dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 59 years (captivity) Observations: Like other great apes, orangutans appear to be long-lived. Even in the wild, these animals might live more than 50 years. One field study conducted in the *abelii* subspecies estimated maximum longevity in the wild to be at least 58 years for males and at least 53 years for females without any evidence of menopause (Wich et al. 2004). One wild born male was about 59 years old when he died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Some authors consider *Pongo pygmaeus abelii* to be a separate species.
licença
cc-by-3.0
direitos autorais
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
editor
de Magalhaes, J. P.
site do parceiro
AnAge articles

Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans are not as social as other species of great apes and do not have as many social vocalizations. The most prominent form of communication for Bornean orangutans is the long-call, a one to two minute call performed only by flanged males. The long-call can be heard from several kilometers away in the right conditions. The main purposes of long-calls are to inform other males of the caller's presence (when unflanged males hear long-calls they flee the area) and to call out to sexually responsive females. Long-calls are spontaneous and do not follow any specific pattern. Some evidence suggests that the long-call can even suppress the development of unflanged males. When the unflanged males hear a long-call, stress hormones are produced which inhibit the development of the unflanged males. The other type of calling produced by Bornean orangutans is a fast-call, which is most often made after male-to-male conflict. In addition to the long and fast calls, Bornean orangutans smack their lips to produce sounds when in small social groups. When scared, Bornean orangutans will funnel their lips and scream.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans are an endangered species. Since all Bornean orangutans are totally depenent on the trees for survival, forest degradation is devastating to the population. Even though the fruiting trees are not the coveted timber, the removal of trees from the area still negatively influences the overall quality of the forest. Because Bornean orangutans have to travel to find the fruiting trees, a patchy forest hinders travel and dispersal and increases competition for these limited resources.

If the Bornean orangutan is going to recover, habitat destruction must be stopped. These orangutans also need to be protected, and any harvesting for meat or for illegal pet trade must be stopped. Both of these current practices are not sustainable and may lead to the extinction of the Bornean orangutans.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans have the highest density in areas where there is valuable timber such as the peat swamps. In the second half of the 19th century, the Bornean orangutans lost 80% of its viable habitat. These forests are also being illegally logged, as people are logging before the 30 to 40 year rest period is over. Palm oil tree saplings are eaten after logging occurs and the orangutans are searching for another food source. The Bornean orangutans also compete with humans for durian fruit and will on rare occasions attack humans.

Negative Impacts: injures humans; crop pest

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The Bornean orangutans keep the forests healthy by dispersing seeds, and eco tourism for the Bornean orangutans draws in important revenue for orangutan conservation agencies.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Since fruits make up more than 60% the Bornean orangutan diet, they play a vital role in seed dispersal, especially for the larger seeds which cannot be dispersed by smaller animals. Bornean orangutans play such a crucial role in seed dispersal that they have been given the title "gardeners of the forest".

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans are frugivorous, and spend two to three hours in the morning feeding avidly. Their diet consists of forest fruits, leaves and shoots, insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, barks, and occasionally nutrient rich soils. Bornean orangutans have been documented eating more than 500 plant species as part of their diet. Fruits make up more than 60% of their total dietary intake and they will migrate depending on fruit availability.

Animal Foods: eggs; insects; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; fruit; nectar; flowers; sap or other plant fluids

Other Foods: fungus; detritus

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) are currently found on the Southeast Asian island of Borneo and generally inhabits swampy and hilly tropical rainforests. Bornean orangutans have a patchy distribution throughout the island and is completely absent from the southeast region. Fossil evidence suggests that Bornean orangutans were once widespread throughout Southeast Asia and evenly distributed across the entire island of Borneo. Due to illegal logging and the destruction and conversion of tropical forest to agricultural land this once expansive range has decreased dramatically.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans are arboreal and rarely descend to the ground. They generally live in the old growth forests ranging from the lowland swampy areas to the dipterocarp forests. The peat swamps and flood-prone dipterocarp forests produce more fruit than the dry dipertocarp forests and have a higher density of Bornean orangutans because they migrate depending on fruit availability. Bornean orangutans inhabit the primary tropical rainforest and secondary forest at lower elevations and are rarely seen above elevations of 1000 meters.

Range elevation: 0 to 1000 m.

Average elevation: <500 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

Wetlands: swamp

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans are long lived like many of the other great ape species. They often live more than 50 years in the wild and have been documented to live up to 59 years in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
50 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
59 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
59.0 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity:
57.3 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
59.0 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity:
58.8 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
35.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
50.0 years.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Bornean orangutans have orange-red hair and long arms, which are advantageous for traveling through the canopy. Bornean orangutans grasp with both their feet and hands, which suites their arboreal life. Both sexes have throat pouches for calling but the male’s throat pouches are larger than the females. Bornean orangutans are sexually dimorphic, with males having an average height and weight of 970 mm and 87 kg respectively, and females averaging 780 mm and 37 kg, respectively. Males also develop large cheek pads known as flanges and develop a sagittal crest where large temporal muscles attach.

Bornean orangutans exhibit bimaturism, or two different forms of mature males. These two types of males are denoted as being either flanged and unflanged. Flanged males are twice the size of females, have a large facial disk with flanges, and a large throat patch. Unflanged males look much more like the females as they are the same size and do not display the same calling behavior as flanged males. Both types of adult male orangutans reproduce in the population. Unflanged males may become flanged at any time, as it is a reflection of social hierarchy as well as age. Males between 8 and 15 years of age are generally unflanged and become flanged between 15 and 20.

Bornean orangutans are distinguishable from their Sumatran cousins in their morphology. After diverging 1.5 million years ago, Bornean orangutans have become heavier and thicker, have darker red coats, long course hair, and the males have larger flanges covered in bristly hair and larger throat pouches.

Average mass: 87 kg.

Average length: 970 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 64475 g.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The only predator of Bornean orangutans are humans. Even hunting for traditional purposes at a 2% hunting rate, is not sustainable for the current population of orangutans. Bornean orangutans are not subject to predation from large felines like their Sumatran cousins, although clouded leopards are able take down a young Bornean orangutan.

Known Predators:

  • humans (Homo sapiens)
  • clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Dominant flanged males often have an established territory that will encompass multiple females' territories. The multiple females within the male’s territory will copulate with him and produce his offspring. Younger unflanged males often cannot sustain a home range of their own and are forced to wander throughout the forests. When these small, wandering males come into contact with a female, the small unflanged male will force copulation. This is different from the flanged males which will long-call; a call to help receptive females locate him. Females prefer to mate with flanged males, which may be a way to ensure protection from unflanged males.

Mating System: polygynous

Bornean orangutans do not have a breeding season, but females show higher ovarian function during periods of food abundance. Ovulation in Bornean orangutans occurs on the 15th day of a 30-day cycle. Copulation generally occurs with both parties hanging with their arms and facing each other. Bornean orangutan's gestation period lasts about nine months after which they give birth to a single infant, although twins have been recorded. Research shows that female orangutans only breed every 6 to 8 years, and the young are nursed until age 6 and remain at the mother's side until the next birth. The offspring has contact with its mother after birth, but once female offspring start to display sexual behaviors, they begin traveling separately. Once the female offspring is separated from its mother completely, it will move off and establish a territory nearby its mother’s territory. Adolescence in Bornean orangutans starts at 5 years of age and lasts until around 8 years of age. Male offspring remain socially immature despite being sexually mature. The young males avoid contact with mature males and start to wander the forests until they become a flanged male and establish their own resident territory. Female Bornean orangutans will reach menopause around the age of 48 years.

Breeding interval: Female orangutans breed every 8 years.

Breeding season: Bornean orangutans breed year-round.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 233 to 263 days.

Average gestation period: 245 days.

Range weaning age: 36 to 84 months.

Average weaning age: 42 months.

Range time to independence: 5 to 8 years.

Average time to independence: 7 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5.8 to 11.1 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 15 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 1736.5 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Female Bornean orangutans invest a lot of time in their offspring, taking care of them until they reach adolescence at around 6 years of age. Since Bornean orangutans are semi-solitary in nature, the males have very little contact and no investment in their young. From birth, the offspring will be in constant contact with the mother for 4 months and will be carried everywhere the mother goes. The offspring remains completely dependent upon the mother for the first 2 years of life. At about 5 years of age, the offspring will begin to make short trips on its own, usually staying within sight of the mother. The orangutan young may start to build its own nests as play, and will eventually start sleeping in the nests it builds. The offspring are usually weaned by 4 years of age and will begin adolescence soon after. The offspring will generally stay around the mother until the next offspring are born. After this, the young females establish their own territory and the young males travel the forest until they can establish their own home territory.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Strobel, B. 2013. "Pongo pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html
autor
Benjamin Strobel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
editor
Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Bornean orang-utans are predominantly solitary, occupying large overlapping home ranges. The largest arboreal mammal, they spend almost all of their time in the trees, clambering between branches or using their body weight to bend and sway trees (2). Each night a nest is built from bent branches, high up in the trees (5). Orang-utans are the slowest breeding of all mammal species, with an inter-birth interval of approximately eight years (7). They are long-lived and females tend to only give birth after they reach 15 years of age. The infant spends its first two to three years being carried constantly and will still remain close to the mother for at least another three years (7). The orang-utan diet is composed of over 400 types of food, including wild figs (Ficus spp.) and durians (Durio spp.) (7). When fruit is scarce however, orang-utans will feed on leaves, seeds and even bark (5).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wildscreen
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Arkive

Conservation ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The Bornean orang-utan is protected by law in both the Malaysian and Indonesian areas of the island, and is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which prohibits international trade (8). Populations also occur within a number of protected parks, although illegal logging even within protected areas remains a key threat to the survival of this species, and has increased with political instability in Indonesia (2). Captive individuals are re-introduced into the wild in three rehabilitation centres in Kalimantan, one in Sabah and one in Sarawak (7). Time is running out for the Asian ape however, and there are fears that at current rates of decline, both the Sumatran and the Bornean orang-utan could be extinct in the wild by 2010 (9). Due to the large home ranges that these apes require it is the protection of habitat that will ensure that these beautiful and enigmatic 'people of the forest' survive into the next century (7).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wildscreen
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Arkive

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Orang-utan means 'person of the forest' (4) and this Asian ape is indeed truly a tree-dweller. Recent genetic evidence has led to the re-classification of Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans as separate species: Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii respectively (5). Orang-utans have distinctive body shapes with very long arms that may reach up to two metres in length. They have a coarse, shaggy reddish coat (6) and grasping hands and feet (2). They are highly sexually dimorphic, with adult males being distinguished by their large size, throat pouch and flanges on either side of the face, known as cheek pads (7).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wildscreen
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Arkive

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Mainly inhabits lowland and hilly tropical rainforests (2), up to 800 meters above sea level (7).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wildscreen
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Arkive

Range ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Fossil evidence suggests that orang-utans were once widely distributed in South East Asia, but the Bornean orang-utan is today restricted solely to the island of Borneo with the largest population located in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island (8). Three subspecies are recognised; P. p. pygmaeus ranges from northwest Kalimantan to Sarawak, P. p. wurmbi occurs on southwest Kalimantan, and P. p. morio can be found on northeast Kalimantan to Sabah (1) (7).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wildscreen
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Arkive

Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). Subspecies: Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus (west Bornean orang-utan), P. p. wurmbii (southern Bornean orang-utan) and P. p. morio (north-eastern Bornean orang-utan) are all classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wildscreen
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Arkive

Threats ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Orang-utans were hunted relentlessly in the majority of their South East Asian range, their large size and slow movements making them easy targets for hunters (9). However, the main threat to orang-utans today is loss of habitat. In the past twenty years, 80 percent of orang-utan habitat has been lost to illegal logging, gold mining and conversion to permanent agriculture, in particular, palm oil plantations. These animals are extremely vulnerable to exploitation, largely as a result of their extremely long inter-birth interval (7). Forest fires raged through much of Borneo in 1997 and 1998 and it is estimated that around one third of the island's orang-utan population was lost at this time (9). Orang-utans that wander into palm oil plantations and other human-inhabited areas may also be captured for the illegal pet trade, although this is a by-product of shrinking habitat and not a main issue (7).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wildscreen
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Arkive

Orangutan de Borneo ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'orangutan de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) és una espècie d'orangutan endèmica de l'illa de Borneo. És una mica més alt que l'orangutan de Sumatra, l'altra espècie d'orangutan. També és més comuna, amb uns 45.000 exemplars en vida salvatge davant dels 7.500 de l'altra espècie. Estan en perill greu d'extinció a causa de la destrucció del seu hàbitat i al fet que moltes cries són capturades, matant els adults, per posar-les en zoos. L'orangutan de Borneo té una vida d'uns 35 o 40 anys en vida salvatge, però en un zoo es pot allargar fins als 60.

Actualment l'espècie es divideix en tres subespècies en funció del territori de l'illa de Borneo en què habiten. Al nord-oest de l'illa s'hi troba el grup Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, a les zones centrals hi habita Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, i al nord-est s'hi pot observar Pongo pygmaeus morio (l'última subespècie reconeguda dins el grup).

Els mascles en llibertat pesen de mitjana 75 kg (amb exemplars des de 50 a 200 kg) i tenen una alçada d'entre 1,2-1,4 m. Les femelles oscil·len entre 38,5 kg a 30–50 kg amb alçades entre 1-1,2 m.[1][2]

Aspecte

Es diferencia externament perquè sol tenir el cabell més llarg, fosc i dur que l'orangutan de Sumatra (que és més pèl-roig, té la pell més clara i acostuma a tenir més borrissol a la cara).

Ecologia

Entre els elements principals de la seva variada dieta es troben les fruites, arrels, escorces, insectes i peixos (un dels descobriments més recents és l'observació d'orangutans fabricant canyes per pescar). Encara que els de Sumatra es caracteritzen per ser més frugívors i, particularment, més insectívors.

És curiós que es moguin més temps per terra que l'altra espècie d'orangutan, fet segurament degut, almenys en part, a l'absència de grans depredadors com els tigres que es troben a Sumatra però no a Borneo.

Comportament

L'orangutan de Borneo és més solitari que l'orangutan de Sumatra. Dos o tres orangutans que tinguin territoris sobreposats poden interaccionar per petits períodes de temps. Els fills s'estan amb les seves mares fins que assoleixen l'edat dels 8 o 9 anys. Tenen una llarga infantesa, si es compara amb altres micos.

A vegades es poden donar intents de violació pels mascles subadults, però són eludits amb facilitat per les femelles adultes, que prefereixen els mascles madurs. També s'ha documentat que no tots els mascles segueixen la mateixa estratègia a l'hora d'aparellar-se, n'hi ha que no són tan grans i forts com els mascles dominants i que recorren a altres mètodes de seducció per a poder aparellar-se amb les femelles (consistents principalment en regalar peces d'aliment com fruites i peixos a les femelles fins que al cap d'una setmana aquesta accedeix a aparellar-s'hi).

Referències

  1. Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  2. «ADW: Pongo pygmaeus: Information». Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu, 28-06-2009. [Consulta: 3 juliol 2009].
  • Entrevista de la vanguàrdia a Willie Smits, autor de "Los pensadores de la Jungla" i creador de les majors fundacions de protecció dels orangutans de Borneo.

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons (Galeria)
Commons
Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies


licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Orangutan de Borneo: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'orangutan de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) és una espècie d'orangutan endèmica de l'illa de Borneo. És una mica més alt que l'orangutan de Sumatra, l'altra espècie d'orangutan. També és més comuna, amb uns 45.000 exemplars en vida salvatge davant dels 7.500 de l'altra espècie. Estan en perill greu d'extinció a causa de la destrucció del seu hàbitat i al fet que moltes cries són capturades, matant els adults, per posar-les en zoos. L'orangutan de Borneo té una vida d'uns 35 o 40 anys en vida salvatge, però en un zoo es pot allargar fins als 60.

Actualment l'espècie es divideix en tres subespècies en funció del territori de l'illa de Borneo en què habiten. Al nord-oest de l'illa s'hi troba el grup Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, a les zones centrals hi habita Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, i al nord-est s'hi pot observar Pongo pygmaeus morio (l'última subespècie reconeguda dins el grup).

Els mascles en llibertat pesen de mitjana 75 kg (amb exemplars des de 50 a 200 kg) i tenen una alçada d'entre 1,2-1,4 m. Les femelles oscil·len entre 38,5 kg a 30–50 kg amb alçades entre 1-1,2 m.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Orangutan bornejský ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Orangutan bornejský (Pongo pygmaeus) je lidoop z rodu orangutan, který žije na ostrově Borneo. Spolu s orangutanem sumaterským a orangutanem tapanulijským patří k jedinému rodu lidoopů, který pochází z Asie. Stejně jako ostatní hominidé jsou i orangutani vysoce inteligentní a dokáží velmi dobře zacházet s nástroji a zhotovovat je. Mají také vysoce vyvinuté společenské chování. Orangutani sdílejí s lidmi přibližně 97 % DNA.[2]

Orangutan bornejský je kriticky ohrožený druh díky odlesňování kvůli plantážím pro pěstování palmy olejné na výrobu palmového oleje. Velké nebezpečí pro něj znamená i jeho lov.

Popis

Hmotnost orangutana bornejského dosahuje až 100 kg.[3] V zajetí se dožívá až 60 let. Populaci tvoří cca 50 000 jedinců.[zdroj?] Je dobře přizpůsoben životu na stromě, proto se liší délka jeho předních a zadních končetin. U samců se vyskytuje výrazný hrdelní vak, který slouží k zesílení hlasových projevů. Postupem let vyrůstají orangutanovi na tvářích zduřeniny, tvořené tukem a vazivem. Tělo je pokryto řídkou dlouhou splývavou srstí.

Rozmnožování

Samice obvykle v šestiletém intervalu rodí jedno mládě, o něž se stará sedm let, tedy nejdéle ze všech zvířat.[zdroj?] Orangutani žijí v malých skupinách nedospělých zvířat, dospělí se pohybují blízko sebe a stále spolu komunikují (tvoří tzv. residentní sociální skupinu, zvanou noyau). Pokud však tlupa nenachází dostatek potravy, mohou orangutani žít solitérně.

