dcsimg

Comments

provided by eFloras
Anemone quinquefolia and its relatives ( A . grayi , A . lancifolia , A . lyallii , A . oregana , and A . piperi ) are remarkably similar morphologically. Consideration of the sizes of various plant parts, degree of lobing of lateral leaflets, and orientation of the rhizome are particularly critical in distinguishing these species. This species complex also shares close morphologic affinities with both European (e.g., A . nemorosa Linnaeus) and Asian (e.g., A . altaica Fischer ex Ledebour) plants.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Aerial shoots 5-30 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes primarily horizontal. Basal leaves 0-1, ternate; petiole 4-25 cm; terminal leaflet ± sessile, rhombic to oblanceolate or obliquely oblanceolate, 1-4.5 × 1.4-3.7 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins crenate-serrate, serrate, occasionally dentate or incised on distal 1/3-1/2, apex acuminate to obtuse, surfaces glabrous or puberulous to pilose; lateral leaflets unlobed or 1×-lobed or -parted; ultimate lobes 4-15 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle puberulous, villous, or glabrous; involucral bracts 3, 1-tiered, ternate, ±similar to basal leaves, bases distinct; terminal leaflet petiolulate or sessile, rhombic to oblanceolate or obliquely oblanceolate, 1-5(-5.5) × 0.5-3 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins crenate to serrate, serrate to dentate, occasionally incised on distal 1/3-1/2, apex acuminate to acute, surfaces glabrous or puberulous to pilose; lateral leaflets unlobed or 1×-lobed or -parted, ultimate lobes 5-20 mm wide. Flowers: sepals (4-)5(-6), white, rarely pink, or abaxially white or tinged pink or blue and adaxially white, oblong to ovate, 6-25 × 4-8 mm, glabrous; stamens 30-60. Heads of achenes spheric or nearly so; pedicel 1-6(-8) cm. Achenes: body ellipsoid or ovoid, 2.5-4.5 × 1-1.5 mm, not winged, puberulous or villous; beak straight to curved, rarely recurved, 0.5-2 mm, ±glabrous to sparsely puberulous, not plumose.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Anemonoides quinquefolia

provided by wikipedia EN

Anemonoides quinquefolia (French: anémone à cinq folioles), a flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to North America.[1] It is commonly called wood anemone or windflower, not to be confused with Anemonoides nemorosa, a closely related European species also known by these common names.[2][3] The specific epithet quinquefolia means "five-leaved", which is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets. A plant typically has a single, small white flower with 5 sepals (but no petals).

Description

The leaf has three leaflets, but appears to have five.

Anemonoides quinquefolia is a perennial herbaceous plant with a horizontal underground rhizome 1–3 mm (0.04–0.12 in) thick.[4] There are two distinct leaf forms: stem leaves and a basal leaf.[2] The flowering stem (which includes the stem leaves) and the basal leaf emanate from the same base point on the rhizome, but since the rhizome is underground, this gives the appearance of two distinct plants, one flowering and one nonflowering.[5] The flowering stem emerges first (if at all), followed by the basal leaf once the plant has flowered.[3]

The flowering plant stands 5–20 cm (2–8 in) tall, occasionally reaching heights of 30 cm (12 in). A whorl of three ternate petiolate leaves (technically bracts) subtends the flower. The lateral leaflets of each stem leaf may be lobed, giving the appearance of five leaflets per leaf. Each leaflet is up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long, with serrate leaf margins (edges) and branched (not parallel) veins. The flower stalk rises directly from the leaf whorl. The solitary flower is 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1.0 in) across with 4–9 (usually 5) sepals (but no petals) and 30–60 white-tipped stamens. Each sepal is 6–25 mm (0.2–1.0 in) long and 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide. The petal-like sepals are usually white but occasionally they are pink, or with a pink base and white tip, or with a white base and a pink or blue tip. The fruits are beaked achenes 2.5–4.5 millimetres (0.1–0.2 in) long, oblong in shape with hooked styles.[2][5][3][6]

The single basal leaf is a ternate leaf with a petiole 4–25 cm (2–10 in) long. The long petiole (leaf stalk) rises directly from the rhizome. The lateral leaflets are usually lobed (even more so than the stem leaves), giving the appearance of five leaflets (hence the specific epithet quinquefolia, which means "five-leaved"). Each leaflet is up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) long.[2]

Taxonomy

Anemonoides quinquefolia was originally named Anemone quinquefolia by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753). He described it as having five oval serrated leaves,[7] hence the specific epithet quinquefolia, which means "five-leaved".[8] However, this is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets.

