Dinophyceae

Plate 14. Dinophysis fortii. Fig. 1. SEM: lateral view. Left sulcul list (LSL) long and well-developed. Right sulcal list (RSL) present. Cingulum (C) obscures low and small epitheca. Thecal surface covered with areolae. Figs. 2-3. LM: lateral view. Fig. 2. Cell subovate with a wide round posterior bottom (dorsal bulge)(arrows). Fig. 3. LSL supported by three strong ribs (arrows). Smoothly convex dorsal margin. Fig. 4. Line drawing.

Plate 15. Dinophysis mitra. Figs. 1-4. SEM. Fig. 1. Lateral view: cell broad and wedge-shaped; epitheca visible. Left sulcal list (LSL) short (arrow). Right sulcal list (RSL) small (arrowhead). Theca heavily areolated. Fig. 2. Epitheca cap-like; greatly reduced. LSL supported by three short ribs (arrows). Ventral hypothecal margin concave below LSL (arrowheads). Fig. 3. Dorsal view: hypothecal margin smoothly convex. Short anterior cingular list (ACL) and posterior cingular list (PCL) supported by numerous ribs. Fig. 4. Ventral view: dividing cell. Megacytic zone expanding (arrows). Epitheca, sulcus, RSL and LSL visible. Fig. 5. LM: large nucleus (n). Fig. 6. Line drawing (Phalacroma mitra).

Plate 16. Dinophysis norvegica. Fig. 1. SEM: lateral view. Cell heavily areolated with pointed antapex and posterior protrusions (arrowheads). Ventral margin concave below left sulcal list (LSL)(arrow). Well developed cingular lists (CL) and LSL. Figs. 2-5. LM: lateral view. Fig. 2. Cell less robust than in Fig. 1; pointed antapex. Fig. 3. Robust cell with rounded antapex. Heavily areolated. Ventral margin straight below LSL (arrows). Fig. 4. Deepest point of cell through mid-point (dashed line), just above third rib of LSL. Fig. 5. Large posterior nucleus (n). Pointed antapex with posterior projections (arrows). Fig. 6. Line drawing. Right sulcal list depicted (RSL).

Plate 17. Dinophysis rotundata. Figs. 1-2. SEM: lateral view. Fig. 1. Cell broadly rounded. Small cap-like epitheca (e) not obscured by cingular lists. Right sulcal list (arrow). Fig. 2. Left sulcal list (LSL) (large arrow), over 1/2 the cell length, widens posteriorly. Surface pores present (small arrows). Figs. 3-4. LM (from Larsen & Moestrup 1992: figs. 8b,c). Fig. 3. Large food vacuoles (fv). LSL supported by three ribs (arrows). Widest width of cell between second and third rib. Fig. 4. Posterior nucleus (n). Fig. 5. Line drawing (as Phalacroma rotundata).

Plate 18. Dinophysis sacculus. Figs. 1-3. SEM: lateral view. Fig. 1. Cell oblong with rounded posterior. Hypotheca long, margins undulate. Thecal surface coarsely areolated. Short left sulcal list (LSL). Cingulum with two well developed lists. Small blunt posterior projections (arrow). Fig. 2. Cingulum lined with pores. Right sulcal list (RSL) visible. Fig. 3. Smooth thecal surface with pores. Metacytic zone (M) devoid of pores. Figs. 4-5. LM: lateral view. Fig. 4. Hypotheca sack-like with deep thecal pores. Posterior end with two blunt projections (arrows). Fig. 5. Large posterior nucleus (n). Fig. 6. Line drawing: morphotype from Stein (1883).

Plate 19. Dinophysis tripos. Fig. 1. SEM: lateral view. Cell large, oblong and heavily areolated. Hypothecal projections with toothed posterior ends (arrows). Left sulcal list (LSL) large, wide and reticulated. Figs. 2,3. LM: lateral view. Fig. 2. Anterior cingular list (ACL) projected anteriorly obscuring low epitheca (arrowheads). Narrow cingulum. Chloroplasts visible (arrows). Fig. 3. Paired cells. Hypothecal projection on dorsal margin sometimes seen with a narrow list (arrow) connecting two daughter cells during cell division. Fig. 4. Line drawing.

Figs. 8-10. Scanning electron micrographs of Gambierdiscus australes (RAV-92), sp. nov. Figs. 8, 9. Cells round to ellipsoid. The cell surface is smooth with scattered small pores. Fig. 8. Epithecal view. The Po plate is oriented ventrally. Fig. 9. Hypothecal view. The Ip plate, long and narrow, occupies 30% of the hypotheca width. Fig. 10. The Po plate is a broadly ellipsoid plate, with fish-hook-shaped apical opening surrounded by 31 pores. EMu: Holotype SEM negative # 237047; SEM stub # 237; Field # RAV-92; Catalog # 1526; Figure #8.

Figs. 1-6. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface morphology of Gambierdiscus toxicus and Gambierdiscus belizeanus are shown. FIGS.1-2. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface morphology of Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo. FIG.1. Cell in epithecal view. FIG.2. Cell in hypothecal view. Cell shape is round, compressed and ellipsoidal. Cell surface is smooth with scattered small pores. Thecal plate is large and quadrangular. FIGS.3-6. Gambierdiscus belizeanus sp. nov. FIG.3. Cell in epithecal view slightly damaged. Cell surface areolated and plates partially separated. FIG. 4. Cell is in hypothecal and ventral view. Plate is narrow. FIG.5. Apical pore complex is triangular with a fish-hook-shaped apical pore. A round pore is present in the areolae (arrowhead). FIG.6. Cingulum deep, ascending into a deep sulcal hollow. EMu: Holotype SEM NEGATIVE # 132003B; SEM STUB # 152; FIELD # 682-93; ACCESSION # 407167; CATALOG # 798; FIGURE # 3.

Figs. 11-14. Scanning electron micrographs of Gambierdiscus pacificus (HO-91), sp. nov., and Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Figs. 11-13. Gambler discus pacificus, sp. nov. Fig. 11, 12. Cells are round to ellipsoid. The Cell surface is smooth with scattered small pores. Fig. 11. Epithecal view. The Po plate is oriented ventrally. Fig. 12. The Ip plate, short and narrow, occupies 20% of the hypotheca width. Postcingular plates 2'" and 4'" are wide. Fig. 13. The Po plate is four-sided plate with a narrow fish-hook-shaped apical opening surrounded by 31 pores. Fig. 14. Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Cell in hypothecal view. The cell surface is areolated. The Ip plate, narrow and pentagonal, is wedged between very wide postcingular plates 2'", and 4'". The cingulum, deeply excavated, is ascending into a deep sulcal hollow. EMu: Gambierdiscus pacificus Holotype SEM negative # 241006; SEM stub # 241; Field # HO-91; Catalog # 1528; Figure #11.

Figs. 5-7. Scanning electron micrographs of Gamblerdiscus polynesiensis (TB-92), sp. nov. Figs. 5, 6. Cells are round to ellipsoid. Cell surface is smooth with small scattered pores. Fig. 5. Epithecal view. The PO plate is oriented ventrally. Fig. 6. Hypothecal view. The Ip plate, broad and pentagonal, occupies 60% of the of hypotheca width. Postcingular plates 2'", 3'" and 4'" are narrow. The cingulum, deep, is ascending into a deep sulcal hollow. Fig. 7. The Po plate is triangular with fish-hook-shaped apical opening surrounded by 44 pores. EMu: Holotype SEM negative # 242010; SEM stub # 242; Field # TB-92; Catalog # 1522; Figure #5.

Figs. 1-4. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate the surface morphology of Gambierdiscus toxicus (GTT-91). Fig. 1. In epithecal view. The cell shape is round, and the apical pore plate (Po) oriented ventrally. Fig. 2. In hypothecal view. Posterior intercalary plate (Ip) broad and pentagonal, centrally located, occupying about 1/3 of cell's width. Fig.3. Po plate ellipsoid with a fish-hook-shaped apical pore surrounded by rows of 28 evenly distributed pores. Fig. 4. Cell in central view, shape compressed and bordered by a cingular list. The cell surface is smooth with small scattered pores. NOTE: This is the apotype of the genus Gambierdiscus. It is an important toxic species. I would like to add this species to the dinoflagellate ‘Types’ since the SEM plate of G. toxicus is the only record. Adachi and Fukuyo (1979) described G. toxicus sp. nov. only in line drawing to illustrate the morphology of plates.

Plate 20. Gambierdiscus toxicus. Figs. 1-3. SEM. Fig. 1. Epitheca: cell round to ellipsoid; anterior-posteriorly compressed. Cell surface smooth with small scattered pores. Apical pore complex located at the apex (arrow). Fig. 2. Hypotheca: 1p plate large and pentagonal. Sulcal region deeply excavated (arrow). Fig. 3. Apical pore plate with characteristic fishhook shaped apical pore. Fig. 4. LM. Epitheca: cingulum and sulcal region in focus. Fig. 5. LM. Hypotheca: sulcal ridge (arrow); large nucleus (n). Fig. 6. Line drawing: thecal plate arrangement.

Plate 21. Gonyaulax polygramma. Figs. 1-3. SEM. Fig. 1. Ventral view: cell large, elongate and quadrilateral. Epitheca with prominent apical horn (arrow). Cingulum left-handed, displaced 1.5 X its width; sulcus widens posteriorly. Longitudinal ridges on thecal surface with reticulations in between. Fig. 2. Lateral ventral view: transverse (TF) and longitudinal (LF) flagella present. One antapical spine (arrow). Fig. 3. Dorsal view: hypotheca truncate with straight sides. Three antapical spines (arrows): one large and two small. Figs. 4-5. LM. Fig. 4. Ventral view: reticulations evident; one long antapical spine (arrow). Fig. 5. Dorsal view: prominent longitudinal ridges. Fig. 6. Line drawing.

Plate 22. Gymnodinium breve. Fig. 1. SEM: ventral view. Cell small, wider than long, dorso-ventrally flattened. Cell nearly square in outline; prominent apical process (AP) directed ventrally. Apical groove (AG) present on apical process, adjacent to sulcus. Figs. 2-3. LM. Fig. 2. Dorsal view: large nucleus (N) in hypotheca. Transverse (TF) and longitudinal (LF) flagella present. Hypotheca bilobed (arrow). Fig. 3. Ventral view: displaced cingulum (large arrow) and lipid globule (small arrow). Fig. 4. Line drawing. Cingulum (C) displaced, descending. Long sulcus (S) extends to apex of cell.

Plate 23. Gymnodinium catenatum. Figs. 1-3. SEM: ventral view. Fig. 1. Cell small, elongate-ovoid with slight dorso-ventral compression. Conical apex; rounded and notched antapex. Cingulum (C) excavated; sulcus (S) long. Distinctive horse-shoe shaped apical groove (AG) encircles apex. Fig. 2. Two cell chain; attachment point visible (arrow). Premedian cingulum displaced 2X its width. Longitudinal (LF) and transverse (TF) flagella visible. Fig. 3. Chain cells with anterior-posterior compression. Terminal cell slightly longer. Thecal surface rugose to smooth (Blackburn et al. 1989). Figs. 4-5. LM. Fig. 4. Chain-formation (Yuki and Yoshimatsu 1987). Fig. 5. Single cell. Conical epitheca with concave to flat apex. Bilobed hypotheca (arrow). Fig. 6. Line drawing. Fig. 7. SEM: cyst with microreticulations. ag=apical groove; c=cingulum

Plate 24. Gymnodinium mikimotoi. Figs. 1-4. SEM. Fig. 1. Ventral view: cell small, broadly oval to almost round. Epitheca slightly smaller than hypotheca. Characteristic straight apical groove (AG). Cingulum (C) deep, displaced 2 times its width. Sulcus (S) slightly invades epitheca (arrowheads). Hypotheca notched by widening sulcus (arrow). Fig. 2. Dorsal view: apical groove extends to dorsal side of epitheca creating slight indentation at the apex (arrowhead). Hypotheca bilobed (arrow). Fig. 3. Apical view of apical groove (arrow)(after Fukuyo et al.). Fig. 4. Cell compressed dorso-ventrally (after Fukuyo et al.). Figs. 5-7. LM. Fig. 5. Cingulum displaced 2 times its width (arrows)(from Larsen & Moestrup 1989: fig. 16g). Fig. 6. Large nucleus (N) in left lobe of hypotheca. Fig. 7. Vegetative division. Division plane oblique.

Plate 25. Gymnodinium pulchellum. Figs. 1-2. SEM: ventral view. Fig. 1. Cell small and broadly oval. Cingulum wide, displaced 1-1.5 X its width. Deeply excavated sulcus creates lobed hypotheca. Conspicuous undulating apical groove (AG). Fig. 2. Well-developed apical groove: reverse S-shape. Transverse flagellum (TF) housed in cingulum. Sulcus slightly invades epitheca with finger-like projection (arrow). Figs. 3-5. LM: ventral view. Figs. 3-4. Apical groove distinguishable (small arrows). Chloroplasts and pyrenoids present. Lobed hypotheca (large arrow). Fig. 5. Large elliptical nucleus (N) in left central part of cell. Fig. 6. Line drawing. C=cingulum

Plate 26. Gymnodinium sanguineum. Figs. 1-3. LM. Cell large, pentagonal, and slightly dorso-ventrally flattened. Cells vary in shape and size. Fig. 1. Ventral view. Epitheca and hypotheca nearly equal in size: epitheca conical, hypotheca bilobed (arrows). Fig. 2. Ventral view. Deep cingulum median, displaced 1-2 times its width. Sulcus deeply notches hypotheca. Apical groove present (arrow). Fig. 3. Cell deeply pigmented; central nucleus (n). Fig. 4. Line drawing. Spindle-shaped chloroplasts radially arranged.

Plate 27. Gymnodinium veneficum. Figs. 1-3. Line drawings. Fig. 1. Ventral view: cell small and ovoid. Epitheca slightly pointed, without apical groove. Cingulum deep and displaced 1-2 times its width. Fig. 2. Dorsal view: large central nucleus (N). Two to eight irregular chloroplasts present (C). Fig. 3. Sigmoid sulcus slightly invades epitheca (arrow).

Plate 28. Gyrodinium galatheanum. Figs. 1-2. SEM: ventral view. Fig. 1. Cell small, oval to round, with distinct apical groove (AG). Cingulum (C) displaced 3 times its width. Short and narrow sulcus (S) slightly invades epitheca. Fig. 2. Epitheca and hypotheca round. Cingulum wide, houses transverse flagellum (single arrow). Longitudinal flagella present (double arrow). Fig. 3. LM: ventral view. Cingulum deeply excavated (arrows). Nucleus (N) large and central. Fig. 4. Line drawing.

Plate 29. Lingulodinium polyedrum. Figs. 1-3. SEM. Fig. 1. Ventral view: cells angular and polyhedral-shaped. Thick plates well defined and coarsely areolate. Epitheca with shoulders and nearly flattened apex. Hypotheca with straight sides and flattened antapex (arrow). Cingulum deep and displaced 1-2 X its width. Sulcus widens posteriorly. Fig. 2. Apical view: first apical plate (1') long and narrow. Apical pore plate (Po) with raised inner elliptical ridge. Cingulum with lists (arrowheads). Strong ridges along sutures outline thecal plates. Fig. 3. Thecal areolae with large trichocysts (arrow)(Lewis and Burton 1988). Fig. 4. Line drawing. Figs. 5-6. SEM: resting cysts. Fig. 5. Cyst sperical with numerous tapering spines. Fig. 6. Cyst theca after excystment.

Figs 6-10. Cells of Ostreopsis belizeanus sp. nov. Figs 6-9. Scanning electron microscopy. Fig. 6. Morphology of epithecal plates and position of apical pore plate (Po). Fig. 7. Hypothecal plates. Fig. 8. In the cingulum, the ventral opening (Vo) is located adjacent to a ridged plate (Rp). Fig. 9. Apical pore plate includes a narrow apical pore (Po) located off-center. Thecal surface laced with round pores (arrows). Fig. 10. Epifluorescence light microscopy of epithecal plates. EMu: HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 211053; SEM STUB # 211; FIELD # 1005-96; ACCESSION # 2002408; CATALOG # 1541; FIGURE # 6.

Figs 11-16. Cells of sp. nov. Figs. 11-15. Scanning electron microscopy. Fig. 11. Morphology of epithecal plates and position of apical pore plate (Po). Fig. 12. Hypothecal plates. Note long centrally situated Ip plate. Fig. 13. Cell in antapical view: antapical plate 1" is triangular; plate 2" is narrow and very small. The location of the ventral pore (Vo) and ridged plate (Rp) is illustrated. Fig. 14. Apical pore plate (Po) located off-center; note its morphology. Thecal surface smooth with round pores. Fig. 15. Ejected trichocyst emerges from thecal pores (arrowheads). Fig. 16. Epifluorescence microscopy of partially separated hypothecal plates. EMu:HOLOTYPE SEM NEGATIVE # 174097; SEM STUB # 174; FIELD # Morton-Clones; ACCESSION # ; CATALOG # 1545 ; FIGURE # 11

Plate 31. Ostreopsis heptagona. Figs. 1-4. SEM. Fig. 1. Epithecal view: cells broadly oval, oblong and pointed. Long curved apical pore plate, Po, off-center (arrow). Plate 1' heptagonal and distinctive. Fig. 2. Hypothecal view: plate 1p pentagonal and dorso-ventrally elongate. Fig. 3. Po long, narrow and curved. Narrow mucilage strands cover cell surface. Fig. 4. Ventral view: location of ventral opening (arrow), ventral plate (asterisk), and rigid plate (asterisk) within cingulum. Fig. 5. LM. Two cells. Fig. 6. Line drawing: thecal plate arrangement.