Strava

Hlavní složkou potravy je vegetariánská strava (listy, plody: fíky, ořechy, kořínky). Malé množství živočišných bílkovin získávají z drobných obratlovců.

Chov

V zajetí je chov velmi náročný a je jako u všech lidoopů hlídán a řízen mezinárodním koordinátorem. Každý jedinec je evidován v plemenné knize. Expozice jsou nákladné a přísně kontrolované, musejí splňovat vysoké hygienické nároky (např. být omyvatelné) a disponovat dostatkem přepouštěcích místností.

U ošetřovatele záleží, aby byl tlupou přijat.

V České republice chová orangutany bornejské Zoo Ústí nad Labem a Zoo Dvůr Králové nad Labem.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Orangutan Facts [online]. Orangutan Foundation International [cit. 2012-03-17]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  3. Orangutans [online]. National Geographic [cit. 2018-04-29]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.

Literatura

  • Masopustová R. a kolektiv - Chov exotických savců (2009), Česká zemědělská univerzita.

Externí odkazy

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Orangutan bornejský: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Orangutan bornejský (Pongo pygmaeus) je lidoop z rodu orangutan, který žije na ostrově Borneo. Spolu s orangutanem sumaterským a orangutanem tapanulijským patří k jedinému rodu lidoopů, který pochází z Asie. Stejně jako ostatní hominidé jsou i orangutani vysoce inteligentní a dokáží velmi dobře zacházet s nástroji a zhotovovat je. Mají také vysoce vyvinuté společenské chování. Orangutani sdílejí s lidmi přibližně 97 % DNA.

Orangutan bornejský je kriticky ohrožený druh díky odlesňování kvůli plantážím pro pěstování palmy olejné na výrobu palmového oleje. Velké nebezpečí pro něj znamená i jeho lov.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Borneo-orangutang ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Borneo-orangutang (Pongo pygmaeus) er en art af orangutang, der lever på øen Borneo. Den tilhører sammen med Sumatra-orangutang den eneste slægt af store menneskeaber i Asien. Som de andre store menneskeaber er orangutanger intelligente, idet de på en avanceret måde kan anvende redskaber i naturen. Orangutanger deler omkring 97% af deres DNA med mennesker.[2] Borneo-orangutangen er kritisk truet på grund af afskovning, palmeolie-plantager og jagt.

Status

Den sidste opgørelse over antallet af orangutanger på Borneo blev ifølge IUCN lavet i 2004 og den estimerede, at der på daværende tidspunkt eksisterede mellem 45.000 og 69.000 orangutanger på Borneo, fordelt på tre underarter.[1] Imidlertid er arten gået stærkt tilbage over de seneste årtier og i juli 2016, ændrede organisationen IUCN orangutangens status fra at være "truet" til at være "kritisk truet", da en ny undersøgelse estimerede, at mere end 80 procent af Borneos orangutanger vil forsvinde i løbet af tre generationer (1950 til 2025). Generationstiden for orangutangen er cirka 25 år.

Den danske organisation Red Orangutangen arbejder med at redde den udryddelsestruede orangutang og dens regnskovshjem på Borneo, og finansierer blandt andet 95 procent af verdens største orangutangrehabiliteringscenter - Nyaru Menteng. Her hjælper organisationen forældreløse orangutangunger indtil de kan klare sig selv og genudsættes i Borneos regnskove.[3]

Habitat og udbredelse

Borneo-orangutang lever i fugtige, tropske og subtropiske skove i Borneos lavland såvel som i bjergrige områder op til 1500 meters højde.[4] Arten lever i træernes kroner og bevæger sig over store afstande for at finde træer med frugter.[4]

Den findes i de to malaysiske delstater Sabah og Sarawak og i tre af de fire indoneske provinser i Kalimantan.[1] På grund af tab af levesteder er udbredelsesområdet nu over hele øen meget opdelt. Arten er blevet sjælden på den sydøstlige del af øen og i skovene mellem Rajang-floden i det centrale Sarawak og Padas-floden i det vestlige Sabah.[1]

Levevis

Borneo-orangutangen lever mere solitært end sin slægtning på Sumatra. To eller tre orangutanger, hvis territorer overlapper, kan undertiden være i kontakt med hinanden, men kun i korte perioder.[5] Selvom orangutanger ikke er territoriehævdende vil en voksen han udvise truende adfærd, når den møder andre hanner, og den har kun kontakt med hunner i forbindelse med parring.[6] Det er hannerne der er mest solitære.

Borneo-orangutangen bliver omkring 35-45 år gammel i naturen.[7] I fangenskab kan den blive omkring 60 år.[8]

Selvom om Borneo-orangutangen er trælevende, bevæger den sig mere på jorden end sin slægtning fra Sumatra. Dette skyldes muligvis, at der ikke findes store landlevende rovdyr på Borneo der kan udgøre en trussel over for en orangutang. På Sumatra kan orangutanger møde Sumatratigeren.[9]

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

  1. ^ a b c d Ancrenaz, M., et al. 2016. Pongo pygmaeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016
  2. ^ "Orangutan Facts". Orangutan Foundation International. Hentet 2012-03-17.
  3. ^ Rehabilitering. www.redorangutangen.dk. Hentet 23. august 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Orangutans". WWF. Hentet 2012-03-17.
  5. ^ Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). "Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Behavior". Primate Info Net. Hentet 2011-03-02.
  6. ^ "Orangutan". Sea World, Busch Gardens, & Discovery Cove. Hentet 2012-03-17.
  7. ^ Locke, Devin P.; et al. (2011-01-26). "Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes". Nature. 469 (7331): 529-533. PMID 21270892. doi:10.1038/nature09687. Hentet 2011-04-09.
  8. ^ "Primates: Orangutans". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Hentet 2011-01-27.
  9. ^ Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). "Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Primate Info Net. Hentet 2011-07-23.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Borneo-orangutang: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Borneo-orangutang (Pongo pygmaeus) er en art af orangutang, der lever på øen Borneo. Den tilhører sammen med Sumatra-orangutang den eneste slægt af store menneskeaber i Asien. Som de andre store menneskeaber er orangutanger intelligente, idet de på en avanceret måde kan anvende redskaber i naturen. Orangutanger deler omkring 97% af deres DNA med mennesker. Borneo-orangutangen er kritisk truet på grund af afskovning, palmeolie-plantager og jagt.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Borneo-Orang-Utan ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Borneo-Orang-Utan (Pongo pygmaeus) ist eine Menschenaffenart. Zusammen mit dem Sumatra-Orang-Utan und dem 2017 beschriebenen Tapanuli-Orang-Utan bildet er die Gattung der Orang-Utans. Er ist auf Borneo endemisch.

Merkmale

 src=
Schädel (Sammlung Museum Wiesbaden)

Borneo-Orang-Utans teilen mit ihren sumatranischen Verwandten den an eine baumbewohnende Lebensweise angepassten Körperbau: die Arme sind sehr lang, die Hände hakenförmig, der Daumen kurz und nahe an der Handwurzel lokalisiert, die Beine kurz und beweglich und die Füße handähnlich. Sie sind allerdings etwas stämmiger gebaut und schwerer als die Sumatra-Orang-Utans. Weitere Unterschiede liegen im längeren Fell, das dunkler und bräunlicher gefärbt ist, und in den Backenwülsten insbesondere der älteren Männchen: Diese wachsen nach außen und sind nahezu unbehaart. Darüber hinaus ist der Bart meist kürzer und der Kehlsack der älteren Männchen größer. Mit bis zu 90 Kilogramm sind die Männchen deutlich schwerer als die Weibchen, die bis zu 50 Kilogramm erreichen.

Lebensweise

Borneo-Orang-Utans sind tagaktive Waldbewohner, zur Nachtruhe errichten sie ein Blätternest, das in der Regel nur einmal verwendet wird. Sie klettern langsam mit allen vier Gliedmaßen oder schwingen auf den Ästen. Insbesondere Männchen unternehmen auch Streifzüge am Boden – deutlich mehr als ihre sumatranischen Verwandten, was am Fehlen der Tiger auf Borneo liegen könnte.

Sie sind meist allein anzutreffen und einzelgängerischer als Sumatra-Orang-Utans. Männchen und Weibchen versuchen, feste Territorien zu etablieren, insbesondere jüngere Tiere verbringen ihr Leben aber als „Wanderer“, die ohne Revier ständig umherstreifen. Werkzeuggebrauch ist bei ihnen deutlich seltener als bei ihren sumatranischen Verwandten.

Borneo-Orang-Utans sind Pflanzenfresser, die sich vorwiegend von Früchten, aber auch von Blättern, jungen Trieben und Baumrinde ernähren.

Bedrohung und Schutz

 src=
Junger Orang-Utan in einer Station in Borneo

Der Borneo-Orang-Utan zählt zu den bedrohten Arten. Hauptgrund dafür ist der Verlust seines Lebensraumes: Die Wälder werden zur Holzgewinnung oder zur Errichtung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen (etwa für Palmöl) in großem Ausmaß gerodet. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet ist daher stark verkleinert und zerstückelt. Hinzu kommen die Bejagung und der illegale Handel mit Jungtieren, die als Haustiere gehalten werden. Verschärft werden diese Faktoren durch die langsame Reproduktionsrate der Tiere: So bringt ein Weibchen nur alle vier bis acht Jahre ein Jungtier zur Welt.

Insgesamt ist die Art aber noch häufiger als der Sumatra-Orang-Utan. Schätzungen über den Gesamtbestand sind schwierig und reichen von 15.000 bis 44.000 Tiere. Die IUCN listet die Art seit 2016 als vom Aussterben bedroht (critically endangered).

Die Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, kurz BOS, unterhält zwei Auswilderungszentren, Wanariset in Ost- und Nyaru Menteng in Zentralkalimantan auf Borneo, sowie das Aufforstungsprojekt Samboja Lestari, in dem naturnaher Regenwald als Lebensraum für bis zu 2000 Orang-Utans und andere auf Borneo heimische Arten entstehen soll. Weitere Schutzgebiete und -zentren befinden sich unter anderem in der Nationalparks Gunung-Palung, Tanjung-Puting und Kutai (alle indonesischer Teil) sowie im Sepilok Rehabilitation Centre bei Sandakan und der Danum-Valley-Conservation-Area in Malaysia. In den 1990er-Jahren wurden von der Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation 350 Orang-Utans in das Schutzgebiet des Meratus ausgewildert. Dort betreiben die Organisationen fans for nature, Faszination Regenwald e. V./Ulmer Initiative zur Rettung der Orang-Utans und die Borneo Orang-Utan-Hilfe ein gemeinsames Schutzprojekt.

Systematik

Wurden früher die beiden Orang-Utan-Populationen aus Sumatra und Borneo als Unterarten einer Art zusammengefasst, so werden sie heute aufgrund von Unterschieden im Körperbau und Lebensweise als zwei getrennte Arten angesehen. Der Borneo-Orang-Utan wird in zwei oder drei Unterarten aufgeteilt: Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus im Nordwesten der Insel, P. p. morio im Nordosten und Osten (diese Unterart wird allerdings manchmal mit pygmaeus zusammengefasst) sowie P. p. wurmbii im Südwesten. Die Unterarten unterscheiden sich dabei im Schädelbau.

Literatur

Weblinks

 src=
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Borneo-Orang-Utan: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Borneo-Orang-Utan (Pongo pygmaeus) ist eine Menschenaffenart. Zusammen mit dem Sumatra-Orang-Utan und dem 2017 beschriebenen Tapanuli-Orang-Utan bildet er die Gattung der Orang-Utans. Er ist auf Borneo endemisch.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Pongo pygmaeus ( Tagalo )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ang Pongo pymaeus (tinatawag sa Ingles na Bornean orangutan) ay isang species ng bakulaw na orangutan. Ito ay katutubo sa pulo ng Borneo.

Mga talasanggunian

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (mga pat.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd edisyon). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. (2008). Pongo pygmaeus. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hinango noong 2009-01-04.


Agham Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Agham ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Mga may-akda at editor ng Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Pongo pygmaeus ( Interlingua (Associação Internacional de Línguas Auxiliares) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Pongo pygmaeus es un specie de Pongo.

Nota
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Pongo pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Tagalo )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ang Pongo pymaeus (tinatawag sa Ingles na Bornean orangutan) ay isang species ng bakulaw na orangutan. Ito ay katutubo sa pulo ng Borneo.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Mga may-akda at editor ng Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ο ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο (Pongo pygmaeus) είναι ένα είδος ουρακοτάγκου στο νησί του Βόρνεο. Μαζί με τον ουρακοτάγκο της Σουμάτρα και το Ουρακοτάγκος του Ταπανούλι, ανήκει στο μοναδικό γένος μεγάλων πιθήκων που προέρχονται από την Ασία. Όπως και οι άλλοι μεγάλοι πίθηκοι, οι ουρακοτάγκοι είναι εξαιρετικά ευφυείς, παρουσιάζοντας χρήση εργαλείων και ξεχωριστά πολιτιστικά πρότυπα στην άγρια φύση. Οι ουρακοτάγκοι μοιράζονται περίπου το 97% του DNA τους με τους ανθρώπους.[1] Ανήκει στους ανθρωποειδείς πιθήκους.

Ο ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο είναι είδος που απειλείται με εξαφάνιση. Η αποψίλωση των δασών, οι φυτείες φοινικέλαιου και το κυνήγι που αποτελούν σοβαρή απειλή για τη συνέχιση της ύπαρξής του. Σε φυσικές συνθήκες, ο ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο ζει 35 με 45 χρόνια, ενώ σε συνθήκες αιχμαλωσίας το προσδόκιμο ζωής του ανεβαίνει κοντά στα 60 χρόνια.

Ως το μεγαλύτερο δενδρόβιο ζώο, μπορεί να μείνει σε ένα δέντρο έως και 24 ώρες.

Παραπομπές

  1. «Orangutan Facts». Orangutan Foundation International. Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Μαρτίου 2012.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Συγγραφείς και συντάκτες της Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο: Brief Summary ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ο ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο (Pongo pygmaeus) είναι ένα είδος ουρακοτάγκου στο νησί του Βόρνεο. Μαζί με τον ουρακοτάγκο της Σουμάτρα και το Ουρακοτάγκος του Ταπανούλι, ανήκει στο μοναδικό γένος μεγάλων πιθήκων που προέρχονται από την Ασία. Όπως και οι άλλοι μεγάλοι πίθηκοι, οι ουρακοτάγκοι είναι εξαιρετικά ευφυείς, παρουσιάζοντας χρήση εργαλείων και ξεχωριστά πολιτιστικά πρότυπα στην άγρια φύση. Οι ουρακοτάγκοι μοιράζονται περίπου το 97% του DNA τους με τους ανθρώπους. Ανήκει στους ανθρωποειδείς πιθήκους.

Ο ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο είναι είδος που απειλείται με εξαφάνιση. Η αποψίλωση των δασών, οι φυτείες φοινικέλαιου και το κυνήγι που αποτελούν σοβαρή απειλή για τη συνέχιση της ύπαρξής του. Σε φυσικές συνθήκες, ο ουρακοτάγκος του Βόρνεο ζει 35 με 45 χρόνια, ενώ σε συνθήκες αιχμαλωσίας το προσδόκιμο ζωής του ανεβαίνει κοντά στα 60 χρόνια.

Ως το μεγαλύτερο δενδρόβιο ζώο, μπορεί να μείνει σε ένα δέντρο έως και 24 ώρες.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Συγγραφείς και συντάκτες της Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

போர்னியோ ஒராங்குட்டான் ( Tâmil )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

போர்னியோ ஒராங்குட்டான் (Bornean orangutan) எனபது தென்கிழக்காசியா கண்டத்தில் போர்னியோ என்னும் நாட்டிற்கு உட்பட்ட காடுகளில் வாழும் ஒரு விலங்கினம் ஆகும். [2]வேறு பல நாடுகளில் காணப்படும் ஓராங்குட்டானைப் போல் இவையும் புத்திசாலிகளாகக் காணப்படுகிறது. மரபியல் சார்புப்படி மனித இனத்தின் டி. என். ஏ. போல் 95% இதன் டி.என்.ஏ ஒத்துப்போவதாக உள்ளது. [3]

மேற்கோள்கள்

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

போர்னியோ ஒராங்குட்டான்: Brief Summary ( Tâmil )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

போர்னியோ ஒராங்குட்டான் (Bornean orangutan) எனபது தென்கிழக்காசியா கண்டத்தில் போர்னியோ என்னும் நாட்டிற்கு உட்பட்ட காடுகளில் வாழும் ஒரு விலங்கினம் ஆகும். வேறு பல நாடுகளில் காணப்படும் ஓராங்குட்டானைப் போல் இவையும் புத்திசாலிகளாகக் காணப்படுகிறது. மரபியல் சார்புப்படி மனித இனத்தின் டி. என். ஏ. போல் 95% இதன் டி.என்.ஏ ஒத்துப்போவதாக உள்ளது. 

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Orang utan kalimantan ( Bjn )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging_languages
Pongo pygmaeus 14zz.jpg

Orangutan Kalimantan, Pongo pygmaeus, adalah spesies orangutan asli pulau Kalimantan. Beimbaian lawan orang utan sumatra nang tehalus, orangutan kalimantan tamasuk kadalam jenis pongo yang kawa ditamui di Asia. Orangutan kalimantan kawa hidup selawas 35 sampai 40 tahun di alam liar, amun di panangkaran kawa sampai umur 60 tahun.

Pada bulan Agustus 2012 Kantur Berita Antara merekam gambar Orangutan di Kalimantan Barat nang lagi sakarat melukupi muhanya nang luyuh marga gugur mulai puhun nang dicucul bubuhan desa Parit Wak Dongkak, Wajok Hilir, Kabupaten Pontianak, Kalbar, dalam upaya mausir satwa langka nang dilindungi mulai kabun babuhannya.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging_languages

Bornean orangutan ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan endemic to the island of Borneo. Together with the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis), it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. Like the other great apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying tool use and distinct cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97% of their DNA with humans.[2] Also called mias by the local population,[3] the Bornean orangutan is a critically endangered species, with deforestation, palm oil plantations, and hunting posing a serious threat to its continued existence.