Anemonoides quinquefolia was described by Josef Ludwig Holub in 1973. The name has many synonyms. In particular, the species was previously treated as a subspecies of Anemone nemorosa,[1] now known as Anemonoides nemorosa.

Anemonoides quinquefolia is a member of a species complex that includes A. grayi, A. lancifolia, A. oregana, and A. piperi. Members of the complex have remarkably similar morphology.[2]

Infraspecific taxa

The Flora of North America accepts and treats two varieties of Anemonoides quinquefolia:

The two are distinguished mainly by the size of the achene (the fruit), the body of which is 2.5–3 mm (0.10–0.12 in) in A. q. var. minima as compared to 3–4.5 mm (0.12–0.18 in) in A. q. var. quinquefolia.[9][5]

Other sources accept additional varieties, such as A. quinquefolia var. bifolia,[10] but Kew's Plants of the World Online lists no accepted infraspecific taxa for this species.[1]

Distribution

Anemonoides quinquefolia is native to North America. It ranges from Manitoba across the Great Lakes region to Nova Scotia, south along the Appalachian Mountains to central Alabama. Further west there are isolated populations in Alberta, North Dakota, and Missouri. It prefers moist open woods, thickets, and clearings. It is also found along streams and occasionally in swampy areas.[9][11]

Ecology

Anemonoides quinquefolia is a long-lived perennial geophyte that spreads by means of underground rhizomes. The small rhizomes are situated just below the surface in the humus-rich layer of decaying tree leaves. There the plant slowly spreads to form patches that can reach several feet in diameter.[12]

An individual plant may take 5 years or longer to flower.[6] A. quinquefolia flowers between March and June depending on location.[9] It is a spring ephemeral with a very short growing season. It emerges early in the spring, reproduces quickly, and dies back to its rhizome by midsummer.

The flower of A. quinquefolia is nyctinastic, that is, the flower closes at night (and on cloudy days) and opens during the day.[13] This habit protects the reproductive organs, maintains the viability of pollen, and may be a possible defensive strategy against herbivores.[14]

A. quinquefolia is a myrmecochore, that is, its seeds are dispersed by ants. Each seed has a fleshy structure called an elaiosome, a nutrient-rich appendage that attracts ants.[15]

The ranges of A. quinquefolia and A. lancifolia overlap in the southeastern United States where the two species interbreed. The resulting hybrids have intermediate characteristics, which makes identification extremely difficult.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Anemonoides quinquefolia (L.) Holub". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone quinquefolia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 2014-05-28 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  3. ^ a b c Britton, Nathaniel Lord; Brown, Addison (1897). An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States: Portulaca to Gentian. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 64. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  4. ^ Haines, Arthur (2011). New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England. Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison. Yale University Press. p. 751. ISBN 978-0-300-17154-9.
  5. ^ a b c d Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone quinquefolia var. minima". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 2020-11-29 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ a b Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Anemone quinquefolia (Wood Anemone)". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  7. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. p. 541. foliis quinatis ovalibus serratis
  8. ^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  9. ^ a b c d e Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone quinquefolia var. quinquefolia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 2020-11-29 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  10. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Anemone quinquefolia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  11. ^ " Anemone quinquefolia". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  12. ^ Pace, Matthew (May 1, 2012). "The Wood Anemone: Lending a Helping Hand After 111 Years". The New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  13. ^ Eastman, John Andrew (1992). The Book of Forest and Thicket: Trees, Shrubs, and Wildflowers of Eastern North America. Stackpole Books. p. 1. ISBN 9780811730464. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  14. ^ Prokop, Pavol; Fedor, Peter (2016). "Why do flowers close at night? Experiments with the Lesser celandine Ficaria verna Huds (Ranunculaceae)" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 118 (3): 698–702. doi:10.1111/bij.12752. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  15. ^ Mitchell, Chris E.; Turner, Monica G.; Pearson, Scott M. (2002). "Effects of historical land use and forest patch size on myrmecochores and ant communities" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 12 (5): 1364–1377. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1364:EOHLUA]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Anemonoides quinquefolia: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Anemonoides quinquefolia (French: anémone à cinq folioles), a flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to North America. It is commonly called wood anemone or windflower, not to be confused with Anemonoides nemorosa, a closely related European species also known by these common names. The specific epithet quinquefolia means "five-leaved", which is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets. A plant typically has a single, small white flower with 5 sepals (but no petals).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN