di scarpe, borse, valigette, valigie.

Alimentazione

I giovani si nutrono prevalentemente di insetti, piccoli pesci e rane.

Gli adulti predano praticamente qualunque animale si avvicini al loro territorio di caccia, compresi altri piccoli alligatori, oltre a catturare pesci ed anfibi. Non esitano ad attaccare bestiame, come mucche e cavalli, che uccidono grazie al potentissimo morso o trascinandoli in acqua in una stretta mortale. Sono stati documentati casi di alligatori che hanno predato con successo esemplari adulti di giaguaro e orso nero; questo comportamento dipende molto dalla zona, con aree in cui è poco frequente anche per la mancata interazione e aree in cui è quasi normale.

Dal momento che entrano spesso in contatto con aree antropizzate, può capitare che catturino animali domestici come cani o gatti. Ci sono stati anche casi di attacchi a bambini e adulti, specialmente se provocati. In molte zone vengono nutriti da umani, comportamento che li incoraggia a prendere confidenza, diventando potenzialmente pericolosi. Come tutti i loricati sono opportunisti e non disdegnano di nutrirsi di carogne se sono affamati. L'attività di nutrizione è controllata dalla temperatura dell'acqua e viene sospesa se la temperatura scende sotto i 20-23°

L'ultimo attacco fatale di un alligatore americano ai danni di un essere umano è avvenuto il 1º maggio 2020, portando al decesso Cynthia Covert, una donna di 58 anni, a Kiawah Island, nella Carolina del Sud.

Comportamento

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Due esemplari cuccioli di alligatore del Mississippi, fotografati in Florida.

È ben documentata la costruzione di tane, che vengono usate per ripararsi e ibernarsi quando cala la temperatura. Usando le zampe e la coda scavano anche buche (le cosiddette “Alligator holes”) che fungono da trappole per l'umidità e rifugio nella stagione secca. In ogni caso, quando si seccano, gli alligatori migrano per trovare altre aree umide. Dal momento che non sono infastiditi dal cloro, anche le piscine nei centri abitati vanno bene. Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale a 1,87 metri. Il rituale di corteggiamento inizia in primavera, quando sale la temperatura e avviene sott'acqua. Consiste in stimoli uditivi, visivi e tattili, come suoni a bassa frequenza o ripetuti colpi dati con la testa alla superficie dell'acqua. Anche le posture del corpo comunicano informazioni. L'intero rituale può durare diverse ore. All'inizio dell'estate viene costruito il nido, con materiale vegetale e fango. Il nido può essere alto fino a un metro, con un diametro di due. La femmina depone dalle 25 alle 60 uova in una depressione conica, scavata con le zampe. Durante l'incubazione, la femmina rimane nei pressi del nido. Quando si schiudono le uova, prende in bocca 8-10 piccoli alla volta, formando una tasca con la lingua, e li trasporta in acqua. I piccoli rimangono con la madre per circa un anno, ma talvolta anche due o tre.

Durante l'inverno gli alligatori si ibernano. Possono anche sopravvivere al congelamento dell'acqua, facendo emergere le narici al disopra dello strato di ghiaccio e continuando così a respirare.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Crocodile Specialist Group 1996, Alligator mississippiensis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 27 marzo 2017.
  2. ^ (EN) Alligator mississippiensis, in The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 27 marzo 2017.
  3. ^ (EN) How Powerful is a Crocodile's Bite?, su animals.mom.me. URL consultato il 7 agosto 2019.
  4. ^ Crocodiles Have Strongest Bite Ever Measured, Hands-on Tests Show, su National Geographic News, 15 marzo 2012. URL consultato il 7 agosto 2019.

Bibliografia

  • Brandt, LA (1991). Long-term changes in a population of Alligator mississippiensis in South Carolina. J. Herpetol. 25(4): 419-424
  • Brisbin, IL, Ross, CA, Downes, MC, Staton, MA & Gammon, B (1986). A Bibliography of the American Alligator. Savannah River National Environmental Research Park. 310 pp.
  • Brisbin, IL, Standora, EA & Vargo, MJ (1982). Body temperature and behavior of American alligators during cold winter weather. Am. Midl. Nat. 107: 209-218
  • Elsey, RM, Joanen, T & McNease, L (1994). Louisiana's alligator research and management program: an update. In: Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 12th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 199–229
  • Garrick, L, Lang, J & Herzog, HA (1978). Social signals of the American alligator. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 160: 155-192
  • Hunt, RH, Ogden, JJ (1991). Selected aspects of the nesting ecology of American alligators in the Okefenokee swamp. J. Herpetol. 25(4): 448-453
  • Hunt, RH & Watanabe, ME (1982). Observations on the maternal behavior of the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. J. Herpetol. 16(3): 235-239
  • Kushlan, JA, & Simon, JC (1981). Egg manipulation by the American alligator. J. Herpetol. 15(4): 451-454
  • Lee, JR, Burke, VJ, & Gibbons, JW (1997). Behavior of hatchling Alligator mississippiensis exposed to ice. Copeia 1997(1): 224-226
  • McIlhenny, EA (1935). The Alligator's Life History. Christopher Publishing House, Boston.
  • Rootes, WL, Chabreck, RH (1993). Reproductive status and movement of adult female alligators. J. Herpetol. 27(2): 121-126
  • Vliet, K (1989). Social displays of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Amer. Zool. 29: 1019-1031

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Alligator mississippiensis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'alligatore del Mississippi (Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1801)) è un rettile della famiglia degli Alligatoridi, endemico degli Stati Uniti d'America.

È uno dei pochi loricati a vivere anche in un'area a clima sostanzialmente temperato. I maschi hanno una taglia massima compresa tra i 4 metri e i 4,5 metri, ma tra la fine del XIX secolo e l'inizio del XX sono stati catturati esemplari di oltre 5 metri. Esistono racconti, non confermati, di esemplari di circa 6 metri. Le femmine raggiungono quasi i 3 metri.

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Alligator mississippiensis ( Latin )

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Misisipės aligatorius ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Alligator mississippiensis

Misisipės aligatorius (lot. Alligator mississippiensis) – aligatorinių (Alligatoridae) šeimos gyvūnas.

Gyvena JAV pietryčių upėse ir pelkėse. Ilgis iki 6 m. Tarp priekinių kojų pirštų yra plaukiojamoji plėvė. Minta žuvimi, vandens paukščiais ir šiaip ką pačiupdami. Tankiau apgyventose vietose jie griebia ir neatsargius gyvulius. Veisiamas ir auginamas fermose.

