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Adenoides (add-en-oi-dees) eludens (Herdman) Balech 1956. The image shows the left lateral view of a cell, with yellow-brown plastids with a ring-like pyrenoid. The small epicone is almost not visible.
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Plate 8. Alexandrium tamiyavanichi. Figs. 1-3. LM. Fig. 1. Two cell chain: cells medium-sized; round to slightly wider than long. Epitheca with shoulders. Fig. 2. Cells stained with calcofluor white: cingulum displaced 1X its width; sulcus widens posteriorly. Fig. 3. Apical view: apical pore plate (Po) houses comma-shaped foramen. First apical plate (1') with ventral pore (vp). Figs. 4-5. Line drawings. Fig. 4. 1' plate in direct contact with Po. Po with large central foramen surrounded by small pores. Anterior sulcal plate (s.a.) invades epitheca; an anterior projection of s.a. fits into a notch in the 1' plate (arrows). Fig. 5. Ventral view: sulcal lists project anteriorly (arrows). Fig. 6. Posterior sulcal plate (s.p.) with round posterior attachment plate (pap) in center (arrow).
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Adenoides eludens (Herdman) Balech 1956 is shown here from its right lateral cell side. Note the large pusule in the upper part of the cell and the nucleus in the lower part.
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Plate 10. Coolia monotis: Figs. 1-5. SEM. Fig. 1. Ventral view: spherical shape. Cingulum lipped and equatorial. Sulcus with flexible lists (arrowheads). Ventral pore present (arrow). Fig. 2. Dorsal view: apical pore plate (arrow), Po, located off-center on epitheca. Fig. 3. Antapical view: hypothecal plates. Fig. 4. Smooth edged thecal pores unevenly distributed. Fig. 5. Po about 12 _ long, slightly curved and narrow with a slit-like apical pore. Two supporting rib-like costae (arrows) and evenly spaced round pores surround the pore. Figs. 6,7. LM. Fig. 6. Ventral view of lipped cingulum and sulcus. Fig. 7. Planozygote with two longitudinal flagella (arrows). Fig. 8. Line drawing: thecal plate arrangement.
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Right lateral view. Note the ring-like structure. It is a starch sheath around the pyrenoid, a structure of the plastid.
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FIGS. 7-11. Scanning Electron micrographs of the surface morphology of Coolia tropicalis sp. nov. FIG. 7. Oblique dorsal view of C. tropicalis shows the apical pore and the equatorially located lipped cingulum. Cell surface is smooth with large scattered pores. FIG. 8. Cell is spherical in equatorial view shoving a deep cingulum and sulcus. Detritus adheres to the epitheca. FIG. 9. Antapical view of a cell show large unequal plates. FIG. 10. Apical pore is a narrow opening located in the epitheca. Fine detrital particles partially cover the thecal surface. FIG. 11. The apical pore is about 7 μm long straight and narrow slits with two supporting costae and evenly spaced round pores. Detritus attached to surface of apical pore plate. EMu:HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE #166029; SEM STUB # 166; FIELD # 728-93;ACCESSION # 408431: CATALOG # 997; FIGURE # 7.
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Mid cell focus showing the nucleus in the lower part of the cell and the pusule in the upper half.
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FIG. 12. Coolia tropicalis sp. nov. A) apical view of epitheca, and B) antapical hypotheca.
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Figs. 8-10. Scanning electron micrographs of Gambierdiscus australes (RAV-92), sp. nov. Figs. 8, 9. Cells round to ellipsoid. The cell surface is smooth with scattered small pores. Fig. 8. Epithecal view. The Po plate is oriented ventrally. Fig. 9. Hypothecal view. The Ip plate, long and narrow, occupies 30% of the hypotheca width. Fig. 10. The Po plate is a broadly ellipsoid plate, with fish-hook-shaped apical opening surrounded by 31 pores.
EMu: Holotype SEM negative # 237047; SEM stub # 237; Field # RAV-92; Catalog # 1526; Figure #8.