Taxonomy

Male Bornean orangutan in Taman Safari park

The Bornean orangutan and the Sumatran orangutan diverged about 400,000 years ago,[4] with a continued low level of gene flow between them since then.[4] The two orangutan species were considered merely subspecies until 1996; they were elevated to species following sequencing of their mitochondrial DNA.

The Bornean orangutan has three subspecies:[1]

There is some uncertainty about this, however. The population currently listed as P. p. wurmbii may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii) than to the Bornean orangutan. If this is confirmed, P. abelii would be a subspecies of P. wurmbii (Tiedeman, 1808).[5] In addition, the type locality of P. pygmaeus has not been established beyond doubt; it may be from the population currently listed as P. wurmbii (in which case P. wurmbii would be a junior synonym of P. pygmaeus, while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of P. pygmaeus would take precedence for the taxon in Sarawak and northern West Kalimantan).[5] Bradon-Jones et al. considered P. morio to be a synonym of P. pygmaeus, and the population found in East Kalimantan and Sabah to be a potentially unnamed separate taxon.[5]

In early October 2014, researchers from domestic and foreign countries found about 50 orangutans in several groups in South Kalimantan Province, although previously there is no record that the province has orangutans.[6]

As a member of the family Hominidae, Bornean orangutans are one of the closest extant relatives to Homo sapiens.

Juvenile male at Tanjung Puting National Park

This species was originally discovered by native Malaysians. There are several mentions of orangutans in Malaysian folklore. However, this species was originally named and described by the notable zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1799. Its original name was Simia satyrus, meaning "satyr monkey", but was changed when scientists discovered that not all orangutans are one species. The holotype of this organism is located in the British Museum in London.[7]

The current species name P. pygmaeus is not Latin unlike most other Linnean classifications. The genus name Pongo is derived from the Bantu word mpongo used to indicate a large primate. It was originally used to describe chimpanzees in Western African dialects.[8] The species name pygmaeus is derived from the Greek word "pygmy" meaning dwarf.[9]

Physical description

The skull
The skeleton

The Bornean orangutan is the third-largest ape after the western gorilla, and the largest truly arboreal (or tree-dwelling) extant ape.[10][11] Body weights broadly overlap with the considerably taller Homo sapiens, but the latter is considerably more variable in size.[12] By comparison, the Sumatran orangutan is similar in size but, on average, is marginally lighter in weight.[13][14] A survey of wild orangutans found that males weigh on average 75 kg (165 lb), ranging from 50–100 kg (110–220 lb), and 1.2–1.7 m (3.9–5.6 ft) long; females average 38.5 kg (85 lb), ranging from 30–50 kg (66–110 lb), and 1–1.2 m (3.3–3.9 ft) long.[15][16] While in captivity, orangutans can grow considerably overweight, up to more than 165 kg (364 lb).[17] The heaviest known male orangutan in captivity was an obese male named "Andy", who weighed 204 kg (450 lb) in 1959 when he was 13 years old.[18]

The Bornean orangutan has a distinctive body shape with very long arms that may reach up to 1.5 metres in length. It has grey skin, a coarse, shaggy, reddish coat[19] and prehensile, grasping hands and feet.[20] Its coat does not cover its face unlike most mammals, although Bornean orangutans do have some hair on their faces including a beard and mustache. It also has large, fatty cheek pads known as flanges as well as a pendulous throat sac.[21]

A male orangutan at Moscow Zoo. The male's face pad widens as he grows older.

Bornean orangutans are highly sexually dimorphic and have several features that differ between males and females. Males have much larger cheek pads, or flanges, that are composed of muscle and large amounts of fat. In females, the flanges are mostly composed of muscle. Males have relatively larger canines and premolars. Males have a more pronounced beard and mustache. The throat sac in males is also considerably larger. There are two body types for sexually mature males: smaller or larger. Larger males are more dominant but smaller males still breed successfully. There is little sexual dimorphism at birth.[21]

Habitat and distribution

The Bornean orangutan lives in tropical rain forests in the Bornean lowlands, as well as montane rain forests in mountainous areas up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level.[22] This species lives throughout the canopy of primary and secondary forest, and moves large distances to find trees bearing fruit.[22]

It is found in the two Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, and four of the five Indonesian Provinces of Kalimantan.[1] Due to habitat destruction, the species distribution is now highly patchy throughout the island, the species has become rare in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forest between the Rajang River in central Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah. Its presence in Brunei is uncertain and unconfirmed.[1]

The first complete orangutan skeleton that was discovered was in the Hoa Binh province in Vietnam and thought to be from the late Pleistocene epoch. It differed from modern orangutans only in that its body was proportionately smaller compared to its head. This fossil and others confirm that orangutans once inhabited continental Southeast Asia even though currently, Bornean orangutans are only found in Malaysia and Indonesia.[23]

Behavior and ecology

Bornean orangutan in its nest

In history, orangutans ranged throughout Southeast Asia and into southern China, as well as on the island of Java and in southern Sumatra. They primarily inhabit peat swamp forest, tropical heath forest, and mixed dipterocarp forest.[2] Bornean orangutan are more solitary than their Sumatran relatives. Two or three orangutans with overlapping territories may interact, but only for short periods of time.[24] Although orangutans are not territorial, adult males will display threatening behaviors upon meeting other males, and only socialize with females to mate.[25] Males are considered the most solitary of the orangutans. The Bornean orangutan has a lifespan of 35–45 years in the wild;[4] in captivity it can live to be about 60.[26]

Despite being arboreal, the Bornean orangutan travels on the ground more than its Sumatran counterpart. This may be in part because no large terrestrial predators could threaten an orangutan in Borneo. In Sumatra, orangutans must face predation by the fierce Sumatran tiger.[27]

The Bornean orangutan exhibits nest-building behavior. Nests are built for use at night or during the day. Young orangutans learn by observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. This skill is practiced by juvenile orangutans. Nests may be elaborate and involve a foundation and mattress made by intertwining leaves and branches and adding broken leafy branches. Additional features such as shade, waterproof roof, "pillow", and "blanket", all of which are made from branches, twigs and leaves, may also be added.[28] Nest-building in primates is considered as an example of tool use and not animal architecture.[29]

Diet

The Bornean orangutan diet is composed of over 400 types of food, including wild figs, durians (Durio zibethinus and D. graveolens),[30] leaves, seeds, bird eggs, flowers, sap, vines,[31] honey, fungi, spider webs,[31] insects, and, to a lesser extent than the Sumatran orangutan, bark.[2][16] They have also been known to consume the inner shoots of plants and vines.[2] They will also occasionally eat nutrient rich soil.[31] They get the necessary quantities of water from both fruit and from tree holes.[22]

An orangutan peeling a banana with its hand and foot.

Bornean orangutans have been sighted using spears to attempt (unsuccessfully) to catch fish.[32] The species has been observed using tools such as leaves to wipe off faeces, a pad of leaves for holding spiny durian fruit, a leafy branch for a bee swatter, a bunch of leafy branches held together as an "umbrella" while traveling in the rain, a single stick as backscratcher, and a branch or tree trunk as a missile.[33] In some regions, orangutans occasionally eat soil to get minerals that may neutralize the toxins and acids they consume in their primarily vegetarian diets.[2] On rare occasions, orangutans will prey upon other, smaller primates, such as slow lorises.[2]

Reproduction

A rehabilitated female with her young baby in Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia

Males and females generally come together only to mate. Subadult males (unflanged) will try to mate with any female and will be successful around half the time.[24] Dominant flanged males will call and advertise their position to receptive females, who prefer mating with flanged males.[24] Adult males will often target females with weaned infants as mating partners because the female is likely to be fertile.[34]

Females reach sexual maturity and experience their first ovulatory cycle between about six and 11 years of age, although females with more body fat may experience this at an earlier age.[24] The estrous cycle lasts between 22 and 30 days and menopause has been reported in captive orangutans at about age 48.[24] Females tend to give birth at about 14–15 years of age. Newborn orangutans nurse every three to four hours, and begin to take soft food from their mothers' lips by four months. During the first year of its life, the young clings to its mother's abdomen by entwining its fingers in and gripping her hair. Offspring are weaned at about four years, but this could be much longer, and soon after they start their adolescent stage of exploring, but always within sight of their mother.[24] During this period, they will also actively seek other young orangutans to play with and travel with. On average, juveniles do not become completely independent until they are about seven years of age. The birth rate for orangutans has been decreasing largely due to a lack of sufficient nutrients as a result of habitat loss.

A 2011 study on female orangutans in free-ranging rehabilitation programs found that individuals that were supplemented with food resources had shorter interbirth intervals, as well as a reduced age, at first birth.[35]

Conservation status

The Bornean orangutan is more common than the Sumatran, with about 104,700 individuals in the wild, whereas just under 14,000 Sumatran orangutans are left in the wild.[1][36] Orangutans are becoming increasingly endangered due to habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade, and young orangutans are captured to be sold as pets, usually entailing the killing of their mothers.[37]

The Bornean orangutan is critically endangered[1][38] according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and is listed on Appendix I of CITES. The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to be less than 14% of what it was in the recent past (from around 10,000 years ago until the middle of the 20th century), and this sharp decline has occurred mostly over the past few decades due to human activities and development.[1] Species distribution is now highly patchy throughout Borneo; it is apparently absent or uncommon in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forest between the Rajang River in central Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah (including the Sultanate of Brunei).[1] A population of around 6,900 is found in Sabangau National Park, but this environment is at risk.[39]

This view is also supported by the United Nations Environment Programme, which stated in its 2007 report that, due to illegal logging, fire and the extensive development of palm oil plantations, orangutans are critically endangered, and if the current trend continues, they will become extinct.[40] When forest is burned down to clear room for palm oil plantations, not only does the Bornean orangutan suffer from habitat loss, but several individuals have been burned and killed in fires. Palm oil accounts for over one tenth of Indonesia's export earnings. It is in high demand because it is used in several packaged foods, deodorants, shampoos, soaps, candies, and baked goods.[41]

Climate change is another threat to Bornean orangutan conservation. The effects that human activity have had on Indonesian rainfall have made food less abundant and so Bornean orangutans are less likely to receive full nutrients so that they can be sufficiently healthy to breed.

A November 2011 survey, based on interviews with 6,983 respondents in 687 villages across Kalimantan in 2008 to 2009, gave estimated orangutan killing rates of between 750 and 1800 in the year leading up to April 2008.[42] These killing rates were higher than previously thought and confirm that the continued existence of the orangutan in Kalimantan is under serious threat. The survey did not quantify the additional threat to the species due to habitat loss from deforestation and expanding palm-oil plantations. The survey found that 73% of respondents knew orangutans were protected by Indonesian law.[42]

A young captive orangutan sleeping.

However, the Indonesian government rarely prosecutes or punishes perpetrators.[43] In a rare prosecution in November 2011, two men were arrested for killing at least 20 orangutans and a number of long-nosed proboscis monkeys. They were ordered to conduct the killings by the supervisor of a palm oil plantation, to protect the crop, with a payment of $100 for a dead orangutan and $22 for a monkey.[44]

Rescue and rehabilitation centers

Bornean orangutan in the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens.

A number of orangutan rescue and rehabilitation projects operate in Borneo.

The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS) founded by Dr Willie Smits has rescue and rehabilitation centres at Wanariset and Samboja Lestari in East Kalimantan and Nyaru Menteng, in Central Kalimantan founded and managed by Lone Drøscher Nielsen. BOS also works to conserve and recreate the fast-disappearing rainforest habitat of the orangutan, at Samboja Lestari and Mawas.

Orangutan Foundation International, founded by Dr Birutė Galdikas, rescues and rehabilitates orangutans, preparing them for release back into protected areas of the Indonesian rain forest. In addition, it promotes the preservation of the rain forest for them.

The Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre near Sandakan in the state of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo opened in 1964 as the first official orangutan rehabilitation project.[45]

Orangutan Foundation, founded by Ashley Leiman, operates programmes in Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. The Foundation rescues orphaned orangutans and enters them into their soft-release programme, allowing them to develop the skills necessary to survive in the wild. When old enough, orangutans are released into the protected Lamandau Wildlife Reserve. Orangutan Foundation works to protect orangutans by focusing on habitat protection and capacity building, especially in local communities.[46]

A seven-year longitudinal study published in 2011 looked at whether the lifespan of zoo-housed orangutans was related to a subjective assessment of well-being, with the intent of applying such measures to assess the welfare of orangutans in captivity. Of the subjects, 100 were Sumatran (Pongo abelii), 54 Bornean (Pongo pygmaeus) and 30 were hybrid orangutans. 113 zoo employees, who were highly familiar with the typical behavior of the orangutans, used a four-item questionnaire to assess their subjective well-being. The results indicated that orangutans in higher subjective well-being were less likely to die during the follow-up period. The study concluded that happiness was related to longer life in orangutans.[47]

In late 2014, Nyaru Menteng veterinarians failed to rescue the life of a female orangutan. An operation was performed in which 40 air-rifle pellets were removed from her body. The orangutan was found at a palm oil plantation in Indonesian Borneo.[48]

Genome and Demographic History

Orangutans and humans diverged lineages approximately 14-18 million years ago. About 17,000 years ago, there was a migration of the Bornean orangutans as they eventually went to Sumatra, effectively trading places with the Sumatra orangutans that were there at the time. These two species of orangutans have been closely related throughout their evolutionary history due to the fact that they were so close in physical proximity. Therefore, their genomes and demographic history are similar. The two species themselves are estimated to have split about 3.5 million years ago.[49] Although these two species have officially diverged, it is speculated that the reason as to why they are genetically similar is because the males of each respective species tend to migrate between the two islands and breed with the females from their sister species. As a result, both the Bornean orangutans and the Sumatran orangutans have been studied closely as a pair, and thus much genome findings attribute evolutionary changes to this relationship. In addition, the Bornean orangutans, as compared to the Sumatran orangutans, have lower autosomal gene diversity. This is attributed to the fact that they have a much smaller population size. Also, the Bornean orangutans have lower nucleotide diversity.[50]

As the Bornean orangutans and Sumatra orangutans both exist within the same species, they exhibit similar cultural behaviors that have been found to exist amongst most orangutan populations. The fact that orangutans tend to showcase similar cultural traditions is due to the fact that they typically live in similar environments and are adept at learning from one another from their early stages of life.[51]

The Bornean orangutan has been linked to the fact that it has gone through a deep divergence in relation to its relatives and ancestors.[52] During the Middle Pleistocene, there were low levels of gene flow, which was determined through the analysis of Y-chromosomal data. One reason as to why this may have occurred is because of the Sunda shelf, which is where the island of Borneo is located.[49] During this time, this event's dry climate during the Late Pleistocene attributed to a more abundant genetic exchange. As a result, there were many early divergences of gene pools between the Bornean orangutans, as well as the Sumatran orangutans. Relating back to the Middle Pleistocene, the Bornean orangutan lineage went through a dramatic population decline. This is likely attributed to the fact that they had been isolated from their ancestral populations.[50] Therefore, natural geographic barriers are attributed to be the reason as to why the Bornean orangutans were eventually isolated and ended up colonizing other regions. In addition, this geographic isolation also indicates that the Bornean orangutans did not undergo a severe genetic bottleneck.[52] With the Borneo orangutan, selection was found to have been found through physiological adaptations – most of which has to do with being able to adapt to the ever-changing climate on the Borneo island.[49]

