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Winged Bean

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.

Winged Beans - Supermarket On A Stalk - Survival Gardener

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Winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) are another amazing, nutritious and easy to grow plant. Unfortunately,thisunderutilized species is unknown in most parts of the world but has the potential to become a multi-use food crop. The winged beans grow in pods on a climbing vine that can reach up to4 meters. Sometimes winged bean plants are called “supermarket on a stalk” for their many culinary uses. When picked, the bean pods make a succulent green vegetable that can be eaten raw, boiled, fried or pickled. However, thepods are just one of the six different foods supplied by the winged bean plant.

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Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Annual, Perennial, Herbs, Vines, twining, climbing, Taproot present, Nodules present, Stems 1-2 m tall, Stems greater than 2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules green, triangulate to lanceolate or foliaceous, Stipules persistent, Stipules free, Leaves co mpound, Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, Leaves odd pinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Stipels present at base of leaflets, Leaflets 3, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Inflorescences racemes, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Bracteoles present, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 2-lipped or 2-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals clawed, Petals ochroleucous, cream colored, Petals reddish brown, maroon, Petals blue, lavander to purple, or violet, Petals bicolored or with red, purple or yellow streaks or spots, Banner petal suborbicular, broadly rounded, Banner petal auriculate, Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Wing petals auriculate, Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked, Stamens 9-10, Stamens diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Style hairy, Style hairy on one side only, Style with distal tuft of hairs, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit oblong or ellipsoidal, Fruits quadrangulate, Fruits winged, carinate, or samaroid, Fruit rugose wrinkled or reticulate, Fruit coriaceous or becoming woody, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit glabrous or glabrate, Fruit 3-10 seeded, Fruit 11-many seeded, Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black, Seed surface mottled or patchy.
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Winged bean

provided by wikipedia EN

The winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), also known as cigarillas, goa bean, four-angled bean, four-cornered bean, manila bean, princess bean, asparagus pea, dragon bean, is a tropical herbaceous legume plant.

Winged bean is widely recognised by farmers and consumers in South Asia for its variety of uses and disease resistance. Winged bean is nutrient-rich and all parts of the plant are edible. The leaves can be eaten like spinach, flowers can be used in salads, tubers can be eaten raw or cooked, and seeds can be used in similar ways as the soybean. The winged bean is an underutilised species but has the potential to become a major multi-use food crop in the tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.[1]

Description

The winged bean plant grows as a vine with climbing stems and leaves, 3–4 m (10–13 ft) in height. It is an herbaceous perennial, but can be grown as an annual. It is generally taller and notably larger than the common bean. The leaves can be 15 cm (6 in) long.[2] The shape of its leaves ranges from ovate to deltoid, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, and long lanceolate.[1] The green tone of the leaves also varies. The stem is most commonly green, but sometimes boasts purple. The large flower is pale blue.

The bean pod may be smooth or rough, depending on the genotype. It is typically 15–22 cm (6–8+12 in) long, rectangular in cross-section[2] (though sometimes appearing flat), and has four wings with frilly edges running lengthwise. The skin is waxy and the flesh partially translucent in the young pods. The colour of the pods may be cream, green, pink, or purple. When fully ripe, the pod turns an ash-brown color and splits open to release the seeds (beans). The seed shape is often round; oval and rectangular seeds also occur. Seeds may appear white, cream, dark tan, or brown, depending on growing and storage conditions.[1] The beans themselves are similar to soybeans in both use and nutritional content (being 29.8% to 39% protein).

Taxonomy

The winged bean belongs to the genus Psophocarpus, which is part of the legume family, Fabaceae.[1] Species in the Psophocarpus genus are perennial herbs grown as annuals.[3] Psophocarpus species have tuberous roots and pods with wings.[4] They can climb by twining their stems around a support.

Distribution and habitat

Most likely originating from New Guinea,[3] the species grows abundantly in the hot, humid equatorial countries of South and Southeast Asia, as well as tropical Africa.[2] It is widely known in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea, but only cultivated on a small scale.[1]

It tends to be found in open areas and old garden sites, less so in the forest.[2]

Ecology

Germination

Winged bean is a self-pollinating plant but mutations and occasional outcrossing may produce variations in the species.[1] The pretreatment of winged bean seeds is not required in tropical climate, but scarification of seeds has shown to enhance the germination rate of seedlings.[1] Seed soaking may also increase speed to germination, as is typical, and may be used in conjunction with scarification. Seedlings under natural field conditions have been reported to emerge between five and seven days.[1]

