dcsimg

Diagnostic Description

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This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth 2.8-3.3 in SL (for specimens 10-26 cm SL); head length 2.3-2.6 in SL; flat interorbital area, convex dorsal head profile; snout length 4.3-5.1 in HL; preopercle rounded, rear edge serrate, with lower most serrae slightly enlarged; upper edge of operculum straight; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2-4 rows of teeth; gill rakers of first gill arch 6-8 + 15-17; pyloric caeca 10-16; caudal fin slightly to moderately rounded (Central-Pacific often with truncate caudal fins); ctenoid scales on body except cycloid anterodorsally above lateral line and on thorax and ventrally on abdomen, with numerous auxiliary scales; nape and dorsoposterior part of head densely covered with minute auxiliary scales; lateral-line scales 49-75. Colour variable, ranging from pale greenish grey to pale reddish yellow to scarlet; body often with 5 or 6 faint dark bars, the last on peduncle; body scales (except ventrally) with pale centre and dark rear margin, producing a faint checked pattern; the outer triangular part of interspinous membranes of dorsal fin black (dark red in fish from Western Australia and in some specimens from deep water), with pale yellow or white spot behind tip of each spine (Ref. 39231, 89707, 90102).
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Recorder
Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Life Cycle

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This species exhibits a combination of simultaneous and sequential hermaphroditism. Smaller individuals within a social group are simultaneous hermaphrodites, while the largest often lose female function and reproduce exclusively as a male (Ref. 103751).
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Daniel Pauly
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 17; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
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Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Trophic Strategy

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Common in outer reef slopes at depths below 15 m, also occurs in protected bays and lagoons as shallow as 4 m. May also be found down to a depth of 160 m. At Madagascar it feeds night and day on brachyuran crabs, fishes, shrimps, and galatheid crabs. In Kenyan waters it feeds on crabs, stomatopods, fishes, ophiuroids, and octopus. In the Red Sea, mostly fishes and some crustaceans (mainly crabs) are consumed (Ref. 5222). In rocky and coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific Region (Ref. 9137).
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Drina Sta. Iglesia
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Biology

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Common in outer reef slopes at depths below 15 m, also occurs in protected bays and lagoons as shallow as 4 m. May also be found down to a depth of 160 m. At Madagascar it feeds night and day on brachyuran crabs, fishes, shrimps, and galatheid crabs (Ref. 6774). In Kenyan waters it feeds on crabs, stomatopods, fishes, ophiuroids, and octopus (Ref. 6448). In the Red Sea, mostly fishes and some crustaceans (mainly crabs) are consumed (Ref. 6699). Readily caught with hook-and-line, spear, traps, and gill nets (Ref. 39231)..
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Crispina B. Binohlan
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial
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Crispina B. Binohlan
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分布

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
廣泛分布於印度-太平洋區。西起非洲東岸,東至中太平洋各島嶼,北自日本、韓國,南迄澳洲、羅得豪島等。台灣各地均產。
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臺灣魚類資料庫
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利用

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沿岸常見之魚種,亦是常被食用之魚種,或用於水族館展示。一般漁法以一支釣、魚槍或流刺網捕獲。煮湯味道佳。
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描述

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體長橢圓形,側扁而粗壯,標準體長為體高之2.8-3.3倍。頭背部斜直;眶間區微凸。眼小,短於吻長。口大;上下頜前端具小犬齒或無,兩側齒細尖,下頜約2-4列。鰓耙數6-8+15-17。前鰓蓋骨後緣具鋸齒,下緣光滑。鰓蓋骨後緣具3扁棘。體被細小櫛鱗;側線鱗孔數49-75;縱列鱗數92-135。背鰭鰭棘部與軟條部相連,無缺刻,具硬棘XI,軟條15-17;臀鰭硬棘III枚,軟條8;腹鰭腹位,末端延伸不及肛門開口;胸鰭圓形,中央之鰭條長於上下方之鰭條,且長於腹鰭,但短於後眼眶長;尾鰭圓形。體呈淺橘紅色,具有六條深紅色橫帶;背鰭硬棘間膜之先端具黑色之三角形斑;棘之頂端處,有時具淡黃或白色斑;背鰭軟條部、臀鰭、尾鰭有時具淡黃之後緣。
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棲地

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主要棲息於水深4-160公尺處之潟湖、內灣區及沿岸礁石區或石礫區海域。以螃蟹、蝦子及小魚為食。
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Blacktip grouper

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The blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus), also known as the redbanded grouper, blacktipped cod, black-tipped rockcod, footballer cod, red-barred cod, red-barred rockcod, scarlet rock-cod or weathered rock-cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. It is the type species of the genus Epinephelus.

Description

The blacktip grouper has a body which has a standard length which is around 2.8 to 3.3 times its depth. The area between the yes is flat but the dorsal profile of the head is convex. The rounded preopercle has a finely serrated rear margin with he lowest serrations slightly enlarged. The upper edge of the gill cover is straight.[3] The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 15-17 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays.[2] The membranes between the dorsal fin spines are deeply indented. The caudal fin is moderately rounded. There are 49-75 scales in the lateral line.[3] The colour is variable and ranges from pale greenish grey to pale reddish yellow to scarlet. They frequently have 5 or 6 faint dark bars, the final one being on the caudal peduncle. The scales on the upper body have a pale centre and dark rear margin, which creates am indistinct checked pattern. The outer membrane of the spiny part of the dorsal fin is black, or dark red in specimens from Western Australia and some from deep water. There is a pale yellow or white spot to the rear of the tip of each of the dorsal fin spines. This species attains a maximum total length of 40 centimetres (16 in), although a more common length is around 22 centimetres (8.7 in), and a weight of 2.0 kilograms (4.4 lb).[2]

Distribution

The blacktip grouper has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution. Its range extends from the Red Sea to the Eastern Cape in South Africa east as far as the Pitcairn Islands, north to southern Japan and Korea and south to New Caledonia and Australia. It is found in the Madagascar, Mascarenes, Comoros and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean as well.[1] In Australia it occurs from the Houtman Abrolhos in Western Australia north around the tropical coastline and then as far south as Port Hacking in New South Wales. It can also be found on reefs in the Coral Sea, Elizabeth Reef, around Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea and Christmas Island.[4] A single record was reported in 2012 from the eastern Mediterranean Sea, off Lebanon.[5]

Biology

This species may present simultaneous hermaphroditism in smaller individuals, while the large individuals usually lose female function.[2]

The blacktip grouper feeds on crustaceans and smaller fishes by ambushing them.[2][6] It is found associated with coral reefs from 4 m deep (more commonly from 15 m) up to 160 m, in both marine and brackish water, sometimes in groups of 10-15 individuals.[2][6] Juveniles may find shelter in mangrove swamps.[7]

Blacktip groupers of the Red Sea are fished by the Bedouin.[7] It has also been associated with ciguatera poisoning.[2]

Parasites

The nematode Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) fasciati

Blacktip groupers are host of several parasites, including Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. (diplectanid Monogeneans) on the gills.[8] The philometrid nematode Philometra fasciati is parasitic in the ovary of female fish;[9] the adult female parasite is a red worm which can reach up to 40 centimetres in length, for a diameter of only 1.6 millimetre; the males are tiny. Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) fasciati is a nematode parasitic in the intestine, 20 mm in length, described in 2020 and named after the fish.[10]

Taxonomy

The blacktip grouper was first formally described as Perca fasciata in 1775 by the Swedish speaking Finnish born explorer Peter Forsskål (1732-1763) with the type locality given as Ras Muhammad in the southern Sinai Peninsula of Egypt.[11] The German naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799) created the new genus Epinephelus when he described E. marginalis in 1793, however E. marginalis is a synonym of Perca fasciata[12] and this means that this species is the type species of its genus.[13]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b Law, C. (2018). "Epinephelus fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T132817A100544403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T132817A100544403.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Epinephelus fasciatus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ a b Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. p. 150-152. ISBN 92-5-103125-8.
  4. ^ Bray, D.J. (2018). "Epinephelus fasciatus". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  5. ^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Epinephelus fasciatus). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Epinephelus_fasciatus.pdf
  6. ^ a b Lieske, E. & Myers, R.F. (2004). Coral reef guide; Red Sea. HarperCollins London. ISBN 0-00-715986-2.
  7. ^ a b Siliotti, A. (2002). Fishes of the Red Sea. Geodia, Verona. ISBN 88-87177-42-2.
  8. ^ Justine, Jean-Lou (2005). "Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958 (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from Epinephelus fasciatus and E. merra (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia and other parts of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, with a comparison of measurements of specimens prepared using different methods, and a description of P. caledonicus n. sp". Systematic Parasitology. 62 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1007/s11230-005-5480-0. ISSN 0165-5752. PMID 16132868. S2CID 35119181.
  9. ^ Moravec, František; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). "Philometrids (Nematoda: Philometridae) in carangid and serranid fishes off New Caledonia, including three new species". Parasite. 21: 21. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014022. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4023622. PMID 24836940. open access
  10. ^ Moravec, František; Justine, Jean-Lou (2020). "New records of anisakid nematodes from marine fishes off New Caledonia, with descriptions of five new species of Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) (Nematoda, Anisakidae)". Parasite. 27: 20. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020016. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 7104620. PMID 32223885. open access
  11. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Perca fasciata". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  12. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). Epinephelus "Species in the genus 'Epinephelus'". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  13. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Epinephelus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 July 2020.

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Blacktip grouper: Brief Summary

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The blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus), also known as the redbanded grouper, blacktipped cod, black-tipped rockcod, footballer cod, red-barred cod, red-barred rockcod, scarlet rock-cod or weathered rock-cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. It is the type species of the genus Epinephelus.

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Description

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Common in outer reef slopes at depths below 15 m, also occurs in protected bays and lagoons as shallow as 4 m. May also be found down to a depth of 160 m. At Madagascar it feeds night and day on brachyuran crabs, fishes, shrimps, and galatheid crabs (Ref. 6774). In Kenyan waters it feeds on crabs, stomatopods, fishes, ophiuroids, and octopus (Ref. 6448). In the Red Sea, mostly fishes and some crustaceans (mainly crabs) are consumed (Ref. 6699).

Reference

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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