Vikiteka

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Misisipės aligatorius: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Misisipės aligatorius (lot. Alligator mississippiensis) – aligatorinių (Alligatoridae) šeimos gyvūnas.

Gyvena JAV pietryčių upėse ir pelkėse. Ilgis iki 6 m. Tarp priekinių kojų pirštų yra plaukiojamoji plėvė. Minta žuvimi, vandens paukščiais ir šiaip ką pačiupdami. Tankiau apgyventose vietose jie griebia ir neatsargius gyvulius. Veisiamas ir auginamas fermose.

Vikiteka

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Amerikansk alligator ( Norwegian )

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Amerikansk alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) er en av to arter alligatorer som lever i dag. Den andre er kinesisk alligator. Den amerikanske alligatoren lever i de sørøstlige delene av USA. Den er også større enn den kinesiske alligatoren. Alligatorer er generelt mindre aggressive enn de store krokodillene, spesielt nilkrokodillen og saltvannskrokodillen, men i motsetning til hunnkrokodillen tar hunnalligatoren seg av avkommet sitt til det er omtrent to år gammelt, hvilket gjør en hunnalligator med barn svært aggressiv og farlig.

Diett

Alligatorer spiser nesten alt de kommer over, men favorittmaten er fisk, skilpadder, fugler, små pattedyr og amfibier.

Habitat

Idag er alligatorer funnet i et område som strekker seg fra Merchants Millpond State Park i Nord-Carolina til Texas og i deler av Oklahoma. De største forekomstene av alligatorer finnes i Florida og Louisiana. Det finnes mange oppdrettsanlegg for alligatorer i USA og både kjøttet, skinnet og hodene omsettes i kommersiell handel.

Den amerikanske alligatoren lever hovedsakelig i sumper og myrer.

Referanser

  1. ^ Crocodile Specialist Group. 1996. Alligator mississippiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T46583A11061981. Alligator mississippiensis. Lest 21. september 2017.

Eksterne lenker

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Kranium og underkjeve på en amerikansk alligator
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Amerikansk alligator: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Amerikansk alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) er en av to arter alligatorer som lever i dag. Den andre er kinesisk alligator. Den amerikanske alligatoren lever i de sørøstlige delene av USA. Den er også større enn den kinesiske alligatoren. Alligatorer er generelt mindre aggressive enn de store krokodillene, spesielt nilkrokodillen og saltvannskrokodillen, men i motsetning til hunnkrokodillen tar hunnalligatoren seg av avkommet sitt til det er omtrent to år gammelt, hvilket gjør en hunnalligator med barn svært aggressiv og farlig.

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Aligator amerykański ( Polish )

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Aligator amerykański, aligator missisipijski (Alligator mississippiensis) – gatunek krokodyla z rodziny aligatorowatych (Alligatoridae). Zamieszkuje tereny podmokłe w południowo-wschodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych. Zimuje na lądzie w wygrzebanych przez siebie norach w pobliżu wody[3].

Charakterystyka

Osiąga średnio 1,8–3,7 m długości, choć rekordowy osobnik mierzył ok. 5,8 m[3]. Grzbiet ciemny oliwkowozielony, plamisty. Brzuch jasnożółty. Pysk krótki i szeroki. Kiedy jest zamknięty, krawędź górnej szczęki zachodzi na zęby w dolnej szczęce, którym odpowiadają zagłębienia w szczęce górnej, czyli inaczej niż u przedstawicieli rodzajów Crocodylus i Gavialis, w którym niższe zęby odpowiednie do zagłębień wystają na zewnątrz górnej szczęki. Pomiędzy oczami na kościach czaszki występuje kostny twór, podobny jaki ma kajman okularowy, ale nie tak wyraźny. Młode to miniatury dorosłych, różnią się jednak ubarwieniem ponieważ posiadają jasnożółte poprzeczne paski na czarnym tle zapewniające kamuflaż. Z wiekiem stopniowo tracą żółte paski i stają się oliwkowobrązowe i czarne. Obszary wokół szczęk, na szyi i brzuch są śmietankowo białe. Potrafią zaciskać szczęki z siłą 9452 niutonów[4].

Żywi się głównie rybami, ptakami oraz drobnymi ssakami, choć znane są przypadki upolowania przez ten gatunek jelenia lub bydła[3].

Rozród

Samice osiągają dojrzałość przy długości ok. 1,8 m. Zaloty zaczynają się wiosną, kiedy temperatura wzrasta. Samce wydają donośne wibrujące głosy podobne do ryków, na które odpowiadają samice. Wibracje takie o niskiej częstotliwości przenoszą się w wodzie na znaczne odległości. Samce uderzają głowami o wodę, podrywają ciało nad powierzchnię wody oraz wydzielają zapachy z pary gruczołów piżmowych zlokalizowanych pod podbródkiem i przy steku. Pod koniec zalotów pary trą się pyskami. Takie zaloty mogą trwać kilka godzin. Z początkiem lata kiedy jest jeszcze ciepło i wilgotno samica buduje gniazdo na brzegu powyżej poziomu wody w kształcie kopca z błota i szczątków roślinnych. Często w tych samych miejscach co roku. Używając głównie tylnych odnóży wykopuje stożkowaty dołek u szczytu kopca, do którego składa od 20 do 50 jaj i zasypuje je. Gniazdo może mieć ponad 1 m wysokości 2 m szerokości. Samica pozostaje w pobliżu gniazda aby chronić je przez okres wylęgania, który trwa przeciętnie 65 dni co jest też zależne od temperatury. Młode gotowe do wylęgu wołają matkę, która otwiera gniazdo przednimi nogami i szczękami. Następnie przenosi w pysku w torbie z języka od 8 do 10 młodych do wody. W wodzie otwiera pysk i potrząsa nim łagodnie zachęcając młode do wyjścia. Młode pozostają blisko matki najczęściej przez okres roku, ale zdarza się, że i dwa lub nawet trzy lata. Bezbronne młode w razie niebezpieczeństwa wołają matkę na pomoc. Pomimo tej ochrony dużo młodych ginie od takich drapieżników, jak szop pracz, duże ryby, ptaki i inne aligatory. Młode mogą zimować w tej samej norze co samica.

