Associations
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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
cleistothecium of Erysiphe polygoni parasitises live Persicaria amphibia
Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus scutula is saprobic on dead, lying in water stem of Persicaria amphibia
Remarks: season: 9-11
Other: uncertain
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Phytobius quadricorniger feeds on Persicaria amphibia
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Phytobius quadrinodosus feeds on Persicaria amphibia
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Plagiostoma devexum is saprobic on dead stem of Persicaria amphibia
Foodplant / parasite
amphigenous telium of Puccinia polygoni-amphibii var. polygoni-amphibii parasitises live leaf of Persicaria amphibia
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Pyrenopeziza polygoni is saprobic on dead stem of Persicaria amphibia
Remarks: season: 7
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Rhinoncus albicinctus feeds on Persicaria amphibia
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Rhinoncus inconspectus feeds on Persicaria amphibia
Foodplant / gall
Wachtliella persicariae causes gall of leaf of Persicaria amphibia
Comments
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Persicaria amphibia is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere and naturalized in Mexico, South America, and southern Africa. It is highly polymorphic and the most hydrophytic of the native North American smartweeds (R. S. Mitchell 1976). In recent decades, botanists have tended to follow Mitchell (1968) in recognizing two endemic, intergrading North American varieties. Studies by G. Turesson (1961) and Mitchell (1968, 1976) have shown that phenotypic extremes in the species are part of a cline of nearly continuous morphological variation that is strongly correlated with submergence, but also with some genetic integrity. Formal recognition of varieties is even less tenable when Eurasian elements also are considered.
Aquatic-adapted plants, which bloom in water or are sometimes stranded on land, have been called var. stipulacea (although that epithet may not be the oldest one available for the taxon). They produce ovoid-conic to short-cylindric inflorescences 10-40(-60) mm, prostrate aerial stems, and leaf blades that are glabrous with acute to rounded apices. Terrestrial forms of this ecotype usually are spreading-pubescent and often bear ocreae that are foliaceous, green, and flared distally, characters found only in North American plants (R. S. Mitchell 1968).
Terrestrial-adapted plants, referred to var. emersa, bloom on moist soil and produce short- to elongate-cylindric inflorescences 40-110(-150) mm, spreading or erect aerial stems, and leaf blades that are appressed-pubescent with acute to acuminate apices. They produce ocreae that are entirely chartaceous and not flared distally. Emergent and terrestrial plants of this ecotype exhibit less phenotypic plasticity and a lower frequency of heterostyly than do plants of the aquatic ecotype (R. S. Mitchell 1968).
R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean (1978) and H. R. Hinds (2000) recognized var. amphibia, the Eurasian element, as introduced in New York and New Brunswick, respectively. These plants are morphologically intermediate between the North American ecotypes and often indistinguishable from North American plants (Mitchell and Dean).
The Meskwaki and Ojibwa used leaves, stems, and roots as a drug to treat a variety of maladies, the Potawatomi used roots to treat unspecified ailments, and the Lakota and Sioux used plants for food (D. E. Moerman 1998).
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Comments
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A variable species, sometimes different varieties are recognized on the basis of aerial and floating stems. However, this variation seems to be correlated with the habitat and several intermediate forms are also met with.
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Description
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Plants perennial, 2-12 dm in terrestrial plants, to 30 dm in some aquatic plants; roots also sometimes arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes or stolons usually present. Stems prostrate to ascending or erect, simple or branched, ribbed, glabrous or strigose to hirsute. Leaves: ocrea tan to dark brown, cylindric or flared distally, 5-50 mm, chartaceous or, sometimes, foliaceous distally, base inflated, margins truncate to oblique, glabrous or ciliate with hairs 0.5-4.5 mm, surface glabrous or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, not glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1-3(-7) cm, glabrous or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15(-23) × 1-6(-8) cm, base usually tapered to acute or rounded, rarely cordate, margins antrorsely scabrous, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or sparingly strigose, midveins glabrous or strigose, not glandular-punctate. Inflorescences terminal, ascending to erect, uninterrupted or interrupted proximally, 10-150 × 8-20 mm; peduncle 10-50 mm, glabrous or strigose to hirsute, often stipitate-glandular; ocreolae overlapping except sometimes proximal ones, margins ciliate with bristles to 1 mm. Pedicels ascending, 0.5-1.5 mm. Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, some plants having only staminate flowers, others with only pistillate flowers, 1-3(-4) per ocreate fascicle, heterostylous; perianth roseate to red, glabrous, not glandular-punctate, slightly accrescent; tepals 5, connate ca. 3 their lengths, obovate to elliptic, 4-6 mm, veins prominent, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex rounded to acute; stamens 5, included or exserted; anthers pink or red, elliptic; styles 2, included or exserted, connate 2- 3 their length. Achenes included, dark brown, biconvex, (2-)2.2-3 × (1.5-)1.8-2.6 mm, shiny or dull, smooth or minutely granular. 2n = 66, 132.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
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Erect, 30-80 cm tall, floating or submerged (amphibious), perennial herb. Stem floating, submerged or aerial, glabrous or sometime covered with stiff hairs, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 6-12 x 2-4 cm, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse-acute, truncate or subcordate at base, petiolate or subsessile, petiole 4-10 cm long. Ochreae 10-20 mm long, truncate, glabrous or rarely sparsely ciliate-hispid. Inflorescence densely flowered, conical, 8-30 mm long, solitary raceme. Ochreolae 1-2 x c. 1 mm, ovate. Flowers pedicellate. Tepals 5, biseriate, bright red or pink, 2-2.5 x 1.5-2 mm narrowly elliptic. Stamens 5, exerted. Ovary oval, 1.3-2 mm long, with inserted or exserted styles, styles 2, 2-4 mm long, free, stigma capitate. Nuts 2.5-3.3 x 1.5-2.0 mm, ovoid or orbicular, shining, dark brown, inserted or slightly exerted with the base of style forming a persistent beak.
