Habitat
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin inhabit pelagic waters and their population density is positively correlated with distance from shore. These fish are generally found in the epipelagic zone.
Range depth: 0 to 200 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; coastal
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
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- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Life Cycle
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After spawning has occurred, fertilized eggs develop into planktonic, lecithotropic larvae that drift for several weeks to months before the larvae develop into small fry. Little is known specifically about the early life stages of this species.
Development - Life Cycle: indeterminate growth
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
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- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Conservation Status
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It is estimated that populations of striped marlin have declined by 20-25% since the mid 1990s. More detailed and frequent stock assessments in the Indian Ocean as well as the northwest Pacific Ocean need to be conducted to obtain basic biological information on this species for its effective management.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
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- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Behavior
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin may communicate visually with conspecifics via use of their chromatophores. Such communication may be used to signal spawning readiness. Like other teleost fishes, striped marlin have olfactory nares to detect chemicals in the water, helping them find mates or prey. They also have large eyes which enable them to hunt at night or at depths with low levels of light. The lateral line, running along the sides of the fish, senses pressure differences and heightens its awareness of its surroundings.
Communication Channels: visual ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
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- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
provided by Animal Diversity Web
There are no known adverse effects of striped marlin on humans, though eating striped marlin and other large predatory fishes may put people at risk of illness due to high levels of mercury retained within the fish's muscle tissue.
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
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- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin fight when caught by hook and line, providing sport fishermen with recreational opportunities. Catch and release of this species is recommended in waters of the United States. While this species is not usually consumed in the United States, it is considered a delicacy in Asia.
Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
- author
- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Associations
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin have an important role in the epipelagic marine food chain as apex predators, helping to regulate the population of cephalopods and fish. Furthermore, this species hosts a number of parasites, including copepods and a variety of flatworm species.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
-
Gloiopotes huttoni (Subclass Copepoda, Subphylum Crustacea)
-
Pennella filosa (Subclass Copepoda, Subphylum Crustacea)
-
Capsala ovalis (Class Monogenea, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
-
Capsaloides hofmannae (Class Monogenea, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
-
Capsaloides istiophori (Class Monogenea, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
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Capsaloides sinuatus (Class Monogenea, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
-
Tristomella laevis (Class Monogenea, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
-
Tristomella pricei (Class Monogenea, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
- author
- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
- editor
- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Trophic Strategy
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Planktonic larvae and small juveniles consume zooplankton. Dietary analysis of adult striped marlin during a yearly cycle in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico, found prey consisting of epipelagic organisms from the neritic and oceanic zones. The most abundant prey noted were chub mackerel (Scomber japonicas), California pilchard (Sardinops sagax) and jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas).
Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore ); planktivore
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
- author
- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
- editor
- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Distribution
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin are pelagic billfish native to the Indian and Pacific oceans. They are found in coastal waters offshore of Africa, Mexico, South America, and New Zealand. In North American waters, Striped marlin are most common south of Point Conception, California, but range as far north as Oregon.
Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
- author
- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Life Expectancy
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin live from 8 to 10 years. They are not maintained in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 8 to 10 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 8 to 10 years.
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
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- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Morphology
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin are bony fish that are similar in appearance to sailfish, with a distinguishable difference in the dorsal fin (in Striped marlin the dorsal fin is much smaller and tapers toward the caudle peduncle). With a fusiform-shaped body, striped marlin glide through the water with little resistance. Striped marlin have the thinnest bill amongst all billfishes and slash their prey as opposed to impaling them as other members of the family do. Striped marlin have a distinct color patterning of 10-20 blue bars extending from the head and continuing to the caudal fin. When the fish is excited, the coloration of these bars rapidly changes from blue to lavender via the contraction or expansion of chromatophores (special pigmented cells in the integument).
Range mass: 224 (high) kg.
Range length: 3.35 (high) m.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
- author
- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Associations
provided by Animal Diversity Web
The only known predators of this species are great white sharks, killer whales, and humans.
Known Predators:
- Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
- Killer whale (Orcinus orca)
- Humans (Homo sapiens)
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
- author
- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
- editor
- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Reproduction
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Striped marlin form groups and/or schools during their reproductive season. As a broadcast spawning species, males and females potentially have multiple mates. Further information regarding courtship behavior is currently unavailable.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Female striped marlin reach sexual maturity at 1.5-2.5 years of age while males reach sexual maturity at 1-2 years of age. Striped marlin reproduce by broadcast spawning (the female releases eggs which are fertilized in the water column). Females may produce 11-29 million eggs annually.
Breeding interval: Striped marlin spawn annually.
Breeding season: Striped marlin spawn during the months of November and December
Range number of offspring: 11 million to 29 million.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.5 to 2.5 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 to 2 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous
Gametes are shed into the water during spawning; there is no further parental care.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement
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- Nicholas Shannon, N. 2012. "Tetrapturus audax" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tetrapturus_audax.html
- author
- Nathaniel Roughton Nicholas Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
- editor
- Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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- Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
provided by FAO species catalogs
In the period from 1978 to 1982, catches of T. audax have been reported from seven FAO Fishing Areas (51, 57, 617 71, 77, 81 and 87), mostly by Japan and the Republic of Korea. The total world catch was 15 426 t in 1978, 15 988 t in 1979, 18 429 t in 1980, 15 664 t in 1981 and 15 460 t in 1982. Only 13.6% (2 132 0 of the 1981 total catch was taken in the Indian Ocean, and 86.4% (13 532 t) in the Pacific Ocean, particularly in Fishing Area 61 (northwest Pacific) with 7 229 t predominantly by Japan, in Fishing Area 77 (eastern central Pacific), with 2 414 t predominantly by Japan, and in Fishing Area 87 (southeast Pacific) with 2 217 t by Japan and the Republic of Korea (FAO, 1983); of the 1982 catch, 12.6% (1 949 t) was taken in the Indian Ocean and 87.6% (13 511 t) in the Pacific Ocean, predominantly by Japan, China (Taiwan Province) and the Republic of Korea (FAO, 1984). The commercial catch of T. audax is taken mostly by surface longlining, while harpooning may be responsible for less than 1% of the total catch in recent years. The longliners aim chiefly at tunas and marlins which are frequently swimming at depths between 100 and 150 m. Longline gear consists of a mainline, float lines, branch lines, hooks, bouys including several radio-bouys, and flags. Several hundred of these units (each unit is referred to as a "basket") are joined in a series to make up a set of longline. The longline is retrieved with a line hauler. Japanese longliners in the eastern Pacific use about 2 000 hooks (about 400 baskets) per set. Due to recent manpower problems, considerable effort has been directed toward developing labour-saving devices in longlining. The reel-type and the tub-type of longlining are two examples of this development. In the reel-type the mainline (usually wire) is continuous and reeled onto a large drum, while in the tub-type, the retrieved line is coiled into a large tub. In harpooning, the electric harpoon has been recently introduced in Japanese fisheries to speed up the killing of the fish. The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 9 717 t. The countries with the largest catches were Japan (5 532 t) and Taiwan Province of China (2 696 t). The quality of the flesh is the best among billfishes for sashimi and sushi. It is marketed mostly frozen, sometimes fresh.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vo1.5. Billfishes of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Marlins, Sailfishes, Spearfishes and Swordfishes Known to date.Izumi Nakamura 1985. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 5
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Diagnostic Description
provided by FAO species catalogs
fieldmarks: Anterior lobe of first dorsal fin pointed and higher than remainder of the fin, the height decreasing gradually backward; anus situated near origin of first anal fin, the distance between them smaller than half of anal fin height; tips of pectoral and first anal fins pointed. Body elongate and fairly compressed. Bill stout and long, round in cross section; nape fairly elevated; right and left branchiostegal membranes completely united to each other, but free from isthmus; no gillrakers; both jaws and palatines (roof of mouth) with small, file-like teeth. Two dorsal fins, the first with 37 to 42 rays, usually with a pointed anterior lobe, higher than (or occasionally equal to) body depth anteriorly, the fin then abruptly decreasing in height to about the 10th dorsal fin ray and gently decreasing further backward; first dorsal fin base long, extending from above posterior margin of preopercle to just in front of second dorsal fin origin; second dorsal fin with 5 to 6 rays, its position slightly backward in respect to the second anal fin; two anal fins, the first with 13 to 18 rays, the second with 5 or 6 rays and very similar in size and shape to the second dorsal; pectoral fins long and narrow, with pointed tips, adpressible against sides of body and with 18 to 22 rays; pelvic fins slender and almost equal to, or slightly shorter than the pectorals in large specimens, and slightly longer than pectorals in smaller individuals. Caudal peduncle well compressed (laterally) and slightly depressed (dorsoventrally), with a pair of keels on each side and a shallow notch on both, the dorsal and ventral surfaces; anus situated just in front of first anal fin origin. Lateral line single and obvious, curving above base of pectoral fin and then continuing in a straight line toward the caudal fin base. Body densely covered with elongate bony scales, each with 1 or 2 posterior points. Vertebrae 24 (12 precaudal and 12 caudal). Colour: body blue-black dorsally and silvery white ventrally, with about 15 rows of cobalt-coloured stripes, each consisting of round dots and/or narrow bands. First dorsal fin dark blue; other fins usually dark brown, sometimes tinged with dark blue; bases of first and second anal fins tinged with silvery white.
- Howard & Ueyanagi, (1965)
- Jones & Kumaran, (1964)
- Nakamura, H., (1938); Ueyanagi, (1959, 1964)
- Nakamura I., (1968)
- Parin, (1968)
- Silas & Pillai, (1982)
- Ueyanagi & Wares, (1975)
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vo1.5. Billfishes of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Marlins, Sailfishes, Spearfishes and Swordfishes Known to date.Izumi Nakamura 1985. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 5
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Distribution
provided by FAO species catalogs