Przypisy

  1. Alligator mississippiensis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Alligator mississippiensis. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b c Encyklopedia Audiowizualna Britannica. Zoologia I: A–O. Poznań: Axel Springer Polska, 2006, s. 10. ISBN 978-83-60563-05-2.
  4. Gregory M. Erickson, A. Kristopher Lappin, Kent A. Vliet. The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). „Journal of Zoology”. 260 (3), s. 317–327, 2003. DOI: 10.1017/S0952836903003819 (ang.).
p d e
Krokodylomorfy zwierzętastrunowcekręgowcezauropsydydiapsydyarchozauromorfyarchozauryCrurotarsiSphenosuchia Allognathosuchus gracilis.jpg
Brillenkaiman (02) 2006-09-19.JPGProtosuchia Mesoeucrocodylia incertae sedis Mesoeucrocodylia: Sebecia Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia Mesoeucrocodylia: Notosuchia Mesoeucrocodylia: Neosuchia
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Aligator amerykański: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Aligator amerykański, aligator missisipijski (Alligator mississippiensis) – gatunek krokodyla z rodziny aligatorowatych (Alligatoridae). Zamieszkuje tereny podmokłe w południowo-wschodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych. Zimuje na lądzie w wygrzebanych przez siebie norach w pobliżu wody.

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Aligátor americano ( Portuguese )

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 src=
Jacaré-norte-americano comendo um caranguejo.
 src=
Crânio de um jacaré-norte-americano

O jacaré-norte-americano[1][2][3][4] (Alligator mississippiensis), por vezes também chamado jacaré-americano,[5][6][7][8] aligátor-americano ou jacaré-do-mississípi é uma espécie de jacaré encontrada apenas na região sudeste dos Estados Unidos, junto a riachos e pântanos. São a única espécie de jacaré (também ditos caimões ou aligátores) existente nos Estados Unidos. Dividem em grande parte seu habitat com o crocodilo-americano. Quando adultos, os jacarés-norte-americanos medem de 2,3 metros a 3 metros, e pesam mais de 400 kg (no caso dos machos). Há nos Estados Unidos lendas urbanas, bastante exageradas, de histórias de jacarés que seriam encontrados nos esgotos das grandes cidades americanas. Podem, porém até virem a ser domesticados e, de fato, há pessoas que tentam criá-los em apartamentos.

Quando jovens, os jacarés-americanos alimentam-se de insectos e pequenos crustáceos. Adultos, procuram rãs, cobras, peixes e animais mortos. Também podem se alimentar de animais grandes: ocasionalmente, por exemplo, puxam um veado para dentro d'água, afogam-no e depois o comem. Um jacaré fica muito briguento na época do acasalamento, torna-se muito inquieto e berra para atrair a fêmea. Esta faz o seu ninho com lodo e matéria vegetal, e nele deposita os ovos. Toma conta deles até que os filhotes saiam.

O jacaré-americano, diferente do crocodilo-americano, possui focinho curto. Cerca de 1 milhão de jacarés-americanos vivem no estado da Flórida, mas nem sempre foi assim. Entre o ano de 1950 e 1970 metade da população de jacarés foi exterminada (muitos jacarés foram mortos para a confecção de bolsas com o seu couro), o que fez com que entrasse na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção. Visando parar a matança, os Estados Unidos criaram leis que a proibiram, de modo que a população de jacarés foi se estabilizando no ambiente selvagem. Além disso, muitos biólogos se dedicaram a programas de conservação e muitos jacarés que viviam em cativeiro foram soltos na natureza. Isso tudo fez com que a população desses animais crescesse, chegando a 3 milhões. Nos jacarés-norte-americanos, os machos pesam cerca de 430 kg, já as fêmeas pesam apenas cerca de 290 kg. Os jacarés-americanos, quando adultos, medem entre 2,3 metros e 3,0 metros, mas já houve casos de jacarés-americanos que atingiram cerca de 5 metros. Eles possuem uma das mordidas mais fortes dentre os animais, com pressão de 540 kg por centímetro quadrado. Mesmo sendo um animal não ameaçado de extinção, as pessoas estão voltando a caçá-los pois acham que os jacarés-norte-americanos são uma ameaça e tem medo deles. A verdade é que os jacarés-americanos só atacam quando se sentem ameaçados ou quando estão com muita fome. A continuar a caça predatório poderiam voltar para a lista de animais em extinção, o que seria péssimo para o ecossistema dos Estados Unidos .

Distribuição geográfica

Os jacarés-norte-americanos ocorrem no sudeste dos Estados Unidos. Um dos seus principais habitats são pântanos que lhes oferecem abrigo e proteção. A Flórida é o estado dos Estados Unidos que mais possui jacarés; existem cerca de 1 milhão de jacarés-norte-americanos apenas no estado da Flórida. O rio Mississípi lhes oferece uma grande área propicia, pois além de ser rico em peixes ( alimento do aligátor) ele tem capacidade de abrigar uma grande e variada quantidade de animais. Os jacarés-norte-americanos são encontrados nos estados da Florida, Carolina do Norte, Carolina do Sul, Texas, Arkansas e boa parte da região sudeste dos Estados Unidos.

 src=
Distribuição atual do jacaré-norte-americano

Estado de conservação

O risco de extinção do jacaré-norte-americano é de baixo risco ou pouco preocupante. Sua população selvagem estimada em mais de 1.000.000, sendo amplamente distribuída e numerosa durante a maior parte da sua gama de distribuição.[9]

Características

Os jacarés-norte-americanos machos adultos medem em torno de 3,5 metros, já as fêmeas adultas do jacaré-norte-americano atingem cerca de 2,7 metros. Quando jovens, os jacarés-americanos possuem um cor cinza com parte da cauda amarelada mas quando adultos a sua coloração é totalmente cinza. Diferentemente dos crocodilos, os jacarés-norte-americanos possuem um focinho grosso e arredondado. Eles pesam em torno de 430 quilos. Os jacarés-norte-americanos são cobertos por escamas e por uma placa óssea bem dura que protegem de mordidas de outros jacarés da mesma espécie. A cauda longa e flexível do animal possibilita-lhe dar um impulso na água facilitando o seu nado. Possuem cerca de 208 dentes que auxiliam na alimentação. Seus olhos são cobertos por pálpebras que se fecham quando entra poeira ou quando estão expostos a ataque de outros jacarés da mesma espécie. As suas quatro pernas o ajudam a rastejar na terra e também o auxiliam a nadar.