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Figs. 1-6. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface morphology of Gambierdiscus toxicus and Gambierdiscus belizeanus are shown. FIGS.1-2. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface morphology of Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo. FIG.1. Cell in epithecal view. FIG.2. Cell in hypothecal view. Cell shape is round, compressed and ellipsoidal. Cell surface is smooth with scattered small pores. Thecal plate is large and quadrangular. FIGS.3-6. Gambierdiscus belizeanus sp. nov. FIG.3. Cell in epithecal view slightly damaged. Cell surface areolated and plates partially separated. FIG. 4. Cell is in hypothecal and ventral view. Plate is narrow. FIG.5. Apical pore complex is triangular with a fish-hook-shaped apical pore. A round pore is present in the areolae (arrowhead). FIG.6. Cingulum deep, ascending into a deep sulcal hollow.
EMu: Holotype SEM NEGATIVE # 132003B; SEM STUB # 152; FIELD # 682-93; ACCESSION # 407167; CATALOG # 798; FIGURE # 3.
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Figs. 11-14. Scanning electron micrographs of Gambierdiscus pacificus (HO-91), sp. nov., and Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Figs. 11-13. Gambler discus pacificus, sp. nov. Fig. 11, 12. Cells are round to ellipsoid. The Cell surface is smooth with scattered small pores. Fig. 11. Epithecal view. The Po plate is oriented ventrally. Fig. 12. The Ip plate, short and narrow, occupies 20% of the hypotheca width. Postcingular plates 2'" and 4'" are wide. Fig. 13. The Po plate is four-sided plate with a narrow fish-hook-shaped apical opening surrounded by 31 pores. Fig. 14. Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Cell in hypothecal view. The cell surface is areolated. The Ip plate, narrow and pentagonal, is wedged between very wide postcingular plates 2'", and 4'". The cingulum, deeply excavated, is ascending into a deep sulcal hollow.
EMu: Gambierdiscus pacificus
Holotype SEM negative # 241006; SEM stub # 241; Field # HO-91; Catalog # 1528; Figure #11.
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Figs. 5-7. Scanning electron micrographs of Gamblerdiscus polynesiensis (TB-92), sp. nov. Figs. 5, 6. Cells are round to ellipsoid. Cell surface is smooth with small scattered pores. Fig. 5. Epithecal view. The PO plate is oriented ventrally. Fig. 6. Hypothecal view. The Ip plate, broad and pentagonal, occupies 60% of the of hypotheca width. Postcingular plates 2'", 3'" and 4'" are narrow. The cingulum, deep, is ascending into a deep sulcal hollow. Fig. 7. The Po plate is triangular with fish-hook-shaped apical opening surrounded by 44 pores.
EMu: Holotype SEM negative # 242010; SEM stub # 242; Field # TB-92; Catalog # 1522; Figure #5.
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Figs. 1-4. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate the surface morphology of Gambierdiscus toxicus (GTT-91). Fig. 1. In epithecal view. The cell shape is round, and the apical pore plate (Po) oriented ventrally. Fig. 2. In hypothecal view. Posterior intercalary plate (Ip) broad and pentagonal, centrally located, occupying about 1/3 of cell's width. Fig.3. Po plate ellipsoid with a fish-hook-shaped apical pore surrounded by rows of 28 evenly distributed pores. Fig. 4. Cell in central view, shape compressed and bordered by a cingular list. The cell surface is smooth with small scattered pores.
NOTE: This is the apotype of the genus Gambierdiscus. It is an important toxic species. I would like to add this species to the dinoflagellate ‘Types’ since the SEM plate of G. toxicus is the only record. Adachi and Fukuyo (1979) described G. toxicus sp. nov. only in line drawing to illustrate the morphology of plates.
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Plate 20. Gambierdiscus toxicus. Figs. 1-3. SEM. Fig. 1. Epitheca: cell round to ellipsoid; anterior-posteriorly compressed. Cell surface smooth with small scattered pores. Apical pore complex located at the apex (arrow). Fig. 2. Hypotheca: 1p plate large and pentagonal. Sulcal region deeply excavated (arrow). Fig. 3. Apical pore plate with characteristic fishhook shaped apical pore. Fig. 4. LM. Epitheca: cingulum and sulcal region in focus. Fig. 5. LM. Hypotheca: sulcal ridge (arrow); large nucleus (n). Fig. 6. Line drawing: thecal plate arrangement.