T. audax occurs mainly in the tropical, subtropical and temperate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Japanese long line catch data collected over many years show that the distribution pattern of this species within the Pacific Ocean is horseshoe-shaped, with the base of the horseshoe located along the Central American coast. T. audax is occasionally found on the Atlantic side of the Cape of Good Hope (Talbot & Penrith, 1962) and one individual was caught off Angola, West Africa in October 1976, having probably strayed from the Indian Ocean as in a few cases of Tetrapturus angustirostris and Makaira indica. The latitudinal range limits of T. audax, based on data from the commercial longline fishery, extend from about 45° N in the North Pacific to 30° S in the eastern South Pacific and to 45° S in the western South Pacific, as far south as 45° S in the southwestern Indian Ocean and 35° S in the southeastern Indian Ocean.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vo1.5. Billfishes of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Marlins, Sailfishes, Spearfishes and Swordfishes Known to date.Izumi Nakamura 1985. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 5
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Size
provided by FAO species catalogs
The maximum size attained by this species exceeds 350 cm in total length and 200 kg in weight. The all tackle angling record is a fish caught off the Cavalli Islands, New Zealand, on 14 January 1977, weighing 189.37 kg (417 lb 8 oz). Other records of large specimens (over 180 kg) are the following: 183.47 kg (404 lb 8 oz), Bay of Islands, New Zealand, on 12 March 1980; 181.89 kg (401 lb), Cavalli Islands, New Zealand, 24 February 1970; 180.53 kg (398 lb), Mayor Island, New Zealand, 30 December 1974 (IGFA, 1981). All world records for both men and women recognized by IGFA are from New Zealand, except a record from Botany Bay, Sydney, on 24 October 1976 (161.93 kg=357 lb for men's 30 lb line class). Size at first capture (longline fisheries) of T. audax is approximately 80 cm eye-fork length (= 83.9 to 86.1% of body length). Around Taiwan Island, size at first maturity is generally estimated between 140 cm and 160 cm eye-fork length, and the biological minimum size of males at about 137 cm eye-fork length. The maximum size in commercial fisheries is probably about 290 cm eye-fork length or 258.6 kg (570 lb). The sizes of fish taken by commercial longliners range mainly from 205 to 225 cm body length in the northern part of the western North Pacific, between 145 and 185 em body length in the southern part of the western North Pacific, between 235 and 255 cm body length in the central North Pacific, and about 280 cm body length in the western South Pacific.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vo1.5. Billfishes of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Marlins, Sailfishes, Spearfishes and Swordfishes Known to date.Izumi Nakamura 1985. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 5
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Brief Summary
provided by FAO species catalogs
This is an epipelagic andoceanic species,usually swimming above the thermocline. Parin (1968) included it among the holoepipelagic species which inhabit the isothermic, surface-pelagic layer of the ocean at all stages of their life cycle, and are usually confined to tropical and subtropical waters where permanent thermoclines exist, but penetrate higher latitudes in the local warm seasons. However, the striped marlin has a somewhat atypical distribution as compared to most other billfishes and tunas, and seems to prefer more temperate waters. In the Pacific, its distribution resembles that of the albacore (Thunnus alalunga ) and the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus ), in contrast to that of the other billfishes and tunas. In the Indian Ocean, however it is found in warmer waters. The total distributional range of this species, is generally bounded by the 20° and 25° C isotherms, at least in the western Pacific Ocean. This is the most dominant and widely distributed of all billfishes, especially in the eastern and northcentral Pacific, where it is much more abundant than in the western Pacific. In the Indian Ocean, the striped marlin is abundant in the western Arabian Sea. Larvae of striped marlin have been recorded from the western North Pacific west of 180° long.) between 10° to 30° N, and from the central South Pacific (west of 130° W) between 10° and 30° S. They are most abundant in the respective local early summers, with peak occurrences during May through June in the western North Pacific, and in November and December in the central South Pacific. The seasonal occurrence of mature females coincides with that of the larvae. While the distribution of larvae for the eastern Pacific (east of 120° W) is not known, mature fish are reported to occur there between 5° and 20° N, largely in May and June. Larvae have also been reported to occur in the Banda and Timor seas in January and February, in the eastern Indian Ocean in October and November between 6° N and 6° S, and in the western Indian Ocean between 10° S and 18° S in December and January. Mature females are found in March and May in the Bay of Bengal, although larval occurrence is not yet known there.The lower temperature limit in the distribution of larvae is approximately 24° C, both in the Indian and Pacific oceans. However, larval distributions in the two oceans differ in that, in the Pacific, the larvae of this species are scarcely found in equatorial waters. It has been noted that larvae of T. audax are not likely to appear in the Kuroshio Current area, while those of the Indo-Pacific sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus occur there extensively. Two juveniles of striped marlin (12.2 and 14.5 cm body length) were found in stomachs of a yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares ), and of a dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus ) taken by longlines on 13 January 1955 at 23°52' S/175°49' W and on 21 December 1964 at 17°5' S/67°29' E. These two occurrences coincide with larval distributions of the species in the South Pacific and Indian oceans, respectively. The ovarian eggs of striped marlin from New Zealand average about 0.85 mm in diameter shortly before spawning. The size of ovulated eggs is presumed to exceed 1 mm in diameter, considering that the mean diameter of the eggs of the shortbill spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris ) is 1.442 mm and that the eggs of the Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus ), measure 1.304 mm in diameter. T. audax, like the other marlins, does not form dense schools like the tunas, and the individuals are usually dispersed at considerably wide distances. Several fish, however, are often seen together, sometimes following one another, especially during the spawning season. Surfacing is apparently more common with strong wind and high waves. When wind and current are moving in the same direction, the water surface is rather smooth, but when the wind runs against the current, high waves develop and this is when striped marlin are most often seen at the surface around Taiwan Island, usually swimming in the direction of the wind. When surfaced, striped marlins usually swim very slowly, with the upper caudal fin lobe above the surface and the dorsal fin retracted and not showing, a characteristic which reportedly distinguishes thern from swordfishes which are unable to depress the dorsal fin and show both the dorsal and caudal fins when surfaced. Striped marlins swim faster and are less easily approached when surfaced than the swordfish. Like other billfishes and tunas, they tend to school by size. [more...] Dolphinfishes (Coryphaena spp.), wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri ) and the pelagic large sharks (Prionace, Isurus, Lamna, Carcharhinus and Alopias ) feed on many of the same forage organisms as the striped marlin. Its closest competitors for food are possibly the other billfishes and larger tunas. The striped marlin, however, tends to feed more on epipelagic organisms and less on mesopelagic ones than the swordfish and the oceanic tunas. Food habits do not appear to vary significantly with sex or size, at least in adults. Considerable variation in species composition of the diet occurs, however, with seasons and geographic localities. T. audax, like other billfishes and tunas, is thought to be carnivorous and a non-selective feeder. Some of its reported major forage species by localities are: Fistularia sp., Auxis sp., squid (East Africa); Scomberoesox saurus, Arripis trutta, Loligo sp., Ommastrephes sloani, Caranx lutescens, Scomber japonicus (New Zealand); Alepisauridae, Clupeidae (Tasman Sea); Gempylus serpens, Cololabis saida, Engraulis mordax, Sardinops caerulea, Trachurus symmetricus (California); Etrumeus teres, Fisturalia sp., Argonauta sp., squid Mazatlan, Mexico, Etrumeus teres, Scomber japonicus, Fistularia sp., squid (Baja California, Mexico); Auxis spp., Bramidae, Gempylidae, squid (eastern North Pacific); Alepisaurus spp., squid (eastern South Pacific); squid (Peru-Chile); Engraulis rinqens, Trachurus symmetricus, squid (Chile).Predators of adults of this species are probably extremely rare or almost inexistent, the only likely candidates being some of the large pelagic sharks and the toothed whales, although there are many predators to the earlier life-stages of the striped marlin.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO species catalogue. Vo1.5. Billfishes of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Marlins, Sailfishes, Spearfishes and Swordfishes Known to date.Izumi Nakamura 1985. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 5
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Migration
provided by Fishbase
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
Females are indeterminate batch spawners with asynchronous oocyte development (Ref. 92477). Larvae are most abundant in the respective local early summers. The seasonal occurrence of mature females coincides with that of the larvae. The lower temperature limit in the distribution of larvae is approximately 24°C, both in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.Spawning sites are between 10°S and 30°S in Southwest Pacific and 10°S and 20°S in northeastern Indian Ocean (Ref. 6390).
Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
Body elongated and compressed; upper jaw produced into a robust and medium sized beak; two dorsal fins, the height of the first greater than the greatest depth, short anteriorly, taller in the middle, then becoming shorter posteriorly; pectoral fins falcate and flexible, with 18 to 22 rays; body densely covered by small, embedded scales with 1 or 2 bluntish points; back dark blue; belly silvery; membrane of first dorsal fin blue black without dark spots; flanks with about 20 bluish stripes (Ref. 55763). Blue-black above and silvery white below, with about 15 rows of cobalt-colored stripes; 1st dorsal fin dark blue; other fins dark brown, sometimes with a tinge of dark blue; anal fin bases with a tinge of silvery white.
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 42 - 48; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 18 - 24
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
There is little information on the distribution of striped marlin eggs and larvae (Ref. 6390). Juveniles are relatively rare in the southwest Pacific Ocean (Ref. 30443). Fish of 4-10 kg (80-100 cm FL) are regularly caught on longlines in the region but concentrations of fish this size are most restricted to the northcentral Pacific Ocean (Ref. 30443).Striped marlin are carnivorous, non-selective feeders whose diet includes more epipelagic organisms than the diets or other billfish and larger tunas (Ref. 6390). Their diet changes with season and locality (Ref. 6390).
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Epipelagic and oceanic species, usually found above the thermocline. Generally inhabit cooler water than either black (Makaira indica) or blue marlin (M. mazara) (Ref. 43). Most dominant and widely distributed of all billfishes. Their abundance increases with distance from the continental shelf (Ref. 6390). Usually seen close to shore only where deep drop-offs occur (Ref. 6390). Mostly solitary, but form small schools by size during the spawning season (Ref. 9987). They are usually dispersed at considerably wide distances. Feed on fishes, crustaceans and squids. Also caught with the harpoon. The flesh is the best among billfishes for sashimi and sushi. Marketed mostly frozen, sometimes fresh (Ref. 43); also smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Also Ref. 9137, 9574.
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
分布
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
廣泛分布於印度洋及太平洋之熱帶、亞熱帶海域，少數會進入溫帶海域，有些會越過好望角而進入大西洋。主要分布於東部海域。
利用
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
經濟性魚種，全世界產量在500-2,000公噸。常用延繩釣或鏢旗魚法捕獲。紅肉旗魚的肉正如其名是紅色的，可以作生魚片，外銷到日本賺取外匯，也可以油炸或炒排骨食之。
描述
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體延長而極側扁；尾柄細而強狀，具二隆起脊。頭較長；吻長而尖，明顯較下頜突出。口大，微斜裂。頜齒呈絨毛狀齒帶，鋤骨無齒。體被細長骨質鱗；側線單一，平直至尾部。第一背鰭軟條部等於或略高於體高，大部分軟條由前而後大致逐漸短小；第二背鰭短小；胸鰭位低，呈鐮刀狀，幾等長於腹鰭；腹鰭胸位，起點在胸鰭基底下方，向後不延伸至肛門；尾鰭深叉形。體背褐色，腹部銀白色，體側具白色橫帶。第一背鰭藍黑色而具黑斑，此斑隨成長而消失；腹鰭藍黑色；尾鰭暗色。以前所記載之/Tetrapturus
audax/為同種異名。
棲地
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
大洋性中上層洄游性魚類，一般皆發現在躍溫層之上的水域，較少成群出現於沿岸水域。游泳速度快。具繁殖洄游之習性。主要攝食魚類、甲殼類及頭足類等。
Gestreepte marlyn
(
Afrikaans
)
provided by wikipedia AF
Die Gestreepte marlyn (Tetrapturus audax) is een van die mooiste marlyne en kom vanaf Kaapstad tot by die Mosambiekgrens voor. Die vis hou van die oopwaters en is 'n gesogte sportvis. Die Gestreepte marlyn is kleiner as die Bloumarlyn en die Swartmarlyn. In Engels staan die vis bekend as Striped marlin.
