Badyan (lat. Conium)[1] — çətirkimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi.[2]
Badyan (lat. Conium) — çətirkimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi.
Skarntyde-slægten (Conium) er en slægt af planter, der består af omkring 3 arter, hvoraf en enkelt findes vildtvoksende i Danmark.
Το κώνειο (αγγλ. poison hemlock) είναι φυτικό δηλητήριο. Οφείλει την ονομασία του στο ρήμα "κωνάω", που σημαίνει "περιστρέφω" (αρχ. ελλ. παράγωγο "κώνος" = σβούρα). Παράγεται από το φυτό κώνειον το στικτόν (Conium maculatum). Το φυτό είναι πολύ κοινό στην Ελλάδα, από τα αρχαία χρόνια έως σήμερα. Στην Αρχαία Αθήνα χρησιμοποιούνταν για τις ναρκωτικές του ιδιότητες από τους ιεροφάντες (ως αναφροδισιακό).
Η δραστική ουσία του κωνείου είναι το αλκαλοειδές κωνεΐνη (αναλγητικές ιδιότητες). Θεωρείται, μαζί με την νικοτίνη, το ισχυρότερο των φυτικών δηλητηρίων. Το βασικό της μειονέκτημα είναι ότι είναι ισχυρά πτητική ένωση και, κατά συνέπεια, μη πρόσφατα παρασκευάσματα χάνουν σταδιακά την δηλητηριώδη ισχύ τους.Έχει αναλγητικές ιδιότητες και χρησιμοποιείται στην θεραπευτική το εκχύλισμα των καρπών και υπό μορφήν εμπλάστρων σε νευραλγίες και πόνους από καρκίνο[1].
Η κατάποση εκχυλίσματος (κυρίως φύλλων και βλαστών) κωνείου προκαλεί ανώδυνο θάνατο. Στην αρχή τα αισθητήρια νεύρα νεκρώνονται από την περιφέρεια προς το κέντρο. Υπάρχει απώλεια των μυικών δυνάμεων, αμβλύνονται οι περιφερειακές αισθήσεις, το ανακλαστικό τόξο του νωτιαίου μυελού προκαλεί τρόμο και σπασμούς. Τέλος, επέρχεται ύπνος, εγκεφαλική νάρκη και, τελικά, θάνατος.
Με παρασκεύασμα κωνείου θανατώθηκε ο Αθηναίος φιλόσοφος Σωκράτης και ο Θηραμένης, Αθηναίος πολιτικός και ένας από τους Τριάκοντα Τυράννους.
Στο γένος Κώνειον υπάγονται μεταξύ άλλων και τα ακόλουθα είδη:
Το κώνειο (αγγλ. poison hemlock) είναι φυτικό δηλητήριο. Οφείλει την ονομασία του στο ρήμα "κωνάω", που σημαίνει "περιστρέφω" (αρχ. ελλ. παράγωγο "κώνος" = σβούρα). Παράγεται από το φυτό κώνειον το στικτόν (Conium maculatum). Το φυτό είναι πολύ κοινό στην Ελλάδα, από τα αρχαία χρόνια έως σήμερα. Στην Αρχαία Αθήνα χρησιμοποιούνταν για τις ναρκωτικές του ιδιότητες από τους ιεροφάντες (ως αναφροδισιακό).
Η δραστική ουσία του κωνείου είναι το αλκαλοειδές κωνεΐνη (αναλγητικές ιδιότητες). Θεωρείται, μαζί με την νικοτίνη, το ισχυρότερο των φυτικών δηλητηρίων. Το βασικό της μειονέκτημα είναι ότι είναι ισχυρά πτητική ένωση και, κατά συνέπεια, μη πρόσφατα παρασκευάσματα χάνουν σταδιακά την δηλητηριώδη ισχύ τους.Έχει αναλγητικές ιδιότητες και χρησιμοποιείται στην θεραπευτική το εκχύλισμα των καρπών και υπό μορφήν εμπλάστρων σε νευραλγίες και πόνους από καρκίνο.
Η κατάποση εκχυλίσματος (κυρίως φύλλων και βλαστών) κωνείου προκαλεί ανώδυνο θάνατο. Στην αρχή τα αισθητήρια νεύρα νεκρώνονται από την περιφέρεια προς το κέντρο. Υπάρχει απώλεια των μυικών δυνάμεων, αμβλύνονται οι περιφερειακές αισθήσεις, το ανακλαστικό τόξο του νωτιαίου μυελού προκαλεί τρόμο και σπασμούς. Τέλος, επέρχεται ύπνος, εγκεφαλική νάρκη και, τελικά, θάνατος.
Με παρασκεύασμα κωνείου θανατώθηκε ο Αθηναίος φιλόσοφος Σωκράτης και ο Θηραμένης, Αθηναίος πολιτικός και ένας από τους Τριάκοντα Τυράννους.
Гуеньпочко[1] (лат. Conīum, руз. Болиголо́в, или Омег) — кавтоиень тикшень касовкс Амбрелань семиястонть (Apiaceae).
Буень латинэнь лемесь саеви кез.-грек. κόννος — «велявкс», пряс велякадат, кодак ярсат видьмензэ. Касыть Европасо, Вишка Азиясо ды Сибирьга.
Кавтоиень тикшесь покш нетькс марто, якстерьди петнявкс марто. Лопанзо колмоксть толгавт. Тикшесь ядов, кой-кить сёрмадыть геуньпочкосо ульнесь куловтозь Сократ[2].
Тешксэв гуеньпочконть цецянь пурнавксось (Conīum maculātum)
Гуеньпочко (лат. Conīum, руз. Болиголо́в, или Омег) — кавтоиень тикшень касовкс Амбрелань семиястонть (Apiaceae).
