dcsimg
Image of pipsissewa
Creatures » » Plants » » Dicotyledons » » Heather Family »

Pipsissewa

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Barton

Comments

provided by eFloras
Chimaphila umbellata is an evergreen subshrub occurring principally in the coniferous forests of the temperate regions of the N hemisphere. This species has been divided into five geographically delimited infraspecific taxa, and only the typical subsp. umbellata is distributed in China.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 14: 246 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Shrubs or herbs, to 15 cm tall, clonal, often forming extensive mats. Rhizome long creeping, 1–2 mm in diam., branched. Aerial stems erect or ascending, 1–2.2 mm in diam., simple or branched, angled, glabrous. Leaves cauline, in 2–6 subverticils of 4–9 each, alternating with caducous scales; petiole 3–6 mm, glabrous; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, oblanceolate, 1–5 cm × 6–8 mm, thickly leathery, shiny, adaxially glabrous and with veins impressed, base cuneate, margin serrate above middle, apex obtuse to subacute. Peduncle erect, 3–6 cm, papillose, 2–7-flowered. Bract broadly linear, 3–4 mm. Sepals 5, persistent, ovate-orbicular, 1–2 × 1–2 mm, margin irregularly toothed, ciliate. Petals white, sometimes rosy, suborbicular, 4–6 × 3–5 mm, concave, margin irregularly toothed, opening fully. Stamens: lower dilated portion of filaments broadly ellipsoid, sparsely papillose; anthers 1.5–2.3 mm, papillate at base, tubes short, pores ca. 0.4 mm wide. Ovary longitudinally papillose, 5-loculed; stigma rounded, with 5 shallow lobes, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam. Capsules 4–7 mm in diam., fibers absent or oblong, 0.6–0.7 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 26.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 14: 246 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Habitat & Distribution

provided by eFloras
Dry coniferous or deciduous broad-leaved forests; low elevations. Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Russia; widely distributed elsewhere in N temperate zone].
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 14: 246 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: prescribed fire, restoration

The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments
in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana
provides
information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community
species, including pipsissewa, that was not available when this species
review was written.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
pipsissewa
prince's-pine
prince's pine
waxflower
wintergreen
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: natural

Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica is listed as threatened in Ohio
by the Natural Heritage Program [85]. Chimaphila species are considered
vulnerable in New York and may become rare, threatened, or endangered in
the future if collection and/or development continues. They are
protected under the 1974 New York State Wildflower Law [50].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: capsule, herb, shrub

Pipsissewa is a native evergreen low shrub or perennial rhizomatous
herb.  The woody stems are usually 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) tall and
the leathery, whorled leaves are sharply serrate.  The fertile stems are
generally erect and may have 2 to 15 flowers.  Fruits are depressed,
globose capsules which often persist through the winter
[25,39,57,70,72,82].

Across its range, pipsissea was show wide variation in size; in leaf
blade length, number of teeth, and prominence of lower surface venation;
in sepal shape; and in stigma and capsule size [31].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pipsissewa is a circumboreal species that is widely distributed in
the northern hemisphere.  It is found from Newfoundland to Alaska south
to California and Mexico, and east to New Mexico, Colorado, and South
Dakota.  It is also found in the eastern United States from Maine south
in the mountains to Georgia and west to Minnesota [25,44,63,67,81,82].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: duff, fire severity, fire-sensitive species, severity

Pipsissewa is a fire-sensitive species that is very susceptible to
damage and often shows a strong decline following fire [33,52,71,78].
Survival probably depends to a great extent on damage to rhizomes, so it
depends on depth of rhizomes, fire severity, and consumption of duff
[68,78].  Loss of the long-lived evergreen leaves may also reduce
survival.  Postfire vegetative recovery depends primarily on the
survival of scattered individuals in undisturbed microsites [33].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, selection, tree

Pipsissewa is a component in many subzones in which guidelines for
prescribed burning and tree species selection have been developed in the
Vancouver Forest District, British Columbia [46].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: chamaephyte, geophyte

   Chamaephyte
   Geophyte
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: soil moisture regimes

Pipsissewa is found in a wide variety of soils and soil moisture
regimes.  It most commonly occurs in mixed woods and coniferous forests
[17,24,35,38,44] on dry, well-drained, rocky or sandy soils
[7,18,24,26].  In coastal regions of British Columbia, pipsissewa is
an indicator of dry to very dry, nutrient-poor soils in montane boreal,
temperate, and cool mesothermal climates.  Its occurrence decreases with
increasing elevation and precipitation, and increases with
continentality [47].  In Ontario, pipsissewa most often occurs on
sandy or rocky soil on well-drained sites, on gravel terraces, and in
jack pine (Pinus banksiana) barrens [70].  In red pine (P.
resinosa)-white pine (P. strobus) forests of Voyageurs National Park,
Minnesota, pipsissewa is found on dry, shallow, well-drained,
nutrient poor to medium loamy sand to sandy loam soils [51].  In the
nearby Boundary Waters Canoe area, pipsissewa is found on shallow,
sandy soils to deep soils with a high clay content [59].

Pipsissewa also occurs in moist or imperfectly-drained situations
throughout its range.  It is found on moist sites in oak ecosystems of
Michigan [2], on moist sites in the Black Hills of South Dakota [72],
and in lodgepole pine (P. contorta) forests in Alberta [9].  In the
Adirondack Mountains of New York, pipsissewa occurs on well- to
imperfectly-drained sites, most often under pines (Pinus spp.) on
outwash soils, but also on tills in mixed woods [50].

Pipsissewa occurs in the following elevational ranges:

                         feet              meters
               _________________________________________________
               UT     6,930-9,570     2,100-2,900 [82]
               AZ     6,000-9,570     1,800-2,900 [31]
               CA     1,000-9,570       300-2,900 [38,57]
               CO     8,000-11,500    2,400-3,500 [35]
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    12  Black spruce
    13  Black spruce - tamarack
    14  Northern pin oak
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    17  Pin cherry
    18  Paper birch
    19  Gray birch - red maple
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine - hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    24  Hemlock - yellow birch
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    26  Sugar maple - basswood
    27  Sugar maple
    30  Red spruce - yellow birch
    31  Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce - balsam fir
    34  Red spruce - Fraser fir
    35  Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
    37  Northern white-cedar
    38  Tamarack
    42  Bur oak
    45  Pitch pine
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    58  Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
    59  Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
    60  Beech - sugar maple
    63  Cottonwood
   107  White spruce
   108  Red maple
   110  Black oak
   201  White spruce
   202  White spruce - paper birch
   203  Balsam poplar
   204  Black spruce
   205  Mountain hemlock
   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   207  Red fir
   208  Whitebark pine
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   212  Western larch
   213  Grand fir
   215  Western white pine
   217  Aspen
   218  Lodgepole pine
   222  Black cottonwood - willow
   223  Sitka spruce
   224  Western hemlock
   225  Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
   226  Coastal true fir - hemlock
   227  Western redcedar - western hemlock
   228  Western redcedar
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   230  Douglas-fir - western hemlock
   231  Port-Orford-cedar
   232  Redwood
   233  Oregon white oak
   234  Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
   235  Cottonwood - willow
   236  Bur oak
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   243  Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
   244  Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
   245  Pacific ponderosa pine
   246  California black oak
   249  Canyon live oak
   251  White spruce - aspen
   252  Paper birch
   253  Black spruce - white spruce
   254  Black spruce -  paper birch
   256  California mixed subalpine
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES22  Western white pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES24  Hemlock - Sitka spruce
   FRES25  Larch
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES27  Redwood
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest, shrub

   K001  Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
   K002  Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
   K003  Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K004  Fir - hemlock forest
   K005  Mixed conifer forest
   K006  Redwood forest
   K007  Red fir forest
   K008  Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
   K010  Ponderosa shrub forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K013  Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce - fir forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K019  Arizona pine forest
   K020  Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K021  Southwestern spruce - fir forest
   K026  Oregon oakwoods
   K029  California mixed evergreen forest
   K030  California oakwoods
   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K094  Conifer bog
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest
   K097  Southeastern spruce - fir forest
   K098  Northern floodplain forest
   K099  Maple - basswood forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K102  Beech - maple forest
   K103  Mixed mesophytic forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
   K109  Transition between K104 and K106
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: top-kill

Pipsissewa has a moderate to high probability of being killed by fire
[40,76].  Low-severity fires that do not consume the organic mantle may
only top-kill it.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, stolon

Pipsissewa is of minor importance in winter, spring, and fall diets
of Roosevelt elk in the Pacific Northwest [43].  It is a component
of white-tailed deer winter diets in the Swan Valley, Montana [56].

Mature stands of white fir (Abies concolor)-giant chinquapin
(Chrysolepsis chrysophylla)/pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites)-prince's
pine and Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis)-white
fir-giant chinquapin/pipsissewa-long stolon sedge (Carex inops) plant
associations in the Winema National Forest are critical elk calving and
deer fawning habitat.  They are also important for feeding and nesting
sites for birds and are suitable habitats for spotted owls, goshawks,
and pileated woodpeckers [40].  White fir-Brewer spruce/pipsissewa
plant associations in the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province are
also excellent wildlife habitat [8].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: association, forest, natural, tree

Pipsissewa is a common understory species in many habitat types
throughout its range but often does not reach dominance.  It is found in
coniferous and mixed forests with numerous tree species.  In addition to
those already mentioned, pipsissewa may occur with sugar pine (Pinus
lambertiana), giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea), and Brewer spruce (Picea
breweriana) [6,65,79].  Several publications that list pipsissewa as
a dominant understory species in the western United States follow.

Description and classification of the forests of the upper Illinois
  River drainage of southwestern Oregon [6]
Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province [8]
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain
  Province [7]
Terrestrial vegetation of California [66]
Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington [21]
Plant association and management guide: Willamette National Forest [37]
Plant associations of south Chiloquin and Klamath Ranger
  Districts--Winema National Forest [40]
Vegetation and fire history of a ponderosa pine-white fir forest in
   Crater Lake National Park [53]

Associated species are well described for the Northwest and include
baldhip rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), Nootka rose (R. nutkana), Greene
mountain-ash (Sorbus scopulina), common snowberry (Symphoricarpos
albus), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), Pacific yew
(Taxus brevifolia), huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.), russet buffaloberry
(Shepherdia canadensis), spiraea (Spiraea spp.), menziesia (Menziesia
ferruginea), creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis), common juniper
(J. communis), pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites), snowbrush ceanothus
(Ceanothus velutinus), Utah honeysuckle (Lonicera utahensis), currant
(Ribes spp.), raspberry (Rubus spp.), twinflower (Linnaea borealis),
bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax),
Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens), queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora),
violet (Viola spp.), strawberry (Fragaria spp.), sweet-scented bedstraw
(Galium trifolium), pyrola (Pyrola spp.), oneleaf foamflower (Tiarella
unifoliata), western rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia),
pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), and elk sedge (Carex geyeri)
[1,7,14,28,37].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forb, shrub

Shrub, Forb
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, forest, frequency, natural, presence, selection, tree

In a study of lodgepole pine stands in spruce (Picea engelmannii and P.
glauca)/queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora) habitat types in Glacier
National Park, pipsissewa displayed a significant (p less than .10) decrease in
frequency in response to a mountain pine beetle infestation and was more
numerous on sites never infested than sites infested 80 years earlier.
It was negatively correlated to overstory removal and increased light
intensity, as shown by a steady decline in cover and frequency following
the epidemic [3].