See also

References

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Bornean orangutan" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ancrenaz, M.; Gumal, M.; Marshall, A.; Meijaard, E.; Wich, S.A. & Hussons, S. (2018) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Pongo pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T17975A123809220. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Orangutan facts". Orangutan Foundation International. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  3. ^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (2008). The Malay Archipelago (Rev. pbk. ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 47. ISBN 978-0794605636.
  4. ^ a b c Locke, D.P.; Hillier, L.W.; Warren, W.C.; Worley, K.C.; Nazareth, L.V.; Muzny, D.M.; Yang, S.P.; Wang, Z.; Chinwalla, A.T.; Minx, P. & Mitreva, M. (2011). "Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes". Nature. 469 (7331): 529–533. Bibcode:2011Natur.469..529L. doi:10.1038/nature09687. PMC 3060778. PMID 21270892.
  5. ^ a b c Bradon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A.A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C.P.; Melnick, D.J.; Morales, J.C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C.B. (2004). "Asian primate classification" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 25 (1): 97–164. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32. S2CID 29045930.
  6. ^ "Ternyata di kalsel ada populasi orangutan" (in Indonesian). October 10, 2014.
  7. ^ Brandon-Jones, Douglas; Groves, Colin P.; Jenkins, Paulina D. (2016-09-09). "The type specimens and type localities of the orangutans, genus Pongo Lacépède, 1799 (Primates: Hominidae)". Journal of Natural History. 50 (33–34): 2051–2095. doi:10.1080/00222933.2016.1190414. hdl:10141/622676. S2CID 88826798.
  8. ^ Zoological Society of London (1905). Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London. Longmans, Green.
  9. ^ Definition of pygmy. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  10. ^ "San Francisco Zoo - Adopt an Orangutan". www.sfzoo.org. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  11. ^ EDGE :: Mammal Species Information. Edgeofexistence.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  12. ^ Novak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  13. ^ WWF – Sumatran Orangutan – Close relative in dire straits. Worldwildlife.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  14. ^ The Bornean and Sumatran Orangutans | Visuallens. Visuallens.wordpress.com (2008-08-02). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  15. ^ Wood, G. (1977). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  16. ^ a b Ciszek, D.; Schommer, M.K. (2009-06-28). "ADW: Pongo pygmaeus: Information". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
  17. ^ Giza Zoo> Bornean Orangutan إنسان الغابة. Gizazoo-eg.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  18. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  19. ^ Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 140539109X.
  20. ^ Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  21. ^ a b "Orangutan Fact Sheet". library.sandiegozoo.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  22. ^ a b c "Orangutans". WWF. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  23. ^ Bacon, A. M.; The Long, V. (September 2001). "The first discovery of a complete skeleton of a fossil orang-utan in a cave of the Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam". Journal of Human Evolution. 41 (3): 227–241. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0496. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 11535001.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). "Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Behavior". Primate Info Net. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  25. ^ "Orangutan". Sea World, Busch Gardens, & Discovery Cove. Archived from the original on 2012-04-11. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  26. ^ "Primates: Orangutans". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
  27. ^ Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). "Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Primate Info Net. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
  28. ^ Didik, Prasetyo; Ancrenaz, Marc; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Wich, Serge A.; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Nest building in orangutans". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra (eds.). Orangutans: geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–275. ISBN 978-0-19-921327-6. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  29. ^ Marchant, Linda Frances; Nishida, Toshisada (1996). Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-0-521-55536-4. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  30. ^ Mackinnon, John (February 1974). "The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus)". Animal Behaviour. 22 (1): 3–74. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80054-0. ISSN 0003-3472.
  31. ^ a b c "Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean orangutan)".
  32. ^ Bleiman, B. (2008-04-29). "Orangutan "Spear Fishes"". Zooillogix. ScienceBlogs. Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
  33. ^ Parker, S.T.; Mitchell, R.W.; Miles, H.L. (1999). The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans: Comparative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58027-4.
  34. ^ Fox, E.A. (2002). "Female tactics to reduce sexual harassment in the sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 52 (2): 93–101. doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0495-x. S2CID 13583879.
  35. ^ Kuze, Noko; Pratje, Peter; Banes, Graham L.; Pratje, Peter; Tajima, Tomoyuki; Russon, Anne E. (2011). "Factors affecting reproduction in rehabilitant female orangutans: young age at first birth and short inter-birth. interval". Primates. 53 (2): 181–92. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0285-z. PMID 22109351. S2CID 17214597.
  36. ^ Singleton, Ian; Wich, Serge A.; Nowak, Matthew G.; Usher, Graham; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suchi (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Pongo abelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T121097935A123797627.
  37. ^ Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). "Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Conservation". Primate Info Net. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  38. ^ Bell, Loren (7 July 2016). "Bornean orangutan declared 'critically endangered' as forests shrink". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-07-07. The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is now critically endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
  39. ^ Cheyne, S. M.; Thompson, C. J. H.; Phillips, A. C.; Hill, R. M. C.; Limin, S. H. (2007). "Density and population estimate of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia" (PDF). Primates. 49 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1007/s10329-007-0063-0. PMID 17899314. S2CID 1792717. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26.
  40. ^ Nellemann, C.; Miles, L.; Kaltenborn, B.P.; Virtue, M. & Ahlenius, H. (2007). The last stand of the orangutan – State of emergency: Illegal logging, fire and palm oil in Indonesia's national parks (PDF) (Report). Norway: United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  41. ^ "The Effects of Palm Oil – Orangutan Foundation International". Orangutan Foundation International. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  42. ^ a b Meijaard, Erik; Buchori, Damayanti; Hadiprakarsa, Yokyok; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suci; Nurcahyo, Anton; Tjiu, Albertus; Prasetyo, Didik; Nardiyono; Christie, Lenny; Ancrenaz, Marc; Abadi, Firman; Antoni, I Nyoman Gede; Armayadi, Dedy; Dinato, Adi; Ella; Gumelar, Pajar; Indrawan, Tito P.; Kussaritano; Munajat, Cecep; Priyono, C. Wawan Puji; Purwanto, Yadi; Puspitasari, Dewi; Putra, M. Syukur Wahyu; Rahmat, Abdi; Ramadani, Harri; Sammy, Jim; Siswanto, Dedi; Syamsuri, Muhammad; Andayani, Noviar; Wu, Huanhuan; Wells, Jessie Anne; Mengersen, Kerrie; Turvey, Samuel T. (11 November 2011). Turvey, Samuel T (ed.). "Quantifying Killing of Orangutans and Human-Orangutan Conflict in Kalimantan, Indonesia". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27491. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627491M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027491. PMC 3214049. PMID 22096582.
  43. ^ Marshall, Michael (15 November 2011). "Humans killing at least 750 Bornean orang-utans a year". The New Scientist. Retrieved 27 November 2011. quoting Ashley Leiman, director of the Orangutan Foundation.
  44. ^ "Mass Slaughter of Orang-utans and Monkeys is Continuing in Kalimantan". November 24, 2011. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012.
  45. ^ Thompson, S. (2010). The Intimate Ape: Orangutans and the Secret Life of a Vanishing Species. Citadel Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8065-3133-5.
  46. ^ "Orangutan Foundation: Our work". Orangutan Foundation. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  47. ^ Weiss, A.; Adams, J. M.; King, E. J. (2011). "Happy orang-utans live longer lives". Biology Letters. 7 (6): 872–874. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0543. PMC 3210686. PMID 21715398.
  48. ^ "Killed by 40 Pellets". Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  49. ^ a b c Guethlein, Lisbeth A.; Norman, Paul J.; Heijmans, Corinne M. C.; Groot, Natasja G. de; Hilton, Hugo G.; Babrzadeh, Farbod; Abi-Rached, Laurent; Bontrop, Ronald E.; Parham, Peter (2017-04-15). "Two Orangutan Species Have Evolved Different KIR Alleles and Haplotypes". The Journal of Immunology. 198 (8): 3157–3169. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1602163. ISSN 0022-1767. PMC 5438093. PMID 28264973.
  50. ^ a b Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Bilgin Sonay, Tugce; Nater, Alexander; Pybus, Marc; Desai, Tariq; de Valles, Guillem; Casals, Ferran; Scally, Aylwyn; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; van Schaik, Carel P. (2018-11-15). "Genomes reveal marked differences in the adaptive evolution between orangutan species". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 193. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1562-6. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6237011. PMID 30428903.
  51. ^ Krützen, Michael; Willems, Erik P.; van Schaik, Carel P. (November 2011). "Culture and Geographic Variation in Orangutan Behavior". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1808–1812. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.017. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018539. S2CID 17540443.
  52. ^ a b Goossens, Benoît; Chikhi, Lounès; Fairus Jalil, Mohd.; James, Sheena; Ancrenaz, Marc; Lackman-Ancrenaz, Isabelle; Bruford, Michael W. (2008-12-11), "Taxonomy, geographic variation and population genetics of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans", Orangutans, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–14, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-921327-6, retrieved 2022-03-02
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Bornean orangutan: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan endemic to the island of Borneo. Together with the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis), it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. Like the other great apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying tool use and distinct cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97% of their DNA with humans. Also called mias by the local population, the Bornean orangutan is a critically endangered species, with deforestation, palm oil plantations, and hunting posing a serious threat to its continued existence.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Bornea orangutano ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO
OrangutanP1.jpg

La Bornea orangutano (Pongo pygmaeus) estas unu el du specioj de orangutanoj. Troviĝanta nur en la insulo Borneo, apartenanta kaj al Indonezio kaj al Malajzio; ĝi estas pli abunda ol la Sumatra orangutano. Kune kun tiu lasta, ĝi apartenas al la nura genro de grandaj simioj kiuj estas indiĝenaj de Asio. Kiel la aliaj grandaj simioj, orangutanoj estas tre inteligentaj, kaj montras progresan il-uzadon kaj distingajn kulturajn modelojn en naturo. Orangutanoj kunhavas proksimume 97% el iliaj DNA kun homoj.[1]

La Bornea orangutano estas endanĝerita specio, pro senarbarigo, palmoleaj plantejoj kaj ĉasado kiel gravaj minacoj al ties longdaŭra ekzistado.

Aspekto

La viraj orangutanoj pezas 50–90 kg, la inaj 30–50 kg. La maljuna vira bornea orangutano havas karakterizan vangon. Ĝian korpon kovras longa, rufhara felo. Ĝiaj kruroj estas longaj, la etenditaj kruroj distancas je 2–2,25 m.

Notoj

  1. Orangutan Facts. Orangutan Foundation International. Alirita 2012-03-17.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EO

Bornea orangutano: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO
OrangutanP1.jpg

La Bornea orangutano (Pongo pygmaeus) estas unu el du specioj de orangutanoj. Troviĝanta nur en la insulo Borneo, apartenanta kaj al Indonezio kaj al Malajzio; ĝi estas pli abunda ol la Sumatra orangutano. Kune kun tiu lasta, ĝi apartenas al la nura genro de grandaj simioj kiuj estas indiĝenaj de Asio. Kiel la aliaj grandaj simioj, orangutanoj estas tre inteligentaj, kaj montras progresan il-uzadon kaj distingajn kulturajn modelojn en naturo. Orangutanoj kunhavas proksimume 97% el iliaj DNA kun homoj.

La Bornea orangutano estas endanĝerita specio, pro senarbarigo, palmoleaj plantejoj kaj ĉasado kiel gravaj minacoj al ties longdaŭra ekzistado.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EO

Pongo pygmaeus ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El orangután de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) es una especie de orangután que, como su nombre lo indica, es nativa de la isla de Borneo en Indonesia, Asia. Esta especie es la más numerosa con unos cuarenta y cinco mil[cita requerida] individuos en estado salvaje, números que contrastan con los siete mil quinientos orangutanes de Sumatra que aún viven en su hábitat natural.

Sus grandes amenazas son los incendios, la tala de los bosques donde habita, la caza y el tráfico ilegal de sus crías en el mercado negro.

Taxonomía

Existe evidencia de que hubo un flujo de genes entre poblaciones del orangután de Borneo separadas geográficamente desde hace relativamente poco tiempo. La especie de orangután de Borneo y la de Sumatra divergieron hace 1,5-1,7 millones de años. Esto ocurrió poco antes de que las dos islas, Borneo y Sumatra, se separaran. Las dos especies de orangután están más distantemente relacionadas que el chimpancé común y el bonobo. A pesar de las diferencias, las dos especies de orangután se consideraron subespecies hasta el año 1996, luego del secuenciamiento del mtDNA.[2]

Conservación

El orangután de Borneo es más común que el de Sumatra, con cerca de cincuenta y cuatro mil quinientos individuos en estado salvaje, en contraste a los seis mil seiscientos orangutanes de Sumatra.[3]​ Los orangutanes están cada vez más amenazados debido principalmente a la destrucción de su hábitat y al comercio de carne de animales salvajes; además orangutanes jóvenes son capturados para ser vendidos como mascotas, habitualmente matando a sus madres para poder acceder a ellos.[4]

Orangután de Borneo.gif

Los orangutanes están en peligro crítico de extinción[1]​ de acuerdo con la Lista Roja de la UICN de mamíferos, y está listada en el Apéndice I de CITES. El número total de orangutanes de Borneo se estima ser menor del 14 % de lo que fue en un pasado reciente (desde hace diez mil años hasta la mitad del siglo XX) y este fuerte descenso se ha producido sobre todo durante las últimas décadas, debido a las actividades humanas y el desarrollo.[1]

La distribución de la especie es ahora muy irregular a lo largo de la isla: está aparentemente ausente o es poco común en el sur-este de la Borneo, así como en los bosques entre el río Rejang de Sarawak y el río en Padas occidental Sabah (incluyendo el Sultanato de Brunéi).[1]​ Hay una población de alrededor de seis novecientos en el Parque nacional de Sebangau, pero este hábitat está en peligro.[5]​ Según un antropólogo de la Universidad de Harvard, se espera que en diez a veinte años los orangutanes se extingan en estado salvaje si no hay un esfuerzo serio para superar las amenazas a que se enfrentan.[6]

Esta opinión es apoyada también por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, que establece en su informe que debido a la tala ilegal, el fuego y el amplio desarrollo del aceite de palma en las plantaciones, los orangutanes están en peligro de extinción, y si continúa la tendencia actual, se extinguirán.[7]

Centros de rescate y rehabilitación

Un buen número de proyectos para la conservación y rescate de los orangutanes operan en Borneo.

La fundación Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS), fundada por el Dr. Willie Smits cuenta con centros de rescate y rehabilitación en Wanariset y Samboja Lestari de Kalimantan del Este y Nyaru Menteng, en Kalimantan Central fundada y dirigida por Lone Dröscher Nielsen. BOS también trabaja para conservar y recrear el hábitat de selva desaparecida de los orangutanes, en Samboja Lestari y Mawas.

La Orangutan Foundation International, fundada por la Dra. Biruté Galdikas, rescata y rehabilita a los orangutanes, y los prepara para el lanzamiento de nuevo en las áreas protegidas de la selva tropical de Indonesia. Además, OFI promueve la preservación de la selva para los orangutanes.

El Centro de rehabilitación de Orangutanes Sepilok cerca de Sandakan en el estado de Sabah de Malasia en Borneo abrió sus puertas en 1964 como el primer proyecto oficial de rehabilitación del orangután.[8]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. a b c d Ancrenaz, M., Gumal, M., Marshall, A.J., Meijaard, E., Wich , S.A. & Husson, S. (2016). «Pongo pygmaeus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 10 de julio de 2016.
  2. Arora, N.; Nater, A.; van Schaik, C. P.; Willems, E. P.; van Noordwijk, M. A.; Goossens, B.; Morf, N.; Bastian, M.; Knott, C.; Morrogh-Bernard, H.; Kuze, N.; Kanamori, T.; Pamungkas, J.; Perwitasari-Farajallah, D.; Verschoor, E.; Warren, K.; Krutzen, M. (22 de noviembre de 2010). «Effects of Pleistocene glaciations and rivers on the population structure of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (50): 21376-21381. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010169107.
  3. Orangutan Action Plan 2007-2017 (pdf) (en indonesian). Government of Indonesia. 2007. p. 5. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2011.
  4. Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). «Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Conservation». Primate Info Net. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2011.
  5. [1]
  6. Mayell, H. (9 de marzo de 2004). «Wild Orangutans: Extinct by 2023?». National Geographic. Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2011.
  7. Nellemann, C., Miles, L., Kaltenborn, B.P., Virtue, M. & Ahlenius, H. (2007). The last stand of the orangutan – State of emergency: Illegal logging, fire and palm oil in Indonesia’s national parks (pdf). Norway: United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. Archivado desde el original el 16 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2011.
  8. Thompson, S. (2010). The Intimate Ape: Orangutans and the Secret Life of a Vanishing Species. Citadel Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0806531335.

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Pongo pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El orangután de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) es una especie de orangután que, como su nombre lo indica, es nativa de la isla de Borneo en Indonesia, Asia. Esta especie es la más numerosa con unos cuarenta y cinco mil[cita requerida] individuos en estado salvaje, números que contrastan con los siete mil quinientos orangutanes de Sumatra que aún viven en su hábitat natural.

Sus grandes amenazas son los incendios, la tala de los bosques donde habita, la caza y el tráfico ilegal de sus crías en el mercado negro.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Pongo pygmaeus ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Pongo pygmeaus edo Borneoko Orangutana orangutan espezieetako bat da. Borneon bizi dira. Sumatrako orangutanarekin batera Asiako tximino handi bakarrak dira.

35 eta 40 urte arteko bizi itxaropena dute, baina zoologikoetan 60 urte arte bizi daitezke. Arrek 75 kilo pisatzen dituzte, 50 eta 100 kilo artean, eta 1,2 eta 1,4 metro tamaina dute gutxi gorabehera. Emeek 38,5 kiloko batez besteko pisua dute eta 1 eta 1,2 metro artean.

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EU

Pongo pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EU

Borneonoranki ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Borneonoranki (Pongo pygmaeus) on Borneon sademetsissä elävä orankilaji. Aiemmin orankeja katsottiin olevan vain yksi laji, oranki Pongo pygmaeus, mutta nykykäsityksen mukaan sumatranorankia pidetään omana lajinaan Pongo abelii.

Borneonoranki on kahdesta orankilajista vähän vähemmän uhanalainen: sumatranorankeja arvioidaan olevan enää 7500, borneonorankien määräksi arvioitiin vuonna 2012 noin 104 700 yksiöä. Lajin kokonaismäärä on kuitenkin tutkimusten mukaan pienentynyt 1970-luvun alun jälkeen yli 50 prosenttia, ja laji luokitellaankin äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi.[1] Borneonorankeja elää Keski- ja Länsi-Kalimantanissa alueella joka oli aikaisemmin yhtenäisen sademetsän peittämää vuoristoseutua, mutta nykyisin metsät ovat pahasti pirstaloituneet.

Muun muassa San Diegon eläintarhassa on borneonorankeja.[2]

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Borneonorankiuros painaa 60–90 kiloa, naaras 30–50 kiloa. Ne ovat noin puolitoista metriä pitkiä ja elävät 35–45 vuotta.

Ravinto

Borneonoranki syö enimmäkseen kasvisruokaa: rambutania ja muita hedelmiä, ruohoa ja puiden versoja. Orangit voivat tehdä pahaa tuhoa öljypalmuviljelmällä syömällä kaikki nuoret versot, ja siksi maanviljelijät vihaavat niitä.

Lähteet

  1. a b Ancrenaz, M., Gumal, M., Marshall, A.J., Meijaard, E., Wich , S.A. & Husson, S.: Pongo pygmaeus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.9.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. Mammals: Orangutan San Diego Zoo. Viitattu 20.12.2012.

Aiheesta muualla

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Borneonoranki: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Borneonoranki (Pongo pygmaeus) on Borneon sademetsissä elävä orankilaji. Aiemmin orankeja katsottiin olevan vain yksi laji, oranki Pongo pygmaeus, mutta nykykäsityksen mukaan sumatranorankia pidetään omana lajinaan Pongo abelii.

Borneonoranki on kahdesta orankilajista vähän vähemmän uhanalainen: sumatranorankeja arvioidaan olevan enää 7500, borneonorankien määräksi arvioitiin vuonna 2012 noin 104 700 yksiöä. Lajin kokonaismäärä on kuitenkin tutkimusten mukaan pienentynyt 1970-luvun alun jälkeen yli 50 prosenttia, ja laji luokitellaankin äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi. Borneonorankeja elää Keski- ja Länsi-Kalimantanissa alueella joka oli aikaisemmin yhtenäisen sademetsän peittämää vuoristoseutua, mutta nykyisin metsät ovat pahasti pirstaloituneet.

Muun muassa San Diegon eläintarhassa on borneonorankeja.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Orang-outan de Bornéo ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pongo pygmaeus

L’Orang-outan de Bornéo (Pongo pygmaeus) est l'une des trois espèces du genre Orang-outan ou Pongo, qui appartient à la famille des hominidés. Il est endémique de l'île Bornéo, en Asie du Sud-Est, qui se partage entre l'Indonésie et la Malaisie. L'espèce est menacée par la perte de son habitat naturel. Sa population a baissé de 25 % entre 2005 et 2015[2].

