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Lemon

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil.

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The lemon is native to the foothills of the Himalayas, and is cultivated in the plains of Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan. Used as a rootstock for oranges and grapefruit. Also commonly used for pickles.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 21 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Comments

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The parents of the lemon are Citrus ×aurantium and C. medica. Backcrosses with either parent give a range of sour to sweet lemons which go under various names and perhaps would best be considered as forming cultivar groups, e.g., Bergamot Group. The rough lemon, C. ×taitensis Risso (C. ×aurantium subsp. jambhiri Engler; C. ×jambhiri Lushington; C. ×sinensis subsp. jambhiri (Lushington) Engler), sometimes included here, is perhaps C. medica × C. reticulata.

The name "Citrus limonia" has been misapplied to other Citrus taxa.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 11: 91, 93, 94, 96 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description

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Spinous shrub or tree, 3-6 m tall. Leaves 6.5-100 mm, elliptic to ovate, serrulate, acute to acuminate. Leaf perfectly jointed to the petiole. Petiole narrowly winged. Flowers bisexual or male. Petals white, tinged purple. Stamens 20-30; Fruit oblong or rounded mamillate, yellow when ripe; pulp abundant and strongly acid.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 21 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Description

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Small trees. Branches ± spiny. Young leaves and flower buds reddish purple. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 8-14 × 4-6 cm, margin conspicuously crenulate, apex usually mucronate. Flowers solitary or several in fascicles. Flowers bisexual or male by ± complete abortion of pistil. Calyx cup-shaped; lobes 4 or 5. Petals 1.5-2 cm, outside purplish, inside white. Stamens 20-25 or more. Ovary subcylindric or barrel-shaped; stigma clavate. Fruit yellow, ellipsoid to ovoid, narrowed at both ends, surface usually coarse and lemon scented, apex usually with a mammilla; pericarp thick, difficult to remove; sarcocarp in 8-11 segments, pale yellow, acidic. Seeds ovoid, small, apex acute; seed coat smooth; embryo usually solitary but sometimes numerous; cotyledons milky white. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep-Nov. 2n = 18, 36.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 11: 91, 93, 94, 96 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Distribution

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India, Nepal, China. Widely cultivated throughout the subtropics.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Elevation Range

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1600 m
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Flower/Fruit

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Fr. Per. Aug.-Nov.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 21 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Habitat & Distribution

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Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in S China.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 11: 91, 93, 94, 96 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Synonym

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Citrus medica Linnaeus var. limon Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 782. 1753; C. ×aurantium Linnaeus subsp. bergamia (Risso) Engler; C. ×aurantium var. bergamia (Risso) Brandis; C. ×aurantium var. mellarosa (Risso) Engler; C. ×bergamia Risso; C. ×bergamia subsp. mellarosa (Risso) Rivera et al.; C. ×bergamota Rafinesque; C. ×limodulcis Rivera et al.; C. ×limonum Risso; C. medica Linnaeus f. limon (Linnaeus) Hiroe; C. medica subsp. limonum (Risso) J. D. Hooker; C. medica var. limonum (Risso) Brandis; C. ×mellarosa Risso; C. ×meyeri Yu. Tanaka; Limon ×vulgaris Ferrarius ex Miller (1754), not C. ×vulgaris Risso (1813).
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 11: 91, 93, 94, 96 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
Citrus limon, lemon, is a small tree in the Rutaceae (citrus family) that originated in Asia (likely India and Pakistan) and is now grown commercially worldwide in tropical, semi-tropical, and warm temperate countries, including the Mediterranean region, for the fruit, which is used fresh and in beverages and cooking, and is also used as a preservative due to its anti-oxidant properties. C. limon is thought to have arisen as a hybrid between other Citrus species; some studies suggest lineage including lime (C. aurantifolia or C. latifolia), pomelo (C. maxima), and citron (C. medica), while other studies suggest that is a hybrid between sour orange (C. aurantium) and citron. It has a long history of cultivation in southeast Asia and China, but arrived the Mediterranean during Roman times, and was brought to the New World in the 16th century. In commercial cultivation, C. limon is often grafted onto rootstock of the hardy rough lemon, C. jambhiri. The lemon tree grows to 6 m (20 ft) tall, and has stout spines. The leaves are dark green, leathery, and evergreen, oblong, elliptical, or oval and up to 14 cm (4 in) long; in contrast to several other citrus species, the petioles (leaf stems) are not winged or only narrowly winged. Flower buds are purplish but flowers open to have 5 white petals, up to 5 cm across. Fruits are globose to oblong, 7.5 to 12.5 cm long, and ripen to yellow, with smooth to bumpy rinds dotted with oil glands. Lemon fruits can be highly acidic (although non-acid varieties are also cultivated), and are high in citric acid and vitamin C. Their tart flavor is popular in beverages (lemonades and iced teas as well as many cocktails), ice creams and desserts, salad dressings, and many meat and vegetable dishes. Lemons have antioxidant properties, so lemon juice is often added to fresh fruit to prevent oxidation and browning. Lemon peel or zest (the outer peel) is used as a flavoring or candied. Lemon oil, obtained from the peel, is used as a wood cleaner and polish, and as a non-toxic pesticide. Traditional medicinal uses for the fruit, peels, oil, and oil obtained from the seeds include treating fever and colic, and as an astringent and diuretic. In 2010, commercial production of lemons (together with limes) was 14.2 million metric tons harvested from 1.0 million hectares. The leading producers are India, Mexico, Argentina, China, and Brazil. (Bailey et al. 1976, FAOSTAT 2012, Flora of Pakistan 2012, van Wyk 2005.)
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Jacqueline Courteau
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Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Shrub or small tree.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=133240
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Insects whose larvae eat this plant species