Pipsissewa is a major constituent of old-growth forests in the Swan
Valley, Montana.  It often persists only on sheltered, unburned
microsites.  It is present (39% frequency) in untreated old-growth and
mature stands but is absent from burned clearcuts and plantation sites
(20-30 years old).  Where standing trees remain to provide cover,
frequency may be as high as 67 percent in stands that have been select
cut without burning [22].  At other locations pipsissewa has
essentially disappeared from stands or has had a major decrease in
frequency or cover following stand removal with or without subsequent
burning [4,5,14,74].

In the Vancouver Forest Region of British Columbia, pipsissewa is an
indicator species in several variants of biogeoclimatic units for which
guidelines for site diagnosis, tree species selection, and slash burning
have been developed [26].  It is used as an indicator of good forest
sites in the Winema and Fremont National Forests, Oregon.  When
associated with twinflower, it is an indicator of the best fir (Abies
spp.) sites [32,40].  The presence of pipsissewa is used to predict
natural regeneration success under partially cut stands on the Dead
Indian Plateau in southwest Oregon [55].

Pipsissewa is not a serious competitor to conifer seedlings [7].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AK  AZ  CA  CO  CT  DE  GA  ID  IL  IN
     IA  KY  ME  MD  MA  MI  MN  MT  NV  NH
     NJ  NM  NY  NC  OH  OR  PA  RI  SC  SD
     TN  UT  VT  VA  WA  WV  WI  WY  AB  BC
     MB  NB  NF  NT  NS  ON  PE  PQ  SK  YT
     MEXICO
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Historically, pipsissewa roots and leaves were boiled and the
infusion was ingested as a treatment for tuberculosis and long-lasting
colds.  The leaves were also used as an astringent.  Pipsissewa can
also be used as an ingredient in root beer [34,40].
 
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Pipsissewa flowers from June to August throughout its range
[17,24,25,31,57].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, fire severity, forest, frequency, severity, wildfire

Postfire response of pipsissewa is variable and is probably most
dependent on fire severity and the uniformity of the burn.  Some studies
have reported pipsissewa surviving fire.  In mixed western
hemlock-Douglas-fir-western redcedar (Thuja plicata) stands in North
Cascades National Park, Washington, pipsissewa was considered a
residual species following a July wildfire.  Its frequency in postfire
years 1, 2, and 3 was 65.3, 52.1, and 52.1 percent, respectively [54].

Pipsissewa appeared to survive on moderately burned sites following
the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park in July, 1974,
but was eliminated from severely burned sites.  The prefire vegetation
was spruce-fir with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and whitebark pine
(P. albicaulis).  Pipsissewa had the following percent frequency and
cover as measured in 1975 [10]:

                         Frequency     Cover
______________________________________________
Unburned sites              52           5
Sites burned in 1932         2         trace
Moderately burned sites     17           1
Severely burned sites        0           0 

In the northern Rocky Mountains, slow recovery after fire has been
reported.  Pipsissewa was eliminated from initial postfire
communities by a severe wildfire in western larch (Larix
occidentalis)-Douglas-fir stands on the Flathead National Forest,
Montana [75].  In western larch-fir (Abies grandis and A. lasiocarpa)
stands on the Flathead and Lolo National Forests, Montana, pipsissewa
had not recovered by postfire year 9 following logging and broadcast
burning [74].  Pipsissewa was also absent 10 months after a
late-summer wildfire in lodgepole pine stands in the Chamberlain Basin,
Idaho.  It was found on adjacent unburned sites and was present on
burned sites 5 years after the fire, but had less biomass production
than on unburned sites [61].

Variable responses to fire have been reported for pipsissewa in
Minnesota.  It survived the Little Sioux Wildfire in May, 1971, in mixed
conifer-hardwood stands in northeastern Minnesota.  Number of
individuals (on seventy 0.605 sq m plots) and aboveground average dry
weight per individual pipsissewa were measured at the end of each
growing season for the first 5 postfire years [58]:

                       1971     1972      1973     1974     1975
________________________________________________________________
No. of individuals      15     no data     57       30        7
Ave. dry wt. (g)       .07     no data    .33      .29      .46

Pipsissewa responded more slowly after wildfires in second-growth
mixed conifer-hardwood forests in northeastern Minnesota.  It was not
present in postfire years 3, 5, or 14 after the April Heartlake Fire.
It was not present on the Kelley Creek Burn, resulting from a July fire,
at postfire year 2 but had a frequency of 3 percent in postfire years 5
and 11 [48].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: herb, rhizome

   Rhizomatous low woody plant, rhizome in organic mantle
   Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: duff, forest, fruit, herb

Pipsissewa reproduces both sexually and vegetatively.  Flowers have
been observed being pollinated by bumblebees and staphylinid beetles
[11]. Pipsissewa develops numerous, minute seeds [25,57,72].  Their
dispersal mechanism has not been documented.  A New Brunswick study of
boreal herb reproductive biology found that pipsissewa flowered for
an average of 30 days.  Fruit set was low for flowers opening at the
beginning of the flowering period.  Eighty-three percent of buds opened
and 76.5 percent survived the flowering period.  Forty-seven percent of
flower buds eventually developed fruit, and 45.6 percent actually
matured fruit [36].

Pipsissewa produces long rhizomes that normally grow at a fast rate.
Genets are generally long-lived [83].  Reports differ concerning the
depth of pipsissewa rhizomes.  In a study of the Douglas-fir forest
zone in southern interior British Columbia, McLean [52] listed prince's
pine with species that have rhizomes growing from 2 to 5 inches (5-13
cm) below the mineral soil surface.  Most of those species are able to
regenerate from those depths, but he stated that only pipsissewa
rhizomes near the soil surface are able to produce new shoots.  Stickney
[78] reported that in the northern Rocky Mountains, pipsissewa
rhizomes are confined to the duff near or above the mineral soil
surface.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    7  Lower Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, cover, frequency, succession

Pipsissewa has been classified as moderately shade tolerant to
tolerant throughout its range [26,29,42,47,50,60].  Its highest
frequency or cover is probably reached at intermediate light levels,
such as in relatively open conifer stands in the Siskiyou Mountains of
Oregon [15].

In the western Cascades, pipsissewa is significantly more frequent
(p less than .05) under a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) canopy than under a
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) canopy (71% vs. 4% frequency).
Average cover under western hemlock is less than 1.0 percent compared to
12.5 percent under Douglas-fir.  The difference may be due to less
direct radiation in the western hemlock stands [73].

Pipsissewa is present throughout succession and occurs in stands of
all ages [28,29,59,64,71].  It is found in relatively young stands
[1,20,45], but is probably more frequent in mid-successional stages and
mature forests [3,5,21,29].  Pipsissewa is a common understory
component in many old-growth and climax forests of the Pacific Northwest
[20,27,30,42].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pyrola umbellata L. [41,82]
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of pipsissewa is Chimaphila
umbellata (L.) Barton [17,39,57,81,82]. Pipsissewa comprises a
circumboreal complex in which several geographical varieties have been
recognized [70]. The following varieties and subspecies are accepted:

Chimaphila umbellata var. umbellata (Eurasia) [70]
Chimaphila umbellata var. occidentalis (Rydb.) Blake (western North America)
[17,38,39,57,82]
Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica Blake (eastern North America)
[17,24,63,70]
Chimaphila umbellata var. acuta (Rydb.) Blake (Arizona and New Mexico) [35,44]
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. domingensis (S.F. Blake) Dorr (Dominican Republic) [84]
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. mexicana (DC.) Hulten (Mexico) [41]
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pipsissewa is sensitive to trampling and has a low potential for
recovery.  It may, however, recover from very low (less than 40 passes
per year) or low (75-100 passes per year) trampling intensities [13].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 300. 1814
ChimaphilaumbellataW. Barton, Yeg. Mat. Med. X: 17,inpart. 1817. Not PyrolaumbeUatal,. 1753. Pyrola corymbosa Bertol. Novi Comm. Acad. Bonon. 6: 428. 1844.
Suffruticose perennial; stems 5-15 cm. high, often branched, brown or grayish, more or less angled, especially under the nodes ; leaves in verticils of 3-7 ; petioles very short ; blades narrowly oblanceolate or the earlier broader, 2.5-7 cm. long, dark-green and shining above, pale and with rather strong lateral veins beneath, entire towards the base, sharply serrate above, decidedly acute with a large terminal tooth ; pedicels in flower divergent, and somewhat recurved, in fruit becoming nearly erect; sepals broadly ovate, as broad as long, erose; petals elliptic, ciUolate, greenish-white, tinged with rose; dilated portion of the filaments obovate, ciliolate on the margins; anthers about 2 mm. long, attached at the middle; stigma two thirds as broad as the ovary; capsule obovoid-subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter.
Type I.OCALITY: Canada.
Distribution: Woods, from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Wisconsin; Santo Domingo. I1.1.USTRATIONS : Novi Comm. Acad. Bonon. 6: pi. 20; Bot. Mag. pi. 778; Bigel. Med. Bot. pi. 21; W. Barton, Veg. Mat. Med. pi. 1; Meehan's Mo. 7: pi. 9; Mathers, Field Book 320. /. 1.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
bibliographic citation
John Kunkel Small, NathanieI Lord Britton, Per Axel Rydberg, LeRoy Abrams. 1914. ERICALES, CLETHRACEAE, LENNOACEAE, PTROLACEAE, MONOTROPACEAE, ERICACEAE, UVA-URSI. North American flora. vol 29(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
original
visit source
partner site
North American Flora

Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Chimaphila mexicana (DC.) Rydberg, sp. nov
Chimaphila umbellata mexicana DC. Prodr. 7: 775. 1839.
Suffruticose perennial; stem angled, 2 dm. or more high; leaves in verticils of 4-7, oblanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, very sharply serrate, acute, dark-green above, paler and with prominent lateral veins beneath; peduncles about 1 dm. long; bracts linear-subulate, almost filiform; pedicels in anthesis more or less spreading and recurved; sepals broadly ovate, as broad as long, erose; petals rose-colored, oval, about 7 mm. long; dilated portion of the filaments obovate, ciliolate on the margins; anthers about 3 mm. long, attached at the middle; capsule glob ose-obo void, nearly 1 cm. in diameter; stigma less than half as broad as the ovary.
Type locality: Near City of Mexico. Distribution: Southern Mexico.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
bibliographic citation
John Kunkel Small, NathanieI Lord Britton, Per Axel Rydberg, LeRoy Abrams. 1914. ERICALES, CLETHRACEAE, LENNOACEAE, PTROLACEAE, MONOTROPACEAE, ERICACEAE, UVA-URSI. North American flora. vol 29(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
original
visit source
partner site
North American Flora

Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Chimaphila occidentalis Rydberg, sp. nov
CUmaphila umbellata Alef. Linnaea 28: 78, in part. 1856.
Suffruticose perennial; stem branched, 1-2 dm. high, often greenish, terete; leaves in verticils of 3-8, usually broadly oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, sharply serrate, except towards the base, acute, dark-green and very glossy above, yellowishgreen beneath, the lateral veins almost obsolete; peduncles about 1 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose or racemose; bracts linearsubulate, deciduous; pedicels in flower ascending, rarely if at all recurved, in fruit erect; sepals broadly ovate, broader than long, obtuse, erose; petals oval, 5-6 mm. long, concave, ciliolate; dilated portion of the filaments ovate, ciliolate; anthers about 2.5 mm. long, attached slightly nearer the pore-bearing ends; stigma about half as broad as the ovary; capsule subglobose, 6-7 mm. in diameter.
Type collected in the valley of Pine Creek, near Farmington, Latah County, Idaho, June 28,
1892 Sandberg, MacDougal b' Heller 519 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Card.).
Distribution: Woods, from British Columbia to California, Colorado, and Montana.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
bibliographic citation
John Kunkel Small, NathanieI Lord Britton, Per Axel Rydberg, LeRoy Abrams. 1914. ERICALES, CLETHRACEAE, LENNOACEAE, PTROLACEAE, MONOTROPACEAE, ERICACEAE, UVA-URSI. North American flora. vol 29(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
original
visit source
partner site
North American Flora

Chimaphila umbellata ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Chimaphila umbellata (Umbellate Wintergreen, Pipsissewa, o Prince's pine) ye una pequeña planta perenne que s'atopa nos montes secos, o suelos arenosos. Ye orixinaria de les rexones fríu y templar del hemisferiu norte.

Descripción

Algama una los 10-35 cm d'altor, y tien fueyes verdes y brillantes, dentaes dispuestes en pares opuestos o n'espirales de 3-4 a lo llargo del tarmu. Les fueyes tienen un marxe dentáu superficialmente, con pelos finos nos sos estremos. Les flores son blanques o rosaes, producíes nuna umbela pequeña de 4-8 xuntes.

Ecoloxía

Anque tien les fueyes verdes mientres tol añu, recibe una parte importante de la so nutrición de los fungos del suelu (esto ye, trátase d'un micoheterótrofo, lo cual nun ye sorprendente una y bones les plantes tán rellacionaes col xéneru Pyrola, que ye parcial o total micoheterótrofo).[1]

 src=
Frutu de C. umbellata subsp. occidentalis.
 src=
Ilustración

Usos

Utilízase como aromatizante nos dulces y bebíes non alcohóliques, especialmente cerveza de raigañu.

Usáu como tónicu, aperitivo, dixestivu, diuréticu, astrinxente, antidiabético, vulnerario, antisépticu.[2]

Taxonomía

Chimaphila umbellata describióse por (L.) Barton y espublizóse en Vegetable materia medica of the United States 1: 17. 1817.[3]

Variedaes

Tien cuatro subespecies:

  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata – Europa, Asia
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta – suroeste Norteamérica
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica – nordeste Norteamérica
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis – nordeste Norteamérica ;Sinonimia:

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Leho Tedersoo, Prune Pellet, Urmas Kõljalg and Marc-André Selosse (marzu de 2007). «Parallel evolutionary paths to mycoheterotrophy in understorey Ericaceae and Orchidaceae: ecological evidence for mixotrophy in Pyroleae». Oecologia 151 (2). doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0581-2.
  2. «Chimaphila umbellata». Plantes útiles: Linneo. Consultáu'l 24 de mayu de 2013.
  3. 3,0 3,1 «Chimaphila umbellata». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 24 de mayu de 2013.

Bibliografía

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Chimaphila umbellata: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Chimaphila umbellata

Chimaphila umbellata (Umbellate Wintergreen, Pipsissewa, o Prince's pine) ye una pequeña planta perenne que s'atopa nos montes secos, o suelos arenosos. Ye orixinaria de les rexones fríu y templar del hemisferiu norte.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Zimozelen okoličnatý ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Zimozelen okoličnatý (Chimaphila umbellata) je nízký, stále zelený, narůžověle kvetoucí keř rostoucí nejčastěji ve světlých lesích. Je jediný druh rodu zimozelen který roste v přírodě České republiky. Vyskytuje se jen vzácně a je považován za kriticky ohrožený druh. [1]

Výskyt

Je rozšířen v převážné části střední, severní a východní Evropy. V Asii roste v nesouvislých areálech v oblastech Sibiře, Střední Asie a Japonska a v pacifické i atlantské části Kanady i Spojených států amerických. Rostliny ze Severní Ameriky jsou někdy hodnoceny jako odlišné poddruhy. V převážné většině evropských zemí je zimozelen okoličnatý považován za vzácný druh, počet jeho jedinců stále klesá.

Obvykle roste v suchých světlých lesích jako jsou doubravy nebo borové doubravy, může se však vyskytovat i na druhotných stanovištích podobného charakteru. Vyrůstá na mělkých nebo středně hlubokých humózních půdách na různých typech hornin, na podkladech kyselých i bazických. Požaduje osvětlené stanoviště.

V České republice jsou těžištěm výskytu této vzácné rostliny střední polohy jižních a východních Čech a jihozápad Moravy. V současnosti přežívá pouze na 10 lokalitách a ta nejsilnější populace čítá okolo 300 rostlin.[2][3][4][5]

Popis

Zimozelen okoličnatý je polokeř o výšce 10 až 25 cm, jeho dřevnatějící lodyhy vyrůstají z tenkého plazivého oddenku který je propojen se symbiotickými půdními houbami. Tmavozelené, lesklé, kožovité, svrchu tmavě zelené a zespodu světlejší listy rostou jen ve spodní polovině lodyh ve shlucích zdánlivě připomínající přesleny. Listy jsou 3 až 5 cm dlouhé a 1 až 2 cm široké, úzce obvejčité až kopinaté, na bázi zúžené do krátkého řapíku, po obvodě ostře pilovité a na konci tupě hrotité.

Lodyhy se jen slabě větví a v horních bezlistých částech jim vyrůstají chocholičnatá květenství. Ta jsou tvořena čtyřmi až sedmi oboupohlavnými pětičetnými, 1 až 1,5 cm velkými nicími květy na 1 až 2 cm dlouhých chlupatých stopkách s čárkovitými listeny. Květy mají pětidílný trvalý kalich s vejčitými plátky asi 2 mm dlouhými a otevřenou zvonkovitou korunu složenou z pěti široce vejčitých bílých nebo narůžovělých plátků asi 6 mm dlouhých. V květu je dále deset vespod rozšířených tyčinek s červenými prašníky (produkující pyl se zrny slepenými po čtyřech) a svrchní pětidílný semeník s téměř přisedlou kulovitou bliznou s pěti mělkými laloky. Rostliny kvetou v červnu až srpnu, opylovány jsou entomogamně.

Plody jsou podélně rýhované, zploštěle, kulovité, asi 4 až 7 mm velké tobolky. Drobná semena z nich vypadávají postranními skulinami, roznášeny jsou větrem. Rostliny se rozmnožují rozrůstáním oddenků nebo semeny.[2][3][4][5][6]

Ohrožení

Tento druh je v přírodě téměř celé Evropy na ústupu, jako ohrožený nebo kriticky ohrožený je hodnocen téměř ve všech zemích Střední Evropy. Mezi možné příčiny jeho úbytku patří změna hospodaření v lesích, vytváření holosečí nebo naopak hustě zapojené stromové patro či pojíždění lesní půdy těžkou technikou. Druh je dále výživově závislý na půdních mykorhizních houbách jejichž množství klesá s rostoucími kyselými imisemi.

Zimozelen okoličnatý se i dříve vyskytoval na území ČR roztroušeně, v průběhu posledních desetiletí však z převážné části lokalit zmizel. Jedná se o vymírající taxon a byl proto zařazen mezi kriticky ohrožené druhy jak v "Červeném seznamu cévnatých rostlin ČR" (C1), tak i v "Seznamu zvláště chráněných druhů rostlin" dle vyhlášky Ministerstva životního prostředí ČR č. 395/1992 Sb." (§1).[3][7][8]

Reference

  1. CIBULKA, Radim. Salvia-os.cz: Chimaphila umbellata [online]. Salvia - ekologický institut, z.s., Salvia-os.cz, rev. 8.11.2014 [cit. 2016-07-27]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  2. a b PRŮŠA, David. BOTANY.cz: Zimozelen okoličnatý [online]. O. s. Přírodovědná společnost, BOTANY.cz, rev. 05.07.2007 [cit. 2014-08-09]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  3. a b c HANZL, Martin. Natura Bohemica: Zimozelen okoličnatý [online]. Natura Bohemica, Olomouc, rev. 16.03.2011 [cit. 2014-08-09]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  4. a b Dendrologie.cz: Zimozelen okoličnatý [online]. P. Horáček a J. Mencl, rev. 31.12.2006 [cit. 2014-08-09]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  5. a b Databáze C1 rostlin: Chimaphila umbellata [online]. Informační systém ochrany přírody, AOPK ČR, Praha [cit. 2014-08-09]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  6. FUTÁK, Ján; BERTOVÁ, Lydia. Flóra Slovenska III: Chimaphila umbellata [online]. VEDA, Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, SK, 1982 [cit. 2014-08-09]. S. 330-332. Dostupné online. (slovensky)
  7. GRULICH, Vít. Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition. Preslia [online]. Botanický ústav, AV ČR, Průhonice, 2012 [cit. 09.08.2014]. Roč. 84, čís. 3, s. 631-645. Dostupné online. ISSN 0032-7786. (anglicky)
  8. Vyhláška MŽP ČR č. 395/1992 Sb. ve znění vyhl. č. 175/2006 Sb. [online]. Ministerstvo životního prostředí ČR [cit. 2014-08-09]. Dostupné online. (česky)

Externí odkazy

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Zimozelen okoličnatý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Zimozelen okoličnatý (Chimaphila umbellata) je nízký, stále zelený, narůžověle kvetoucí keř rostoucí nejčastěji ve světlých lesích. Je jediný druh rodu zimozelen který roste v přírodě České republiky. Vyskytuje se jen vzácně a je považován za kriticky ohrožený druh.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Dolden-Winterlieb ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src=
Blütenstände von Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata

Das Dolden-Winterlieb (Chimaphila umbellata), auch Doldiges Winterlieb oder Doldiges Wintergrün, ist eine sehr seltene Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Heidekrautgewächse (Ericaceae) und der Unterfamilie der Monotropoideae (Wintergrün- und Fichtenspargelgewächse). Die Gattung Chimaphila umfasst vier bis fünf Arten.