Dénominations

Cette espèce porte le nom normalisé d'orang-outan de Bornéo, en référence à l'île de Bornéo sur laquelle il se trouve. « Orang-outan » provient de l'indonésien et du malais « orang hutan », qui signifie « personne de la forêt » (ou « des bois »)[3],[4].

Son nom scientifique, Pongo pygmaeus, est composé du nom générique, Pongo, et d'une épithète spécifique, pygmaeus. Le premier provient du kikongo (langue d'Afrique centrale) « mpongi »[5],[6], un mot qui servait initialement à désigner les gorilles dans cette région africaine, repris par Andrew Battel en anglais, puis par Buffon en français[7],[8] qui pensait alors que les gorilles et les orangs-outans pouvaient ne former qu'une seule espèce[9]. Le second fait référence à sa petite taille.

Caractéristiques

 src=
Nenette du zoo du jardin des plantes, Paris

L'Orang-outan de Bornéo est un singe aux longs bras et au pelage roux, parfois brun. Le mâle mesure environ 97 cm de haut pour un poids de 87 kg et la femelle mesure 78 cm pour un poids de 37 kg[10].

Les orangs-outans peuvent vivre de 30 à 40 ans dans la nature. Nénette, une femelle née vers 1969 à Bornéo et hébergée à la ménagerie du Jardin des plantes de Paris, a atteint environ 50 ans.

Comme les autres grands singes, les gorilles et les chimpanzés, et peut-être les macaques crabiers, les macaques de Tonkeans, les capucins ..., les orangs-outans de Bornéo sont doués de capacités cognitives comme la faculté de se reconnaître dans un miroir[11], des capacités qui font l'objet de recherche dans la nature et dans les zoos[12].

Écologie et comportement

Alimentation

L'orang-outan de Bornéo est principalement frugivore, les fruits représentent plus de 60 % de son alimentation. Il se nourrit également de feuilles, de fleurs, d'écorce, de sève, de champignons, d'insectes et d'œufs d'oiseaux[10]. Cette alimentation est saisonnière, ce qui modifie l'énergie disponible en fonction de la disponibilité en fruits (voir C. Knott). L'orang-outan est aussi capable de distinguer près de 1700 variétés végétales pour son usage, ses soins ou sa nourriture.

Reproduction

Le cycle menstruel de la femelle dure environ 30 jours, l'ovulation a lieu le 15e jour du cycle. Lors de la copulation, le mâle et la femelle sont généralement face à face et se tiennent par les bras. La période de gestation est d'environ 9 mois, la femelle donne naissance à un seul petit, rarement deux. La mère s'occupe du petit pendant 6 ans. Elle donne naissance tous les 6 à 8 ans[10].

Habitat et répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de Bornéo, où elle est présente à Kalimantan (région indonésienne), à Sabah et à Sarawak (provinces malaisiennes). Elle vit dans la forêt inondable de basse altitude de Diptérocarpacées[13]. Les larges fleuves sont infranchissables par cette espèce qui ne sait pas nager, ils constituent donc une barrière naturelle qui limite son expansion[10].

Classification

Phylogénie des espèces actuelles d'hominidés, d'après Shoshani et al. (1996)[14] et Springer et al. (2012)[15][réf. nécessaire] :

Hominidae PonginaePongo

Pongo abelii – Orang-outan de Sumatra




Pongo pygmaeus – Orang-outan de Bornéo



Pongo tapanuliensis – Orang-outan de Tapanuli




Homininae GorilliniGorilla

Gorilla beringei – Gorille de l'Est



Gorilla gorilla – Gorille de l'Ouest



Hominini PaninaPan

Pan paniscus – Chimpanzé pygmée ou Bonobo



Pan troglodytes – Chimpanzé commun



HomininaHomo

Homo sapiens – Homme moderne





Sous-espèces

 src=
Un mâle de la sous-espèce Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii.

Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (26 févr. 2011)[16] :

  • sous-espèce Pongo pygmaeus morio (Owen, 1837) - en danger critique d'extinction (CR)
  • sous-espèce Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus (Linnaeus, 1760) - en danger critique d'extinction (CR). Cette sous-espèce a été incluse en 2010 et en 2018 dans la liste des 25 espèces de primates les plus menacées au monde.
  • sous-espèce Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii (Tiedemann, 1808) - en danger critique d'extinction (CR)

Sous-espèces éteintes :

  • Pongo pygmaeus ciochoni
  • Pongo pygmaeus devosi
  • Pongo pygmaeus fromageti
  • Pongo pygmaeus kahlkei
  • Pongo pygmaeus palaeosumatrensis

Statut de conservation et menaces

 src=
Orang-outan dans le Parc national de Kutai (Indonésie).
 src=
Orangs-outans de Bornéo à la Ménagerie du Jardin des plantes de Paris.

La population des orang-outans de Bornéo comptait en 2007 d'après l'UICN entre 45 000 et 69 000 individus, entre 3 000 et 30 000 fin 2010, selon une estimation des associations locales et internationales de protection de l'orang-outan. L'espèce aura disparu totalement à l'état sauvage avant la fin de la décennie (2020) si rien n'est fait, notamment la création de sanctuaires protégés dans les dernières forêts tropicales humides malaisiennes et indonésiennes. Le calcul de leur population se fait par estimation : on observe le nombre de nids, puis on extrapole pour une zone, ce qui n'est donc valable que pour une région. L'UICN et l'UNESCO ont dressé une carte assez précise. Une synthèse des données est disponible[17] Mais ces mêmes pays qui tirent profit de la déforestation massive, souvent unique richesse, ne parviennent pas encore à délimiter et à transformer des surfaces boisées qui se raréfient de jour en jour, en parcs nationaux protégées, à moins qu'ils y soient contraints par les instances et organisations internationales, au nom de la sauvegarde de la biodiversité mondiale. Ce qui est, semble-t-il, la seule et ultime solution contraignante mais efficace à court terme, avant l'épuisement total de l'espèce à l'état naturel. Si la législation indonésienne existe pour protéger les orangs-outans, et si des décrets présidentiels ont été promulgués pour délimiter des zones, les faits priment sur le droit, la corruption empêche le respect des limitations et la pauvreté pousse à la destruction de l'environnement. Le principal problème qui se pose ici, est celui de l'enclavement : la forêt ne se rétrécit pas en reculant sur un front, mais par encerclement le long des routes et des rivières, ce qui empêche les orangs-outans de fuir et réduit encore plus leurs possibilités de reproduction.

Notes et références

  1. Erik Meijaard (IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group) et Melvin Gumal (WCS), « IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pongo pygmaeus », sur IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 8 février 2016 (consulté le 24 juin 2020)
  2. Audrey Garric, « La sixième extinction de masse des animaux s’accélère », Le Monde,‎ 10 juillet 2017 (ISSN , lire en ligne, consulté le 7 août 2017)
  3. Définitions lexicographiques et étymologiques de « orang-outan » dans le Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales
  4. (en) Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan, « The Word ‘Orangutan’: Old Malay Origin or European Concoction? », Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, vol. 176, no 4,‎ 6 novembre 2020, p. 532–541 (lire en ligne)
  5. (en) « Origin and meaning of pongo », sur etymonline.com (consulté le 18 décembre 2019)
  6. (en) « Definition of Pongo », sur merriam-webster.com (consulté le 18 décembre 2019)
  7. « Pongo : Étymologie de Pongo », sur cnrtl.fr (consulté le 24 août 2019)
  8. Émile Littré, « Dictionnaire de la langue française », Dictionnaires d'autrefois, sur artflx.uchicago.edu, 1872-1877 (consulté le 24 août 2019)
  9. Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon et Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton, Histoire naturelle, générale, et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi, Tome 14, Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1749-1789 (lire en ligne), « Les Orang-outangs ou le Pongo et le Jocko », p. 43
  10. a b c et d (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Pongo pygmaeus
  11. Catherine Mallaval, « Miroir, ô mon miroir », sur liberation.fr, Libération, 27 février 1996
  12. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle / Ménagerie / Zoo du jardin des plantes (photogr. MNHN - Emmanuel Baril et FG Grandin), « Orang-outan de Bornéo », sur mnhn.fr (consulté le 2 décembre 2020)
  13. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  14. (en) J. Shoshani, C. P. Groves et al., « Primate phylogeny : morphological vs. molecular results », Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 5, no 1,‎ 1996, p. 102-54 (PMID , lire en ligne)
  15. (en) Mark S. Springer, Robert W. Meredith et al., « Macroevolutionary Dynamics and Historical Biogeography of Primate Diversification Inferred from a Species Supermatrix », PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no 11,‎ 2012, e49521 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne)
  16. Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005), consulté le 26 févr. 2011
  17. Frédéric Louchart, Que Faire de l'orang-outan ? : reconstruire la nature à Nyaru Menteng, Bornéo, Indonésie, Paris, Harmattan, avril 2017, 212 p. (ISBN 978-2-343-11723-2, lire en ligne)

Voir aussi

Références

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Orang-outan de Bornéo: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pongo pygmaeus

L’Orang-outan de Bornéo (Pongo pygmaeus) est l'une des trois espèces du genre Orang-outan ou Pongo, qui appartient à la famille des hominidés. Il est endémique de l'île Bornéo, en Asie du Sud-Est, qui se partage entre l'Indonésie et la Malaisie. L'espèce est menacée par la perte de son habitat naturel. Sa population a baissé de 25 % entre 2005 et 2015.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Órang-útan Boirneoch ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is ainmhí é an t-órang-útan Boirneoch. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia GA

Orangután de Borneo ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

O orangután de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) é unha especie de orangután nativa da illa de Borneo. Á súa vez, o orangután de Borneo está dividido en tres subespecies: o orangután de Borneo do noroeste (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), o orangután de Borneo do nordeste (Pongo pygmaeus morio) e o orangután de Borneo meridional (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Xunto co orangután de Sumatra e o orangután de Tapanuli, conforma o único xénero de grandes simios de Asia. Esta especie é a máis numerosa, cuns 45.000 individuos vivindo en estado salvaxe, en contraposición cos 7.500 que se estiman de orangután de Sumatra e os 800 do orangután de Tapanuli.

Ao igual que os demais grandes simios, os orangutáns teñen unha intelixencia moi desenvolvida, sendo quen de empregar ferramentas e amosar patróns culturais en liberdade. Ademais diso, os orangutáns comparten aproximadamente o 97% do seu ADN cos humanos.[2]

O orangután de Borneo é unha especie en perigo de extinción e as maiores ameazas para a súa supervivencia son a deforestación do seu hábitat, a caza e o tráfico ilegal dos seus individuos no mercado negro.

Notas

  1. Ancrenaz, Mark; Gumal, M.; Marshall, Andrew; Meijaard, Erik; Wich, Serge A.; Hussons, Steve J. (2016). "Pongo pygmaeus". Lista Vermella da IUCN. 2016.1 (International Union for Conservation of Nature): e.T17975A17966347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17975A17966347.en. Consultado o 5 de setembro de 2016.
  2. Orangutan Foundation International. "Orangutan Facts". Consultado o 16 de xullo de 2014.

Véxase tamén

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia gl Galician

Orangután de Borneo: Brief Summary ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

O orangután de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) é unha especie de orangután nativa da illa de Borneo. Á súa vez, o orangután de Borneo está dividido en tres subespecies: o orangután de Borneo do noroeste (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), o orangután de Borneo do nordeste (Pongo pygmaeus morio) e o orangután de Borneo meridional (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Xunto co orangután de Sumatra e o orangután de Tapanuli, conforma o único xénero de grandes simios de Asia. Esta especie é a máis numerosa, cuns 45.000 individuos vivindo en estado salvaxe, en contraposición cos 7.500 que se estiman de orangután de Sumatra e os 800 do orangután de Tapanuli.

Ao igual que os demais grandes simios, os orangutáns teñen unha intelixencia moi desenvolvida, sendo quen de empregar ferramentas e amosar patróns culturais en liberdade. Ademais diso, os orangutáns comparten aproximadamente o 97% do seu ADN cos humanos.

O orangután de Borneo é unha especie en perigo de extinción e as maiores ameazas para a súa supervivencia son a deforestación do seu hábitat, a caza e o tráfico ilegal dos seus individuos no mercado negro.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia gl Galician

Bornejski orangutan ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Bornejski orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) je kritično ugrožena vrsta[2] orangutana koji obitava na otoku Borneu. Poput druge dvije vrste, sumatranskog orangutana i tapanuli orangutana, oni su jako inteligentni te znaju koristiti alatke i odražavaju prepoznatljive kulturne obrasce u divljini. Od 2016. godine stavljen je na IUCN-ov crveni popis zbog sječa šuma i širenja plantaža palminog ulja, te izlova koji im prijete istrebljenjem.

 src=
Mužjak orangutana u Moskovskom zološkom vrtu.

Odlike

Genetske usporedbe pokazuju kako su se ovi orangutani izdvojili od sumatranskih prije oko 400.000 godina od kada su se ravijali odvojeno, što je potvrđeno tek DNK razlikovanjem 1996. godine, do kada su smatrani podvrstama iste vrste.

 src=
Mužjaci tri vrste orangutana slijeva nadesno: bornejski, sumatranski, Pongo tapanuliensis

Ovi orangutani su treći najveći živući primati poslije dvije vrste gorila i najveće životinje koje stalno obitavaju na drveću[3]. Svojom težinom su slični Homo sapiensu, ali su znatno niži[4], te su prosječne težine mužjaka od 75 kg nešto teži od sumatranskog orangutana[5]. U zatočeništvu mogu se znatno ugojiti, i do 165 kg, dok je najteži primjerak bornejskog orangutana zabilježen trinaestogodišnji mužjak „Andy” koji je 1959. godine težio 204 kg[6].

Bornejski orangutan ima jako duge ruke koje mogu imati raspon do 1,5 m. Ima sivu kožu i čupavo crvenkasto krzno[7]. Krzno im ne prekriva lice, ali mužjaci često imaju nešto dlaka na licu poput brade i brkova. Prepoznatljivi široki mišićni obrazi mužjaka se šire sa starenjem. Mužjaci također imaju veće očnjake i kutnjake, te podbradak od ženki.

Rasprostranjenost i ugroženost

Životni prostor bornejskog orangutana čine tropske i suptropske vlažne širokolisne šume bornejskih dolina, ali i planinskih predjela do 1.500 m nadmorske visine[8]. Uglavnom se mogu naći u krošnjama drveća i prelaze velike razdaljine u potrazi za voćkama.

Mogu se pronaći u malajskim pokrajinama Sabah i Sarawak, te tri indonezijske provincije Kalimantana. Zbog uništavanje njihova životnog prostora, ova vrsta je danas rasparčana u malim džepovima diljem otoka, te je postala veoma rijetka na jugoistoku otoka, te između rijeka Rajang u Sarawaku i Padas u zapadnom Sabahu.

Logotip Wikivrsta
Wikivrste imaju podatke o: Pongo pygmaeus

Izvori

  1. Shoshani, Jeheskel (November 16, 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 90. ISBN 0-801-88221-4
  2. (2016). "Pongo pygmaeus". IUCN-ov crveni popis 2016 pristupljeno 30. travnja 2018.
  3. EDGE :: Mammal Species Information, Edgeofexistence.org (engl.) Posjećeno 30. travnja 2018.
  4. Novak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore| isbn = 0-8018-5789-9}}
  5. The Bornean and Sumatran Orangutans | Visuallens, Visuallens.wordpress.com, 8. veljače 2008. (engl.) Posjećeno 30. travnja 2018.
  6. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  7. Burnie, D. (2001). Animal, London: Dorling Kindersley ISBN 140539109X
  8. Orangutans. WWF pristupljeno 17. ožujka 2012.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia hr Croatian

Bornejski orangutan: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Bornejski orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) je kritično ugrožena vrsta orangutana koji obitava na otoku Borneu. Poput druge dvije vrste, sumatranskog orangutana i tapanuli orangutana, oni su jako inteligentni te znaju koristiti alatke i odražavaju prepoznatljive kulturne obrasce u divljini. Od 2016. godine stavljen je na IUCN-ov crveni popis zbog sječa šuma i širenja plantaža palminog ulja, te izlova koji im prijete istrebljenjem.

 src= Mužjak orangutana u Moskovskom zološkom vrtu.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia hr Croatian

Orang utan kalimantan ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID
 src=
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, foto diambil di Bogor

Orangutan Kalimantan, Pongo pygmaeus, adalah spesies orangutan asli pulau Kalimantan. Bersama dengan orangutan Sumatra yang lebih kecil, orangutan Kalimantan masuk kedalam genus pongo yang dapat ditemui di Asia. Orangutan Kalimantan memiliki lama waktu hidup selama 35 sampai 40 tahun di alam liar, sedangkan di penangkaran dapat mencapai usia 60 tahun.

Habitat Kalimantan

Pada bulan Agustus 2012 Kantor Berita Antara merekam gambar Orangutan di Kalimantan Barat yang sedang sekarat menutupi wajahnya dengan luka bakar karena jatuh dari pohon yang dibakar oleh penduduk Desa Parit Wak Dongkak, Wajok Hilir, Kabupaten Pontianak, Kalbar, dalam upaya mereka mengusir satwa langka yang dilindungi tersebut dari kebun mereka.[2]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. (2007). Pongo pygmaeus. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007. Diakses pada 2007-09-13.
  2. ^ Antara Foto: Evakuasi Orangutan Sekarat

Pranala luar

]

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Orang utan kalimantan: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID
 src= Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, foto diambil di Bogor

Orangutan Kalimantan, Pongo pygmaeus, adalah spesies orangutan asli pulau Kalimantan. Bersama dengan orangutan Sumatra yang lebih kecil, orangutan Kalimantan masuk kedalam genus pongo yang dapat ditemui di Asia. Orangutan Kalimantan memiliki lama waktu hidup selama 35 sampai 40 tahun di alam liar, sedangkan di penangkaran dapat mencapai usia 60 tahun.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Pongo pygmaeus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'orango del Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1760) è una scimmia ominide, endemica del Borneo.

Ha una vita media dai 35 ai 40 anni in natura; in cattività può raggiungere i 60 anni.

Descrizione

 src=
Un grosso maschio in cattività.

I maschi arrivano ad una altezza di circa 1,4-1,7 m e pesano fino a 118 kg, mentre le femmine pesano intorno ai 50 kg [2] Gli arti anteriori sono molto più lunghi e forti di quelli posteriori, e possono addirittura toccare le caviglie quando l'animale è in piedi; l'apertura delle braccia può anche superare i 2 metri[3]. Raggiunta la maturità sessuale intorno ai 12 anni, i maschi sviluppano guance carnose e larghe con cui impressionano i rivali e le femmine; inoltre i maschi adulti presentano anche una sacca golare che amplifica il loro verso. Hanno il pelo rossastro molto lungo sulle spalle, che forma una specie di mantello impermeabile. I cuccioli alla nascita sono molto piccoli ma riescono subito ad arrampicarsi al pelo della madre. Hanno gambe corte e deboli, le quali non riescono a sostenere a lungo il corpo in posizione eretta. Le mani hanno quattro dita molto lunghe e un pollice opponibile che consente all'orango di salire sugli alberi e di prendere il cibo. Hanno braccia molto lunghe e forti che usano per passare da un albero all'altro. Hanno piedi larghi e piatti con dita lunghissime; l'alluce è opponibile e permette una presa solidissima. Il cranio è molto robusto, dotato di mascelle e denti molto forti, in particolare nei maschi adulti.

Biologia

 src=
Giovane esemplare

Nel loro habitat naturale gli oranghi trascorrono la maggior parte della vita sugli alberi, perché le loro zampe non sono adatte per camminare sul terreno. L'orango, utilizzando i rami degli alberi gode di un'ampia libertà di movimento.
Le fronde degli alberi costituiscono anche un valido riparo: ogni notte l'orango le usa per costruirsi un giaciglio sospeso sopra il terreno.

L'orango è un animale capace di relazionarsi molto bene con l'uomo. Riesce ad apprendere dal comportamento dell'uomo ed è in grado di compiere azioni simili ad esso (piantare chiodi, tagliare un pezzo di legno con la sega, anche solo osservandolo). Si tratta comunque di animali fisicamente molto più forti dell'uomo, avvicinarne uno senza criterio potrebbe rivelarsi molto pericoloso.

Alimentazione

L'orango è un grande mangiatore di frutta. Il 60% della dieta è basato sulla frutta selvatica: litchi, frutti del rambutan, dell'albero del pane, manghi e il suo frutto preferito, il durian. Tuttavia, l'elemento più importante nella dieta dell'orango sono i fichi soprattutto perché nascono in diversi periodi dell'anno.
Spesso si pensa erroneamente che nelle foreste tropicali il cibo, ad esempio frutta e fiori, sia facilmente reperibile. In realtà, questo cibo è distribuito in vari punti della foresta e se ne trova in abbondanza soltanto per vari periodi. Il comportamento e il metabolismo dell'orango si sono adattati a questa situazione. I piccoli apprendono dalla madre a selezionare gli alberi da frutto e sono capaci di ricordare i periodi in cui fruttificano. Quando l'orango trova frutti maturi, ne mangia fino a riempirsi per poi partire in cerca di un'altra fonte di cibo. Spesso capita che debba dividere un albero con i suoi simili o con altre scimmie e uccelli: si tratta di uno dei rari momenti in cui più oranghi si ritrovano nella stessa zona.
In piccola percentuale l'orango mangia anche foglie, corteccia, bacche, noci, germogli, insetti, vermi, lumache, ragni, scorpioni, piccoli vertebrati e uccelli e le loro uova. Tra le specie maggiormente predate i primati di piccola taglia come il Lori lento.

Riproduzione

maturità sessuale per le femmine in genere 7 anni; il maschio tra i 13 e i 15 anni riproduzione per tutto l'anno periodo di gestazione circa 275 giorni numero cuccioli 1 pausa tra le nascite 3-4 anni, a volte anche di più vita media 35-45 anni

Distribuzione e habitat

L'orango è diffuso nelle calde e umide foreste tropicali del Borneo, che coprono bassipiani, colline e persino paludi costiere.

Conservazione

Nel 2016 la IUCN Red List ha classificato Pongo pygmaeus come specie a rischio critico di estinzione (Critically Endangered).[1]

La caccia a questo animale è vietata.

Nel Borneo esiste un centro per la tutela di questi animali. La mascotte di questo centro, già dalla fine degli anni '70 è un orango femmina. Le sono stati insegnati più di trenta segni dell'alfabeto per le persone non udenti ed in tal modo riesce a interloquire con gli esseri umani.

In questo centro arrivano molti piccoli d'orango, spesso orfani, perché le loro madri vengono uccise per impossessarsi dei piccoli. Le donne-collaboratrici di questo centro fungono da madre a questi cuccioli. Controllando la dentatura ed esaminando pelo e sangue (DNA), i veterinari riescono a risalire all'età dell'animale. Gli oranghi rimangono 7/8 anni con la madre e spesso, se le madri hanno altri cuccioli e li allattano, diventano gelosi. Dopo essere stati curati e cresciuti, gli oranghi sono liberati in un parco naturale. Sotto la pelle, viene inserito un microchip, in modo da poter riconoscere ogni individuo.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Ancrenaz, M., Gumal, M., Marshall, A.J., Meijaard, E., Wich , S.A. & Husson, S. 2016, Pongo pygmaeus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 12 luglio 2016.
  2. ^ Orango - Pongo pygmaeus , su windoweb.it.
  3. ^ Orango, su animalinelmondo.com.

Bibliografia

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Pongo pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'orango del Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1760) è una scimmia ominide, endemica del Borneo.

Ha una vita media dai 35 ai 40 anni in natura; in cattività può raggiungere i 60 anni.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Pongo pygmaeus ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA

Pongo pygmaeus est species generis Pongo in insula Borneo habitans, et una trium specierum huius generis.

Notae

  1. Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. (2008). Pongo pygmaeus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Mas iuvenis, cocotem nuciferam maturam comedens

  •  src=

    Femina adulta

  •  src=

    Mas adultus

  • licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Et auctores varius id editors
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia LA

    Pongo pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Latin )

    fornecido por wikipedia LA

    Pongo pygmaeus est species generis Pongo in insula Borneo habitans, et una trium specierum huius generis.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Et auctores varius id editors
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia LA

    Borneo orangutanas ( Lituano )

    fornecido por wikipedia LT
    Binomas Pongo pygmaeus
    Mapa distribuicao pongo pygmaeus.png

    Borneo orangutanas (lot. Pongo pygmaeus, angl. Bornean Orangutan, ol. Borneose orang-oetan, indonez. Orangutan kalimantan, malaj. Orang utan Borneo) – hominidų (Hominidae) šeimos primatas (Primates), priklausantis orangutanų (Pongo) genčiai.

    Porūšiai

    Borneo orangutanai išskiriami į 3 porūšius:

    Gyvenimo trukmė

    Tokijo zoologijos sode laikytas nelaisvėje, nusibaigęs borneo orangutanas yra išgyvenęs 62 metus[2].

    Šaltiniai

    1. „IUCN Red List - Pongo pygmaeus“. IUCN Red list. Nuoroda tikrinta 2016-02-08.
    2. kyodonews.net / World's oldest Bornean orangutan dies at 62 at Tokyo zoo, Sep 28, 2017 | Anglų k.


    Vikiteka

    Nebaigta Šis su teriologija susijęs straipsnis yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia LT

    Borneo orangutanas: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

    fornecido por wikipedia LT

    Borneo orangutanas (lot. Pongo pygmaeus, angl. Bornean Orangutan, ol. Borneose orang-oetan, indonez. Orangutan kalimantan, malaj. Orang utan Borneo) – hominidų (Hominidae) šeimos primatas (Primates), priklausantis orangutanų (Pongo) genčiai.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia LT

    Orang utan Borneo ( Malaio )

    fornecido por wikipedia MS

    Orang utan Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) merupakan spesis orang utan di kepulauan Borneo. Bersama dengan orang utan Sumatera dan orang utan Tapanuli, ia tergolong dalam satu-satunya kera besar yang berasal dari Asia. Seperti kera besar lain, orang utan sangat pintar, memaparkan penggunaan alat dan corak budaya yang berbeza di dalam hutan. Orangutan berkongsi 97% DNA mereka dengan manusia.[2]

    Orang utan Borneo merupakan spesis terancam yang kritikal, disebabkan oleh pembalakan, penanaman kelawa sawit, dan pemburuan yang serius. Kerana kerakusan manusia

    Rujukan

    Templat:ARKive attribute

    1. ^ Ancrenaz, M.; Gumal, M.; Marshall, A.J.; Meijaard, E.; Wich, S.A.; Husson, S. (2016). "Pongo pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T17975A17966347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17975A17966347.en. Dicapai 5 September 2016.
    2. ^ "Orangutan Facts". Orangutan Foundation International. Dicapai 2012-03-17.

    Bacaan tambahan

    Russon, Anne E.; Compost, Alain; Kuncoro, Purwo; Ferisa, Agnes (December 2014). "Orangutan fish eating, primate aquatic fauna eating, and their implications for the origins of ancestral hominin fish eating". Journal of Human Evolution. 77: 50–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007. PMID 25038033.

    Pautan luar

    Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan
    Pongo pygmaeus
    (Bornean Orangutan)
    Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Orang utan Borneo
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia MS

    Orang utan Borneo: Brief Summary ( Malaio )

    fornecido por wikipedia MS

    Orang utan Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) merupakan spesis orang utan di kepulauan Borneo. Bersama dengan orang utan Sumatera dan orang utan Tapanuli, ia tergolong dalam satu-satunya kera besar yang berasal dari Asia. Seperti kera besar lain, orang utan sangat pintar, memaparkan penggunaan alat dan corak budaya yang berbeza di dalam hutan. Orangutan berkongsi 97% DNA mereka dengan manusia.

    Orang utan Borneo merupakan spesis terancam yang kritikal, disebabkan oleh pembalakan, penanaman kelawa sawit, dan pemburuan yang serius. Kerana kerakusan manusia

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia MS

    Borneose orang-oetan ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

    fornecido por wikipedia NL

    De Borneose orang-oetan (Pongo pygmaeus) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de mensachtigen (Hominidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Simia pygmaeus in 1760 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.[2] Lang werd de Sumatraanse orang-oetan (Pongo abelii) ook tot deze soort gerekend, als de ondersoort Pongo pygmaeus abelii. Onderzoek aan het DNA heeft echter aannemelijk gemaakt dat de twee taxa beter als aparte soorten kunnen worden opgevat. Volgens die moderne opvatting komt Pongo pygmaeus enkel voor op het eiland Borneo. Er worden binnen dat verspreidingsgebied nog drie ondersoorten onderscheiden: de Noordwest-Borneose orang-oetan (P. p. pygmaeus), de Centraal-Borneose orang-oetan (P. p. wurmbii) en de Noordoost-Borneose orang-oetan (P. p. morio).

    Beschrijving

    De Borneose orang-oetan heeft een donkere oranjerode vacht. Hij heeft zeer lange armen en sterke grijphanden en -voeten, een aanpassing aan het leven in bomen. De Borneose orang-oetan wordt 90 tot 100 centimeter lang[3] en 40 tot 80 kilogram zwaar.

    Mannetjes worden veel groter dan vrouwtjes. Een mannetje had een lengte van 180 centimeter. Ook hebben mannetjes opvallende grote wangkwabben, een keelzak en een korte, oranje tot rode baard, die bij de vrouwtjes ontbreken. De kwabben zijn kaal en bol, in tegenstelling tot die van de Sumatraanse soort, waarbij de kwabben behaard zijn en langs het gezicht lopen.

    Leefwijze

    De orang-oetan brengt het grootste deel van zijn leven door in bomen. Volwassen mannetjes komen regelmatig (zo'n vijf procent van zijn leven) op de grond, waarschijnlijk omdat er op Borneo geen tijgers en panters, de belangrijkste vijanden voor orang-oetans, voorkomen. Bij ondersoort Pongo pygmaeus morio lijken zowel vrouwtjes als mannetjes, van elke leeftijd, regelmatig op de grond te komen om zich er te verplaatsen.[4][5] 's Nachts slaapt de orang-oetan in een nest, hoog in de bomen, die hij zelf heeft gemaakt door takken te vlechten.

    Overdag besteedt de orang-oetan het grootste deel van de tijd aan het zoeken naar vlezige vruchten als vijgen, nangka's en doerians. Omdat de planten verspreid over het bos staan en ieder hun eigen bloeitijd hebben, en daardoor slechts enkele weken per jaar voedzame producten leveren, moet de orang-oetan een goed geheugen hebben om te weten wanneer en waar voedsel te vinden is.

    Behalve vruchten eet de orang-oetan ook ander plantaardige kost als boomschors, bladeren (bijvoorbeeld van Pandanus), scheuten, lianen en het merg in takken en stengels. Een enkele keer eet hij ook ander materiaal, als eieren, honing, termieten en andere insecten en kleine gewervelde dieren, waaronder hagedissen, jonge vogeltjes en zelfs plompe lori's, kleine halfaapjes. Daarnaast staat ook vis op zijn menu. Ze eten aangespoelde vissen of jagen de vissen op met stokken zodat die uit het water springen en gevangen kunnen worden.[6]

    De orang-oetan kan niet zwemmen. Over het algemeen mijdt hij water, maar sommige groepen waden toch actief door het water.[6][7]

    Sociaal gedrag en voortplanting

    De Borneose orang-oetan is een solitaire bosbewoner. Toch onderhouden individuen onderling contact. Soms kunnen meerdere orang-oetans in dezelfde boom worden aangetroffen, vooral als deze boom rijk aan vruchten is. Volwassen vrouwtjes leven in kleine, overlappende woongebieden van zo'n honderd hectare, en onvolwassen vrouwtjes trekken soms enkele dagen met elkaar op.

    Volwassen mannetjes leven echter geheel solitair, alhoewel zijn woongebied overlapt met de woongebieden van meerdere vrouwtjes. In sommige gebieden overlappen ook de woongebieden van twee mannetjes, in andere gebieden zijn deze gescheiden. Mannetjes mijden elkaar echter meestal, en houden elkaar op een afstand met luide brullen, waarmee ze hun positie aan andere mannetjes doorgeven. De Borneose orang-oetan is echter minder sociaal dan de Sumatraanse soort, voornamelijk omdat Borneo armer aan vruchtdragende bomen is dan Sumatra.

    Een paarwillig vrouwtje zoekt het dominante mannetje op, die andere mannetjes bij haar weghoudt. De twee dieren trekken enkele dagen met elkaar op. Vrouwtjes die niet door een dominant mannetje begeleid worden, worden vaak door lagergeplaatste mannetjes tot paring gedwongen. Het jong wordt geboren in het boomnest. Vlak na de geboorte klampt het zich vast aan de moeder. Na acht jaar is het jong onafhankelijk.

    Communicatie

    Bij Borneose orang-oetans worden zo'n 13 verschillende geluiden onderscheiden. In kleine sociale groepen communiceren ze door met de lippen te smakken. Als ze bang zijn, maken ze een schreeuwend geluid met de lippen getuit; mannetjes kunnen ook brullen of met opgeblazen strottenhoofdzakken een dreunend geluid maken. Bij schrik of woede knarsen de orang-oetans met de tanden. De mannetjes maken ook grommende geluiden die tot op meer dan een kilometer afstand kunnen gehoord worden door mensen. Mogelijk wordt dit gebruikt om de mannetjes uiteen te houden.[8][9]

    Naast vocale communicatie wordt er ook gevlooid als communicatie. Verder gebruikt de orang-oetan ook gezichtsuitdrukkingen, gebaren en lichaamshoudingen als communicatiemiddel.[9] Gebaren worden vaak impulsief gebruikt, maar kunnen ook sporadisch doelgericht gebruikt worden. De orang-oetans beelden dan uit wat ze willen.[10]

    Verspreiding

    De Borneose orang-oetan komt voor in primaire en secundaire laaglandregenwouden op het Zuidoost-Aziatische eiland Borneo, in zowel Sabah en Sarawak, het Maleisische gedeelte, als Kalimantan, het Indonesische gedeelte. De populatie in het zuidwesten van het eiland wordt vaak als een aparte ondersoort, P.p. wurmbii, beschouwd.

    Relatie met de mens

    Op Borneo bestaan enkele legenden over de orang-oetan. Door zijn menselijke uiterlijk wordt de orang-oetan door plaatselijke bewoners als een primitieve mensensoort beschouwd. De Dajaks, een volk dat in de bossen van Borneo leeft, beschouwen de orang-oetans als hun voorvaderen. Ook wordt op Borneo beweerd dat de orang-oetan eigenlijk kan praten, maar zwijgt omdat hij anders zou moeten werken.

    De grootste bedreiging voor de Borneose orang-oetan is habitatvernietiging door bosbranden en boskap voor houtwinning en het creëren voor landbouwgebieden. Ook worden jonge dieren gevangen om verhandeld te worden als huisdier. In beslag genomen dieren en weesjes komen terecht in rehabilitatiecentra, waar ze weer worden gewend aan het leven in het wild. Er zijn nu nog zo'n twaalf- tot vijftienduizend dieren in Borneo.

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
    1. (en) Borneose orang-oetan op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
    2. Linnaeus, C. (1760). Anthropomorpha. Amoenitates academicae 6: 68. Linnaeus noemde al in 1758 onder de naam Homo troglodytes de lokale naam "Orang Outang", en een verwijzing naar een beschrijving van deze soort, en vermeldde onder Simia satyrus als synoniem de naam "Satyrus indicus" van Nicolaes Tulp die eveneens betrekking heeft op de orang-oetan; zie Systema naturae ed. 10: 24 en 25. Die eerste naam is in onbruik geraakt, de tweede is door de International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 officieel op de index van niet beschikbare namen geplaatst; zie ICZN (1929). Opinion 114. Under suspension Simia, Simia satyrus and Pithecus are suppressed. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 73(6): 25–26.
    3. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008). Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5
    4. Loken, B., Spehar, S., Rayadin, Y. (2013). Terrestriality in the bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and implications for their ecology and conservation. Am. J. Primatol. 75: 1129-1138 . DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22174.
    5. Marc Ancrenaz, Rahel Sollmann, Erik Meijaard, Andrew J. Hearn, Joanna Ross, Hiromitsu Samejima, Brent Loken, Susan M. Cheyne, Danica J. Stark, Penny C. Gardner, Benoit Goossens, Azlan Mohamed, Torsten Bohm, Ikki Matsuda, Miyabi Nakabayasi, Shan Khee Lee, Henry Bernard, Jedediah Brodie, Serge Wich, Gabriella Fredriksson, Goro Hanya, Mark E. Harrison, Tomoko Kanamori, Petra Kretzschmar, David W. Macdonald, Peter Riger, Stephanie Spehar, Laurentius N. Ambu & Andreas Wilting (2014). Coming down from the trees: Is terrestrial activity in Bornean orangutans natural or disturbance driven?. Scientific Reports 4 . DOI: 10.1038/srep04024.
    6. a b Gone Fishing, Orangutan-Style. Discovery News (18 april 2011). Geraadpleegd op 18 april 2011.
    7. Orangutans Can Swim? (Photos). Care2 (8 april 2011). Geraadpleegd op 18 april 2011.
    8. Groves, C.P., 1971. Pongo pygmaeus. Mammalian Species 4: 1–6.
    9. a b Ciszek, D. & M. Schommer, Pongo pygmaeus. Animal Diversity Web (1999). Geraadpleegd op 21 augustus 2010.
    10. Orang-oetangs gebruiken pantomime. Eos (11 augustus 2010). Geraadpleegd op 21 augustus 2010.
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia NL

    Borneose orang-oetan: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

    fornecido por wikipedia NL

    De Borneose orang-oetan (Pongo pygmaeus) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de mensachtigen (Hominidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Simia pygmaeus in 1760 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus. Lang werd de Sumatraanse orang-oetan (Pongo abelii) ook tot deze soort gerekend, als de ondersoort Pongo pygmaeus abelii. Onderzoek aan het DNA heeft echter aannemelijk gemaakt dat de twee taxa beter als aparte soorten kunnen worden opgevat. Volgens die moderne opvatting komt Pongo pygmaeus enkel voor op het eiland Borneo. Er worden binnen dat verspreidingsgebied nog drie ondersoorten onderscheiden: de Noordwest-Borneose orang-oetan (P. p. pygmaeus), de Centraal-Borneose orang-oetan (P. p. wurmbii) en de Noordoost-Borneose orang-oetan (P. p. morio).

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia NL

    Borneoorangutang ( Norueguês )

    fornecido por wikipedia NO

    Borneoorangutang (Pongo pygmaeus) tilhører slekten orangutanger (Pongo), som er store eurasiske aper (Ponginae). Arten er endemisk for den store øya Borneo i Sørøst-Asia. Den nærmeste slektningen er sumatraorangutangen (P. abelii), som lever på Sumatra og skiller seg fra borneoorangutangen gjennom blant annet lengre pels. Tre underarter anerkjennes.

    Biologi

     src=
    Hann med prominente kinnposer

    Borneoorangutanger er blant de største apene, etter gorillaene. De er dessuten de fysisk største apene som hovedsakelig er trelevende. Viltlevende hanner veier typisk 50–100 kg (i snitt 87 kg) og kan bli omkring 1,2–1,4 m lange. I fangenskap kan imidlertid overvektige hanner veie opp mot 165 kg eller mer. Viltlevende hunner veier typisk 30–50 kg (i snitt 37 kg) og kan bli omkring 1–1,2 m lange.[2]

    Voksne hanner utvikler dessuten store poser på kinnene og strupen, noe som gir ansiktet et disklignende uttrykk. Posene kan fylles med luft og fungerer som et resonanskammer, når hannene kaller på andre individer i flokken. De har dessuten betydning for å tiltrekke hunner. Voksne hanner kan utstøte kraftige lyder, som kan minne om brøl eller et rop.

    Borneoorangutangen lever i fuktig tropisk og subtropisk jungel, både i lavlandet og opp mot 1 500 moh på Borneo. Arten er hovedsakelig trelevende og holder som regel til i trekronene, der de kan bevege seg fra tre til tre og over store avstander på leting etter frukt og annet etbart. Den er allikevel mer terrestrisk enn sin nærmeste slektning, sumatraorangutangen. Det skyldes trolig at det ikke finnes store rovpattedyr på Borneo.

    Arten er utbredt i delstatene Sabah og Sarawak i den malaysiske delen av øya, samt i tre av de fire indoneske provinser i Kalimantan.

    Borneoorangutanger lever mer solitært enn sumatraorangutanger. De er normalt ikke territoriale, men voksne hanner kan utvise truende atferd mot hverandre når de møtes. Hannene har bare kontakt med hunnene i paringstiden, men leveområdene kan være overlappende. I fangenskap kan arten bli opp mot 60 år gammel, men i vill tilstand sjelden mer enn 35–45 år.

    Inndeling

    Inndelingen under følger Goodman et al. (1990)[3] og Groves (2005).[4] Slektskapsforholdene mellom menneskeapene er, gjengitt i hierarkisk skrivemåte og supplert med en evolusjonær tidsskala.

    Treliste

    Referanser

    1. ^ Ancrenaz, M., Gumal, M., Marshall, A.J., Meijaard, E., Wich , S.A. & Husson, S. 2016. Pongo pygmaeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T17975A17966347.
    2. ^ Ciszek, D.; Schommer, M.K. (2009-06-28). "ADW: Pongo pygmaeus: Information". Animal Diversity Web.
    3. ^ M. Goodman; D. A. Tagle; D. H. Fitch; W. Bailey; J. Czelusniak; B. F. Koop; P. Benson; J. L. Slightom (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (3): 260–266. doi:10.1007/BF02099995. PMID 2109087.
    4. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–184. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.

    Litteratur

    Eksterne lenker

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia NO

    Borneoorangutang: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

    fornecido por wikipedia NO

    Borneoorangutang (Pongo pygmaeus) tilhører slekten orangutanger (Pongo), som er store eurasiske aper (Ponginae). Arten er endemisk for den store øya Borneo i Sørøst-Asia. Den nærmeste slektningen er sumatraorangutangen (P. abelii), som lever på Sumatra og skiller seg fra borneoorangutangen gjennom blant annet lengre pels. Tre underarter anerkjennes.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia NO

    Orangutan borneański ( Polonês )

    fornecido por wikipedia POL
    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Orangutan borneański (Pongo pygmaeus) – jeden z trzech gatunków orangutana, endemiczny dla Borneo. Pod względem wielkości jest większy niż orangutan sumatrzański.

    Długość życia na wolności 35–40 lat; w niewoli do 60. Badania dzikich orangutanów wykazują, że samce mają 75 kg i 1,2-1,5 m długości; samice przeciętnie 38,5 kg i 1-1,2 m długości[2].

    W latach 1999–2015 populacja gatunku spadła o przeszło 100 tys., tj. o połowę[3].

    Orangutan borneański ma trzy podgatunki:

    Przypisy

    1. Pongo pygmaeus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
    2. Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ​ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
    3. MariaM. Voigt MariaM. i inni, Global Demand for Natural Resources Eliminated More Than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans, „Current Biology”, 0 (0), 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053, ISSN 0960-9822 [dostęp 2018-02-17] (ang.).
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia POL

    Orangutan borneański: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

    fornecido por wikipedia POL

    Orangutan borneański (Pongo pygmaeus) – jeden z trzech gatunków orangutana, endemiczny dla Borneo. Pod względem wielkości jest większy niż orangutan sumatrzański.

    Długość życia na wolności 35–40 lat; w niewoli do 60. Badania dzikich orangutanów wykazują, że samce mają 75 kg i 1,2-1,5 m długości; samice przeciętnie 38,5 kg i 1-1,2 m długości.

    W latach 1999–2015 populacja gatunku spadła o przeszło 100 tys., tj. o połowę.

    Orangutan borneański ma trzy podgatunki:

    orangutan sarawaski P. p. pygmaeus – Sarawak (Malezja) i północne Borneo Zachodnie (Indonezja) orangutan centralnoborneański P. p. wurmbii – Południowe Borneo Zachodnie i Borneo Środkowe (Indonezja) orangutan wschodnioborneański P. p. morio – Borneo Wschodnie (Indonezja) i Sabah (Malezja)
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia POL

    Pongo pygmaeus ( Português )

    fornecido por wikipedia PT

    O orangotango-de-bornéu (Pongo pygmaeus), é uma espécie de orangotango, que como seu nome indica, é nativa da ilha de Bornéo (Indonésia e Malásia). Juntamente com o orangotango-de-sumatra, pertence ao único gênero de grandes primatas na Ásia (Pongo). Esta espécie é mais numerosa com aproximadamente 45 mil indíviduos,[1] números que contrastam os 7500 orangotangos-de-sumatra que vivem em seu habitat natural. O orangotango-de-bornéu está ameaçado de extinção devido aos incêndios, a destruição florestal em troca de plantações de óleo de palma e o tráfico ilegal de crias de orangotango. Estes orangotangos partilham aproximadamente 97% de seu DNA com o homem.[8]

    Taxonomia

    O orangotango-de-bornéu divergiu do orangotango-de-sumatra há aproximadamente 400.000 anos atrás.[9] As duas espécies de orangotango foram consideradas subespécies até 1996, quando foi feito o sequênciamento do DNA mitocondrial. Com a elevação do orangotango-de-bornéu e do orangotango-de-sumatra a espécies de orangotango, passou a existir 3 subespécies de orangotango-de-bornéu:[1][10]

    Existe alguma incerteza sobre isso, no entanto, a subespécie atualmente listada como P. p. wurmbii pode estar mais próxima do orangotango-de-sumatra do que o orangotango-de-bornéu. Se isto fosse confirmado, o orangotango-de-sumatra seria uma subespécie do P. p. wurmbii.[11]

    Descrição física

    O orangotango-de-bornéu é o terceiro primata vivo mais pesado, logo a seguir às duas espécies de gorila e são atualmente os maiores animais arborícolas do mundo.[12] A média do peso corporal é ligeiramente mais alta que a dos humanos, embora a sua altura média seja menor.[13] O orangotango-de-sumatra é semelhante em tamanho, mas é em média ligeiramente mais leve.[14][15] Os orangotangos selvagens machos pesam em média 75 kg, variando entre 50 a 100 kg, e medem entre 1,2 a 1,4 m de altura, enquanto que as fêmeas pesavam em média 38,5 kg, variando entre 30 a 50 kg, e mediam 1 a 1,2 m de altura.[16][17] Em cativeiro, os orangotangos podem crescer consideravelmente acima do peso, até mais de 165 kg.[18] O mais pesado orangotango conhecido em cativeiro, foi uma macho obeso chamado "Andy" que pesava 204 kg em 1959, quando tinha 13 anos de idade.[19]

    O orangotango-de-bornéu têm os braços muito longos, que podem atingir até 2 m de comprimento.[carece de fontes?]

    Habitat e distribuição

    O orangotango-de-bornéu vive nas florestas tropicais das planícies da ilha de Bornéu, bem como em áreas montanhaosas com cerca de 1900 m (4900 pés) de altitude.[20] Esta espécie move-se a grandes distâncias para encontrar árvores frutíferas.[20]

    Podem ser encontrados em dois estados da Malásia: Sabah e Sarawak; como em quatro províncias da Indonésia: Kalimantan Ocidental, Kalimantan Oriental, Kalimantan Central e Kalimantan Meridional.[1] Devido à destruição do habitat destes animais, a distribuição das subespécies é altamente irregular por toda a ilha. A espécie tornou-se rara no sudeste da ilha, bem como nas florestas entre o Rio Rejang no centro de Sarawak e as do Rio Padas no oeste de Sabah.[1] Atualmente é uma espécie em extinção por causa do incêndio que teve na ilha por conta da extração predatória de óleo de palma em agosto de 2015.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

    Ver também

    Referências

    1. a b c d e «Orangotango-de-bornéu na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista Vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 5 de setembro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
    2. «Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 6 de outubro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
    3. «Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus no mammal species of the world» (em inglês). Mammal Species of the World. Consultado em 6 de outubro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
    4. «Pongo pygmaeus morio na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 6 de outubro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
    5. «Pongo pygmaeus morio no mammal species of the world» (em inglês). Mammal Species of the World. Consultado em 6 de outubro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
    6. «Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 8 de setembro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
    7. «Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii no mammal species of the world» (em inglês). Mammal Species of the World. Consultado em 6 de outubro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
    8. «Factos sobre o orangotango-de-bornéu» (em inglês). Orangutan Foundation International. Consultado em 20 de agosto de 2012
    9. Locke, Devin P.; et al. (26 de janeiro de 2011). «Comparação e análise demográfica do genoma dos orangotangos». Nature. 469 (7331): 529–533. PMC . PMID 21270892. doi:10.1038/nature09687. Consultado em 9 de abril de 2011 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
    10. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
    11. Bradon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A.A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C.P.; Melnick, D.J.; Morales, J.C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C.B. (2004). «Classificação dos primatas asiáticos» (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 25 (1): 97–164. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32. Consultado em 2 de março de 2011
    12. EDGE :: Mammal Species Information. Edgeofexistence.org. Retrieved on 9 de setembro de 2012.
    13. Novak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
    14. WWF – Sumatran Orangutan – Close relative in dire straits. Worldwildlife.org. Retrieved on 9 de setembro de 2012.
    15. The Bornean and Sumatran Orangutans | Visuallens. Visuallens.wordpress.com (2008-08-02). Retrieved on 9 de setembro de 2012.
    16. Wood, G. (1977). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats (O livro do guinness dos factos e façanhas dos animais. Nova Iorque: Sterling Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
    17. Ciszek, D.; Schommer, M.K. (28 de junho de 2009). «ADW: Pongo pygmaeus: Information». Animal Diversity Web. Consultado em 9 de setembro de 2012
    18. Giza Zoo> Bornean Orangutan إنسان الغابة. Gizazoo-eg.com. Retrieved on 9 de setembro de 2012.
    19. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats (O livro do Guinness das façanhas e fatos animais. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
    20. a b «Orangotangos no World Wide Fund for Nature». WWF. Consultado em 9 de setembro de 2012
    21. Villagers attack orangutan mother and baby trying to escape forest fires in Borneo
    22. Indonesia forest fires cost twice as much as tsunami clean-up, says World Bank
    23. Villagers Attack Mother And Child Orangutan Fleeing From Wildfires
    24. Understanding the Impacts of Land-Use Policies on a Threatened Species: Is There a Future for the Bornean Orang-utan?
    25. Indonesia is burning. So why is the world looking away?
    26. Indigenous Leader Tortured And Killed Days Before UN Testimony
    27. Prolonged haze tortures kids
    28. How Indonesia’s Fires Are Choking the World
    29. Track fires and haze in the ASEAN region
    30. 5Things to Know About the Haze in Southeast Asia
     title=
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Autores e editores de Wikipedia
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia PT

    Pongo pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Português )

    fornecido por wikipedia PT

    O orangotango-de-bornéu (Pongo pygmaeus), é uma espécie de orangotango, que como seu nome indica, é nativa da ilha de Bornéo (Indonésia e Malásia). Juntamente com o orangotango-de-sumatra, pertence ao único gênero de grandes primatas na Ásia (Pongo). Esta espécie é mais numerosa com aproximadamente 45 mil indíviduos, números que contrastam os 7500 orangotangos-de-sumatra que vivem em seu habitat natural. O orangotango-de-bornéu está ameaçado de extinção devido aos incêndios, a destruição florestal em troca de plantações de óleo de palma e o tráfico ilegal de crias de orangotango. Estes orangotangos partilham aproximadamente 97% de seu DNA com o homem.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Autores e editores de Wikipedia
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia PT

    Orangutan bornejský ( Eslovaco )

    fornecido por wikipedia SK

    Orangutan bornejský (iné názvy: orangutan, orangutan sundský, orangutan bradatý, orangutan sundský kalimantanský [1]; lat. Pongo pygmaeus, staršie Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) je druh orangutana, ktorý žije na ostrove Borneo, kde sa ich počet odhaduje na 10 – 12 tisíc.

    Poddruhy

    Charakteristika

    Dosahuje hmotnosť do 260 kg. V zajatí sa dožíva až 60 rokov, jeho počet sa odhaduje na cca 50 000 jedincov. Je prispôsobení životu na strome, preto má rozdielnu dĺžku predných a zadných končatín. Samce majú výrazný hrdlový vak, ktorý slúži k hlasovému prejavu. Časom im vyrastajú na tvárach zdureniny, ktoré sú tvorené tukom a väzivom. Telo je pokryté riedkou dlhou splývavou srsťou.

    Rozmnožovanie

    Samice rodia jedno mláďa, väčšinou raz za 6 rokov. O mláďa sa stará 6 – 8 rokov. Orangutany žijú v malých skupinách nedospelých zvierat, dospelí sa pohybujú blízko seba a stále spolu komunikujú – tzv. rezidentná sociálna skupina = noyau. Môžu žiť solitérne, ale závisí to od množstva potravy.

    Potrava

    Hlavnou zložkou potravy je vegetariánska strava (listy, plody – figy, orechy, korienky) a len malým množstvom získavajú živočíšnu bielkovinu z drobných stavovcov.

    Iné projekty

    Zdroj

    1. Pozri zdroje v článku orangutan.

    Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Orangutan bornejský na českej Wikipédii.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Autori a editori Wikipédie
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia SK

    Orangutan bornejský: Brief Summary ( Eslovaco )

    fornecido por wikipedia SK

    Orangutan bornejský (iné názvy: orangutan, orangutan sundský, orangutan bradatý, orangutan sundský kalimantanský ; lat. Pongo pygmaeus, staršie Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) je druh orangutana, ktorý žije na ostrove Borneo, kde sa ich počet odhaduje na 10 – 12 tisíc.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Autori a editori Wikipédie
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia SK

    Borneoorangutang ( Sueco )

    fornecido por wikipedia SV

    Borneoorangutang[2] (Pongo pygmaeus), av malajiska orang-utan, skogsmänniska[3], är en människoapa som lever i regnskogenBorneo. Den har orangebrun, ganska lång päls och långa armar.