Буень латинэнь лемесь саеви кез.-грек. κόννος — «велявкс», пряс велякадат, кодак ярсат видьмензэ. Касыть Европасо, Вишка Азиясо ды Сибирьга.
Кавтоиень тикшесь покш нетькс марто, якстерьди петнявкс марто. Лопанзо колмоксть толгавт. Тикшесь ядов, кой-кить сёрмадыть геуньпочкосо ульнесь куловтозь Сократ.
Монар көпшәһе (лат. Cónium) — сатыр һымаҡтар ғаиләһенә ҡараған үҫемлек заты.
4 төрө билдәле, Евразияла һәм Төньяҡ Африкала таралған. Башҡортостанда бөрсөклө монар көпшәһе үҫә. Ике йыллыҡ үлән. Урман ситтәрендә, ташландыҡ ерҙәрҙә, баҫыуҙарҙа, торлаҡ янында үҫә; республиканың бөтә биләмәһендә осрай. Ҡый үләне, ҡырҡыу сысҡан еҫе аңҡытҡан ағыулы үҫемлек. Составында алкалоидтар бар.
Һабағы нескә бураҙналы, төҙ, тармаҡлы, буҙ төҫтәге ҡуныҡ һәм ҡыҙғылт‑көрән төҫтәге таптар менән ҡаплпнған, бейеклеге 60—200 см. Аҫҡы япраҡтары ҡыуыш һаплы өс ҡауырһынлы; урта һәм өҫкөләре — вағыраҡ, ултырма тиерлек, тар еңсәле. Сәскәләре аҡ төҫтә, сәскәлеге — урамалары һәм ваҡ урамалары булған овал‑ланцет формалағы ҡатмарлы сатыр. Июнь—августа сәскә ата. Емеше — боролмалы ҡырлы һалынҡы емеш, июль — сентябрҙә өлгөрә.
Ырыуҙың 4 төрө иҫәпкә алынған[1] , шуларҙың ҡайһы берҙәре[2]:
Монар көпшәһе (лат. Cónium) — сатыр һымаҡтар ғаиләһенә ҡараған үҫемлек заты.
Түндербаш (лат. Conium L., 1753[1][2]) — зонтиклылар гаиләлегенә караган үсемлекләр ыруы.
Шăршлаккай (лат. Cónium) — икĕ тĕсрен тытăнса тăракан сунчăк йышшисен çемьине кĕрекен, Европăра тата Вăтам тинĕс таврашĕнче (Паталлă шăршлаккай (Conium maculatum)) тата Кăнтăр Африкăра (Бутен евĕрлĕ шăршлаккай (Conium chaerophylloides)) ӳсекен питĕ наркăмăшлă курăк ăрачĕ.
Чи паллă шăршлаккай — паталлă шăршлаккай, икĕ çул ӳсекенн ӳсентăран, 1,5—2,5 метр çӳллĕшне ӳсет, симĕс яка хунавлă, хунавĕн кăкĕнче яланхилле хĕрлĕрех е хĕрлĕ-кăвак паталлă, сарлака çулçăллă. Чечекĕсем пĕчĕк, шурă та кăткăс сунчăклă. Улми пысăках мар, тăрăхла çавра, çăмăллăнах айăккинчен пăчăртаннă икĕ сăрă çурма улмана арканать, аяк пĕрчисем çутăрах. Ӳсентăрана хуçсан, çулçисемпе тымарĕнчен ырă мар шăршă тухать.
Хăшпĕр çăлкуçсенче çырнипе, çак ӳсентăран сĕткенĕнчен тунă наркăмăшпа Сократа вĕлернĕ[1].
«Доктор Хаус» сериалăн вунçиччĕмĕш серинче пациента çак ӳсентăрнпа наркăмăшланă.
Шăршлаккай (лат. Cónium) — икĕ тĕсрен тытăнса тăракан сунчăк йышшисен çемьине кĕрекен, Европăра тата Вăтам тинĕс таврашĕнче (Паталлă шăршлаккай (Conium maculatum)) тата Кăнтăр Африкăра (Бутен евĕрлĕ шăршлаккай (Conium chaerophylloides)) ӳсекен питĕ наркăмăшлă курăк ăрачĕ.
Чи паллă шăршлаккай — паталлă шăршлаккай, икĕ çул ӳсекенн ӳсентăран, 1,5—2,5 метр çӳллĕшне ӳсет, симĕс яка хунавлă, хунавĕн кăкĕнче яланхилле хĕрлĕрех е хĕрлĕ-кăвак паталлă, сарлака çулçăллă. Чечекĕсем пĕчĕк, шурă та кăткăс сунчăклă. Улми пысăках мар, тăрăхла çавра, çăмăллăнах айăккинчен пăчăртаннă икĕ сăрă çурма улмана арканать, аяк пĕрчисем çутăрах. Ӳсентăрана хуçсан, çулçисемпе тымарĕнчен ырă мар шăршă тухать.
Conium (/koʊˈnaɪ.əm/ or /ˈkoʊniəm/) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae.[1] As of December 2020, Plants of the World Online accepts six species.[2]
All species of the genus are poisonous to humans. C. maculatum, also known as hemlock, is infamous for being highly poisonous. Hemlock is native to temperate regions of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. The species C. chaerophylloides, C. fontanum, and C. sphaerocarpum are all native to southern Africa.