Merkmale

Die Pflanze wird etwa sieben bis 15 (20) Zentimeter groß und ist ein Halbstrauch. Der Stängel ist am Grund holzig und blassgelb bis rötlich. Das Rhizom kriecht weit, so dass die Pflanze meist truppweise wächst. Die immergrünen Blätter sind rosettenartig genähert, spatelig geformt, dunkelgrün, ledrig, glänzend und am Rand scharf gesägt. Der Blütenstand besteht aus einer endständigen, locker angeordneten Doldentraube mit drei bis sieben nickenden Blüten. Die je fünf rosafarbenen Kronblätter sind fünf bis sechs Millimeter lang und neigen sich bei noch nicht voll geöffneter Blüte halbkugelförmig zusammen. Der kurze grüne Griffel ist unterhalb der Narbe stark verdickt und optisch recht dominant, was typisch für Wintergrüngewächse ist. Die Blütezeit reicht etwa von Ende Juni bis Anfang August.

Wie alle Wintergrüngewächse lebt die Art in Symbiose mit einem Wurzelpilz (Mykorrhiza). Dieser umgibt die Wurzeln mit einem dichten Mycelmantel und versorgt die Pflanze mit Wasser und Mineralsalzen, während der Pilz umgekehrt Kohlenhydrate erhält. Auch für die Keimlingsentwicklung scheint die Mykorrhiza von entscheidender Bedeutung zu sein.

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 26.[1]

Standortansprüche

Das Doldige Winterlieb wächst in flechtenreichen Kiefernforsten auf trockenen bis frischen, nährstoffarmen und mäßig basenreichen Sandböden. Eine Vergesellschaftung mit anderen, ebenfalls seltenen Heidekrautgewächsen, beispielsweise dem Grünblütigen Wintergrün (Pyrola chlorantha), dem Moosauge (Moneses uniflora), dem Birngrün (Orthilia secunda) oder auch mit dem Fichtenspargel (Monotropa hypopitys) kann dabei beobachtet werden. Das Doldige Winterlieb ist eine Charakterart des Pyrolo-Pinetum aus dem Verband Cytiso-Pinion.[1]

Verbreitung, Gefährdung

Die Nominatform (Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata) kommt im nördlichen Mitteleuropa, in Nordeuropa und in Russland vor – ein Schwerpunkt befindet sich insbesondere im Ostseeraum. In Deutschland wird nur noch das nordostdeutsche Tiefland sehr sporadisch besiedelt; die relativ größte Stetigkeit wird noch in Brandenburg erreicht. Durch anthropogene Landschaftsveränderungen, vor allem wohl durch die flächenhafte Eutrophierung über den Luftweg, aber auch durch forstwirtschaftliche Maßnahmen, sind die Bestände des Doldigen Winterliebs sehr stark zusammengeschrumpft. Der übermäßige Nährstoffeintrag bewirkt eine Sukzession der Krautschicht in Wäldern; die für Chimaphila und andere Wintergrüngewächse typischen Flechten- und Hagermoos-Kiefernwälder wandeln sich in Drahtschmielen-Kiefernwälder um. Von der sich ausbreitenden Drahtschmiele (Deschampsia flexuosa), einem Waldgras, werden die Pyrolaceen offenbar allmählich verdrängt. Später stellen sich weitere nährstoffzeigende Arten ein.

In Deutschland gilt das Doldige Winterlieb im Sinne des Gesetzes (Bundesartenschutzverordnung) als „besonders geschützt“. Die Art wird zudem bundes- und europaweit als „stark gefährdet“, in diversen Roten Listen der Bundesländer auch als „vom Aussterben bedroht“ eingestuft.

 src=
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica
 src=
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis

Unterarten

Folgende Unterarten können unterschieden werden[2]:

  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta (Rydb.) Hulten: Sie kommt in Arizona und in New Mexico vor.[2]
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica (S.F. Blake) Hulten: Sie kommt in Kanada und in den USA vor.[2]
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hulten: Sie kommt in Kanada, Alaska und in den westlichen Staaten der USA vor.[2]
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata: Sie kommt in Europa, in Sibirien, China und Ostasien vor.[2]

Literatur

  • Garve, E. (1994): Atlas der gefährdeten Farn- und Blütenpflanzen in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Niedersachsen 30. ISBN 3-922321-68-2
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands (= Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Band 2). Herausgegeben vom Bundesamt für Naturschutz. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4.
  • Lexikon der Biologie. Bd. 8. – Herder-Verlag, Freiburg, 1987. ISBN 3-451-19648-4

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Unter Mitarbeit von Angelika Schwabe und Theo Müller. 8., stark überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, S. 726.
  2. a b c d e Chimaphila im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Dolden-Winterlieb: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Blütenstände von Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata

Das Dolden-Winterlieb (Chimaphila umbellata), auch Doldiges Winterlieb oder Doldiges Wintergrün, ist eine sehr seltene Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Heidekrautgewächse (Ericaceae) und der Unterfamilie der Monotropoideae (Wintergrün- und Fichtenspargelgewächse). Die Gattung Chimaphila umfasst vier bis fünf Arten.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Chimaphila umbellata

provided by wikipedia EN

Chimaphila umbellata, the umbellate wintergreen, pipsissewa, or prince's pine, is a small perennial flowering plant found in dry woodlands, or sandy soils. It is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere.

It grows 10–35 cm tall, and has evergreen shiny, bright green, toothed leaves arranged in opposite pairs or whorls of 3–4 along the stem. Leaves have a shallowly toothed margin, where the teeth have fine hairs at their ends. The flowers are white or pink, produced in a small umbel of 4–8 together.

Ecology

Close-up on flower

Although it has green leaves year-round, it receives a significant portion of its nutrition from fungi in the soil (that is, it is a partial myco-heterotroph, which is not surprising as related plants, such as Pyrola, are partial or full myco-heterotrophs).[1]

Taxonomy

Fruit of C. umbellata subsp. occidentalis

There are four subspecies:

  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata – Europe, Asia
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta – southwestern North America
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica – northeastern North America
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis – northwestern North America

Uses

Some Plateau Indian tribes used a boil of prince's pine to treat tuberculosis.[2]

The twentieth century Appalachian folk healer Clarence "Catfish" Gray, "Man of the Woods", credited pipsissewa with curing his own heart problems and included it in his 15 herb cure-all "bitters."[3]

It is used as a flavoring in candy and soft drinks, particularly root beer.

The roots and leaves of Chimaphila umbellata can be boiled to create tea.[4]

Recent investigations show the anti-proliferative effect of Chimaphila umbellata in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). [5]

Name

"Pipsissewa" is a Cree name meaning "It-breaks-into-small-pieces".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chimaphila umbellata.

References

  1. ^ Leho Tedersoo; Prune Pellet; Urmas Kõljalg; Marc-André Selosse (March 2007). "Parallel evolutionary paths to mycoheterotrophy in understorey Ericaceae and Orchidaceae: ecological evidence for mixotrophy in Pyroleae". Oecologia. 151 (2): 206–217. Bibcode:2007Oecol.151..206T. doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0581-2. PMID 17089139. S2CID 12529846.
  2. ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-295-97119-3.
  3. ^ Green, E. (1978). "A Modern Appalachian Folk Healer". Appalachian Journal. 6 (1): 2–15.
  4. ^ Patterson, Patricia A. (1985). Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. pp. 37–47.
  5. ^ Das, N., Samantaray, S., Ghosh, C., Kushwaha, K., Sircar, D. and Roy, P., 2021. Chimaphila umbellata extract exerts anti-proliferative effect on human breast cancer cells via RIP1K/RIP3K-mediated necroptosis. Phytomedicine Plus, p.100159.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Chimaphila umbellata: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Chimaphila umbellata, the umbellate wintergreen, pipsissewa, or prince's pine, is a small perennial flowering plant found in dry woodlands, or sandy soils. It is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere.

It grows 10–35 cm tall, and has evergreen shiny, bright green, toothed leaves arranged in opposite pairs or whorls of 3–4 along the stem. Leaves have a shallowly toothed margin, where the teeth have fine hairs at their ends. The flowers are white or pink, produced in a small umbel of 4–8 together.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Chimaphila umbellata ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Chimaphila umbellata, comúnmente conocida como quimafila o quimáfila, es una pequeña planta perenne que se encuentra en bosques secos o templados del hemisferio norte.

Descripción y ecología

Chimaphila umbellata alcanza los 10-35 cm de altura. Sus hojas, dispuestas en pares opuestos o en espirales de 3-4 a lo largo del tallo, permanecen verdes y brillantes todo el año. Tienen un margen dentado superficialmente, con pelos finos en sus extremos. Las flores son blancas o rosadas, producidas en una umbela pequeña de 4-8 juntas.

Recibe una parte importante de su nutrición de los hongos del suelo (es decir, se trata de un micoheterótrofo, debido a su relación con el género Pyrola, que es parcial o total micoheterótrofo).[1]

Crece predilectamente en bosques de clima templado a semifrío, de pluviosidad media baja o bien con una marcada estación seca. Prefiere los suelos arenosos y bien drenados.

 src=
Fruto de C. umbellata subsp. occidentalis
 src=
Ilustración

Usos

Se utiliza como aromatizante en los dulces y bebidas no alcohólicas, especialmente cerveza de raíz.

Usado como tónico, aperitivo, digestivo, diurético, astringente, antidiabético, vulnerario, antiséptico.[2]

Taxonomía

Chimaphila umbellata fue descrita en 1817 por (L.) Barton en Vegetable materia medica of the United States 1: 17.[3]

Etimología

Chimaphila: nombre genérico griego que significa «que siente atracción por el clima frío» (de cheima, «invierno»; y philia, «amor»); en referencia a su hábito perennifolio[4]
umbellata: epíteto latino que significa «en umbelas»[5]

Variedades

Tiene cuatro subespecies:

  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata – Europa y Asia
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta – Norteamérica suroccidental
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica – Norteamérica nororiental
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis – Norteamérica nororiental

Sinonimia

Referencias

  1. Leho Tedersoo, Prune Pellet, Urmas Kõljalg and Marc-André Selosse (marzo de 2007). «Parallel evolutionary paths to mycoheterotrophy in understorey Ericaceae and Orchidaceae: ecological evidence for mixotrophy in Pyroleae». Oecologia 151 (2): 206-217. doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0581-2.
  2. «Chimaphila umbellata». Plantas útiles: Linneo. Archivado desde el original el 26 de junio de 2013. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2013.
  3. a b «Chimaphila umbellata». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2013.
  4. Brown, Paul Martin. «Chimaphila». Flora of North America (en inglés). Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2017.
  5. Griffith, Chuck. «uberior - uncinatus». Dictionary of Botanical Epithets (en inglés). Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2017.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Chimaphila umbellata: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Chimaphila umbellata, comúnmente conocida como quimafila o quimáfila, es una pequeña planta perenne que se encuentra en bosques secos o templados del hemisferio norte.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Harilik talvik ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET
Disambig gray.svg See artikkel räägib liigist; perekonna kohta vaata artiklit Talvik (perekond); Norra küla kohta vaata artiklit Talvik (Norra)

Harilik talvik (Chimaphila umbellata) on taimeliik kanarbikuliste sugukonnast talviku perekonnast.

Harilik talvik on Eestis ainuke oma perekonna esindaja.

Ta kasvab Eestis hajusalt palumetsades.[1]

Viited

  1. ENE 1. väljaanne, kd 7, lk 467

Välislingid

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Harilik talvik: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Harilik talvik (Chimaphila umbellata) on taimeliik kanarbikuliste sugukonnast talviku perekonnast.

Harilik talvik on Eestis ainuke oma perekonna esindaja.

Ta kasvab Eestis hajusalt palumetsades.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Sarjatalvikki ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Sarjatalvikki (Chimaphila umbellata) on monivuotinen, pienikokoinen pysty varpukasvi. Aiemmin sen katsottiin kuuluvan talvikkeihin.[1]

Ulkonäkö

 src=
Sarjatalvikin siemenkota.

Sarjatalvikki kasvattaa 10–25 cm korkean pystyn varren. Vihreinä talvehtivat lehdet ovat lyhytruotisia ja sijaitsevat varressa kierteisesti. Lehden lapa on 3–5 cm pitkä, kapean vastapuikea, tummanvihreä ja kiiltävä. Lehden kärki on lyhytsuippuinen ja laita isohampainen. Kukinto on 3–6 kukan sarja. Kukkaperät ovat pitkiä ja nystykarvaisia, kukat ovat noin 1 cm:n levyisiä ja väriltään vaaleanpunaisia. Sarjatalvikki kukkii Suomessa heinäkuussa.[2][3]

Euroopassa ja Aasiasa tavattavat sarjatalvikit kuuluvat alalajiin umbellata. Pohjois-Amerikassa kasvaa kolmea muuta alalajia: occidentalis, cisatlantica ja acuta.

Levinneisyys

Sarjatalvikkia kasvaa Euroopassa Saksasta itään Uralille saakka. Pohjoisimmat esiintymät ovat Norjan, Ruotsin ja Suomen eteläosissa. Satunnaisemmin lajia tavataan myös Siperiassa. Sarjatalvikin kolmea muuta alalajia tavataan Pohjois-Amerikassa mantereen itä-, keski- ja länsiosissa.[4] Suomessa sarjatalvikkia tavataan maan etelä-, keski- ja itäosissa. Laji on maassa suhteellisen harvinainen. Voimakkain kanta sillä on Itä-Suomessa.[5] Sarjatalvikki on kuitenkin harvinaistunut niin, että se on arvioitu 2010 silmälläpidettäväksi lajiksi Suomessa.[6]

Elinympäristö

Sarjatalvikkia kasvaa kuivahkoissa kangasmetsissä ja harjuilla.[2]

Käyttö

Uutettuna sarjatalvikkia on käytetty kansanlääkinnässä reumaattisten vaivojen hoitamiseen.[4]

Lähteet

  • Retkeilykasvio. Toim. Hämet-Ahti, Leena & Suominen, Juha & Ulvinen, Tauno & Uotila, Pertti. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki 1998.
  • Ålands flora. Toim. Hæggström, Carl-Adam & Hæggström, Eeva. Ålandstryckeriet, Mariehamn 2008.

Viitteet

  1. Den virtuella floran: Pyrolor (ruots.) Viitattu 7.4.2019.
  2. a b Retkeilykasvio 1998, s. 214.
  3. Ålands flora 2008, 167–168.
  4. a b Den virtuella floran: Ryl (ruots.) Viitattu 20.6.2010.
  5. Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T.: Kasviatlas 2009. Helsingin Yliopisto, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki 2010. Kasviatlas 2009: Sarjatalvikin levinneisyys Suomessa Viitattu 20.6.2010.
  6. Sarjatalvikki, Chimaphila umbellata - Kukkakasvit - LuontoPortti www.luontoportti.com. Viitattu 7.4.2019.

Aiheesta muualla

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Sarjatalvikki: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Sarjatalvikki (Chimaphila umbellata) on monivuotinen, pienikokoinen pysty varpukasvi. Aiemmin sen katsottiin kuuluvan talvikkeihin.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Chimaphila umbellata ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Chimaphile à ombelles, Pirole en ombelle

La Chimaphile à ombelles ou Pirole en ombelle (Chimaphila umbellata) est une plante vivace à fleur de la famille des Éricacées présente dans les régions tempérées de l'hémisphère nord.

Habitat

 src=
Gros plan sur une fleur

La plante apprécie les zones boisées sèches ainsi que les milieux au sol sablonneux.

Écologie

La plante atteint 10 à 35 cm de haut. Ses feuilles sont vert brillant, sempervirent et dentées sur le bord; elles sont organisées en paires opposées ou en groupe de 3-4 le long de la tige. Les fleurs sont blanches ou roses. La plante reçoit une bonne partie de sa nutrition par les champignons du sol[2].

Sous-espèces

 src=
Fruit de C. umbellata subsp. occidentalis.

Selon Walter S. Judd[3], il existerait quatre sous-espèces dont trois en Amérique du Nord :

  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata – Europe, Asie.
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta – Sud-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica – Nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord.
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis – Nord-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.

...

Selon Craig C. Freeman[4], il n'existerait mondialement que deux seules sous-espèces :

  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata – Europe, Asie, Amérique du Nord.
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. domingensis – endémique de l'île d'Hispaniola.

Utilisation

La plante est utilisée pour donner du goût à des bonbons et des sodas. Les Autochtones l'utilisaient avec le tabac et pour ses propriétés antiseptiques des reins et de la vessie. Durant la Guerre de Sécession, elle était donnée en décoction aux soldats qui souffraient de la fièvre typhoïde[5].

Liste des sous-espèces

Liste des sous-espèces et variétés

Selon Catalogue of Life (23 juin 2014)[6] :

  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica (S.F. Blake) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. domingensis
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata

Selon The Plant List (23 juin 2014)[1] :

  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta (Rydb.) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. domingensis (S.F.Blake) Dorr
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. mexicana (DC.) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hultén

Selon Tropicos (23 juin 2014)[7] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :

  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta (Rydb.) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica (S.F. Blake) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. domingensis (S.F. Blake) Dorr
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. mexicana (DC.) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hultén
  • sous-espèce Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata
  • variété Chimaphila umbellata var. acuta (Rydb.) S.F. Blake
  • variété Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica S.F. Blake
  • variété Chimaphila umbellata var. mexicana DC.
  • variété Chimaphila umbellata var. occidentalis (Rydb.) S.F. Blake
  • variété Chimaphila umbellata var. umbellata

Annexes

Notes et références

  1. a et b The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/, consulté le 23 juin 2014
  2. (en) Parallel evolutionary paths to mycoheterotrophy in understorey Ericaceae and Orchidaceae: ecological evidence for mixotrophy in Pyroleae, Oecologia, volule 151, Ed. 2, mars 2007 (doi = 10.1007/s00442-006-0581-2), pages 206–217, Leho Tedersoo, Prune Pellet, Urmas Kõljalg et Marc-André Selosse
  3. (en) Walter S. Judd, 2010. ITIS (Interagency Taxonomic Information System)
  4. (en) Freeman, Craig C. 2009. Chimaphila In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 16+ vols. New York and Oxford, Vol. 8, pp. 385-386.
  5. Anny Schneider, Plantes médicinales indigènes du Québec et du Sud-Est du Canada., Montréal, Les Éditions de l'Homme, 2020, 265 p. (ISBN 978-2-7619-5256-9), p. 99
  6. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 23 juin 2014
  7. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden., consulté le 23 juin 2014

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Chimaphila umbellata: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Chimaphile à ombelles, Pirole en ombelle

La Chimaphile à ombelles ou Pirole en ombelle (Chimaphila umbellata) est une plante vivace à fleur de la famille des Éricacées présente dans les régions tempérées de l'hémisphère nord.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Štitasti zelenčić ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian
 src=
Chimaphila umbellata occidentalis

Štitasti zelenčić (štitasta kruščica, lat. Chimaphila umbellata), malena cvjetna biljka iz porodice Ericaceae koja je među Šumskim Cree Indijancima imala reputaciju litontriptika i uživala veliki ugled. Opisivali su je riječju pipisisikweu, u značenju it reduces it to very fine particles (misli se na kamen u mjehuru), po čemu je i danas poznata u engleskom jeziku kao pipsissewa[1].

Prvi je spominje B. S. Barton u Collections for An Essay Towards a Materia Medica....

Postoji pet podvrsta:

[2]

Izvori

Literatura

  • Barton, B.S. 1798-1804. Collections for An Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United States. Philadelphia: A. & G. Way. (Lloyd Bul. Reproduction Series #1).
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia hr Croatian

Štitasti zelenčić: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian
 src= Chimaphila umbellata occidentalis

Štitasti zelenčić (štitasta kruščica, lat. Chimaphila umbellata), malena cvjetna biljka iz porodice Ericaceae koja je među Šumskim Cree Indijancima imala reputaciju litontriptika i uživala veliki ugled. Opisivali su je riječju pipisisikweu, u značenju it reduces it to very fine particles (misli se na kamen u mjehuru), po čemu je i danas poznata u engleskom jeziku kao pipsissewa.

Prvi je spominje B. S. Barton u Collections for An Essay Towards a Materia Medica....

Postoji pet podvrsta:

Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta (Rydb.) Hultén Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hultén Chimaphila umbellata subsp. domingensis (S.F.Blake) Dorr Chimaphila umbellata subsp. mexicana (DC.) Hultén Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hultén
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia hr Croatian

Kitlojta zelenka ( Upper Sorbian )

provided by wikipedia HSB

Kitlojta zelenka je rostlina ze swójby krušwičkowych rostlinow (łaćonsce: Chimaphila umbellata, Pyrolaceae).

Wopisanje

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Žórła

  • Aichele, D., Golte-Bechtle, M.: Was blüht denn da: Wildwachsende Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Kosmos Naturführer (1997)
  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia HSB

Kitlojta zelenka: Brief Summary ( Upper Sorbian )

provided by wikipedia HSB

Kitlojta zelenka je rostlina ze swójby krušwičkowych rostlinow (łaćonsce: Chimaphila umbellata, Pyrolaceae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia HSB

Skėtinė marenikė ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Skėtinė marenikė (lot. Chimaphila umbellata) – erikinių (Ericaceae) šeimos augalų rūšis.

Augalas daugiametis, iki 15 cm aukščio su šliaužiančiu šakniastiebiu. Stiebas stačias, medingas, briaunotas. Lapai visžaliai, storoki, blizgūs, odiški, dantytais kraštais, išsidėstę menturiškai. Žiedynas – nusvirusi skėtiška kekė, sudaryta iš 2-7 žiedų. Vainiklapiai rausvi. Žydi birželioliepos mėn. Vaisius - pūkuota, rutulio formos dėžutė.

Auga sausuose pušynuose. Lietuvoje apyretė rūšis.

Skėtinė marenikė - vaistinis augalas, vaistams naudojama visa žolinė augalo dalis. Augalo preparatai skatina prakaito, šlapimo išsisiskyrimą, jais gydoma akmenligė, reumatas, virškinamojo trakto, inkstų uždegimai, gonorėja. Kompresai naudojami gydant žaizdas, odos bėrimus.

 src=
Požymiai


Vikiteka

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Čemuru palēks ( Latvian )

provided by wikipedia LV

Čemuru palēks (latīņu: Chimaphila umbellata), zināms arī kā mātes zāle, meža mirte, ziemciete, lielais brūklenājs un zāģrobenājs,[1] ir neliels, daudzgadīgs, ziemzaļš ziemciešu dzimtas puskrūms. Tas aug sausos mežos un smilšainā augsnē. Čemuru palēks ir ierakstīts Baltijas reģiona Sarkanajā grāmatā, kā arī vairāku valstu aizsargājamo sugu sarakstos. Latvijas Botāniķu biedrība izvēlējusies šo augu kā Latvijas 2015. gada augu.[1]

Apraksts

Čemuru palēks ir 10 līdz 35 cm augsts ziemciešu dzimtas puskrūms. Augam ir olveidīgas, tumši zaļas, zobainas lapas, kas satuvinātas rozetē. Lapas virspusē ir spīdīgas, bet apakšpusē blāvas, to zobainajos galos ir nelieli matiņi. Saknenis ložņājošs. Stublājs trausls, stāvs, koksnains. Čemuru palēkam ir rozā vai balti ziedi, kas sakārtoti skrajā čemurā un ir noliekušies uz leju. Augam noziedot, veidojas nedaudz saplacināta pogaļa. Latvijā tas zied laika posmā no jūnija līdz augustam. Aug nelielās grupās.

Augs ir izplatīts visā ziemeļu mērenajā joslā. Eiropā galvenokārt aug austrumu un centrālajā daļā, Latvijā — visā teritorijā.[2] Sastopams arī Ziemeļamerikā.

Čemuru palēks ir ārstniecības augs. To izmanto cistīta, nierakmeņu un urīnpūšļa, prostatas, tuberkulozes, dažreiz arī audzēju ārstēšanā.[1] Šo augu ļoti iecienījuši Ziemeļamerikas indiāņi, kuri auga saknes un lapas izmantoja tonizējoša dzēriena pagatavošanai.

 src=
Čemuru palēka pogaļa

Atsauces


license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LV

Čemuru palēks: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

provided by wikipedia LV

Čemuru palēks (latīņu: Chimaphila umbellata), zināms arī kā mātes zāle, meža mirte, ziemciete, lielais brūklenājs un zāģrobenājs, ir neliels, daudzgadīgs, ziemzaļš ziemciešu dzimtas puskrūms. Tas aug sausos mežos un smilšainā augsnē. Čemuru palēks ir ierakstīts Baltijas reģiona Sarkanajā grāmatā, kā arī vairāku valstu aizsargājamo sugu sarakstos. Latvijas Botāniķu biedrība izvēlējusies šo augu kā Latvijas 2015. gada augu.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LV

Bittergrønn ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Bittergrønn (Chimaphila umbellata) er en flerårig plante i bittergrønnslekta (Chimaphila) innenfor lyngfamilien. Den ble tidliger regnet til vintergrønnfamilien. Planten er egentlig en dvergbusk, og bladene er vintergrønne. Bladformen er tannet spatelformet og dypt mørkegrønne, og de sitter skruestilt i kranser. Planten er inntil 25 cm høy. Kronbladene er hvite eller blekrosa, med korgblad som er først rød-lilla og deretter grønne. Blomstene sitter på høye, tynne blomsterstengler. Om høsten blir de nøtte-aktige, mørkebrune frukter.

Arten er sirkumboreal med utbredelse i Eurasia og Nord-Amerika. I USA og Canada vokser en noe større rase av inntil 25 cm høyde og med større blad. Bittergrønn er sjelden i Norge, og fredet hos oss. Den vokser i Sande, Hurum og noen andre steder rundt Oslofjorden.

Ofte finner vi arten under eller mellom grantrær.

Referanser

  1. ^ «Artsdatabankens artsopplysninger». Artsdatabanken. 18. november 2015. Besøkt 22. januar 2019.

Eksterne lenker

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Bittergrønn: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Bittergrønn (Chimaphila umbellata) er en flerårig plante i bittergrønnslekta (Chimaphila) innenfor lyngfamilien. Den ble tidliger regnet til vintergrønnfamilien. Planten er egentlig en dvergbusk, og bladene er vintergrønne. Bladformen er tannet spatelformet og dypt mørkegrønne, og de sitter skruestilt i kranser. Planten er inntil 25 cm høy. Kronbladene er hvite eller blekrosa, med korgblad som er først rød-lilla og deretter grønne. Blomstene sitter på høye, tynne blomsterstengler. Om høsten blir de nøtte-aktige, mørkebrune frukter.

Arten er sirkumboreal med utbredelse i Eurasia og Nord-Amerika. I USA og Canada vokser en noe større rase av inntil 25 cm høyde og med større blad. Bittergrønn er sjelden i Norge, og fredet hos oss. Den vokser i Sande, Hurum og noen andre steder rundt Oslofjorden.

Ofte finner vi arten under eller mellom grantrær.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Pomocnik baldaszkowy ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
 src=
Pokrój

Pomocnik baldaszkowy (Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny wrzosowatych. W systemach wyróżniających rodzinę gruszyczkowatych zaliczany właśnie do niej[3].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Zasięg (biogeografia) rozrywany. Rośnie na obszarach Europy, północnej Azji, Ameryki Północnej oraz Grenlandii i Wysp Kanaryjskich[4]. W Polsce występuje na rozproszonych stanowiskach, głównie na niżu. Najczęściej spotykany jest na Pojezierzu Mazurskim, na Wyżynie Lubelskiej i Małopolskiej, nad dolną Wisłą i Odrą. W górach jest bardzo rzadki[4]: zanotowano jego występowanie tylko u podnóża Pienin oraz w okolicach Przemyśla i Żywca.

W roku 2000 znaleziono jego stanowisko na Pogórzu Izerskim w Sudetach Zachodnich[5].

Morfologia

Łodyga
Owłosiona gruczołkowato, wzniesiona do wysokości 5–15 (wyjątkowo 25) cm[3], ulistniona jedynie w dolnej części.

Roślina tworzy podziemne rozłogi[6].

Liście
Liście zimotrwałe, drobne, skórzaste, lancetowate, z brzegu drobnopiłkowane, ciemnozielone; osadzone na krótkich ogonkach po 3-6 w nibyokółkach[3] (ulistnienie skrętoległe). Brak przylistków[6].
Kwiaty
W baldachogronach[3], które wieczorem przewieszają się w dół[4]. Mają średnicę 4–6 cm, 5 białych lub różowawych płatków okwiatu o zarysie jajowatym, spodem owłosionych.

Słupek górny[6]. Jego szyjka gruba i wyraźnie krótsza od pręcików[3], których jest 10[6].

Owoc
Pękająca pięcioma klapami torebka[3][6]. Gęsto owłosiona, biała, z krótkim dzióbkiem.

Biologia i ekologia

Bylina, chamefit. Kwitnie od czerwca do sierpnia[3][6]. Jest zapylana przez owady[6]. Preferuje gleby kwaśne, piaszczyste, bezwapienne. Związany z warstwą mszystą utrzymującą wilgoć. Częsty na siedliskach wspólnych z gruszyczką zielonawą i widliczem spłaszczonym. Jako roślina rozłogowa może tworzyć rozległe płaty, jednak zwykle są one stosunkowo nieduże – od kilkunastu do kilkudziesięciu ramet. Występuje głównie w półcienistych lasach i zaroślach. Głównie w borach sosnowych. W środkowej Europie najczęściej w kontynentalnych borach sosnowych świeżych odmiany typowej lub sasankowej, w pozostałych rzadziej[4]. W klasyfikacji zbiorowisk roślinnych gatunek charakterystyczny dla związku zespołów (All.) Dicrano-Pinion i Ass. Peucedano-Pinetum[7]. Ponadto występuje w buczynach[4].

Liczba chromosomów (2n) – 26[3][6].

Nazewnictwo

Nazwa naukowa rodzaju pochodzi od greckich słów χειμών 'zima' i φίλος 'przyjaciel', co nawiązuje do zimozielonych liści. Epitet gatunkowy ma pochodzenie łacińskie od umbella 'parasol', nawiązując do kształtu kwiatostanu[6].

W dawnej polskiej literaturze określany również jako gruszyczka baldaszkowa albo okółkowa[8]. Inne nazwy, w tym ludowe, to gruszka baldaszkowata, gruszyczka baldaszko-kwiatowa, podwyhnyk żonoczy, stanownik baldaszkowaty lub pierwszy, wraźnik, zimozieleń, a także po prostu pomocnik. Nazywany był też jak borówki: brusznica i czernica[6]. Nazwę „pomocnik” niektórzy wiążą z wykorzystaniem w medycynie ludowej[4].

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Od 2014 roku roślina jest objęta w Polsce częściową ochroną gatunkową[9]. W latach 1983–2014 znajdowała się pod ochroną ścisłą[10]. Umieszczona na polskiej czerwonej liście w kategorii NT (bliski zagrożenia)[11]. Zagrożeniem dla gatunku jest użyźnianie siedlisk i sukcesja ekologiczna. Zdarza się zrywanie go oraz wykopywanie z naturalnych siedlisk i przesadzanie do ogródków[4].

Zastosowanie

Roślina lecznicza w medycynie ludowej. Stosowany również w homeopatii[4].

Przypisy

  1. P.F. Stevens: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-03-13].
  2. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. [dostęp 2014-11-15].
  3. a b c d e f g h Lucjan Rutkowski: Klucz o oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2014, s. 69, 347, 348. ISBN 978-83-01-14342-8.
  4. a b c d e f g h AdamA. Rybarczyk AdamA., Pomocnik baldaszkowy Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton [pdf], „Głos Lasu”, 6 (570), 2018, s. 20-21, ISSN 0137-6691 (pol.).
  5. Przyroda Sudetów Zachodnich, t. 3, Jelenia Góra 2000, s. 26, ISSN 1508-6135
  6. a b c d e f g h i j Ireneusz R. Moraczewski, Barbara Sudnik-Wójcikowska, Bożena Dubielecka, Lucjan Rutkowski, Kazimierz A. Nowak, Wojciech Borkowski, Halina Galera: Flora ojczysta — gatunki pospolite, chronione, ciekawe... (CD-ROM: Atlas roślin, słownik botaniczny i multimedialne klucze do oznaczania). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Stigma, 2000. (pol.)
  7. Władysław Matuszkiewicz: Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14439-4.
  8. Erazm Majewski: Słownik nazwisk zoologicznych i botanicznych polskich. T. I. Warszawa: Nakładem autora, 1894, s. 99.
  9. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9 października 2014 r. w sprawie ochrony gatunkowej roślin (Dz.U. z 2014 r. nr 0, poz. 1409).
  10. Rozporządzenie Ministra Leśnictwa i Przemysłu Drzewnego z dnia 30 kwietnia 1983 r. w sprawie wprowadzenia gatunkowej ochrony roślin (Dz.U. z 1983 r. nr 27, poz. 134).
  11. Kaźmierczakowa R., Bloch-Orłowska J., Celka Z., Cwener A., Dajdok Z., Michalska-Hejduk D., Pawlikowski P., Szczęśniak E., Ziarnek K.: Polska czerwona lista paprotników i roślin kwiatowych. Polish red list of pteridophytes and flowering plants. Kraków: Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2016. ISBN 978-83-61191-88-9.

Bibliografia

  1. Halina Piękoś-Mirkowa, Zbigniew Mirek: Rośliny chronione. Warszawa: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2006. ISBN 978-83-7073-444-2.
  2. Lucjan Rutkowski: Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14342-8.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Pomocnik baldaszkowy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
 src= Pokrój

Pomocnik baldaszkowy (Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny wrzosowatych. W systemach wyróżniających rodzinę gruszyczkowatych zaliczany właśnie do niej.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Zimoľub okolíkatý ( Slovak )

provided by wikipedia SK

Zimoľub okolíkatý (Chimaphila umbellata) je vždyzelený poloker z čeľade vresovcovité (Ericaceae)[1] (niekde uvádzané aj ako hruštičkovité, Pirolaceae)[chýba zdroj].

Dosahuje výšku do 25 cm, má vystúpavé stonky s hranatým prierezom, listy sú kožovité, obráteno kopijovité a na okrajoch ostro pílkované. Kvety sú usporiadané v chudobnom chocholíku, koruna je široko zvonkovitá, bielej alebo jemne ružovej farby.

Je to dosť zriedkavý druh, ktorý rastie v podraste suchších lesných spoločenstiev, najmä s borovicou sosnou. Na Slovensku je zaregistrovaných asi 30 lokalít z toho asi 6 je na východnom Slovensku. Vyskytuje sa v prírodnej rezervácii Machnatý vrch vo Vihorlatských vrchoch, kde vytvára ojedinelé spoločenstvá s bielomachom sivým (Leucobryum glaucum).

Iné projekty

Referencie

  1. Flora, fauna, earth, and sky... The natural history of the northwoods [online]. Rook.Org, 2006, [cit. 2012-07-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
Dahlia redoute.JPG Tento článok týkajúci sa botaniky je zatiaľ „výhonok“. Pomôž Wikipédii tým, že ho doplníš a rozšíriš.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori a editori Wikipédie
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SK

Zimoľub okolíkatý: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

provided by wikipedia SK

Zimoľub okolíkatý (Chimaphila umbellata) je vždyzelený poloker z čeľade vresovcovité (Ericaceae) (niekde uvádzané aj ako hruštičkovité, Pirolaceae)[chýba zdroj].

Dosahuje výšku do 25 cm, má vystúpavé stonky s hranatým prierezom, listy sú kožovité, obráteno kopijovité a na okrajoch ostro pílkované. Kvety sú usporiadané v chudobnom chocholíku, koruna je široko zvonkovitá, bielej alebo jemne ružovej farby.

Je to dosť zriedkavý druh, ktorý rastie v podraste suchších lesných spoločenstiev, najmä s borovicou sosnou. Na Slovensku je zaregistrovaných asi 30 lokalít z toho asi 6 je na východnom Slovensku. Vyskytuje sa v prírodnej rezervácii Machnatý vrch vo Vihorlatských vrchoch, kde vytvára ojedinelé spoločenstvá s bielomachom sivým (Leucobryum glaucum).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori a editori Wikipédie
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SK

Kobulasti zelenček ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia SL

Kobulasti zelenček (znanstveno ime Chimaphila umbellata) je vednozelena zdravilna rastlina iz družine vresovk, ki je razširjena tudi v Sloveniji.

Opis

Kobulasti zelenček zraste od 10 do 35 cm visoko in ima svetlo zelene svetleče vednozelene nazobčane liste. Cvetovi so beli ali rožnati, zbrani pa so v kobule, v katerih je od 4 do 8 cvetov.

Podvrste

Priznane so štiri podvrste:

  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata – Evropa, Azija
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta – jugozahodna Severna Amerika
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica – severovzhodna Severna Amerika
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis – severozahodna Severna Amerika

Razširjenost in uporabnost

Severnoameriški staroselci so v tradicionalni medicini prevretek kobulastega zelenčka uporabljali za zdravljenje tuberkuloze.[1]

Danes se izvlečki rastline uporabljajo za aromartiziranje sladkarij in zeliščnega piva.

Reference

  1. Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. str. 352. ISBN 978-0-295-97119-3.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SL

Kobulasti zelenček: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia SL

Kobulasti zelenček (znanstveno ime Chimaphila umbellata) je vednozelena zdravilna rastlina iz družine vresovk, ki je razširjena tudi v Sloveniji.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SL

Ryl ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Ryl, Chimaphila umbellata, är ett slags småbuske (ris eller mikroxyl).[1] Den är del av rylsläktet och ordningen ljungväxter. Den användes tidigare som medel mot reumatism.

Kännetecken

Bladen är ganska smala, viggformigt lansettlika, samt styvt och hårt läderartade, men dock starkt sågade. Blommorna har ljust rosenröda kronblad och sitter i fåblommig, långskaftad flock. Fröhuset är upprätt; stiftet är mycket kort. Till sin habitus är denna växt alltså ganska olik pyrolorna och närmar sig lingonriset.[1]

Biotop

Ryl är en barrskogsväxt, som föredrar öppnare och torrare platser, stenig tallskogsmark med mera. Den är dock överallt sparsamt förekommande. I Sverige går den endast till Dalarna och södra Norrland. Den finns även i södra Finland och på södra Norges lågland.[1]

Den blommar först i augusti och senare än pyrolorna.[1]

Ryl har mycket små (mindre än 1 mm) frön som saknar endosperm (frövita). För att fröet ska kunna gro är det beroende av att få kontakt med en svamp (mykorrhiza) och få energi och näringsämnen genom denna. När plantan är större minskar dess behov av sådan försörjning och fullvuxen ryl är inte längre parasitisk. En sådan livscykel kallas initialt mykoheterotrofisk. Jämför med tallört som är parasit på mykorhizza under hela sitt liv.

Släktskap

Tidigare räknades ryl som del av familjen Pyrolaceae, men denna familj placeras numera i ljungväxterna.[2]

Användning

Enligt gamla rön skall denna ört som dekokt vara verksam mot reumatism. I Östergötland gavs den därför namnet "statt upp och gack".[1]

Källhänvisningar

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Ryl i Carl Lindman, Bilder ur Nordens flora (andra upplagan, Wahlström och Widstrand, Stockholm 1917–1926)
  2. ^ "Ryl". Den virtuella floran. Läst 22 januari 2015.

Externa länkar

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Ryl: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Ryl, Chimaphila umbellata, är ett slags småbuske (ris eller mikroxyl). Den är del av rylsläktet och ordningen ljungväxter. Den användes tidigare som medel mot reumatism.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Зимолюбка зонтична ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Морфологічна характеристика

Вічнозелена рослина зі шкірястими подовжено-ланцетними листками, клиноподібно звуженими до основи. По краю листки пилчасті, зверху темно-зелені, блискучі, знизу — блідо-зелені, розташовані майже кільцями. Рожеві квітки зібрані в зонтиковидне суцвіття на досить довгих ніжках.

Екологічна приуроченість

Трапляється в соснових, мішаних і букових лісах. Потребує охорони.