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Papilio ophidicephalus chirinda (Emperor swallowtail) Papilio demodocus demodocus (Citrus swallowtail) Papilio dardanus cenea (Mocker swallowtail)
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=133240
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Citrus limonum (L-) Risso, Ann. Mus. Paris 20 : 201. 1813
Citrus Medica Limon L. Sp. PI. 782. 1753.
Limon vulgaris Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 1768. Not Citrus vulgaris Risso, 1813.
A small, often spreading shrub, or a tree 3.5-7 m. in height with grayish bark and smooth, angular or roundish, usually thorny branches ; petioles wingless or occasionally winged ; leaflet oblong-elliptic to ovate-oval, 5-11 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, crenate, acute or acuminate at the apex ; flowers usually solitary, or in pairs, axillary ; petals white within , purplish on the outside; berry ellipsoid to oval or ovoid, 6-10 cm. long, 3.5-8 cm. broad, often mamillate at both base and apex, smooth or coarsely wrinkled, light-yellow, the rind thin, the pulp abundant, light-colored, very juicy and acid ; seeds oval, pointed.
Type locality : Southern Asia.
Distribution: Widely cultivated ; naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions.
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bibliographic citation
John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Bergamot orange

provided by wikipedia EN

Citrus bergamia, the bergamot orange (pronounced /ˈbɜːrɡəmɒt/), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green color similar to a lime, depending on ripeness.

Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultivars found bergamot orange to be a probable hybrid of lemon and bitter orange.[3] Extracts have been used as an aromatic ingredient in food, tea, snus, perfumes, and cosmetics.[4][5] Use on the skin can increase photosensitivity, resulting in greater damage from sun exposure.[4]

Etymology

The word bergamot is derived from the Italian word bergamotto, derived either from the Italian town of Bergamo or Ottoman Turkish beg armudu (بك آرمودی, 'prince's pear').[6][7]

Description

Citrus bergamia is a small tree that blossoms during the winter. The juice tastes less sour than lemon, but more bitter than grapefruit.

Phytochemicals

Bergamot fruit or oil contains flavonoids, such as neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin, melitidin, neoeriocitrin , brutieridin, and bergamottin.[4][8] Bergamot leaves contain different indole alkaloids, such as N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine.[9]

Taxonomy

The bergamot orange is unrelated to the herbs known as bergamot, wild bergamot, bergamot mint, or bergamint – Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, and Eau de Cologne mint (Mentha, disputed species). Those are all in the mint family, and are named for their similar aroma.

Citrus bergamia has also been classified as C. aurantium subsp. bergamia (i.e. a subspecies of bitter orange).[10]

C. bergamia is sometimes confused with C. medica (the citron, the yellow fruit of which is also known as etrog), and with C. limetta, the "sweet lemon" or "sweet lime".