Plants of the genus Conium are eudicots, flowering plants distinguished by their two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) and tricolpate (three-pored) pollen. They are typically biennial, forming basal rosettes in the first year of growth, and sprouting a rigid, hollow flower stalk in the second. Germination occurs between spring and autumn. Occasionally, plants which germinate in early spring are annual instead of biennial.[3] These plants grow best in wet, poorly drained areas with nutrient rich soil. They grow well in nitrogen rich soil, and are able to tolerate high levels of heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Conium plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 22 (haploid number 11). They grow from one to three meters tall, varying between species. They produce hermaphroditic flowers, which are typically insect pollinated or self-fertilized.[4]
Conium plants are herbaceous, growing non-woody, hollow, and hairless stems. Generally, the stem is striated and light green; however, the coloring varies by species and variety. Some express purple blotching throughout, some have purple blotching localized near the base, and others have no markings at all.
The alternate leaves are pinnately compound and finely divided, with the exact pinnation patterns varying between species and leaf type. For example, stem leaves of C. maculatum plants are typically 2-4 pinnate, but basal leaves are 1-3 pinnate. The leaves and petioles are light green. Similar to the stem coloring, some species and varieties express purple blotching on the leaves and petioles.[5]
Terminal inflorescences are made up of many small flowers, colored white, yellow, or green depending on the species. The flowers are grouped together in umbrella shaped umbels. Plants in the genus Conium have compound umbels, with multiple dome shaped clusters branching out from a central point. Flowers are around 2 mm across, and the umbrella shaped umbels range from 1–8 cm in diameter.[3]
The two seeded fruit is one of the most significant distinguishing factors between species. They are relatively round, slightly flattened, and dark green or brown. Depending on the species, they range from 2.5 to 4 mm long. Some species have distinctive light brown ribs, some have ribs that are noticeably crenulate (scalloped edges), and others show relatively unpronounced rib patterns.[6]
Each plant typically produces between 1,700 and 39,000 seeds, and 40-85% will germinate in suitable conditions. However, seeds will remain viable for 3 to 6 years after dispersal. Producing a large number of seeds, and growing in a variety of locations, these plants can be considered invasive in some cases.[3]
Poisonous alkaloid compounds are present in all tissues of Conium plants. As a flower develops into a fruit and matures, the alkaloids present transform from γ-coniceine, to coniine, and finally to N-methylconiine.[4] When ingested, these compounds interrupt the central nervous system, paralyzing respiratory muscles, and finally resulting in death through respiratory failure.[7]
Members of the genus Conium can be easily confused with edible plants of the family Apiaceae.[8] Conium plants have leaves similar to parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and roots similar to parsnip (Pastinaca sativa). However, a few characteristics can be used to distinguish the poisonous Conium plants from other harmless Apiaceae plants.[4] For example, Conium leaves and stems release a foul odor when crushed. Additionally, the species C. maculatum stands out with its purple blotching pattern.[9]
The genus name "Conium" references the Greek word koneios for 'spin' or 'whirl', alluding to the dizzying effects of the plant's poison after ingestion.[6] In the vernacular, "hemlock" most commonly refers to the species C. maculatum, but it also refers to Cicuta species (water hemlock), where both species are similar in physical features, and both are highly toxic.
The genus Conium was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[2] Several botanists, such as J.F.M. Cannon, G.H. Leute, and J.H. Ross, have historically made the argument that southern African species of Conium has few significant distinctions. Some even claim that the genus has no independent species at all. They argue that the populations in southern Africa "may be the result of the chance introduction of a few individuals which represented genetically a very limited range of the total variability of the species." Some believe that each species of Conium is synonymous to C. maculatum. Others believe that there are two to three distinct southern African species of Conium.[10]
Conium maculatum, also known as poison hemlock, was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 publication, Species Plantarum. It was the first described species within the genus. "Maculatum" means spotted, referencing the purple blotches characteristic of this species.[3]
Conium chaerophylloides was described by Danish plant collector Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1795-1868) and German botanist Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher. In 1828, they came together in South Africa, forming a partnership. For the next decade, they built their collection, describing almost 2000 genera and species.[11]
Both C. fontanum and C. sphaerocarpum were described by South African botanist Olive Mary Hilliard and English botanist Brian Laurence Burtt. Together, they published their classifications in the South African Journal of Botany in 1985.[12]
As of December 2020, Plants of the World Online accepts six species:[2]
Conium chaerophylloides, growing two to three meters tall, can be distinguished by its unique yellow-green flowers. Groups of many of these small flowers make up obconical umbels. The outer rays (individual flowers) form an angle with the point of attachment, giving the umbel a cone-like shape, which fans out from the base of the inflorescence. They produce round, 4 mm long, dark brown or green fruit, with deep, lightly colored ridges.[6]
Conium fontanum expresses a similar obconical umbel arrangement, but produces slightly larger fruit, and develops the white flowers characteristic of the other species in the Conium genus. The fruit is usually larger than 4 mm long, with ridges of the same dark green or brown color as the rest of the ovary.[6] These plants grow one to three meters tall, depending on the variety.[5]
Conium hilliburttorum has not always been recognized as a distinct species within the genus. Like C. sphaerocarpum, these plants have white flowers grouped in hemispherical umbels and small fruit. However, these researchers argue that the fruit and ovary anatomy significantly distinguish them from C. sphaerocarpum. They develop similar sized fruit; however, C. hilliburttorum fruit displays prominent ribs, whereas C. sphaerocarpum fruit is relatively smooth. C. hilliburttorum ovaries are covered in tubercules, or small lumpy outgrowths, like C. chaerophylloides fruit. However, C. chaerophylloides plants have yellow or green flowers, and they grow much larger fruit and are much taller.[6]