    Utseende

    Orangutangerna är de mest trädlevande av människoaporna. De tillbringar nästan hela sin tid i träden och gör ett nytt bo i träden varje kväll. Vuxna hanar är omkring 97 cm långa och väger mellan 60 och 90 kg.[4] Honorna är omkring 78 cm[4] långa och väger mellan 40 och 50 kg.[5]

    Välfödda orangutanger utvecklar vid cirka fyra års ålder en uppblåst dubbelhaka där denna lagrar aminosyror så att de skall kunna behålla och reparera muskelvävnad även under svälttider. Detta är unikt för orangutangen. Därför är orangutanger det djur som kan få störst dubbelhaka i förhållande till sin kropp.

    Ekologi

    Individerna klättrar främst i träd och vistas sällan på marken. De äter främst frukter som kompletteras med några blad, unga växtskott, bark och blommor. En flock bildas av två eller fler vuxna honor och av deras ungar men den har sällan mer än 6 medlemmar. Hannar som blev könsmogna lever ensam. Flockar och ensam levande exemplar har inga avgränsade revir.[6]

    Arten skriker bara när den känner sig hotad. Annars förekommer bara ljud som skapas med läpparna eller med tänderna som skrapas mot varandra. Borneoorangutang bygger ett näste av grenar och kvistar innan den sover.[6]

    Fortplantning

    Orangutangen blir könsmogen vid mellan 8 och 10 år. Parningstiden förekommer året runt. Dräktighetstiden varar mellan 260 och 270 dagar. Honan föder oftast bara en unge men kan ibland få tvillingar, även om det är väldigt sällsynt.[5] Ungen börjar cirka fyra månader efter födelsen med fast föda och efter ungefär tre år slutar honan helt med digivning. Den äldsta individen i fångenskap blev uppskattningsvis 51 år gammal.[6]

    Systematik

    Borneoorangutang delas av Wilson & Reeder (2005) och IUCN i tre underarter:[7][1]

    • Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus på nordvästra Borneo
    • Pongo pygmaeus morio på nordöstra och östra Borneo
    • Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii på sydvästra Borneo, samt

    Fram till början av 2000-talet räknades även Sumatraorangutang (Pongo abelii) som underart till Pongo pygmaeus. Uppdelningen i två arter godkändes i flera olika studier, t.ex. av Groves 2001, Brandon-Jones et al. 2004 och Singleton et al. 2004.[8][9]

    Hot och status

    Orangutangen är starkt utrotningshotad, främst på grund av att dess naturliga biotop, regnskogen, och dess livsmiljö håller på att försvinna på grund av skogsavverkning och skogsbränder. Mycket av avverkningen är olaglig då den sker i nationalparker. Ett annat stort problem är olagligt infångande av orangutangungar för försäljning som husdjur. Enligt FN:s uppskattning från 2007 finns cirka 50 000 orangutanger kvar i vilt tillstånd.[1]

    Förutom människan har arten inga fiender. Enligt en teori kan ungar falla offer för trädleoparden men det finns inga bevis för påståendet.[6]

    Källor

    1. ^ [a b c] Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. 2008 Pongo pygmaeus. Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 21 November 2010.
    2. ^ Orangutanger, Nationalencyklopedin, läst 4 oktober 2014.
    3. ^ Svenska Akademiens ordbok: Orangutang
    4. ^ [a b] M. Lorenz (17 april 2004). ”Bornean orangutan”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 3 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120203185131/http://www.arkive.org/bornean-orangutan/pongo-pygmaeus/#text=All. Läst 28 januari 2012.
    5. ^ [a b] Vår fantastiska värld (fakta om djur och natur), kortnummer 16. Utgivare: Skandinavisk Press AB
    6. ^ [a b c d] Groves, Colin P. (19 januari 1971). Pongo pygmaeus (på engelska). Mammalian Species #4. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-004-01-0001.pdf. Läst 8 mars 2017.
    7. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Pongo pygmaeus (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
    8. ^ Pongo abelii, på IUCN:s rödlista, läst 4 oktober 2014.
    9. ^ Wilson & Reeder (2005): Pongo abelii, läst 4 oktober 2014.

    Externa länkar

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia SV

    Borneoorangutang: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

    fornecido por wikipedia SV

    Borneoorangutang (Pongo pygmaeus), av malajiska orang-utan, skogsmänniska, är en människoapa som lever i regnskogenBorneo. Den har orangebrun, ganska lång päls och långa armar.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia SV

    Đười ươi Borneo ( Vietnamita )

    fornecido por wikipedia VI

    Đười ươi Borneao, (danh pháp hai phần: Pongo pygmaeus), là một loài đười ươi trong họ Hominidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1760.[2] Chúng là loài bản địa của đảo Borneo. Cùng với đười ươi Sumatra có kích thước nhỏ hơn một chút, nó thuộc về chi duy nhất của khỉ không đuôi lớn có nguồn gốc ở châu Á.

    Đười ươi Borneao có vòng đời của khoảng 35 đến 40 năm trong tự nhiên, trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt nó có thể sống được 60 [cần dẫn nguồn]. Một cuộc khảo sát của đười ươi hoang dã tìm thấy những con đực nặng trên 75 kg trung bình (165 lb), từ. 50–100 kg (110-200 lb), và 1,2-1,4 m (4-4,7 ft); nữ trung bình 38,5 kg (82 lb), dao động 30–50 kg (66-110 lb), và 1-1,2 m (3,3–4 ft).[3][4]

    Môi trường sống và phân bố

    Đười ươi Borneo sống trong rừng lá rộng ẩm nhiệt đới và cận nhiệt đới ở vùng đất thấp Borneo, cũng như khu vực miền núi lên đến 1.500 mét (4.900 ft) trên mực nước biển.[5] Loài này sống trên khắp tán rừng nguyên sinh và thứ sinh, và di chuyển khoảng cách lớn để tìm trái cây.[5]

    Nó có thể được tìm thấy trong hai tiểu bang của Malaysia SabahSarawak, và ba trong bốn tỉnh Indonesia của Kalimantan. Do sự phá hủy môi trường sống, sự phân bố loài này bây giờ là rất loan lổ khắp hòn đảo, các loài trở nên hiếm hoi tại phía đông nam đảo, cũng như trong các khu rừng giữa sông Rejang ở trung tâm Sarawak và sông Padas ở phía Tây Sabah.

    Bảo tồn

    Loài này đang được nuôi bảo tồn do bị mất môi trường sống và để lấy lông. Tuy nhiên, khả năng sinh sản của loài này rất thấp dẫn những khó khăn trong việc nuôi bảo tồn loài này.

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

    1. ^ Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. (2008). Pongo pygmaeus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2009.
    2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Pongo pygmaeus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
    3. ^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
    4. ^ “ADW: Pongo pygmaeus: Information”. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Ngày 28 tháng 6 năm 2009. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 7 năm 2009.
    5. ^ a ă “Orangutans”. WWF. Truy cập ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2012.

    Tham khảo

     src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Đười ươi Borneo

     src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Pongo pygmaeus tại Wikimedia Commons


    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia VI

    Đười ươi Borneo: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

    fornecido por wikipedia VI

    Đười ươi Borneao, (danh pháp hai phần: Pongo pygmaeus), là một loài đười ươi trong họ Hominidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1760. Chúng là loài bản địa của đảo Borneo. Cùng với đười ươi Sumatra có kích thước nhỏ hơn một chút, nó thuộc về chi duy nhất của khỉ không đuôi lớn có nguồn gốc ở châu Á.

    Đười ươi Borneao có vòng đời của khoảng 35 đến 40 năm trong tự nhiên, trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt nó có thể sống được 60 [cần dẫn nguồn]. Một cuộc khảo sát của đười ươi hoang dã tìm thấy những con đực nặng trên 75 kg trung bình (165 lb), từ. 50–100 kg (110-200 lb), và 1,2-1,4 m (4-4,7 ft); nữ trung bình 38,5 kg (82 lb), dao động 30–50 kg (66-110 lb), và 1-1,2 m (3,3–4 ft).

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia VI

    Калимантанский орангутан ( Russo )

    fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
    Подцарство: Эуметазои
    Без ранга: Вторичноротые
    Подтип: Позвоночные
    Инфратип: Челюстноротые
    Надкласс: Четвероногие
    Подкласс: Звери
    Инфракласс: Плацентарные
    Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
    Грандотряд: Euarchonta
    Миротряд: Приматообразные
    Отряд: Приматы
    Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
    Семейство: Гоминиды
    Подсемейство: Понгины
    Вид: Калимантанский орангутан
    Международное научное название

    Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus, 1760)

    Ареал

    изображение

    Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
    Систематика
    на Викивидах
    Commons-logo.svg
    Изображения
    на Викискладе
    ITIS 573083NCBI 9600EOL 326450FW 183261

    Калиманта́нский орангута́н[1] (лат. Pongo pygmaeus) — один из трёх ныне существующих видов орангутанов.

    Ареал

    Калимантанский орангутан — эндемик Калимантана, обитает как на индонезийской, так и на малайзийской территориях острова.

    Территория вида — влажные тропические леса, встречается до высоты 1500 м над уровнем моря. Однако может проживать и в пальмовых вторичных лесах[2].

    Описание

    Калимантанский орангутан — крупная человекообразная обезьяна. Рост самцов достигает 1,5 м, масса — 50—90 кг, редко превышает 100 кг. Самки меньше: около 1 м ростом и весе в 30—50 кг[3]. Особи покрыты густой красно-коричневой шерстью.

    Рацион — преимущественно растительный, однако, обезьяны могут употреблять насекомых, яйца птиц, даже мелких птенцов.

    Орангутаны живут дольше иных гоминидов, не считая человека. В неволе известны случаи, когда особи жили дольше 60 лет.

    Наиболее близкие родственные виды — тапанульский[4] и суматранский орангутаны, ранее считавшиеся подвидами. Интересно, что 97 % ДНК орангутана совпадает с человеческим[5].

    Подвиды

    Выделяют три подвида калимантанского орангутана[6]:

    Орангутан и человек

    Орангутан хорошо приручается и поддаётся дрессировке. В отличие от шимпанзе он менее агрессивен.

    Кроме вырубки лесов, опасность представляют и браконьеры, часто убивающих взрослых особей и забирающих детёнышей, которые хорошо продаются на чёрном рынке. Также пользуются спросом и мёртвые животные для изготовления чучел[7].

    В данный момент охранный статус калимантанского орангутана — на грани исчезновения (CR)[6].

    Галерея

    •  src=

      Калимантанский орангутан в Московском зоопарке

    • Борнейский орангутан II.jpg
    • Борнейский орангутан III.jpg

    Примечания

    1. Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 158. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
    2. WWF. Orangutans
    3. Wood, G. (1977). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
    4. Nater A. et al. (2017-11-02). “Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species”. Current Biology. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047.
    5. Orangutan Facts
    6. 1 2 IUCN. Pongo pygmaeus
    7. Mass Slaughter of Orang-utans and Monkeys is Continuing in Kalimantan (недоступная ссылка)


    Павиан Это заготовка статьи по приматологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Авторы и редакторы Википедии

    Калимантанский орангутан: Brief Summary ( Russo )

    fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

    Калиманта́нский орангута́н (лат. Pongo pygmaeus) — один из трёх ныне существующих видов орангутанов.

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Авторы и редакторы Википедии

    婆羅洲猩猩 ( Chinês )

    fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

    婆羅洲猩猩学名Pongo pygmaeus)是原生于婆羅洲红猩猩。牠们与体型较小的蘇門達臘猩猩亞洲仅有的两种類人猿。像其他大猿一样,猩猩非常聰明,野生猩猩会使用工具和并拥有獨特的文化。猩猩與人类拥有96.4%的共同DNA。

    野生婆羅洲猩猩的壽命可以達35-40歲;飼養的可以活到60歲。

    分類

    地理上孤立的婆羅洲猩猩与蘇門達臘猩猩沒有基因交流的證據,研究分析显示婆羅洲猩猩及蘇門達臘猩猩約於150-170萬年前分化,當時正值婆羅洲蘇門達臘的分裂。這兩個物種彼此較為疏遠,比黑猩猩倭黑猩猩更甚。這兩個物種以往都被認為只是亞種,直至將牠們的線粒體DNA序列出來才升級為物種。

    婆羅洲猩猩共有三個亞種:

    生理特征

    婆羅洲猩猩是续两种大猩猩之後第三重的靈長類,也是現存最大的樹棲動物。一項针对野生猩猩的研究發現,雄性體重範圍從50-100公斤(110-220磅),平均75公斤(165磅),高1.2-1.4米(3.9-4.6英尺),雌性體重範圍约30-50公斤(66-110磅),平均38.5公斤(85磅),高1-1.2米(3.3-3.94英尺)。

    生態

    婆羅洲猩猩生活在婆羅洲低地及海拔1500米高山的熱帶雨林中。牠們棲息在樹上,並會隨食物而去到很遠的地方。牠們主要吃生果、種子、樹葉、含豐富礦物質土壤蛋。牠們亦會吃昆蟲,但是只屬小數。

    婆羅洲猩猩較蘇門達臘猩猩花更多時間在地面上,因為牠們不用逃避蘇門答臘虎等巨大掠食者。

    行為及生殖

     src=
    丹麥的幼猩猩。

    婆羅洲猩猩比較喜歡獨自生活。同地域的兩至三頭婆羅洲猩猩可能會一同生活一段短時間。雄性及雌性一般只會在交配時走在一起,強暴亦很普遍。雄性亞成體會嘗試與任何雌性交配,但成年雌性有能力避開牠們。成年雌性較喜歡與成年雄性交配。

    新生的婆羅洲猩猩每3-4小時就須餵哺,約於4個月大就可以從母親嘴唇吃軟食物。猩猩嬰兒首年會用手指鈎在母親下腹的毛皮。直至8-9歲前牠們都是與母親一起,相較其他牠們童年更長。

    保育狀況

    婆羅洲猩猩的数量較蘇門達臘猩猩为多,現存約有45,000頭。由于森林砍伐、棕櫚油種植園和狩獵,使其生存面临嚴重威脅。幼猩猩亦會被捕捉為寵物,而其母親往往會被殺。

    参考文献

    1. ^ (英文) Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. (2007). Pongo pygmaeus. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007。擷取於2007-09-13

    外部連結

    猩猩亞科 Ponginae
    猩猩屬 Pongo
    人亞科 Homininae
    大猩猩屬 Gorilla
    黑猩猩屬 Pan
    人屬 Homo
     title=
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    维基百科作者和编辑
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia 中文维基百科

    婆羅洲猩猩: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

    fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

    婆羅洲猩猩(学名:Pongo pygmaeus)是原生于婆羅洲红猩猩。牠们与体型较小的蘇門達臘猩猩亞洲仅有的两种類人猿。像其他大猿一样,猩猩非常聰明,野生猩猩会使用工具和并拥有獨特的文化。猩猩與人类拥有96.4%的共同DNA。

    野生婆羅洲猩猩的壽命可以達35-40歲;飼養的可以活到60歲。

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    维基百科作者和编辑
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia 中文维基百科

    보르네오오랑우탄 ( Coreano )

    fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    보르네오 오랑우탄(Pongo pygmaeus)은 보르네오섬에 서식하는 오랑우탄의 종이다. 약간 더 작은 수마트라오랑우탄과 함께 아시아에서 발견되는 유일한 유인원이다. 보르네오오랑우탄의 수명은 야생에서 약 35~40년 정도이고, 최대 60년까지 산다.

    아종

    최근까지 지리적으로 고립되었던 보르네오오랑우탄 개체들 사이에서, 유전자 이동이 있었다는 증거가 있다. 보르네오오랑우탄과 수마트라오랑우탄은 약 150만년에서 170만 년 전에 두 종이 나뉘었다. 이것은 두 섬(보르네오섬수마트라섬)이 분리되기 전에 일어난 일이다. 두 오랑우탄 종은 침팬지보노보보다는 더 먼 친척뻘이 된다. 그 차이점에도 불구하고, 두 종의 오랑우탕은 최근인 1996년이 되어서야 mtDNA 기술의 도움으로 아종을 분류했다.

    보르네오오랑우탄은 3종류의 아종이 있다:

    • 북서보르네오오랑우탄(P. p. pygmaeus) — 사라왁주(말레이시아)와 북서 칼리만탄(인도네시아)
    • 중부보르네오오랑우탄(P. p. wurmbii) — 남서 칼리만탄과 중부 칼리만탄(인도네시아)
    • 북동보르네오오랑우탄(P. p. morio) — 동 칼리만탄(인도네시아)과 사바주(말레이시아)

    습성

     src=
    덴마크 올보르 동물원의 새끼 오랑우탄.

    보르네오오랑우탄은 수마트라오랑우탄만큼 군집생활을 하지는 않는다. 서로 중첩되는 세력권을 가진 두 세 마리의 오랑우탄은 짧은 기간 동안 상호 작업을 할지도 모른다. 새끼들은 다른 유인원과 비교하여 더 길게 새끼 시절을 갖는 데, 약 8~9살이 될때까지 어미와 함께 머문다. 보르네오오랑우탄은 수마트라오랑우탄보다 더 육상생활을 한다. 이는 보르네오섬에서는 수마트라섬에서처럼 수마트라호랑이와 육식동물을 피할 필요가 없기 때문일지도 모른다는 가설이 세워져 있기도 한다.

    음식

    보르네오오랑우탄이 먹는 음식은 어린 가지, 나뭇가지, 무기질의 거름과 새알뿐만 아니라 과일로 구성되어 있다. 또한 수마트라오랑우탄보다는 더 좁은 범위지만 곤충들도 먹는다.

    현황

    보르네오오랑우탄은 야생에서 약 45,000 개체가 존재하여, 수마트라오랑우탄 보다 더 흔하다.: 수마트라오랑우탄은 야생에서 약 7,500 개체만이 남아 있다. 오랑우탄은 부쉬미트로 거래되고, 어미는 죽임을 당하여 새끼는 포획되어 애완용으로 팔리기도 하고, 서식지의 파괴 때문에 멸종 위기에 처해 있다.

    각주

    1. Ancrenaz, M.; Gumal, M.; Marshall, A.J.; Meijaard, E.; Wich, S.A.; Husson, S. (2016). Pongo pygmaeus. 《IUCN 적색 목록》 (국제 자연 보전 연맹(International Union for Conservation of Nature)) 2016: e.T17975A17966347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17975A17966347.en. 2016년 9월 5일에 확인함.
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자