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Plate 21. Gonyaulax polygramma. Figs. 1-3. SEM. Fig. 1. Ventral view: cell large, elongate and quadrilateral. Epitheca with prominent apical horn (arrow). Cingulum left-handed, displaced 1.5 X its width; sulcus widens posteriorly. Longitudinal ridges on thecal surface with reticulations in between. Fig. 2. Lateral ventral view: transverse (TF) and longitudinal (LF) flagella present. One antapical spine (arrow). Fig. 3. Dorsal view: hypotheca truncate with straight sides. Three antapical spines (arrows): one large and two small. Figs. 4-5. LM. Fig. 4. Ventral view: reticulations evident; one long antapical spine (arrow). Fig. 5. Dorsal view: prominent longitudinal ridges. Fig. 6. Line drawing.
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Plate 29. Lingulodinium polyedrum. Figs. 1-3. SEM. Fig. 1. Ventral view: cells angular and polyhedral-shaped. Thick plates well defined and coarsely areolate. Epitheca with shoulders and nearly flattened apex. Hypotheca with straight sides and flattened antapex (arrow). Cingulum deep and displaced 1-2 X its width. Sulcus widens posteriorly. Fig. 2. Apical view: first apical plate (1') long and narrow. Apical pore plate (Po) with raised inner elliptical ridge. Cingulum with lists (arrowheads). Strong ridges along sutures outline thecal plates. Fig. 3. Thecal areolae with large trichocysts (arrow)(Lewis and Burton 1988). Fig. 4. Line drawing. Figs. 5-6. SEM: resting cysts. Fig. 5. Cyst sperical with numerous tapering spines. Fig. 6. Cyst theca after excystment.
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Figs 6-10. Cells of Ostreopsis belizeanus sp. nov. Figs 6-9. Scanning electron microscopy. Fig. 6. Morphology of epithecal plates and position of apical pore plate (Po). Fig. 7. Hypothecal plates. Fig. 8. In the cingulum, the ventral opening (Vo) is located adjacent to a ridged plate (Rp). Fig. 9. Apical pore plate includes a narrow apical pore (Po) located off-center. Thecal surface laced with round pores (arrows). Fig. 10. Epifluorescence light microscopy of epithecal plates.
EMu: HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 211053; SEM STUB # 211; FIELD # 1005-96; ACCESSION # 2002408; CATALOG # 1541; FIGURE # 6.
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Figs 11-16. Cells of sp. nov. Figs. 11-15. Scanning electron microscopy. Fig. 11. Morphology of epithecal plates and position of apical pore plate (Po). Fig. 12. Hypothecal plates. Note long centrally situated Ip plate. Fig. 13. Cell in antapical view: antapical plate 1" is triangular; plate 2" is narrow and very small. The location of the ventral pore (Vo) and ridged plate (Rp) is illustrated. Fig. 14. Apical pore plate (Po) located off-center; note its morphology. Thecal surface smooth with round pores. Fig. 15. Ejected trichocyst emerges from thecal pores (arrowheads). Fig. 16. Epifluorescence microscopy of partially separated hypothecal plates.
EMu:HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 174097; SEM STUB # 174; FIELD # Morton-Clones; ACCESSION # ; CATALOG # 1545 ; FIGURE # 11
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Plate 31. Ostreopsis heptagona. Figs. 1-4. SEM. Fig. 1. Epithecal view: cells broadly oval, oblong and pointed. Long curved apical pore plate, Po, off-center (arrow). Plate 1' heptagonal and distinctive. Fig. 2. Hypothecal view: plate 1p pentagonal and dorso-ventrally elongate. Fig. 3. Po long, narrow and curved. Narrow mucilage strands cover cell surface. Fig. 4. Ventral view: location of ventral opening (arrow), ventral plate (asterisk), and rigid plate (asterisk) within cingulum. Fig. 5. LM. Two cells. Fig. 6. Line drawing: thecal plate arrangement.