Ataques ao homem

Embora hoje em dia pouco comuns, há vários registros de ataques de jacarés-norte-americanos soltos, selvagens, a seres humanos, nos Estados Unidos. Em junho de 2016, em hotel que faz parte de complexo dos parques da Walt Disney World Resort, em Orlando, na Flórida, um jacaré-norte-americano matou uma criança de apenas dois anos, ao mordê-la e arrastá-la para o fundo de um lago próximo ao qual a criança brincava. Como fazem em geral os jacarés-norte-americanos com presas maiores, a morte nesse caso foi causada por afogamento.[10]

Referências

  1. «400 kg e 4 metros: são as medidas de um Jacaré capturado nos EUA - Info Cabo Verde - Sapo Notícias». noticias.sapo.cv. Consultado em 16 de junho de 2016
  2. «Com meia tonelada, jacaré norte-americano quebra recorde mundial PARAÍBA.com.br». Consultado em 16 de junho de 2016
  3. «Green Savers – Jacaré norte-americano recebe prótese que substitui cauda perdida (com FOTOS)». Green Savers. Consultado em 16 de junho de 2016. Arquivado do original em 27 de março de 2013
  4. «Mulher encontra jacaré de 3,3 metros na porta de casa». Gazeta do Povo. Consultado em 16 de junho de 2016
  5. «weSapiens.org - Português: Jacaré-americano (Alligator)»
  6. «Jacaré-Americano. Características do Jacaré-Americano. Curiosidades sobre o Jacaré-Americano.». mundoentrepatas.com. Consultado em 15 de junho de 2016
  7. «UOL Dicionário Houaiss». houaiss.uol.com.br. Consultado em 15 de junho de 2016
  8. «Jacaré de 353 kg é visto atravessando campo de golfe nos EUA». RedeTV! - Jornalismo. 30 de maio de 2016. Consultado em 15 de junho de 2016
  9. CROCODILANS - Natural History & Conservation / Species Lists / Alligator mississippiensis [em linha: crocodilian.com]
  10. «Polícia encontra corpo de menino arrastado por jacaré na Disney». Mundo. 15 de junho de 2016. Consultado em 16 de junho de 2016
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Aligátor americano: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Jacaré-norte-americano comendo um caranguejo.  src= Crânio de um jacaré-norte-americano

O jacaré-norte-americano (Alligator mississippiensis), por vezes também chamado jacaré-americano, aligátor-americano ou jacaré-do-mississípi é uma espécie de jacaré encontrada apenas na região sudeste dos Estados Unidos, junto a riachos e pântanos. São a única espécie de jacaré (também ditos caimões ou aligátores) existente nos Estados Unidos. Dividem em grande parte seu habitat com o crocodilo-americano. Quando adultos, os jacarés-norte-americanos medem de 2,3 metros a 3 metros, e pesam mais de 400 kg (no caso dos machos). Há nos Estados Unidos lendas urbanas, bastante exageradas, de histórias de jacarés que seriam encontrados nos esgotos das grandes cidades americanas. Podem, porém até virem a ser domesticados e, de fato, há pessoas que tentam criá-los em apartamentos.

Quando jovens, os jacarés-americanos alimentam-se de insectos e pequenos crustáceos. Adultos, procuram rãs, cobras, peixes e animais mortos. Também podem se alimentar de animais grandes: ocasionalmente, por exemplo, puxam um veado para dentro d'água, afogam-no e depois o comem. Um jacaré fica muito briguento na época do acasalamento, torna-se muito inquieto e berra para atrair a fêmea. Esta faz o seu ninho com lodo e matéria vegetal, e nele deposita os ovos. Toma conta deles até que os filhotes saiam.

O jacaré-americano, diferente do crocodilo-americano, possui focinho curto. Cerca de 1 milhão de jacarés-americanos vivem no estado da Flórida, mas nem sempre foi assim. Entre o ano de 1950 e 1970 metade da população de jacarés foi exterminada (muitos jacarés foram mortos para a confecção de bolsas com o seu couro), o que fez com que entrasse na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção. Visando parar a matança, os Estados Unidos criaram leis que a proibiram, de modo que a população de jacarés foi se estabilizando no ambiente selvagem. Além disso, muitos biólogos se dedicaram a programas de conservação e muitos jacarés que viviam em cativeiro foram soltos na natureza. Isso tudo fez com que a população desses animais crescesse, chegando a 3 milhões. Nos jacarés-norte-americanos, os machos pesam cerca de 430 kg, já as fêmeas pesam apenas cerca de 290 kg. Os jacarés-americanos, quando adultos, medem entre 2,3 metros e 3,0 metros, mas já houve casos de jacarés-americanos que atingiram cerca de 5 metros. Eles possuem uma das mordidas mais fortes dentre os animais, com pressão de 540 kg por centímetro quadrado. Mesmo sendo um animal não ameaçado de extinção, as pessoas estão voltando a caçá-los pois acham que os jacarés-norte-americanos são uma ameaça e tem medo deles. A verdade é que os jacarés-americanos só atacam quando se sentem ameaçados ou quando estão com muita fome. A continuar a caça predatório poderiam voltar para a lista de animais em extinção, o que seria péssimo para o ecossistema dos Estados Unidos .

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Aligatorul american ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

provided by wikipedia RO

Aligatorul american (Alligator mississippiensis) este cea mai mare reptilă din emisfera vestică. Are o lungime de până la 5,5 m și o greutate de până la 500 kg. Este asemănător crocodilului.

Hrană

Principala sursă de hrană o constituie animalele de talie mică, dar poate ucide și mânca animale mari (spre exemplu căprioare), păsări, pești și reptile. Când este însă iritat, poate ataca și omul.

Vânătoare

În 1967 a devenit specie protejată, din cauza vânatului excesiv. Efectivul aligatorilor a crescut în 20 de ani până la aproximativ 800.000 de exemplare. Se permite vânătoarea lor pentru controlul numărului.

Respirație

Aligatorul are respirație pulmonară, adică respiră prin plămâni.

Alcătuirea corpului

Corpul este alcătuit din cap, trunchi, membre și coadă.

Locomoție

Aligatorul precum crocodilul înoată prin apă, dar pe uscat se mișcă la fel de bine, târându-se.

Note

  1. ^ Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). Alligator mississippiensis. În: IUCN 2008. Lista roșie a speciiilor periclitate IUCN. Descărcat pe 24 February 2009.

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Aligatorul american: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Aligatorul american (Alligator mississippiensis) este cea mai mare reptilă din emisfera vestică. Are o lungime de până la 5,5 m și o greutate de până la 500 kg. Este asemănător crocodilului.

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Aligátor severoamerický ( Slovak )

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Aligátor severoamerický (staršie aj aligátor mississipský (Ferianc, 1970) či aligátor šťukopyský (Gutteková, 1964); lat. Alligator mississippiensis) je druh krokodíla z čeľade aligátorovitých, ktorý je zároveň jedným z dvoch žijúcich druhov aligátorov.

Rozšírenie

Žije v močiaroch, riekach alebo bažinách, ktoré sa často kryjú s oblasťami, obývanými ľuďmi.