Conium maculatum is distinguished by red or purple blotching along the hairless green stem. Some varieties of the southern African species express a moderate degree of blotching at the base of the stem, but most are simply green. It grows white flowers in umbrella-shaped clusters.[3]
Conium sphaerocarpum produces similarly colored, but slightly smaller fruit, less than 3.5 mm long. The ovary is relatively smooth, with almost completely flat, inconspicuous ridges. Additionally, the small white flowers are arranged in hemispherical umbels. Each umbel’s outer rays protrude horizontally, forming a semi-sphere shape, with the flat edge at the base of the umbel, and the dome pointing away from the point of attachment. This species tends to grow shorter than others within the genus.[6]
Conium is a genus within the family Apiaceae. The family Apiaceae originates from Australasia in the Late Cretaceous period. Conium is specifically part of the Apioideae subfamily which split off from the other subfamilies of Apiaceae between 45.9 and 71.2 million years ago in southern Africa.[13]
The evolution of toxicity within Conium plants and within Apiaceae plants has several theories. Apiaceae plants contain secondary compounds which are compounds that are often limited to just a family, genus, or a species of plant that varies among those smaller groups and is unlikely to be essential to the day-to-day physiological needs of the plant. These secondary compounds are used to mediate the plants interactions with other organisms, such as the prevention of herbivory.[14] Gottfried S. Fraenkel in 1959 called the distribution of secondary compounds within Apiaceae and other families reciprocal adaptive evolution.[15] Ehrlich and Raven in 1964 called Fraenkel's process coevolution. They claimed that secondary compounds diversify by emerging as a novel compound that protects a plant from herbivory. Due to this protection from herbivory and mutation or recombination in an insect, the plant can become susceptible to herbivory once more if an insect evolves the means to detoxify or tolerate the toxin created by the secondary compound. With this new trait, the insect has a new adaptive zone with which it can diversify and the plant has a certain set of adapted herbivores.[14] This is seen with Conium, where C. maculatum has an adaptive herbivore, Agonopterix alstromeriana.[3]
Conium maculatum is native to northern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa.[3] C. chaerophylloides, C. fontanum, and C. sphaerocarpum are all native to southern Africa.[16][17][18]
Conium maculatum has been introduced to the Americas, southern Africa, China, New Zealand, and Australia.[3] It was originally brought to the United States from Europe as a garden plant.[19] C. maculatum has been introduced to other parts of the world due to the transportation of grain.[19] In many areas which C. maculatum has been introduced, it has become an invasive species.[3]
All species of Conium are poisonous to humans and several other species of mammals; yet, some serve as food sources for some insects. In addition, the invasiveness of Conium species into non-native habitats is documented. It is unknown what the spread of Conium into new environments is primarily driven by.[3]
Seeds of the Conium plants fall close to the parent and primarily rely on abiotic and biotic vector transmissions for dispersal. For biotic transmissions, rodents and birds have been documented to spread seeds, with them clinging to the animals' fur. Human introductions of the plants from their native into new habitats (either accidentally through seed contamination or intentional as a garden plant or medicinal herb) is also a proposed cause of the plant being invasive in several regions, but these are not common.[3]
As a weed, Conium plants can spread into grasslands and other areas with low vegetation and crowd out local grass species.[20] The plants spread very quickly and are very competitive with native grasses.[21]
Conium plants use their toxicity as a way to mediate their ecological interactions with other species.[14] Despite the Conium plants being poisonous, several invertebrates and some insects have evolved mechanisms for avoiding toxicity of chemicals when feeding on the plants.[22] One species of moth, Agonopterix alstroemeriana, infests C. maculatum.[3]
The plants serve as a host for several viruses, bacteria, and insects, including the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae; the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa; carrot thin leaf virus; celery mosaic virus; and alfalfa mosaic virus.[3] In 2015, a novel Poison Hemlock Virus Y (PHVY) was isolated from leaf samples of C. maculatum with mild mosaic and vein yellowing symptoms, collected from fields in south-east Iran. The virus was shown serologically to be related to potyviruses.[23]
Conium plants are poisonous to a variety of animals including cows, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits, elk, poultry, and humans. Some of the impacts of the consumption of these plants on animals include muscle spasms, diarrhea, depression, skeletal malformations, and death. In fact, the most important losses from Conium plants is through livestock toxicity. An estimated yearly loss of livestock to these plants in the western US was $340 million.[24][25]
Although they are mostly found in non-crop fields, Conium plants compete with commercial agricultural plants, including several types of vegetables and grains. It has been found growing in corn, chickpea, vegetable, and orchard fields. Regions affected include Oceania, the Iberian peninsula, central Europe, and the United States. Economic losses of crops due to Conium invasion is not as widespread or severe as its affecting of animals farms, and there is little crop loss data available from those regions.[3]
Historically, the leaves and flowers of Conium plant species were prized for their decorative appearance, and they were bred and kept as ornamental decorative plants. Conium plants were also used as natural barriers and in medicine as treatments. As knowledge that chemicals produced by Conium plants were toxic to humans and mammals became widespread, their usage as decorative plants and as treatments have declined.
Today, species of the Conium genus have no known uses, and they are classified as a weed. However, notably, C. maculatum continues to be used in medicine as an ingredient. In addition, the production of toxic chemicals that have limited their widespread public use has instigated research in the chemicals' potential applications in agriculture.
Chemicals produced by and isolated from plants of this genus were found to have anti-insect and anti-predator properties and have been studied for use in agriculture. Coniine was proven to be effective against aphids and blowflies.[26] In addition, extracts of Conium plants were found to inhibit Fusarium pallidoroseum, a fungal disease causing twig blight in mulberry.[27] However, these findings have not yet been implemented in practice.[3]
Extracts of Conium plants were used as sedatives and antispasmodics. Because of the plants' toxicities, uses as a medicine were discontinued by the early 20th century.[3]
Today, there are no accepted uses for the Conium genus plants as a treatment. Despite severe safety concerns and a lack of supporting scientific evidence, C. maculatum has continued to be used as homeopathy or home remedy treatment for several medical conditions including anxiety, muscle spasms, bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, and arthritis.[3][28][29] There is little information on the plant's interactions with other drugs and on treatment doses.[7]
Conium maculatum was introduced into North America as an ornamental plant, imported into the United States and southern Canada.[7] Plant hobbyists continue to cultivate this plant species today.
As plants of the Conium species are known to be dangerous to mammals, they are also used as natural fences between tracts of land to block predatory animals such as wolves. It is grown along streams or rivers and near fences and pastures.[7]
All species of Conium are highly toxic to humans, many other mammals, and birds (in larger doses). Virtually all parts of the plant are poisonous to humans, and consumption of any part of the plant can cause poisoning.[10][30] In most cases, poisoning occurs from a misidentification of the plant as an edible species, such as C. maculatum root with wild parsnips or its leaves with parsley.[30]
Conium maculatum is especially known to be dangerous to pregnant and breast-feeding females and in children, where poisoning has occurred by consuming small amounts of C. maculatum.[7] An overdose of Conium maculatum can typically produce paralysis, with a toxic dose causing loss of speech followed by inhibited respiratory function and, later, death. This plant species and others in the Conium genus are also toxic in larger mammals, including bovine, equestrian, and other domestic animals.[31] They are also known to cause birth defects in domesticated animals.[32] Birds do not appear to be affected as severely when consuming these seeds of these plants, but they can also be poisoned in larger doses.[32]
In hemlock, eight piperidine alkaloids, known to cause strong physiological effects, were isolated. Two of the eight compounds, g-coniceine and coniine, were measured as having the highest concentration, and they contribute to the plant's toxicity. Other alkaloids that have been identified in hemlock include methyl coniine, ethyl piperidine and pseudoconhydrine.[31]
In larger animals, acute toxicity doses for C. maculatum are lower for pigs compared to cattle, and for sheep compared to goats.[33] Specifically, toxicity doses are 3.3 mg/kg for cattle, 15.5 mg/kg for horses and 44.0 mg/kg for sheep.
Gastric lavage is performed on larger animals who have consumed Conium plants. For animals who have started to show symptoms, support respiration and treatment with activated charcoal and a saline cathartic are used. Support respiration and activated charcoal treatment is also given to human patients who have ingested Conium plants.[30]
Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) is infamous in its use as a poison.[34][35] A small overdose of extract of the plant causes paralysis with higher toxic doses causing a ceasing of respiratory function followed by death.[31] Poison hemlock was historically used in official executions and assassinations.[36] It was also used to execute prisoners; Socrates was known to have died from a fatal overdose of the poison.[37]
Historically, Conium species has been grown as ornamental plants. As it has attractive flowers to some plant breeders, it was introduced to the US from Europe as a garden plant.[30] However, there have been documented cases where there was an improper cultivation of plants, where the species, notably C. maculatum, is mistaken with common edible plants such as parsnip, parsley, wild celery, and anise and is farmed for human consumption accidentally.[7]
Today, intentional introduction of Conium plants as a garden plant or live specimen for herbal medicine into new and existing regions is less likely.[3]
1 Species names have Conium abbreviated as C. followed by the species taxonomy.
Conium (/koʊˈnaɪ.əm/ or /ˈkoʊniəm/) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. As of December 2020, Plants of the World Online accepts six species.
All species of the genus are poisonous to humans. C. maculatum, also known as hemlock, is infamous for being highly poisonous. Hemlock is native to temperate regions of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. The species C. chaerophylloides, C. fontanum, and C. sphaerocarpum are all native to southern Africa.
Conium es un género de la familia Apiaceae que comprende cuatro especies muy venenosas. Son nativas del hemisferio norte. Comprende 29 especies descritas y de estas, solo 4 aceptadas.[1]
Son plantas herbáceas perennes, delgadas a robustas, caulescentes, ramificadas, glabras y algo glaucas, con raíces axonomorfas robustas o raíces carnosas fasciculadas. Hojas alternas, pecioladas, pinnadamente compuestas con folíolos pinnadamente incisos o disecados, membranáceas; pecíolos envainadores, las vainas escariosas. Inflorescencia de umbelas laxas compuestas; pedúnculos terminales y laterales; involucro generalmente de 5 brácteas escarioso-marginadas, finalmente reflexas; radios escasos, patente-ascendentes a reflexos; involucelo de 5 bractéolas como brácteas; pedicelos delgados, patente-ascendentes. Dientes del cáliz ausentes; pétalos de ápice inflexo más angosto, blancos o blanco-verdosos o blanco-amarillentos; estilos cortos, el estilopodio bajo cónico. Frutos anchamente ovoides a subglobosos, comprimidos lateralmente y más o menos constrictos en la comisura, glabros; mericarpos subteretes; carpóforo bipartido; costillas 5, conspicuas, obtusas, frecuentemente unduladas, subiguales; vitas ausentes, un anillo de tejido secretor rodeando la cavidad de la semilla; cara de la semilla sulcada.[2]
El género fue descrito por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 243. 1753.[2] La especie tipo es: Conium maculatum L.
Conium es un género de la familia Apiaceae que comprende cuatro especies muy venenosas. Son nativas del hemisferio norte. Comprende 29 especies descritas y de estas, solo 4 aceptadas.
Conium Apiaceae familiako landare genero bat da. 29 espezie deskribatu dira, baina 4 bakarrik dira onartuak. Lau espezie horiek oso pozoitsuak dira.
Conium Apiaceae familiako landare genero bat da. 29 espezie deskribatu dira, baina 4 bakarrik dira onartuak. Lau espezie horiek oso pozoitsuak dira.
Katkot (Conium) on kasvisuku sarjakukkaiskasvien (Apiaceae) heimossa. Sukuun luetaan kuuluvaksi noin viisi lajia.[1]
Katkot ovat yksi- tai kaksivuotisia ruohovartisia kasveja. Niiden varret ovat pystyjä sekä kaljuja ja lehdet kaksi tai kolme kertaa parilehdykkäisiä. Katkojen kukinto on sarja ja hedelmä on soikea tai lähes pyöreä.[2]
Katkojen suvun lajeista Suomessa ja Ruotsissa tavataan vain myrkkykatkoa (Conium maculatum), sillä punakatko (Torilis japonica) kuuluu punakatkojen (Torilis) sukuun.
Katkot (Conium) on kasvisuku sarjakukkaiskasvien (Apiaceae) heimossa. Sukuun luetaan kuuluvaksi noin viisi lajia.
Katkot ovat yksi- tai kaksivuotisia ruohovartisia kasveja. Niiden varret ovat pystyjä sekä kaljuja ja lehdet kaksi tai kolme kertaa parilehdykkäisiä. Katkojen kukinto on sarja ja hedelmä on soikea tai lähes pyöreä.
Katkojen suvun lajeista Suomessa ja Ruotsissa tavataan vain myrkkykatkoa (Conium maculatum), sillä punakatko (Torilis japonica) kuuluu punakatkojen (Torilis) sukuun.
Conium (de κώνος cône) est un genre de plantes herbacées de la famille des Apiaceae qui ne comprend en Europe qu'une espèce : la grande ciguë (Conium maculatum).
Conium (de κώνος cône) est un genre de plantes herbacées de la famille des Apiaceae qui ne comprend en Europe qu'une espèce : la grande ciguë (Conium maculatum).
Velika kukuta (svinjac, živolina, lat. Conium), rod otrovnog ali i korisnog ljekovitog dvogodišnjeg raslinja iz porodice štitarki kojemu pripadaju tri vrste. Kukuta je najpoznatija po svojoj otrovnosti, točnije otrovu koniinu, koji je prvi puta sintetski dobiven 1886.[1]
Ime roda dolazi po grčkoj riječi konos (= nesvjestica).
Svjetsku slavu stekla je još u drevnoj Grčkoj jer su se njezinim otrovom vršila smaknuća, a jedan od njih bio je i Sokrat.[2]
Rod je raširen po gotovo cijeloj Europi, djelovima Azije, Sjevernoj Americi i Novom Zelandu. Stabljika je uspravna, može narasti do 250cm, gola i šuplja. Listovi su veliki, trokutasti i jajasti, cvjetovi mali i bijeli, cvatu od lipnja do rujna, a plod je kalavac. Cijela biljka ima neugodan miris. Koristi se u travarstvu u obliku melema, raznih ulja i masti, i kao sedativ i antispazmolitik. [3]
Može da izazove i trovanje domaćih životinja.
Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum
Velika kukuta (svinjac, živolina, lat. Conium), rod otrovnog ali i korisnog ljekovitog dvogodišnjeg raslinja iz porodice štitarki kojemu pripadaju tri vrste. Kukuta je najpoznatija po svojoj otrovnosti, točnije otrovu koniinu, koji je prvi puta sintetski dobiven 1886.
Ime roda dolazi po grčkoj riječi konos (= nesvjestica).
Svjetsku slavu stekla je još u drevnoj Grčkoj jer su se njezinim otrovom vršila smaknuća, a jedan od njih bio je i Sokrat.
Rod je raširen po gotovo cijeloj Europi, djelovima Azije, Sjevernoj Americi i Novom Zelandu. Stabljika je uspravna, može narasti do 250cm, gola i šuplja. Listovi su veliki, trokutasti i jajasti, cvjetovi mali i bijeli, cvatu od lipnja do rujna, a plod je kalavac. Cijela biljka ima neugodan miris. Koristi se u travarstvu u obliku melema, raznih ulja i masti, i kao sedativ i antispazmolitik.
Može da izazove i trovanje domaćih životinja.
Conium L., 1753, è un genere di piante della famiglia delle Apiaceae[1]. Comprende specie velenose, erbacee a ciclo vitale perenne distribuite nell'emisfero settentrionale.
Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[1]
Conium L., 1753, è un genere di piante della famiglia delle Apiaceae. Comprende specie velenose, erbacee a ciclo vitale perenne distribuite nell'emisfero settentrionale.
Mauda (Conium) – salierinių (Apiaceae) šeimos augalų gentis.
Vienintelė Lietuvoje auganti rūšis – dėmėtoji mauda (Conium maculatum).
Stiebas stačias, neryškiai vagotas, apie 60-150 cm aukščio. Apatiniai lapai su ilgu kotu, tris kartus plunksniški. Žiedynas – skėtis. Žydi birželio – rugsėjo mėn. Turi nemalonų kvapą, kuris neišnyksta net augalą išdžiovinus.
Conium is de botanische naam van een geslacht uit de schermbloemenfamilie (Umbelliferae oftewel Apiaceae). Het geslacht kent afhankelijk van de gekozen indeling twee of drie soorten.