Voorkoms
Die marlyn het 'n stroombevaarte lyf met 'n hoë, prominente dorsale vin. Die rug is diepblou tot swart terwyl die sye silwerblou en die pens wit is. Die naald op die neus is lank en die pektorale vinne kan heeltemal terugvou. Op die sye is vertikale strepe. Die normale vangs weeg tot 100 kg en die wêreldrekord is digby die 200 kg.
Habitat en gewoontes
Die marlyn het altyd in klein groepies voorgekom maar weens oorbenutting loop hulle deesdae enkel. Hulle jag naby die seeoppervlak en eet pelagiese visse, maasbankers en makriel.
Sien ook
Bron
Eksterne skakel
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Gestreepte marlyn: Brief Summary
(
Afrikaans
)
provided by wikipedia AF
Die Gestreepte marlyn (Tetrapturus audax) is een van die mooiste marlyne en kom vanaf Kaapstad tot by die Mosambiekgrens voor. Die vis hou van die oopwaters en is 'n gesogte sportvis. Die Gestreepte marlyn is kleiner as die Bloumarlyn en die Swartmarlyn. In Engels staan die vis bekend as Striped marlin.
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Gestreifter Marlin
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Der indopazifische Gestreifte Marlin (Kajikia audax) bildet – darin vergleichbar mit dem Fächerfisch und mit seiner atlantischen Schwesterart Weißer Marlin – ein weltweit in wärmeren Meeren verbreitetes Taxon von schnellen, epipelagischen Spitzenprädatoren, die zugleich für die Sportfischerei von größter Bedeutung sind.
Etymologie
Marlin steht kurz für marlinspike, einem schnabelartigen Werkzeug zum Entwirren von Schiffstauen.[1] Marlin leitet sich von mittelniederländisch marlijn ‚kleines Seil‘ ab, und dieses wiederum von marlen ‚Segel befestigen‘. Es ist mit dem modernen niederländischen maren ‚anbinden, vertäuen‘ bzw. englisch moor ‚vertäuen‘ verwandt.[2]
Merkmale
Der Körper ist langgestreckt und seitlich deutlich abgeflacht, das Rostrum ziemlich lang (Zweck s. Weißer Marlin). Er wird bis 4,4 m lang und 420 kg schwer (Weibchen; Männchen bleiben kleiner). Mit 8 Jahren ist er durchschnittlich 2,2 m lang. (Zur Altersbestimmung sind Schnitte von Flossenstrahlen nötig.) In die Haut sind viele kleine Schuppen mit je einer stumpfen Spitze (oder zweien) eingebettet. Die Kieferzähne sind sehr klein, eine Kiemenreuse besteht nicht. Der Rücken ist dunkelblau, meist mit 18–22 schmalen, hellblauen Sattelbinden (diese können stimmungsbedingt, durch Bewegung der Haut-Chromatophoren, heller oder undeutlicher werden); Seiten und Bauch sind heller oder silberweiß. Die Flossen sind wie beim atlantischen Weißen Marlin beschrieben, doch ist die Rückenflosse höher als der Rumpf und ohne schwarze Punkte; die Brustflosse ist nicht gerundet, sondern sichelförmig (aber nicht steif). Die ventralen Flossen sind eher braun als blau, an den Basen oft hell.
Verhalten
Dieser Marlin lebt wie seine Verwandten epipelagisch oberhalb der marinen Temperatur-Sprungschicht (Thermokline), d. h. in 0–200 m Tiefe, aber in kühleren Gebieten als der Blaue Marlin. In Küstennähe kommt er nur vor, wo der Schelf gleich steil abfällt. Meist ist er einzellebend, paarweise oder in Gruppen schwimmt er wohl nur zur Laichzeit. Seine Nahrung besteht aus Fischen (z. B. Heringen, Sardinen, Barschen, Pferde- und Schlangenmakrelen) und Tintenfischen (nur selten Krebsen). Es versteht sich, dass ein so „bewaffneter“ Raubfisch beim Nahrungserwerb oder Laichen sich oder andere Lebewesen (Artgenossen u. a.) gelegentlich „ohne Absicht“ verletzen oder gar töten kann – man hat z. B. abgebrochene „Speer“-Teile in anderen Marlins, Haien und Walen gefunden, nicht nur in Bootsplanken. Dass er seine „Waffe“ aber zur Verteidigung (oder gar aggressiv) gebraucht, ist nicht belegt.
Verbreitung
Die subtropische Species wandert bei geeigneten Temperaturen (20–26 °C) auch in tropische und warm-gemäßigte Gebiete. Im Pazifik ergibt sich ein hufeisenförmiges Verbreitungsgebiet (von Japan über Ecuador und Peru nach Australien; die Nordküste Neuseelands wird berührt; möglicherweise kann man zwei Populationen mit getrennten Laichgebieten unterscheiden); im Nordpazifik ist er auch um Hawaii häufig. Im Indik ist die Population am dichtesten nahe der südostafrikanischen Küste, in der westlichen Arabischen See, im Golf von Bengalen und vor Nordwestaustralien. (Küstenferne Gebiete sind unproduktiv und ziehen weniger Raubfische an. Dennoch ist er ein richtiger Hochseefisch und die häufigste Art der Marlins.) Der Kontakt mit K. albida am Kap der Guten Hoffnung ist ungenügend, die getrennte Entwicklung der beiden Hauptarten zu verhindern.