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Distribution
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Europe, W. Asia, Himalaya (Kashmir, Kumaun to Bhutan), Tibet, Siberia, China, N. Japan, N. America.
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Distribution
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Distribution: Europe, W. Asia, Himalayas (Pakistan, Kashmir to Bhutan), Xizang, Siberia, China, Japan and North America.
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Distribution
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St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Ont. , P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico; South America; Eurasia; Africa.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Elevation Range
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2900-3800 m
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Flower/Fruit
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Fl. Per.: June-September.
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering Jun-Sep.
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Habitat
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Grows between 800-4500 m.
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Habitat
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Shallow water, shorelines of ponds and lakes, banks of rivers and streams, moist prairies and meadows; 0-3000m.
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Synonym
provided by eFloras
Polygonum amphibium L., Sp. Pl. 361. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 34. 1886; Rech.f. & Schiman-Czeika in Rech.f., Fl. Iran. 56: 56. 1968; R.R.Stewart, Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pak. & Kashm. 203. 1972; Bhopal & Chaudhri in Pak. Syst. 1(2): 76. 1977; Polygonum amphibium var. natans Leyss., Fl. Hall. 391. 1761; var. terrestre Leyss. l.c.; Polygonum pusporium Gilib. Exerc. Phytol. 2: 433. 1792; Polygonum amurense Niewalnd in Amer.Midl. Nat. 2: 183. 1821; Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray var. natans (Leyss.) Munshi & Javeid, l.c. 63 and var. terrestre (Leyss.) Munshi & Javeid, l.c.
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Synonym
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Polygonum amphibium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 361. 1753; Persicaria amphibia (Linnaeus) Gray var. emersa (Michaux) J. C. Hickman; P. amphibia var. stipulacea (N. Coleman) H. Hara; P. coccinea (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Greene; P. hartwrightii (A. Gray) Greene; P. muhlenbergia (S. Watson) Small; Polygonum amphibium var. emersum Michaux; P. amphibium subsp. laevimarginatum Hultén; P. amphibium var. natans Michaux; P. amphibium var. stipulaceum N. Coleman; P. coccineum Muhlenberg ex Willdenow; P. coccineum var. pratincola (Greene) Stanford; P. coccineum var. rigidulum (E. Sheldon) Stanford; P. emersum (Michaux) Britton; P. hartwrightii A. Gray; P. natans (Michaux) Eaton
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Persicaria amphibia
provided by wikipedia EN
Persicaria amphibia (syn. Polygonum amphibium) is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by several common names, including longroot smartweed, water knotweed, water smartweed, and amphibious bistort. It is native to much of North America, Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa,[2] and it grows elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed.
Distribution and habitat
Persicaria amphibia is native to a large area across the northern hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, North America, and parts of Africa. It has been introduced elsewhere, such as South America and other parts of Africa.[3]
It grows in many types of wet habitat, such as ponds, streams, and marshes. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb which takes a variety of forms and is quite variable in morphology. It may be an aquatic plant, growing submerged or floating in water bodies, it may grow in muddy and wet areas which are periodically inundated, and it may grow in moist spots on land, such as in meadows.
Dry-land and fully aquatic plants are sometimes considered different named varieties of the species.[4]
Description
Persicaria amphibia produces a thick stem from its rhizome. The stem may creep, float, or grow erect, rooting at stem nodes that come in contact with moist substrate. Stems are known to reach 3 meters (10 feet) long in aquatic individuals. The stems are ribbed and may be hairless to quite hairy in texture.[4]
Leaves are lance-shaped or take various other shapes and are borne on petioles. They may be over 30 centimeters (1 foot) in length. The inflorescence is a dense terminal cluster of many five-lobed pink flowers.[4]
Plants may have bisexual or unisexual flowers, with some plants bearing only male or only female flowers. The fruit is a shiny brown rounded achene around 3 mm (0.12 in) long.[4]
Varieties
Three varieties are generally recognized, though some authorities consider P. a. var. emersa a distinct species, Persicaria coccinea.[5]
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P. a. var. emersa (longroot smartweed) – Plants palustrine, usually with emergent leafy stems; ocreae never with flared apices; aerial leaves petiolate with acuminate tips; inflorescence spikes terminal, usually 2 (unequal),> 4 cm long.[5]
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P. a. var. stipulacea – Plants aquatic, usually with floating stems and leaves; ocreae with flared apices (when stranded); aerial leaves (when present) nearly sessile with somewhat cordate bases and blunt apices; inflorescence spikes usually 1, greater than 4 cm (1.6 in) long.[5] In North America, P. a. var. stipulacea does not grow south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet except in the mountain west and Mexico.[6]
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P. a. var. amphibia – European[4]
P. a. var. emersa long spike
P. a. var. emersa short spike
P. a. var. stipulacea aquatic form
P. a. var. stipulacea terrestrial form
Uses
Various parts of this plant were used by several Native American groups as medicinal remedies and sometimes as food.[7]
References
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Persicaria amphibia: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Persicaria amphibia (syn. Polygonum amphibium) is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by several common names, including longroot smartweed, water knotweed, water smartweed, and amphibious bistort. It is native to much of North America, Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa, and it grows elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed.
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