Vzhľad

Čo do veľkosti je väčší ako jeho najbližší príbuzný aligátor čínsky (Alligator sinensis). Má veľké, tmavé, silné telo s mocnými končatinami, širokú hlavu a veľmi silný chvost. Samci týchto aligátorov väčšinou dosahujú dĺžku do 5,5 m, maximálna zaznamenaná dĺžka je 5,8 m.[1]

Používanie nástrojov

Bolo zdokumentované, že aligátor pomocou návnady lovil korisť, ako sú vtáky.[2] To znamená, že išlo o jeden z prvých záznamov o používaní nástrojov medzi plazmi. Vyvážením paličky alebo vetvy na hlavách, boli americké aligátory schopné prilákať a uloviť vtáky, ktoré hľadali vhodnú podstielku. Táto stratégia, ktorá je zdieľaná aj s krokodílom bahenným, je obzvlášť účinná počas hniezdenia, keď je viac pravdepodobné, že vtáky zhromažďujú materiál na stavanie hniezda.[3]

Galéria

Referencie

  1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/eco/gator.htm
  2. Crocodilians use tools for hunting. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 2013, s. 74–78.
  3. Crocodiles are cleverer than previously thought: Some crocodiles use lures to hunt their prey [online]. ScienceDaily, December 4, 2013, [cit. 2013-12-08]. Dostupné online.

Zdroj

  • F. Szalay - H. Szalayová: Chováme teráriové zvieratá

Iné projekty

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Aligátor severoamerický: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Aligátor severoamerický (staršie aj aligátor mississipský (Ferianc, 1970) či aligátor šťukopyský (Gutteková, 1964); lat. Alligator mississippiensis) je druh krokodíla z čeľade aligátorovitých, ktorý je zároveň jedným z dvoch žijúcich druhov aligátorov.

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Amerika aligatoru ( Turkish )

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Amerika aligatoru (Alligator mississippiensis), timsahlar takımının aligatorgiller (Alligatoridae) familyasından sürüngen türü.

Sadece ABD'de bulunur ve Amerikan timsahı ile sıklıkla karıştırılır. Erkeğinin uzunluğu 90 ila 380 cm., dişisinin uzunluğu ise en 60 ila 220 cm. olur. Ama bu hayvan için ortalama bir boy 180 cm civarıdır. Bir aligator diğer birçok hayvandan daha güçlü ısırır (1 ton basınç ile). Yakın akrabası Çin aligatorundan daha büyüktür. Doğal ortamında albino aligator bulmak çok zordur. Bu hayvanlar sadece hayvanat bahçelerinde yaşayabilir. Çünkü albino aligatorlar güneşe ve avcılara karşı savunmasızdır. Aligatörler, ABD'nin Kuzey Karolina, Güney Karolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Teksas ve Oklahoma eyaletlerinde bulunur. Aligatorlar, genelde sulak alanlarda yaşar. Ancak evlere girdikleri de olur.

Yavru aligatörler böcek yiyerek beslenir. Büyüdüklerinde, yılan, kaplumbağa, kuş ve hatta rakun gibi daha iri hayvanları yiyebilirler. Yetişkinleri ise geyik ve yabandomuzu gibi daha iri hayvanları avlar. Hatta koyun ve sığır gibi evcil hayvanları da yerler. Hatta ve hatta iri erkeklerin kara ayı ve Florida puması gibi iri etçilleri de yedikleri bilinmektedir.

Aligatorlar insanları öldürebilir, ama onları av olarak görmez. Aligator ısırığında güçlü bir enfeksiyon riski bulunur. Aligator bir kuyruk darbesiyle bir insanı yere devirebilir ve hatta kemiklerini kırabilir. Florida eyaleti yasalarına göre Florida'da ulusal parklar haricinde yaklanan ve boyu 1,5 metreyi aşan aligatorlar uyutulmalıdır.

Resim galerisi

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Amerika aligatoru: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Amerika aligatoru (Alligator mississippiensis), timsahlar takımının aligatorgiller (Alligatoridae) familyasından sürüngen türü.

Sadece ABD'de bulunur ve Amerikan timsahı ile sıklıkla karıştırılır. Erkeğinin uzunluğu 90 ila 380 cm., dişisinin uzunluğu ise en 60 ila 220 cm. olur. Ama bu hayvan için ortalama bir boy 180 cm civarıdır. Bir aligator diğer birçok hayvandan daha güçlü ısırır (1 ton basınç ile). Yakın akrabası Çin aligatorundan daha büyüktür. Doğal ortamında albino aligator bulmak çok zordur. Bu hayvanlar sadece hayvanat bahçelerinde yaşayabilir. Çünkü albino aligatorlar güneşe ve avcılara karşı savunmasızdır. Aligatörler, ABD'nin Kuzey Karolina, Güney Karolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Teksas ve Oklahoma eyaletlerinde bulunur. Aligatorlar, genelde sulak alanlarda yaşar. Ancak evlere girdikleri de olur.

Yavru aligatörler böcek yiyerek beslenir. Büyüdüklerinde, yılan, kaplumbağa, kuş ve hatta rakun gibi daha iri hayvanları yiyebilirler. Yetişkinleri ise geyik ve yabandomuzu gibi daha iri hayvanları avlar. Hatta koyun ve sığır gibi evcil hayvanları da yerler. Hatta ve hatta iri erkeklerin kara ayı ve Florida puması gibi iri etçilleri de yedikleri bilinmektedir.

Aligatorlar insanları öldürebilir, ama onları av olarak görmez. Aligator ısırığında güçlü bir enfeksiyon riski bulunur. Aligator bir kuyruk darbesiyle bir insanı yere devirebilir ve hatta kemiklerini kırabilir. Florida eyaleti yasalarına göre Florida'da ulusal parklar haricinde yaklanan ve boyu 1,5 metreyi aşan aligatorlar uyutulmalıdır.

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Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ ( Vietnamese )

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Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ (danh pháp khoa học: Alligator mississippiensis) là một loài bò sát bản địa duy nhất Đông Nam Hoa Kỳ. Nó là một trong hai loài còn tồn tại của chi alligator trong họ Alligatoridae. Nó lớn hơn loài cá sấu alligator còn tồn tại, cá sấu Dương Tử. Loài cá sấu này sinh sống ở vùng đất ngập nước thường xuyên chồng lấn với khu vực con người định cư. Loài này có thân dài 5–7 ft (1,5–2,1 m).[3] Con đực trưởng thành dài trung bình 11,2 ft (3,4 m) còn con cái trưởng thành dài trung bình 2,5m đến 3,0 m.[4][5][6][7] Con lớn có cân nặng từ 168 đến 800 lb (76 đến 363 kg), với một ngoại lệ cân nặng của con đực già vượt mức 14 ft (4,3 m) and 1.000 pound (450 kg).[8][9][10][11][12] Con lớn nhất kỷ lục được bắt ở Louisiana đầu thập niên 1900 và dài 19 foot 2 inch (5,84 m) và nặng 2.200 lb (1.000 kg).[13] Con lớn thứ nhì dài 17 feet 5 inch, từ Florida.[14][15] Đuôi, chiếm một nửa tổng chiều dài của nó, được sử dụng chủ yếu để tạo lực đẩy khi bơi. Đuôi cũng có thể được sử dụng như một vũ khí phòng thủ khi cá sấu cảm thấy bị đe dọa. Cá sấu di chuyển rất nhanh trong nước, trong khi chúng đang di chuyển chậm về bờ đất, chúng có thể lao nhanh tới trongkhoảng cách ngắn rất nhanh chóng. Chúng có năm móng vuốt trên mỗi chân trước và trên mỗi bàn chân phía sau. Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ có các phòng thí nghiệm đo cắn mạnh nhất của bất kỳ sinh vật sống, được đo lên tới 9.452 newton trong điều kiện phòng thí nghiệm. Cần lưu ý rằng thí nghiệm này đã không (tại thời điểm bài báo được công bố) được nhân rộng trong bất kỳ cá sấu khác.[16]

Phân loại và phát sinh loài

 src=
Hóa thạch Alligator prenasalis
 src=
Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ cho thấy răng, Nam Carolina

Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ lần đầu tiên được phân loại bởi nhà động vật học người Pháp François Marie Daudin như Crocodilus mississipiensis năm 1801. Georges Cuvier phân loại nó vào chi Alligator năm 1807.[17] Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ được chuyển qua chi này cùng với cá sấu Dương Tử. Chúng được nhóm lại trong họ Alligatoridae với cá sấu Caiman. Siêu họ Alligatoroidea bao gồm tất cả cá sấu (hóa thạch và còn tồn tại) có liên quan đến Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ hơn đến cá sấu sông Nin hay Cá sấu Ấn Độ.[18]

Các thành viên của siêu họ này lần đầu tiên xuất hiện ở cuối kỷ Phấn trắng. Leidyosuchus là chi đầu tiên được biết đến. Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ và cá sấu caiman tách ra ở Bắc Mỹ vào cuối kỷ Phấn Trắng và sau này ở Bắc Mỹ ở kỷ Paleogene, trước khi đống eo đất Panama trong kỷ Neogene. Cá sấu Dương Tử có thể là hậu duệ của một dòng dõi mà vượt qua Beringia, cũng trong kỷ Neogene. Hóa thạch cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ hiện đại cũng được thể hiện trong các mẫu hóa thạch của thế Pleistocen.[19]

Phân bố

Loài này phân bố bên các con sông, đầm lầy và đầm lầy phía nam Hoa Kỳ, từ Bắc Carolina tới miền nam Texas, giáp biên giới Mexico. Việc con người can thiệp đã làm đã biến mất từ nhiều lĩnh vực, và hiện nay chỉ thực sự phong phú trong tiểu bang Florida và đến một mức độ thấp hơn ở cửa sông Mississippi. Nó là một loài được bảo vệ ở Mỹ, và nhiều vườn quốc gia của Florida đã được tạo ra để bảo vệ loài này.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Paleobiology Database: Alligatoridae
  2. ^ Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). Alligator mississippiensis. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 2 năm 2009.
  3. ^ Alligator Profile (2011).
  4. ^ “Crocodilian Species—American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)”. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 10 năm 2008.
  5. ^ Woodward, Allan R.; White, John H.; Linda, Stephen B. (1995). “Maximum Size of the Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)”. Journal of Herpetology 29 (4): 507–513. JSTOR 1564733. doi:10.2307/1564733.
  6. ^ http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Anis highmals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/FactSheets/Americanalligator.cfm[^ [1] (2011).
  7. ^ [2]
  8. ^ [3]
  9. ^ [4]
  10. ^ [5]
  11. ^ [6]
  12. ^ Alligator mississippiensis. Louisiana Alligator Advisory Council. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 3 năm 2012.
  13. ^ “Florida alligator”. Truy cập 28 tháng 7 năm 2014.
  14. ^ “Big Game Hunting”. Truy cập 28 tháng 7 năm 2014.
  15. ^ Erickson, Gregory M.; Lappin, A. Kristopher; Vliet, Kent A. (2003). “The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)” (PDF). Journal of Zoology 260 (3): 317–327. doi:10.1017/S0952836903003819.
  16. ^ “Alligator mississippiensis: Species Description”. Western Connecticut State University. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 8 năm 2012.
  17. ^ Brochu, Christopher A. (2003). “Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history” (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31: 357–97. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.[^ Janke, A.; Arnason, U. (1997). “The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)”. Molecular biology and evolution 14 (12): 1266–72. PMID 9402737. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025736.

Tham khảo


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Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ (danh pháp khoa học: Alligator mississippiensis) là một loài bò sát bản địa duy nhất Đông Nam Hoa Kỳ. Nó là một trong hai loài còn tồn tại của chi alligator trong họ Alligatoridae. Nó lớn hơn loài cá sấu alligator còn tồn tại, cá sấu Dương Tử. Loài cá sấu này sinh sống ở vùng đất ngập nước thường xuyên chồng lấn với khu vực con người định cư. Loài này có thân dài 5–7 ft (1,5–2,1 m). Con đực trưởng thành dài trung bình 11,2 ft (3,4 m) còn con cái trưởng thành dài trung bình 2,5m đến 3,0 m. Con lớn có cân nặng từ 168 đến 800 lb (76 đến 363 kg), với một ngoại lệ cân nặng của con đực già vượt mức 14 ft (4,3 m) and 1.000 pound (450 kg). Con lớn nhất kỷ lục được bắt ở Louisiana đầu thập niên 1900 và dài 19 foot 2 inch (5,84 m) và nặng 2.200 lb (1.000 kg). Con lớn thứ nhì dài 17 feet 5 inch, từ Florida. Đuôi, chiếm một nửa tổng chiều dài của nó, được sử dụng chủ yếu để tạo lực đẩy khi bơi. Đuôi cũng có thể được sử dụng như một vũ khí phòng thủ khi cá sấu cảm thấy bị đe dọa. Cá sấu di chuyển rất nhanh trong nước, trong khi chúng đang di chuyển chậm về bờ đất, chúng có thể lao nhanh tới trongkhoảng cách ngắn rất nhanh chóng. Chúng có năm móng vuốt trên mỗi chân trước và trên mỗi bàn chân phía sau. Cá sấu mõm ngắn Mỹ có các phòng thí nghiệm đo cắn mạnh nhất của bất kỳ sinh vật sống, được đo lên tới 9.452 newton trong điều kiện phòng thí nghiệm. Cần lưu ý rằng thí nghiệm này đã không (tại thời điểm bài báo được công bố) được nhân rộng trong bất kỳ cá sấu khác.