Schutz
Der Gestreifte Marlin ist ein gesuchter Speisefisch besonders für Sashimi und Sushi der japanischen Küche – hier Makajiki (japanisch 真梶木 ‚Echter Marlin‘) genannt.[3]
Wie bei verwandten Arten wird unter Sportfischern propagiert, nicht-kapitale Individuen nach Fang wieder freizulassen. Um Begehrlichkeiten möglichst zu dämpfen, wird gern auf den (jedenfalls gegebenen) Quecksilber-Gehalt des Fleisches hingewiesen. Im Pazifik wurden um 2005 jährlich etwa 12.000 t gefangen, was angeblich weit unter der Menge (von 24.000 t) lag, die die Art ohne Gefährdung „aushalten“ kann[4]. 2008 wurde der Gestreifte Marlin in den USA zur gefährdeten Art erklärt – insbesondere wegen der starken Zunahme der industriellen Langleinenfischerei.[5]
Belege
-
↑ marlin | Etymology, origin and meaning of marlin by etymonline. Abgerufen am 3. Januar 2022 (englisch).
-
↑ marlinspike | Etymology, origin and meaning of marlinspike by etymonline. Abgerufen am 3. Januar 2022 (englisch).
-
↑ マカジキ. In: 日本大百科全書 bei kotobank.jp. Abgerufen am 3. Januar 2022 (japanisch).
-
↑ http://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=FRD&ParentMenuId=141&id=1126
-
↑ http://www.savethefish.org/conservation_news_1.htm
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Gestreifter Marlin: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Der indopazifische Gestreifte Marlin (Kajikia audax) bildet – darin vergleichbar mit dem Fächerfisch und mit seiner atlantischen Schwesterart Weißer Marlin – ein weltweit in wärmeren Meeren verbreitetes Taxon von schnellen, epipelagischen Spitzenprädatoren, die zugleich für die Sportfischerei von größter Bedeutung sind.
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Striped marlin
provided by wikipedia EN
The striped marlin (Kajikia audax) is a species of marlin found in tropical to temperate Indo-Pacific oceans not far from the surface. It is a desirable commercial and game fish. The striped marlin is a predator that hunts during the day in the top 100 m or so of the water column, often near the surface. One of their chief prey is sardines.
Description
Body size of a striped marlin relative to a human
The striped marlin consists of 42-48 rays on its tall first dorsal fin that is almost the same or longer than its body depth while the second dorsal fin is much smaller. They have torpedo-like and compressed bodies. They have around 12-20 clear, visible bluish stripes on the sides of their bodies even after death. These stripes can transform in color from blue-tinged to lavender. This occurs when the fish are excited because this state causes specialized pigmentation cells called chromatophores to contract or expand, resulting in a color change.[2] The color of their bodies is dark blue or black above and silvery-white on the bottom. The striped marlin has an average length of 2.9 m (9.5 ft), a maximum length of 4.2 m (13.8 ft) and can weigh up to 220 kg (490 lb).[3]
Habitat
The striped marlin is widely distributed around the world but is typically found in tropical and/or temperate water bodies.[4] The species is epipelagic, meaning that it resides in the zone that is away from the shore but nearest to the surface of the water.[5] A study on their habitat preferences utilized opportunistic occurrence data to determine that the eastern Pacific Ocean is among the most ideal bodies of water for the striped marlin to inhabit.[6] Additionally, it was discovered that the largest populations of the striped marlin reside in water bodies with dissolved oxygen levels from 4.5-5.5 mL/L and a sea surface temperature between 20 and 28 degrees Celsius.[6]
It was also determined that chlorophyll a levels are of the greatest importance when it comes to striped marlin distribution.[6] High levels of chlorophyll a in a water body are indicative of high productivity, or nutrient level, within that aquatic ecosystem.[7] An abundance of nutrients supports the growth of aquatic plants and algae, which in turn contributes to the congregation of species upon which the striped marlin preys. For this reason, the striped marlin is found in greater amounts in water bodies that contain high levels of chlorophyll a.[6]
The striped marlin has also demonstrated diel vertical migration patterns.[8] A study observed that the striped marlin tends to occupy deep regions of the water during the day. Alternatively, they typically gather near the surface of the water at night. These patterns were prominent in all of the regions tested in the study, including waters off of Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, California, and Ecuador.[8]
Life Cycle
The striped marlin reaches sexual maturity at the age of 1–2 years for males and 1.5–2.5 years for females. The striped marlin spawns in multiple batches during the summer, with each spawning season consisting of anywhere from 4 to 41 spawning events because females release their eggs every couple of days. Consequently, the average female striped marlin can produce up to 120 million eggs in any given spawning season.[2] They can live up to 10 years.[9][10]
Diet
The striped marlin is a top predator that mainly feeds on a wide range of fish such as sardines, mackerels, small tuna, and cephalopods. One study off the coast of Mexico has found that it feeds mostly on schooling fish such as the Chub mackerel, Etrumeus sadina and Sardinops caeruleus. It also feeds on some species of squid, most commonly the Jumbo Squid.[11]
Conservation
Striped marlin are protected in the United States by The Billfish Conservation Act of 2012.[12] This act prohibits the distribution or sale of billfish and/or billfish products in addition to their possession with the intent to sell. This law was put into place because there has been a significant downward trend in global billfish populations despite previously enacted management practices, likely due to generalized overfishing. Exemptions to this law include “billfish caught by U.S. fishing vessels and landed and retained in Hawaii or Pacific Insular Areas from the general prohibitions on sale and custody with the intent to sell.” Additionally, “billfish landed by foreign vessels in the Pacific Insular Areas and exported to markets outside the U.S. or retained within Hawaii and the Pacific Insular Areas for local consumption” are exempt.[12]
The overfishing status of the striped marlin varies by geographical region. For instance, the striped marlin population is stable in the Eastern Pacific Ocean but is overfished in the Western and Central North Pacific Ocean. The international conservation efforts for the striped marlin are managed by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCFPC), whereas the domestic U.S. conservation efforts are managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council.[13]
Sustainable Consumption
In 2010, Greenpeace International added the striped marlin to its red seafood list. [14]
Cuisine
Also known as nairagi due to its popularity in Hawaiian markets, the striped marlin is considered a seafood delicacy that is consumed all around the world.[15] It has a flavor that is comparable to but stronger than swordfish.[13] Its firm meat can range from light pink to orangish red in color.[13] Striped marlin is generally enjoyed in a grilled form, but it can also be fried, smoked, baked, or eaten raw.[2] Typical of other fish species, the striped marlin is an ideal source of omega-3 fatty acids and other essential vitamins and minerals. Also, it is a lean source of protein with minimal sodium and low levels of saturated fat, making it a practical choice for a nutritious meal.[13]
Fisheries
Capture of striped marlin in tonnes from 1950 to 2009
References
-
^ Collette, B.B., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Schratwieser, J. & Pohlot, B. (2022). "Kajikia audax". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T170309A170084118.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) -
^ a b c "Striped marlin | Australian Fisheries Management Authority". www.afma.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
-
^ Froese, R., and D. Pauly. Editors. 2022.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, ( 02/2022 )
-
^ Nakamura, Izumi (1985). Billfishes of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes, and swordfishes known to date. United Nations Development Programme. Rome: United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-102232-1. OCLC 12843254.
-
^ "Layers of the Ocean". www.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
-
^ a b c d Acosta-Pachón, Tatiana A.; Martínez-Rincón, Raúl O.; Hinton, Michael G. (2017-04-17). "Habitat preferences of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the eastern Pacific Ocean". Fisheries Oceanography. 26 (6): 615–624. doi:10.1111/fog.12220. ISSN 1054-6006.
-
^ "Chlorophyll a concentrations". OzCoasts. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
-
^ a b Lam, Chi Hin; Kiefer, Dale A.; Domeier, Michael L. (March 2018). "Corrigendum to "Habitat characterization for striped marlin in the Pacific Ocean" [Fish. Res. (2015) 80–91]". Fisheries Research. 199: 271. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2017.11.025. ISSN 0165-7836.
-
^ Striped Marlin - NSW Department of Primary Industries. (n.d.). Retrieved June 26, 2022, from https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/375955/Striped-Marlin.pdf
-
^ Kopf, R. & Davie, Peter & Holdsworth, John. (2005). Size trends and population characteristics of striped marlin, Tetrapturus audax caught in the New Zealand recreational fishery. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research - N Z J MAR FRESHWATER RES. 39. 10.1080/00288330.2005.9517381.
-
^ Rodríguez-Romero, Jesús & Abitia, Andres & Galván-Magaña, Felipe. (1997). Food habits and energy values of prey of striped marlin, Tetrapturus audax, off the coast of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin. 95.
-
^ a b Fisheries, NOAA (2022-06-27). "Billfish Conservation Act | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
-
^ a b c d Fisheries, NOAA (2023-03-03). "Striped Marlin | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
-
^ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list
-
^ "Striped Marlin (Nairagi)". Hawaii-Seafood.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
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Striped marlin: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The striped marlin (Kajikia audax) is a species of marlin found in tropical to temperate Indo-Pacific oceans not far from the surface. It is a desirable commercial and game fish. The striped marlin is a predator that hunts during the day in the top 100 m or so of the water column, often near the surface. One of their chief prey is sardines.
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Marlin marradun
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
Marlin marraduna (Kajikia audax) Kajikia generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Istiophoridae familian sailkatzen da. Kirol arrantzan preziatua da oso, 190 kg eta 4,2 metroko espezimenak ere harrapatu dutelako.
Banaketa
Erreferentziak
Ikus, gainera
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Marlin marradun: Brief Summary
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
Marlin marraduna (Kajikia audax) Kajikia generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Istiophoridae familian sailkatzen da. Kirol arrantzan preziatua da oso, 190 kg eta 4,2 metroko espezimenak ere harrapatu dutelako.
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Juovamarliini
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Juovamarliini tai raitamarliini (Kajikia audax) on purjekalojen heimoon kuuluva suurikokoinen, piikkikuonoinen merikalalaji. Se on IUCN:n punaisen listan mukaan silmälläpidettävä.[1]
Ulkonäkö ja koko
Kala on enimmillään 4 metriä pitkä. Purjemainen pitkä selkäevä on etuosasta korkeampi kuin taempaa. Yläleuka on pitkä ja kapea. Selkäpuolella on sinistä ja mustaa. Alapuoli on vaalea. Kyljissä kalalla on vaaleanvihreitä raitoja.[2]
Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö
Juovamarliinia esiintyy Tyynessämeressä, Intian valtameressä, joskus myös Etelä-Afrikan eteläpuolella ja Atlantissa. Laji elää yleensä alle 100 metrin syvyydessä. Rannikolla sitä esiintyy paikoissa, joissa on jyrkästi viettävä pohja.[2]
Elintavat
Juovamarliini kutee avomerellä toukokuulta kesäkuulle.[2] Se syö muita kaloja ja äyriäisiä.[3]
Lähteet
-
↑ a b Collette, B., Acero, A., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Graves, J., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Nelson, R., Restrepo, V., Schaefer, K., Schratwieser, J., Serra, R., Sun, C., Uozumi, Y. & Yanez, E.: Kajikia audax IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. 2011. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 11.1.2015. (englanniksi)
-
↑ a b c Antal Vida, Tamás Kótal: ”Raitamarliini, Juovamarliini”, 365 kalaa. Suomentanut Eeva-Liisa Hallanaro. Vince Books, 2006. ISBN 978-8331-2547-8. }
-
↑ Jorma Sarsama: Tetrapturus audax - Raitamarliini www.afrikkanet.fi. Viitattu 4.2.2014.