De botanische naam Conium is afgeleid van het Oudgriekse 'Konas', dat ronddraaien betekent, omdat de giftige plant bij het eten misselijkheid en de dood veroorzaakt.
Conium bevat de alkaloïden coniïne, N-methylconiïne, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine en γ-coniceïne. De belangrijkste en meest giftige van deze stoffen is coniïne. Coniïne tast onder andere de werking van het centrale zenuwstelsel aan. Het is zeer giftig voor alle vee en ook voor mensen. De dodelijke dosis voor een paard is 1,8-2,2 kg bladeren, voor vee 0,45-0,9 kg en voor schapen 0,2 kg of minder. De gehele plant is giftig, maar dit geldt vooral voor de wortel en de zaden.
In België en Nederland komt de gevlekte scheerling (Conium maculatum) in het wild voor.
De planten in dit geslacht zijn waardplant voor onder meer Agonopterix alstroemeriana en Xanthorhoe montanata.
Conium is de botanische naam van een geslacht uit de schermbloemenfamilie (Umbelliferae oftewel Apiaceae). Het geslacht kent afhankelijk van de gekozen indeling twee of drie soorten.
De botanische naam Conium is afgeleid van het Oudgriekse 'Konas', dat ronddraaien betekent, omdat de giftige plant bij het eten misselijkheid en de dood veroorzaakt.
Conium bevat de alkaloïden coniïne, N-methylconiïne, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine en γ-coniceïne. De belangrijkste en meest giftige van deze stoffen is coniïne. Coniïne tast onder andere de werking van het centrale zenuwstelsel aan. Het is zeer giftig voor alle vee en ook voor mensen. De dodelijke dosis voor een paard is 1,8-2,2 kg bladeren, voor vee 0,45-0,9 kg en voor schapen 0,2 kg of minder. De gehele plant is giftig, maar dit geldt vooral voor de wortel en de zaden.
In België en Nederland komt de gevlekte scheerling (Conium maculatum) in het wild voor.
De planten in dit geslacht zijn waardplant voor onder meer Agonopterix alstroemeriana en Xanthorhoe montanata.
Szczwół (Conium L.) – rodzaj trujących roślin należący do rodziny selerowatych. Gatunkiem typowym jest Conium maculatum L.[2].
Cicuta Mill., Cicutaria Heister ex Fabricius
Rodzaj należący do podrodziny Apioideae Seemann, rodziny selerowatych (Apiaceae Lindl.), rzędu selerowców (Apiales Lindl.), kladu astrowych w obrębie okrytonasiennych [1].
Gromada okrytonasienne (Magnoliophyta Cronquist), podgromada Magnoliophytina Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, klasa Rosopsida Batsch, podklasa dereniowe (Cornidae Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal), nadrząd Aralianae Takht., rząd araliowce (Araliales Reveal), rodzina selerowate (Apiaceae Lindl.), syn. Umbelliferae Juss.), rodzaj szczwół (Conium L.)[3].
Szczwół (Conium L.) – rodzaj trujących roślin należący do rodziny selerowatych. Gatunkiem typowym jest Conium maculatum L..
Conium L. é um género botânico pertencente à família Apiaceae. O veneno cicuta (não confundir com o género da mesma família Cicuta) é obtido a partir de uma espécie deste género, o Conium maculatum.[1][2]
Conium L. é um género botânico pertencente à família Apiaceae. O veneno cicuta (não confundir com o género da mesma família Cicuta) é obtido a partir de uma espécie deste género, o Conium maculatum.
Odörtssläktet (Conium ) är ett släkte inom familjen flockblommiga växter[1], som bl.a. innefattar odört. Släktet omfattar cirka 20 arter från Medelhavsområdet.
Arter enligt Catalogue of Life[1]:
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Odörtssläktet.
Wikispecies har information om Conium.
Odörtssläktet (Conium ) är ett släkte inom familjen flockblommiga växter, som bl.a. innefattar odört. Släktet omfattar cirka 20 arter från Medelhavsområdet.
Болиголо́в (Conium) — рід дворічних трав'янистих рослин родини окружкових. Стебло високе плямисте, листки 3-пірчасті. Відомо 4 види, пошир, в Європі, Сибіру і Малій Азії. В Україні — 1 вид: Болиголов плямистий (Conium maculatum) до 2 м висотою. Стебло розгалужене, борозенчасте, в нижній частині з червоно-бурими плямами. Плід — сім'янка. Росте як бур'ян на засмічених місцях, луках і лісових галявинах. Дуже отруйна рослина, особливо плоди (містить алкалоїд коніїн). При висушуванні отруйність зникає. Може також використовуватися як лікарська рослина.
Болиголо́в (Conium) — рід дворічних трав'янистих рослин родини окружкових. Стебло високе плямисте, листки 3-пірчасті. Відомо 4 види, пошир, в Європі, Сибіру і Малій Азії. В Україні — 1 вид: Болиголов плямистий (Conium maculatum) до 2 м висотою. Стебло розгалужене, борозенчасте, в нижній частині з червоно-бурими плямами. Плід — сім'янка. Росте як бур'ян на засмічених місцях, луках і лісових галявинах. Дуже отруйна рослина, особливо плоди (містить алкалоїд коніїн). При висушуванні отруйність зникає. Може також використовуватися як лікарська рослина.
Conium là chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Apiaceae.[1]
Bài viết chủ đề phân họ Cần này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Conium là chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Apiaceae.
Conium L., 1753
Типовой вид
Болиголо́в, или Омег (лат. Conīum) — олиготипный род двулетних травянистых растений семейства Зонтичные (Apiaceae).
Латинское название рода происходит от др.-греч. κόννος — волчок, вследствие головокружения, появляющегося при употреблении плодов.