Див. також

Література

Джерела

Erica cinerea, 1796.png Це незавершена стаття про Вересові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Chimaphila umbellata ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Chimaphila umbellata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được (L.) Nutt. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1817.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Chimaphila umbellata. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Họ Thạch nam (Ericaceae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Chimaphila umbellata: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Chimaphila umbellata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được (L.) Nutt. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1817.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Зимолюбка зонтичная ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Asteranae
Семейство: Вересковые
Подсемейство: Вертляницевые
Вид: Зимолюбка зонтичная
Международное научное название

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C.Barton

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 23769NCBI 93815EOL 585660GRIN t:402538IPNI 30072520-2TPL kew-2718281

Зимолю́бка зо́нтичная (лат. Chimáphila umbelláta) — многолетнее зимнезелёное растение, вид рода Зимолюбка (Chimaphila) семейства Вересковые (Ericaceae).

Распространение и экология

Произрастает в умеренном поясе Северного полушария, в лесной зоне.

В России встречается преимущественно в нечернозёмных районах европейской части, а также в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке.

Растёт в сухих сосновых, реже еловых лесах, преимущественно на песчаной почве.

Микотрофное растение, размножающееся обычно вегетативным путём. Иногда образует значительные куртины.

Внесена в Красную книгу Республики Коми.

 src=
Ботаническая иллюстрация Якоба Штурма из книги Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen, 1796

Ботаническое описание

Многолетнее растение с ползучим, ветвистым, подземным корневищем и приподнимающимися, ветвистыми в нижней части побегами высотой до 20 см.

Листья вечнозелёные, кожистые, очерёдные, толстые, обратно-ланцетные или продолговато-обратно-клиновидные, остропильчатые, длиной до 15 см, с очень коротким черешком (почти сидячие), сверху тёмно-зелёные, блестящие, снизу — светлее; сближены в нижней части побега как бы мутовками; листовая пластинка длиной 1,5—6 см, шириной 0,5—1,5 см.

Цветки поникающие, на длинных цветоножках, собраны на концах побегов в зонтиковидные 2—8-цветковые кисти (до 8—12 цветков). Прицветники линейные или линейно-шиловидные, неровно зубчатые, длиной 2—5 мм, шириной 0,5—0,7 мм. Доли чашечки округло-яйцевидные, тупые, по краю бахромчато-зубчатые. Венчик розовый, до 15 мм в диаметре, широко раскрытый, лепестки обратнояйцевидные, вогнутые, коротко реснитчатые, длиной 6—7,5 мм, шириной 4,5—5 мм. Цветёт в европейской части России в июне—июле.

Плод — приплюснуто-шаровидная коробочка, длиной 3—5 мм, шириной 5—6,5 мм, опушённая короткими волосками. Плодоносит в европейской части России в сентябре.

 src=
 src=
Лист и цветок

Химический состав

В траве содержатся гликозиды, арбутин, эриколин, дубильные вещества, урозон, горькие вещества, смолы, метиловые эфиры, ситостерин, флавоноиды: кверцетин, кемпферол, авикулярин, гиперин (Растительные ресурсы СССР, 1986).

Значение и применение

 src=
Зимолюбка зонтичная в Ботаническом словаре Н. И. Анненкова, 1878

Зимолюбка зонтичная использовалась многими племенами североамериканских индейцев как лекарственное растение. Американские первопоселенцы использовали её также как вяжущее и тонизирующее средство. Чай, приготовленный из листьев, был мочегонным средством. Отвар корней служил индейцам для глазных примочек[2].

Из отваренных корней и листьев в Северной Америке делали освежающий напиток[2].

Растение включено в фармакопею Германии и США, листья применяются как противоревматическое и тонизирующее средство.

В научной медицине России зимолюбка не используется, но она популярна в народной медицине Сибири, особенно в Кемеровской области и на Алтае. Трава зимолюбки и её листья в виде настоя или отвара применяются при заболеваниях, вызванных чрезмерным поднятием тяжестей (надсаде, опущении живота, почки и матки), от грыжи, при болезненных маточных кровотечениях, при кровавой моче после родов, при отёках сердечного и почечного происхождения, при сахарном диабете, при колите, энтероколите и раке желудка, для предупреждения эпилептических припадков, при ревматизме, подагре, крофулёзе, болезнях печени, для дезинфекции мочевыводящих путей при пиелите и цистите, воспалении предстательной железы. Наружно свежие листья и их отвар применяют для заживления ран[3].

Классификация

Таксономия

Вид Зимолюбка зонтичная входит в род Зимолюбка (Chimaphila) трибы Грушанковые (Pyroleae) подсемейства Вертляницевые (Monotropoideae) семейства Вересковые (Ericaceae) порядка Верескоцветные (Ericales)[4].

В системе Кронквиста род входит в семейство Грушанковые.


ещё 25 семейств
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 2 трибы
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё несколько видов порядок Верескоцветные подсемейство Вертляницевые род Зимолюбка отдел Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство Вересковые триба Грушанковые вид
Зимолюбка зонтичная
ещё 44 порядка цветковых растений
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 7 подсемейств
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 3 рода

Подвиды

В рамках вида выделяют несколько подвидов:[4]

[syn. Chimaphila acuta Rydb. basionym]
[syn. Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta (Rydb.) Hultén]
[syn. Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica (S.F.Blake) Hulténbasionym]
[syn. Chimaphila occidentalis Rydb.]
  • Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata
[syn. Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh]
[syn. Pyrola umbellata L. basionym]

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. 1 2 Idaho Panhandle National Forest- Home/eco/yourforest/wildflowers/pipsissewa.html
  3. Никифоров Ю. В. Алтайские травы-целители. — Горно-Алтайск: Юч-Сумер – Белуха, 1992.
  4. 1 2 По данным сайта GRIN (см. карточку растения).
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Зимолюбка зонтичная: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Зимолю́бка зо́нтичная (лат. Chimáphila umbelláta) — многолетнее зимнезелёное растение, вид рода Зимолюбка (Chimaphila) семейства Вересковые (Ericaceae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

伞形喜冬草 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Chimaphila umbellata

伞形喜冬草学名Chimaphila umbellata),为鹿蹄草科喜冬草属下的一个植物种。[1]

参考资料

  1. ^ 伞形喜冬草 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Barton. 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-01-15].


小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

伞形喜冬草: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

伞形喜冬草(学名:Chimaphila umbellata),为鹿蹄草科喜冬草属下的一个植物种。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

オオウメガサソウ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
オオウメガサソウ Chimaphila umbellata (Japan)-1.JPG 分類APG IV : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 Eudicots 階級なし : キク上類 Superasterids 階級なし : キク類 Asterids : ツツジ目 Ericales : ツツジ科 Ericaceae 亜科 : イチヤクソウ亜科 Pyroloideae : ウメガサソウ属 Chimaphila : オオウメガサソウ
C. umbellata 学名 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C.Barton[1] 和名 オオウメガサソウ(大梅笠草)[2][3][4]  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、オオウメガサソウに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにオオウメガサソウに関する情報があります。

オオウメガサソウ(大梅笠草、学名:Chimaphila umbellata )はツツジ科ウメガサソウ属常緑の草状の小低木[5][4][6]

新エングラー体系クロンキスト体系など、古い分類体系では、ウメガサソウ属はイチヤクソウ科の属とされていた[2][3]

特徴[編集]

地下茎が長くはい、そこから分岐して地上茎が直立して高さは10-15cmになる。群生している各地上茎は、その地下茎でつながっている。茎には鈍い稜が縦に走る。は茎の上部に10数個を2-3段に輪生状に集まってつける。葉は厚く、光沢のある革質で、長さ3-5cm、幅0.5-1cmになる倒披針形で、先は鈍頭、上半分の縁には数個の粗い鋸歯があり、長さ3-6mmになる葉柄がある。葉の表面の葉脈は凹入する[2][3][4]

花期は6-7月。茎先に花序が伸び、3-9個のを散房状につけ、はじめやや下向きにつくが、果実として熟すにつれ上向きになる。は5裂し、萼裂片は長さ約2mmになる卵状円形で花冠裂片の4分の1の長さ、先は鈍頭、果時まで残る。花は白色またはやや紅色を帯びる花冠で5裂し、径約8-10mmの広鐘形になる。雄蕊は10個、花柱は短く太い。果実は径6-7mmになる扁球状の蒴果で5室からなり、胞背裂開する[2][3][4][7]

分布と生育環境[編集]

日本では、北海道、本州(茨城県、岩手県、青森県)の太平洋側に分布し、海岸近くの乾いた林下に生育する。世界では、ヨーロッパ、アジア、北アメリカの周極地方に広く分布する[2][3][4]

和名の由来[編集]

和名オオウメガサソウは、「大梅笠草」の意で、ウメガサソウ(梅笠草)に似て大型であることによる[3]

種小名 umbellata は、「散形花序の」の意味[3]

ギャラリー[編集]

 src=
花冠は5裂し、雄蕊は10個、柱頭は丸い。
 src=
葉は革質で厚く、上半分に鋸歯がある。

保全状況評価[編集]

準絶滅危惧(NT)環境省レッドリスト

Status jenv NT.svg

(2012年環境省レッドリスト)

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ オオウメガサソウ「BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス」(YList)
  2. ^ a b c d e 『日本の野生植物 草本III 合弁花類』p.5
  3. ^ a b c d e f g 『新牧野日本植物圖鑑』p.527, p.1352
  4. ^ a b c d e 『山溪ハンディ図鑑2 山に咲く花(増補改訂新版)』p.380
  5. ^ 大場『植物分類表』pp.179-180
  6. ^ 『改訂新版 日本の野生植物 4』pp.226-229
  7. ^ 「朝日百科『世界の植物』2」p.502

参考文献[編集]

  • 北村四郎他総監修「朝日百科『世界の植物』2」、1978年、朝日新聞社
  • 佐竹義輔・大井次三郎・北村四郎他編『日本の野生植物 草本III合弁花類』、1981年、平凡社
  • 牧野富太郎原著、大橋広好・邑田仁・岩槻邦男編『新牧野日本植物圖鑑』、2008年、北隆館
  • 大場秀章編著『植物分類表(初版第3刷訂正入)』、2011年、アボック社
  • 門田裕一監修、永田芳男写真、畔上能力編『山溪ハンディ図鑑2 山に咲く花(増補改訂新版)』、2013年、山と溪谷社
  • 米倉浩司・梶田忠 (2003-)「BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス」(YList)


執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語

オオウメガサソウ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

オオウメガサソウ(大梅笠草、学名:Chimaphila umbellata )はツツジ科ウメガサソウ属常緑の草状の小低木

新エングラー体系クロンキスト体系など、古い分類体系では、ウメガサソウ属はイチヤクソウ科の属とされていた。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語