Winged bean can grow at least as fast as comparable legumes, including soy. Plants flower 40 to 140 days after sowing.[1] Pods reach full-length about two weeks after pollination. Three weeks after pollination, the pod becomes fibrous; after six weeks, mature seeds are ready for harvest.[4] Tuber development and flower production vary according to genotype and environmental factors. Some winged bean varieties do not produce tuberous roots.[1] The winged bean is a tropical plant, and will only flower when the day length is shorter than 12 hours, although some varieties have been reported to be day-length neutral.[1][5] All varieties of winged bean grow on a vine and must grow over a support. Some examples of support systems include: growing against exterior walls of houses, huts, buildings; supporting against larger perennial trees; stakes placed in the ground vertically; and structures made from posts and wires.[1]

Because the early growth of winged bean is slow, it is important to maintain weeds. Slow early growth makes winged bean susceptible to weed competition in the first four to six weeks of development.[1] Khan (1982) recommends weeding by hand or animal drawn tractor two times before the support system of the winged bean is established.[1]

Winged bean can be grown without added fertiliser as the plant has a bacterium on the nodules of the roots that fixes nitrogen and allows the plant to absorb nitrogen.[4] Factors that influence nitrogen fixation include, Rhizobium strain, interactions between strain and host genotype, available nutrients and soil pH.[1]

Growing conditions

Four winged bean pods rest in the palm of a man's hand
Winged beans grown in a south-facing, raised compost bed in Alpine, New Jersey, US

Although winged bean thrives in hot weather and favours humidity, it is adaptable.[1] The plant's ability to grow in heavy rainfall makes it a candidate for the people of the African tropics.[6]

Winged bean production is optimal in humidity, but the species is susceptible to moisture stress and waterlogging.[1] Ideal growing temperature is 25 °C.[1] Lower temperatures suppress germination, and extremely high temperatures inhibit yield.[1]

Even moderate variations in the growing climate can affect yield. Growing winged bean in lower temperatures can increase tuber production.[1] Leaf expansion rate is higher in a warmer climate. For the highest yields, the soil should remain moist throughout the plant's life cycle.[1] Although the plant is tropical, it can flourish in a dry climate if irrigated.[4] If the plant matures during the drier part of the growing season, yields are higher.[1]

Winged bean is an effective cover crop; planting it uniform with the ground suppresses weed growth.[1] As a restorative crop, winged bean can improve nutrient-poor soil with nitrogen when it is turned over into the soil.[1]

Composition

Nutrition

Uses

Culinary

The entire winged bean plant is edible. The leaves, flowers, roots, and bean pods can be eaten raw or cooked; the pods are edible even when raw and unripe. The seeds are edible after cooking. Each of these parts contains vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron, among other nutrients. The tender pods, which are the most widely eaten part of the plant, are best when eaten before they exceed 2.5 cm (1 in) in length. They are ready for harvest within three months of planting. The flowers are used to colour rice and pastry. The young leaves can be picked and prepared as a leaf vegetable, similar to spinach.[2][7] The nutrient-rich, tuberous roots have a nutty flavour. They are about 20% protein; winged bean roots have more protein than many other root vegetables.[8] The leaves and flowers are also high in protein (10–15%).[8]

The seeds are about 35% protein and 18% fat. They require cooking for two to three hours to destroy the trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins that inhibit digestion.[8] They can be eaten dried or roasted. Dried and ground seeds make a useful flour, and can be brewed to make a coffee-like drink.

The beans are rich not only in protein, but in tocopherols (antioxidants that facilitate vitamin-A utilisation in the body).[9] They can be made into milk when blended with water and an emulsifier.[10] Winged bean milk is similar to soy milk, but without the bean-rich flavour.[10] The flavour of raw beans is not unlike that of asparagus.

Smoked pods, dried seeds, tubers (cooked and uncooked), and leaves have been sold in domestic markets in South East and South Asia.[1] Mature seeds can command a high price.[4]

As animal feed

Winged bean is a potential food source for ruminants, poultry,[1] fish, and other livestock.