Production

Unripe, Calabria

The bergamot is a citrus fruit native to southern Italy. Production is mostly limited to the Ionian Sea coastal areas of the province of Reggio di Calabria in Italy, to such an extent that it is a symbol of the entire city. Most of the bergamot comes from a short stretch of land there, where the temperature is favourable. The fruit is also produced in Argentina, Brazil, Algeria, the Ivory Coast, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, and South-East Asia.

It is also grown in southern France[11] and the Ivory Coast for the essential oil and in Antalya in southern Turkey for its marmalade.[12] The fruit is not generally grown for juice consumption.[5] However, in Mauritius where it is grown on a small-scale basis, it is largely consumed as juice by the locals.

One hundred bergamot oranges yield about 3 ounces (85 g) of bergamot oil.[13]

Tree, Maricopa County, Arizona
Maricopa County, Arizona

Adulteration with cheaper products such as oil of rosewood and bergamot mint has been a problem for consumers. To protect the reputation of their produce, the Italian government introduced tight controls, including testing and certificates of purity. The Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi (Experimental Station for Essential Oil and Citrus By-Products) located in Reggio di Calabria, is the quality control body for the essential oil Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria DOP.[14]

During World War II, Italy was unable to export to countries such as the Allied powers. Rival products from Brazil and Mexico came on to the market as a substitute, but these were produced from other citrus fruits such as sweet lime.[15]

Uses

Tea and other uses

A jar labelled
Bergamot marmalade

An essence extracted from the aromatic skin of this sour fruit is used to flavour Earl Grey and Lady Grey teas,[10] as well as confectionery (including Turkish delight).[16] Bergamot is one of the most common "casings" (flavorings) added to Swedish snus, a form of smokeless tobacco product.

Fragrance

Bergamot oil is one of the most commonly used ingredients in perfumery.[17] It is prized for its ability to combine with an array of scents to form a bouquet of aromas that complement each other.[18] Bergamot is a major component of the original Eau de Cologne composed by Jean-Marie Farina at the beginning of the 18th century in Germany. The first use of bergamot oil as a fragrance ingredient was recorded in 1714, and can be found in the Farina Archive in Cologne.

Toxicology

In several patch test studies, application of some sources of bergamot oil directly to the skin of guinea pigs was shown to have a concentration-dependent phototoxic effect of increasing redness after exposure to ultraviolet light (due to the chemical bergapten, and possibly also citropten, bergamottin, geranial, and neral).[19][20][21] This is a property shared by many other citrus fruits and other members of Rutaceae, including rue.

Skin effects

Bergamot orange

Used in cosmetics and perfume products, bergamot may cause skin irritation.[4] In the past, psoralen extracted from bergamot oil was used in tanning accelerators and sunscreens. Known to be photocarcinogenic since 1959,[22] the substances nonetheless were used in tanning activators until 1995,[23] contributing to many cases of melanoma and death.[24]

Research

As of 2017, clinical research conducted on bergamot oil has been of poor quality, with no conclusions about its possible biological effects.[25][26] Consuming bergamot oil as a component of tea may cause muscle cramps.[4] Use on the skin may be unsafe, particularly for children and pregnant women, and may cause rashes resulting from photodermatotoxicity.[4]

References

  1. ^ The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2 June 2015
  2. ^ Porcher, Michel H.; et al. (1995), Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D): Sorting Citrus Names, The University of Melbourne
  3. ^ Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers". Annals of Botany. 117 (4): 565–583. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005. PMC 4817432. PMID 26944784.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Bergamot oil". Drugs.com. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  5. ^ a b Davidson, Alan (2006). Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food (Second ed.). p. 75. ISBN 0-19-280681-5. The bergamot orange is not edible and is grown only for its fragrant oil, although its peel is sometimes candied.
  6. ^ "Bergamot". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  7. ^ "Bergamot". Collins Dictionaries.
  8. ^ Cappello, AR, Dolce V, Iacopetta D, Martello M, Fiorillo M, Curcio R, Muto L, Dhanyalayam D. (2015). "Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) Flavonoids and Their Potential Benefits in Human Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis: an Overview". Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (8): 1–11. doi:10.2174/1389557515666150709110222. PMID 26156545.
  9. ^ Servillo, Luigi; Giovane, Alfonso; Balestrieri, Maria Luisa; Casale, Rosario; Castaldo, Domenico (2013-05-17). "Citrus genus plants contain N-methylated tryptamine derivatives and their 5-hydroxylated forms". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 (21): 5156–5162. doi:10.1021/jf401448q. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 23682903.
  10. ^ a b "Citrus bergamia". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  11. ^ "Bergamot Orange - Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia". tradewindsfruit.com.
  12. ^ Aktas, Ali (26 October 2004). "Reçellerin gözdesi, Bergamut" [The most prominent marmalade: Bergamot]. Zaman. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  13. ^ Brannt, William Theodore; Schaedler, Karl. A Practical Treatise on Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils
  14. ^ "Decreto 15 novembre 2005 – Designazione della Stazione sperimentale per le industrie delle essenze e dei derivati degli agrumi quale autorità pubblica, incaricata di effettuare i controlli sulla denominazione di origine protetta "Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria", registrata in ambito Unione europea, ai sensi del regolamento (CEE) n. 2081/92" (PDF). ISMEA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
  15. ^ Board, Niir (2011). "Oil of Bergamot." The Complete Technology Book of Essential Oils (Aromatic Chemicals). p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7833-066-2.
  16. ^ Garbee, Jenn (2011, January 06). Three generations of Turkish delight in Southern California. Los Angeles Times.
  17. ^ Zoe Diana Draelos (14 October 2015). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Wiley. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-1-118-65546-7.
  18. ^ Giovanni Dugo; Ivana Bonaccorsi (23 August 2013). Citrus bergamia: Bergamot and its Derivatives. CRC Press. pp. 467–. doi:10.1201/B15375. ISBN 978-1-4398-6229-2. S2CID 100440701. ISBN 978-1-4398-6227-8. ISBN 978-0-429-16588-7.
  19. ^ Dugo G, Di Giacomo A (2002). Citrus: the genus citrus. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-28491-2. OCLC 49784202.
  20. ^ Girard J, Unkovic J, Delahayes J, Lafille C (1979). "Phototoxicity of Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs". Dermatologica (in French). 158 (4): 229–43. doi:10.1159/000250763. PMID 428611.
  21. ^ Kejlova K, Jirova D, Bendova H, Kandarova H, Weidenhoffer Z, Kolarova H, Liebsch M (2007). "Phototoxicity of bergamot oil assessed by in vitro techniques in combination with human patch tests". Toxicology in Vitro. 21 (7): 1298–1303. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.016. PMID 17669618.
  22. ^ Urbach, F (1959). "Modification of ultraviolet carcinogenesis by photoactive agents". J Invest Dermatol. 32 (2, Part 2): 373–378. doi:10.1038/jid.1959.63. PMID 13641813.
  23. ^ Autier P, Dore JF, Schifflers E, et al. (1995). "Melanoma and use of sunscreens: An EORTC case control study in Germany, Belgium and France". Int. J. Cancer. 61 (6): 749–755. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910610602. PMID 7790106. S2CID 34941555.
  24. ^ Autier, P.; Dore, J.-F.; Cesarini, J.-P.; Boyle, P. (1997). "Should subjects who used psoralen suntan activators be screened for melanoma?". Annals of Oncology. 8 (5): 435–437. doi:10.1023/A:1008205513771. ISSN 0923-7534. PMID 9233521.
  25. ^ Mannucci, C.; Navarra, M.; Calapai, F.; Squeri, R.; Gangemi, S.; Calapai, G. (2017). "Clinical pharmacology of Citrus bergamia: A systematic review". Phytotherapy Research. 31 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1002/ptr.5734. PMID 27747942. S2CID 12136775.
  26. ^ Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G (2015). "Citrus bergamia essential oil: from basic research to clinical application". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 6: 36. doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00036. PMC 4345801. PMID 25784877.

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Bergamot orange: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Citrus bergamia, the bergamot orange (pronounced /ˈbɜːrɡəmɒt/), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green color similar to a lime, depending on ripeness.

Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultivars found bergamot orange to be a probable hybrid of lemon and bitter orange. Extracts have been used as an aromatic ingredient in food, tea, snus, perfumes, and cosmetics. Use on the skin can increase photosensitivity, resulting in greater damage from sun exposure.

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