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美國短吻鱷 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Alligator mississippiensis
(Daudin, 1801) Alligator mississipiensis Distribution.png

美國短吻鳄学名Alligator mississippiensis),又稱密西西比河鳄,是西半球大型的鳄魚物種。

特征

雄性鳄长达4以上,雌的不到3米。幼鱷為黑色,身上點綴著無規律的黃色橫向帶紋,到了成年時就會消失,因為黃色斑紋會逐漸被黑色素藻類遮蔽。

美國短吻鳄有圓而寬的部,上颌每侧有齿17-22枚,下颌每侧17-22枚;躯干部背面的角质鳞共有18横列,其中8列较大;趾间有不完全的蹼。其體色與美洲鱷Crocodylus acutus)不同,後者的體色為色,而且口鼻部較尖細,與原產自中國揚子鱷有親緣關係。

分佈

美國短吻鱷主要分佈於美國東南部,棲息在淡水濕地裏。

繁殖

公美國短吻鱷在繁殖時期會扯動喉部發出低頻的鳴叫,藉由水的震動傳播至遠處。母鱷藉由鱗片上名為的"機械受體"的黑點感受震動的大小,並和震動頻率最大的公鱷交配。當母鱷產卵時會將蛋埋藏於許多不同的地方,增加幼鱷的存活率。當蛋內的溫度維持在攝氏31.5度時便會孵出公鱷,低於或高於此溫度的就是母鱷。

食物

 src=
美國短吻鱷的前腳

美國短吻鱷的幼鱷會以無脊椎動物青蛙魚類為生,而成年之後就改吃水鳥哺乳動物。牠們為了捕捉於水面上的雀鳥進食,牠們有時會突然用其尾部支撐著身體站起來。牠們通常在清涼的黃昏捕食。

保育現狀

 src=
颅骨与下颌骨

美國短吻鱷襲擊人類紀錄遠比其他鱷魚少,但有時仍會有有意外發生。牠們於1960年代由全獵殺改為受保護育動物,族群數量已逐漸增加,而事實上,牠們於某些地區仍被視為不受歡迎的危險動物而被人驅逐。

資料來源

 src= 维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源:美國短吻鱷分類 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:美國短吻鱷
 title=
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维基百科作者和编辑

美國短吻鱷: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

美國短吻鳄(学名:Alligator mississippiensis),又稱密西西比河鳄,是西半球大型的鳄魚物種。

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アメリカアリゲーター ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
アメリカアリゲーター
生息年代: 2.5–0 Ma
, 更新世前期 – 現世
Alligator.jpg
アメリカアリゲーター
Alligator mississippiensis
保全状況評価[1] LOWER RISK - Least Concern
(IUCN Red List Ver.2.3 (1994))
Status iucn2.3 LC.svgワシントン条約附属書II 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : ワニ目 Crocodilia : アリゲーター科 Alligatoridae : アリゲーター属 Alligator : アメリカアリゲーター
A. mississipiensis 学名 Alligator mississippiensis
(Daudin, 1802) 和名 アメリカアリゲーター
ミシシッピワニ 英名 American alligator Rangemapx.gif
生息域

アメリカアリゲーターAlligator mississippiensis)はアリゲーター属に分類されるワニの一種。別名ミシシッピワニ

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国アーカンソー州南部、アラバマ州サウスカロライナ州ジョージア州テキサス州ノースカロライナ州フロリダ州ミシシッピ州ルイジアナ州[2][3][4][5][6]固有種

形態[編集]

全長は雄で通常400cm程、最大で580cmの記録がある[6]。口吻はやや長く、吻端は扁平かつ幅広く丸みを帯びる。口吻には筋状の盛り上がり(キール)は発達しない。頚部に並ぶ鱗の列(頸鱗板)は4枚。体色は緑がかった黒褐色[2]

前肢には指の半分くらいまで、後肢で趾の先まで水かきがある[2]

幼体は背面に黄色い横縞が入る[2]

生態[編集]

 src=
鹿を捕えたワニ

沼沢地などに生息する[6]。冬季に気温が低下する地域の個体群は冬眠する[3]

食性は動物食で、主に魚類を食べるが、カメ鳥類、小型哺乳類昆虫甲殻類貝類なども食べる[2][5]。大型個体ではシカやイノシシ、クマやピューマを襲った記録もある。

繁殖形態は卵生。6-7月に土、枯草、落ち葉などを集めて塚状の巣を作り、20-60個の卵を産む[2][3]。卵は50-60日で孵化する[2]性染色体を持たず、発生時の温度により雌雄が決定(温度依存性決定)し、32℃以上はオス、30℃以下の場合はメスになる[5]。メスは卵や幼体を翌年の春(1年以上保護することもあり)まで保護する[2][3][3][6]。生後8年で性成熟する[4]

人間との関係[編集]

性質は基本的に温和でおとなしい[7]が、ペットを捕食したり、まれに人間を襲うこともある[3][4][6]

開発による生息地の破壊、水質汚染、皮目的の乱獲などにより生息数は激減した[4][6]。アメリカ合衆国では1973年に法的に保護の対象とされている[6]。生息数の調査や監視活動、狩猟や皮革流通の許可制などの保護対策が進められた[6]。皮革の需要低下などもあり、生息数は回復している[6]

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ Crocodile Specialist Group ("Alligator mississippiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h 今泉吉典、松井孝爾監修 『原色ワイド図鑑3 動物』、学習研究社1984年、150、236頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e f 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、154頁。
  4. ^ a b c d 深田祝監修 T.R.ハリディ、K.アドラー編 『動物大百科12 両生・爬虫類』、平凡社1986年、150、152、154、156頁。
  5. ^ a b c 『小学館の図鑑NEO 両生・はちゅう類』、小学館2004年、143頁。
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i 『絶滅危惧動物百科1 アイアイ-ウサギ(アラゲウサギ)』 財団法人自然環境研究センター監訳、朝倉書店2008年、38-39頁。
  7. ^ 『小学館の学習百科図鑑5 動物の図鑑』 小学館

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アメリカアリゲーターに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにアメリカアリゲーターに関する情報があります。


執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

アメリカアリゲーター: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

アメリカアリゲーター(Alligator mississippiensis)はアリゲーター属に分類されるワニの一種。別名ミシシッピワニ。

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
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wikipedia 日本語

미시시피악어 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

미시시피악어(Alligator mississippiensis)는 앨리게이터과악어이다.

현재까지 알려진 북아메리카 지역에 기거하는 파충류 중에서 가장 큰 종으로, 최대 몸길이가 5m에 달하고 어릴 때에는 몸을 가로지르는 노란색 무늬가 있으나, 자라면서 없어진다. 다 자라면 옅은 회색과 짙은 황록색을 띤다. 배부는 골판으로 보호되어 있다.

 src=
새끼 미시시피악어

포드(Pod)라고 하는 무리를 지어 생활한다. 한 수컷이 10마리 이상의 암컷과 교미를 하는 일부다처제로, 산란기는 8월경으로 강가에 나뭇잎이나 풀을 모아 보금자리를 만든다. 그리고 축축하게 젖어 있는 보금자리의 한가운데에 20-60개의 알을 낳는다. 알은 흰색이며, 달걀보다 약간 크고 단단한 껍데기로 싸여 있다. 약 9주 후에 알은 부화된다. 미시시피앨리게이터는 새끼를 1년 이상 극진히 돌본다. 암컷은 알을 낳은 후 둥지 근처에 머물면서 적으로부터 알을 보호한다. 새끼가 부화되어 나오면서 소리높여 짖으면, 어미는 둥지로 와 둥지를 파헤쳐 새끼를 꺼내 준다. 막 알을 깨고 나온 새끼는 약 23cm 정도이다. 처음 6년 동안에는 암수 모두 해마다 30cm씩 자란다. 이후에도 수컷은 몇 년 더 같은 속도로 자라지만 암컷은 자라는 속도가 점차 느려진다.

겨울이 되면 물 속의 진흙에 몸을 파묻고 휴식을 취하거나, 자기 몸으로 깊은 구멍이나 토굴을 만들고 그 속에 들어가 쉼터로 사용하나 동면은 하지 않는다. 각종 동물을 잡아먹는 최상위의 포식자로서, 주요 먹이는 아메리카너구리, 비버 등의 소형포유류, 물새, 뱀, 거북, 개구리, 민물고기, ·게, 가재, 곤충 이지만 몸집이 큰 수컷은 때때로 닭, 돼지 심지어 소를 공격하기도 하며 야생 상태에서는 사슴도 사냥한다. 앨리게이터는 이런 동물을 끌고 와 물 속에 집어 넣어 익사시킨 후, 먹이를 조각조각 찢는다. 먹이를 강한 턱으로 물고 있는 부분이 떨어져 나갈 때까지 마구 흔든다. 사람은 웬만해서는 공격하지 않는다. 수명은 약 50년 전후이나 극히 드물게 100년 가량 되는 개체가 발견되기도 한다. 미국 동남부의 늪지대에 주로 서식한다.

고기의 맛이 좋아 미국에서는 지속적으로 악어고기의 수요가 증가하여, 악어 농장을 개발하여 다수의 미시시피악어를 사육해 고기를 생산하고 있다. 연간 생산량은 140t이다.

각주

  1. Elsey, R.; Woodward, A.; Balaguera-Reina, S.A. (2018). Alligator mississippiensis . 《IUCN 적색 목록》 (IUCN) 2018: e.T46583A3009637. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T46583A3009637.en.|date= / |doi= mismatch
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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

미시시피악어: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

미시시피악어(Alligator mississippiensis)는 앨리게이터과악어이다.

현재까지 알려진 북아메리카 지역에 기거하는 파충류 중에서 가장 큰 종으로, 최대 몸길이가 5m에 달하고 어릴 때에는 몸을 가로지르는 노란색 무늬가 있으나, 자라면서 없어진다. 다 자라면 옅은 회색과 짙은 황록색을 띤다. 배부는 골판으로 보호되어 있다.

 src= 새끼 미시시피악어

포드(Pod)라고 하는 무리를 지어 생활한다. 한 수컷이 10마리 이상의 암컷과 교미를 하는 일부다처제로, 산란기는 8월경으로 강가에 나뭇잎이나 풀을 모아 보금자리를 만든다. 그리고 축축하게 젖어 있는 보금자리의 한가운데에 20-60개의 알을 낳는다. 알은 흰색이며, 달걀보다 약간 크고 단단한 껍데기로 싸여 있다. 약 9주 후에 알은 부화된다. 미시시피앨리게이터는 새끼를 1년 이상 극진히 돌본다. 암컷은 알을 낳은 후 둥지 근처에 머물면서 적으로부터 알을 보호한다. 새끼가 부화되어 나오면서 소리높여 짖으면, 어미는 둥지로 와 둥지를 파헤쳐 새끼를 꺼내 준다. 막 알을 깨고 나온 새끼는 약 23cm 정도이다. 처음 6년 동안에는 암수 모두 해마다 30cm씩 자란다. 이후에도 수컷은 몇 년 더 같은 속도로 자라지만 암컷은 자라는 속도가 점차 느려진다.

겨울이 되면 물 속의 진흙에 몸을 파묻고 휴식을 취하거나, 자기 몸으로 깊은 구멍이나 토굴을 만들고 그 속에 들어가 쉼터로 사용하나 동면은 하지 않는다. 각종 동물을 잡아먹는 최상위의 포식자로서, 주요 먹이는 아메리카너구리, 비버 등의 소형포유류, 물새, 뱀, 거북, 개구리, 민물고기, ·게, 가재, 곤충 이지만 몸집이 큰 수컷은 때때로 닭, 돼지 심지어 소를 공격하기도 하며 야생 상태에서는 사슴도 사냥한다. 앨리게이터는 이런 동물을 끌고 와 물 속에 집어 넣어 익사시킨 후, 먹이를 조각조각 찢는다. 먹이를 강한 턱으로 물고 있는 부분이 떨어져 나갈 때까지 마구 흔든다. 사람은 웬만해서는 공격하지 않는다. 수명은 약 50년 전후이나 극히 드물게 100년 가량 되는 개체가 발견되기도 한다. 미국 동남부의 늪지대에 주로 서식한다.

고기의 맛이 좋아 미국에서는 지속적으로 악어고기의 수요가 증가하여, 악어 농장을 개발하여 다수의 미시시피악어를 사육해 고기를 생산하고 있다. 연간 생산량은 140t이다.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자