Представители рода распространены в Европе, Малой Азии и Сибири.
Двулетние травы с высоким стеблем, покрытым красноватыми пятнами.
Листья трижды перисты.
Зубцы чашечки незаметные. Лепестки белые, обратно-сердцевидные с короткой, внутрь загнутой долькой.
Плод широко яйцевидный, с боков немного сжатый. Подстолбие коротко коническое; столбики отогнутые, почти вдвое длиннее подстолбия. Полуплодики с пятью хрящеватыми, извилистыми рёбрами, перикарпий толстый; белок со стороны спайки глубоко- и узко-выемчатый.
По некоторым источникам, ядом именно этого растения был отравлен Сократ[3].
Conium L., 1753, Species Plantarum 1: 243[4].
Род Болиголов входит в семейство Зонтичные (Apiaceae) порядка Зонтикоцветные (Apiales).
По информации базы данных The Plant List, род включает 4 вида[6]:
Болиголо́в, или Омег (лат. Conīum) — олиготипный род двулетних травянистых растений семейства Зонтичные (Apiaceae).
Латинское название рода происходит от др.-греч. κόννος — волчок, вследствие головокружения, появляющегося при употреблении плодов.
Представители рода распространены в Европе, Малой Азии и Сибири.
毒参属（学名：Conium）是伞形目伞形科下的一个属，为二年生草本植物。该属约有4种，毒参（Conium maculatum）为模式种，分布于欧洲、亚洲、北非和北美洲。[1]
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
ドクニンジン（毒人参、Conium）は、セリ科の有毒植物のひとつ。多年草で薬草として使われる。ヨーロッパ（特に地中海地方）が原産の Conium maculatum と、北アフリカ原産の C. chaerophylloides の2種がある。葉の見た目から、「毒パセリ」とも呼ばれる。
学名「コニウム・マクラトゥム」が意味する通り、ヨーロッパ種のほうが中毒性のある「毒草」として、はるかに有名である。ハーブとして有用な二年草で、1.5メートルから2.5メートルの高さに育ち、つるつるした緑の茎は、下半分に、たいてい赤か紫のぶちやまだらが入っている。ドクニンジンは、ソクラテスの処刑に毒薬として用いられたことが知られており、茎の赤い斑点は、ヨーロッパでは「ソクラテスの血」と呼ばれることもある。
小さな白い花は、花序の中で密集しており、全体で直径10センチメートルから15センチメートルほどになる。葉はきれいにレース状に分かれており、一様に三角形をしている。とりわけ若葉は、パセリや、山菜のシャクと見間違えやすい。また植物全体が、しばしばフェンネルやワイルドキャロット（菜人参の原種）と取り違えられる。種子はウイキョウ（フェンネルシード）に似ており、肉色をした根は、たいてい枝分かれしておらず、パースニップと取り違えられる。ドクニンジンは、植物全体が臭気を放っていることが特徴と言われているため、食用植物と区別するには、臭みが手がかりとなりうる。たとえばドクニンジンを潰してやると、葉と根は、腐ったような（あるいはカビ臭い）不快な臭いがするのに対して、フェンネルの葉は、アニスやリコリスのような芳香がする（ただしパースニップも同じくらい臭いといわれるため、どのみち注意は必要である）。ドクニンジンかそれ以外の安全な植物かの見分けがつかないような場合は、ドクニンジンの毒性の高さを考慮して、廃棄することである。
ドクニンジンは、かつては日本に自生していなかった。しかし近年北海道の山野に不法に持ち込まれたものが植生しており、このためシャクと誤認して採取され、摂取された結果の死亡例も報告されている（北海道のほかに、東日本やアジア各地、北米大陸、豪州などでも帰化植物となった例が報告されている。ドクニンジンは、しばしば水辺やどぶなど、水はけの悪い土地で発見される）。
ドクニンジンは、各種の毒性アルカロイド（コニイン、N-メチルコニイン、コンヒドリン、N-プソイドコンヒドリン、γ-コニセインなど）を含む。これらの毒の中でも最も重大なのがコニインである。コニインは神経毒性の成分で、中枢神経の働きをおかし、呼吸筋を麻痺させる。人間や家畜にとって有害である。
ドクニンジンは春に目立つ。春はかいばやまぐさが消えてしまうからである。ドクニンジンは全身に毒を含んでいるが、いったん乾かしてやると、大幅に毒は減る。それでも毒が完全に消滅するわけではない。葉の見た目から、「まだらパセリ ("spotted parsley")」という別名もある。蝶の中には、幼虫の頃にドクニンジンを好んで食べるものがある。
ドクニンジンは、英語では「ヘムロック」（「毒草」の意味）と呼ばれるが、この語は時どき、同じセリ科のドクゼリと混用されている（ドクゼリの英語の俗称は「ウォーター・ヘムロック」である）。ちなみにスペイン語やポルトガル語では、ドクニンジンのことを「シクータ ("Cicuta")」と呼ぶが、英語ではドクゼリの意味で「シクータ」を用いる。慣習的にこのような混乱が見られるものの、ドクニンジンとドクゼリの違いは、容易に見分けることができる。
ドクニンジンは、鎮静剤や、痙攣止めの用途のために使われてきた。古代ギリシアや中世アラビアの医学では、関節炎などのさまざまな難病の治療にドクニンジンを用いている。しかしながら、治療法によっては必ずしも効能が期待できるわけでなく、服毒量もごく少なくしなければならない。大量の服用は危険が高く、呼吸困難に続いて麻痺や言語障害を引き起こし、死にすら至りかねないからである。