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FIGS. 1-7. Ostreopsis labens sp. nov. FIGS. 1-3. Light microscope views. Scale bar = 25 μm. Cells contain chloroplasts and a spherical posterior nucleus (n). FIG.1. Cell is in epithecal view. FIG. 2. Location of nucleus stained with DAPI. FIG.3. Hypothecal plates partially separated with numerous pores. Cell with an engulfed prey organism (arrowhead); red color not detected on a black and white print. FIGS. 4-7. Cells viewed with SEM. FIG. 4. Cell is broadly ovoid in epithecal view. Note the curved, long apical pore (Po) located off-center (arrow). Scale bar =10 µm. FIG. 5. Cell is in hypothecal view. Cell is smooth with scattered pores (arrows). Scale bar =10µm. FIG. 6. Cell is slightly convex in lateral view. Note lipped, equatorial cingulum (arrowheads). Scale bar =10 µm. FIG. 7. Antapical plate 1"is with a slightly curved list (arrowhead). The sulcus narrow, recessed and hidden adjacent to plate 2". The ventral opening (arrow) is situated on the ventral surface adjacent to a ridged plate (Rp) (asterisk). Scale bar = 5 μm. EMu: : HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 170058; SEM STUB # 170; FIELD # 745-94; ACCESSION # 410840; CATALOG # 984; FIGURE # 4
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FIGS. 8-13. Ostreopsis labens sp. nov. FIG. 8. Ventral view is showing bi-convexity of the cell. Scale bar = 25 µm. FIG. 9. The 2" is very small (arrowhead). The ventral opening with a protuberant ridge and a curved plate (Rp) are situated in the cingulum adjacent to plate 1" and plate 1". Cingulum is smooth. Scale bar = 5 µm. FIG. 10. The ventral opening (Vo) is situated on the ventral plate (Vp). Scale bar = 5 µm. FIG. 11. Thecal surface is smooth; evenly spaced around trichocyst pores with smooth edges. Scale bar = 5 µm. FIG. 12. The apical pore (Po) is long, curved, and narrow associated with plate 2'. Row of marginal pores similar in size to thecal pores. Scale bar = 5 µm. FIG. 13. Right ventral view is unusual, recessed in sulcus. Flagellar pore opening is narrow (arrow). EMu: : HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 170058; SEM STUB # 170; FIELD # 745-94; ACCESSION # 410840; CATALOG # 984; FIGURE # 4
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FIGS. 14, 15. Ostreopsis labens sp. nov. FIG. 14. Surface of cingulum is smooth, deep and narrow with equally spaced round pores (arrowheads). Scale bar = 2 μm. FIG. 15. The inner cell surface is smooth; thecal plate relatively thick with round trichocyst pores (arrows). Scale bar = 2 µm. EMu: : HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 170058; SEM STUB # 170; FIELD # 745-94; ACCESSION # 410840; CATALOG # 984; FIGURE # 4
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Plate 32. Ostreopsis lenticularis. Figs. 1-5. SEM. Fig. 1. Epithecal view: cell lenticulate to broadly oval. Curved off-center apical pore plate with a slit-like apical pore (arrow). Plate 1' irregularly pentagonal. Fig. 2. Hypothecal view: plate 1p central and pentagonal. Fig. 3. Smooth thecal surface. Round pores with smooth raised edges. Fig. 4. Hypothecal ventral view: cell anterio-posteriorly compressed. Shallow cingulum with smooth edge. Small sulcus hidden (arrow). Fig. 5. Location of ventral opening (arrow), ventral plate (asterisk), and rigid plate (arrowheads) within cingulum. Fig. 6. Line drawing: thecal plate arrangement. Figs. 7,8. LM. Fig. 7. Cytoplasma granulated; posterior nucleus (n). Fig. 8. Distinct cingular list.
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Figs 1-5. Cells of Ostreopsis marinus sp. nov. Figs 1-4. Scanning electron microscopy. Fig. 1. Morphology of epithecal plates and position of apical pore plate are shown (Po). Fig. 2. Hypothecal plates. Fig. 3. Antapical plate 1" is larger; plate 2" is tiny. Thecal surface is smooth with small, evenly distributed pores (arrows). Fig. 4. The ventral opening (Vo) is situated in the cingulum adjacent to a ridged plate (Rp). Fig. 5. Epifluorescence light microscopy of hypothecal plates; Ip plate is in the center.
EMu: HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 212055; SEM STUB # 212; FIELD # 96/10; ACCESSION # 2002799; CATALOG #1537; FIGURE # 1.