For commercial fish feed, winged bean is a potentially lower-cost protein source. In Africa, fish meal is especially scarce and expensive.[11] The African sharptooth catfish, a highly valued food fish in Africa,[11] can eat winged bean. In Papua New Guinea highlands region where winged beans thrive, the husks are fed to the domesticated pigs as a dietary supplement.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psophocarpus tetragonolobus.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Khan, T. (1982). Winged Bean Production in the Tropics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 1.
  2. ^ a b c d e The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ a b Hymowitz, T; Boyd, J. (1977). "Ethnobotany and Agriculture Potential of the Winged Bean". Economic Botany. 31 (2): 180–188. doi:10.1007/bf02866589. S2CID 5944034.
  4. ^ a b c d e National Research Council (U.S.). (1975). Underexploited Tropical Plants with Promising Economic Value. 2nd Edition. U.S. National Academies.
  5. ^ "Winged Bean". www.echobooks.org. Archived from the original on 2014-05-14.
  6. ^ Village Earth. (2011). Appropriate Technology: Sustainable Agriculture. Appropriate Technology Library. Chapter: Tropical Legumes. Retrieved from http://villageearth.org/pages/sourcebook/sustainable-agriculture
  7. ^ Axelson, Marta L et al. “Consumption and Use of the Winged Bean by Sri Lankan Villagers.” Ecology of food and nutrition 12.3 (1982): 127–137. Web.
  8. ^ a b c National Research Council. The winged bean : a high-protein crop for the tropics : report of an ad hoc panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. Board on Science and Technology for International Development, 1981
  9. ^ National Research Council (U.S.), 1975
  10. ^ a b Yang, J., Tan, H. (May 2011). Winged Bean Milk. International Conference on New Technology of Agricultural Engineering, Zibo. pp. 814–817. doi:10.1109/ICAE.2011.5943916. ISBN 978-1-4244-9574-0. S2CID 22046459.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Fagbenro, A. (1999). Comparative evaluation of heat-processed Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus meals as partial replacement for fish meal in diets for the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture 170 (1999), 297-305.

Sources

  • National Research Council. The winged bean : a high-protein crop for the tropics : report of an ad hoc panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. Board on Science and Technology for International Development, 1981

Further reading

  • Venketeswaran, S., M.A.D.L. Dias, and U.V. Weyers. The winged bean: A potential protein crop. p. 445. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR (1990).
  • Entry for the Winged Bean in the "Leaf for Life" website
  • Verdcourt, B.; Halliday, P. (1978). "A revision of Psophocarpus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae-Phaseoleae)". Kew Bulletin. 33 (2): 191–227. doi:10.2307/4109575. JSTOR 4109575.
  • Kadam, S.S.; Lawande, K.M.; Naikare, S.M.; Salunkhe, D.K. (1981). "Nutritional aspects of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.DC)". Legume Research. 4 (1): 33–42.
  • Smartt, J (1984). "Gene pools in grain legumes". Economic Botany. 38 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1007/bf02904413. S2CID 24451884.
  • Hettiarachchy, N.S. and Sri Kantha, S. Nutritive value of winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. Nutrisyon (Philippines), 1982; 7: 40–51.
  • Sri Kantha, S. and Erdman, J.W.Jr. Winged bean as an oil and protein source; a review. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 1984; 61: 215–225.
  • Sri Kantha, S. and Erdman, J.W.Jr. Is winged bean really a flop? Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 1986; 18: 339–341.
  • National Research Council (U.S). (1975). Underexploited Tropical Plants with Promising Economic Value. 2nd Edition. U.S. National Academies.
  • G. J. H. Grubben. (2004). Vegetables: Volume 2 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA
  • Village Earth. (2011). Appropriate Technology: Sustainable Agriculture. Appropriate Technology Library. Chapter: Tropical Legumes
  • Yang, J., Tan, H. (2011). Winged Bean Milk. International Conference on New Technology of Agricultural, May 2011, 814–817.
  • Khan, T. Winged Bean Production in the Tropics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1982
  • Hymowitz, T.; Boyd, J. (1977). "Origin, Ethnobotany and Agriculture Potential of the Winged Bean - Psophocarpus tetragonolobus". Economic Botany. 31 (2): 180–188. doi:10.1007/bf02866589. S2CID 5944034.
  • Fagbenro, A. (1999). Comparative evaluation of heat-processed Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus meals as partial replacement for fish meal in diets for the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture 170 (1999), 297–305.
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Winged bean: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), also known as cigarillas, goa bean, four-angled bean, four-cornered bean, manila bean, princess bean, asparagus pea, dragon bean, is a tropical herbaceous legume plant.

Winged bean is widely recognised by farmers and consumers in South Asia for its variety of uses and disease resistance. Winged bean is nutrient-rich and all parts of the plant are edible. The leaves can be eaten like spinach, flowers can be used in salads, tubers can be eaten raw or cooked, and seeds can be used in similar ways as the soybean. The winged bean is an underutilised species but has the potential to become a major multi-use food crop in the tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
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wikipedia EN