Aiheesta muualla
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Juovamarliini: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Juovamarliini tai raitamarliini (Kajikia audax) on purjekalojen heimoon kuuluva suurikokoinen, piikkikuonoinen merikalalaji. Se on IUCN:n punaisen listan mukaan silmälläpidettävä.
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Marlin rayé
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Kajikia audax
Le Marlin rayé (Kajikia audax) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Istiophoridae.
Description
Le Marlin rayé pèse entre 40 et 150 kilos pour une taille maximale de 420 cm. Sa grande taille et sa vitesse en font un poisson très apprécié des amateurs de pêche sportive. Il se nourrit principalement de poissons et de calamars. Poisson de surface, il est rare de le trouver à plus de 100 mètres de profondeur[1].
Annexes
Références taxinomiques
Notes et références
-
↑ Philippe Bacchet, Thierry Zysman et Yves Lefèvre, Guide des poissons de Tahiti et ses îles, Au vent des îles, 2006
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Marlin rayé: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Kajikia audax
Le Marlin rayé (Kajikia audax) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Istiophoridae.
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Kajikia audax
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887), noto comunemente come marlin striato, è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Istiophoridae.
Distribuzione e habitat
Vive nelle fasce tropicali, subtropicali e temperate calde (raggiunge il 45º parallelo sia nord che sud) degli oceani Indiano e Pacifico, in quest'ultimo caso sia sul lato asiatico che su quello americano. Rari individui sono stati catturati sulla sponda atlantica del Sudafrica. È la specie di marlin più comune nell'Indo-Pacifico. Popola acque più fredde rispetto ai marlin del genere Makaira. Specie pelagica vive in mare aperto in acque superficiali, di solito al di fuori della piattaforma continentale. Si avvicina alle coste solo dove queste cadono a picco[1][2][3].
Descrizione
L'aspetto di questo pesce è quello tipico degli Istiophoridae, in particolare richiama da vicino il marlin bianco. Il corpo è affusolato, solo leggermente compresso ai lati. Il rostro è relativamente lungo e robusto, ha sezione rotonda; la fronte si innalza bruscamente subito dietro l'occhio. Le pinne dorsali sono due, la prima lunga, con un lobo alto e acuto nella parte anteriore a cui segue una parte bassa, la seconda è piccola e posta molto indietro, quasi sul peduncolo caudale. Anche le pinne anali sono due, la prima breve ma con un lobo appuntito abbastanza alto, la seconda opposta e identica alla seconda dorsale. Le pinne pettorali sono lunghe e sottili, con punta acuta. Le pinne ventrali sono molto sottili e piuttosto lunghe. La pinna caudale è falcata. Il peduncolo caudale è abbastanza sottile e compresso lateralmente, porta due carene per lato. Scaglie piccole e allungate. La linea laterale ha una curva all'altezza delle pettorali, poi prosegue rettilinea. Il colore del corpo è argenteo su fianchi e ventre mentre è blu scuro sul dorso. Sui fianchi sono presenti fino a 15 strisce verticali di colore blu intenso, spesso suddivise in una fila di punti. Pinne scure, talvolta con riflessi bluastri. La prima dorsale ha colore blu scuro. La base delle pinne anali è biancastra[2][3].
La taglia massima è di 420 centimetri, mediamente misura attorno a 290 cm. Il peso massimo noto è di 440 kg[2].
Biologia
Specie fortemente migratoria. Solitario, forma modeste aggregazioni di individui della stessa taglia durante il periodo riproduttivo[2].
Alimentazione
Si nutre di pesci, cefalopodi e crostacei[2].
Riproduzione
Le femmine depongono le uova in numerosi eventi di deposizione durante un lungo periodo. Il periodo di massima riproduzione è l'inizio dell'estate. Si riproduce solo in acque che abbiano una temperatura di almeno 25 °C[2].
Predatori
Le fasi giovanili sono catturate da numerosi predatori mentre gli adulti possono essere preda solo di grandi squali o di cetacei odontoceti[3].
Pesca
Questa specie ha una certa importanza sia per la pesca commerciale che per la pesca sportiva. Viene catturata soprattutto con i palamiti e, in piccola quantità, con l'arpione. La pesca con i palamiti avviene di solito su attrezzi destinati alla cattura dei tonni, si tratta quindi di bycatch. Gli stati che catturano le maggiori quantità sono Giappone e Taiwan. Le carni sono eccellenti, considerate le migliori di tutti i marlin per la preparazione di sushi e sashimi[2][3].
Conservazione
La IUCN classifica K. audax come prossimo alla minaccia in quanto, sebbene il suo areale sia estremamente vasto, gli stock non paiono gestiti in maniera sostenibile. Le popolazioni sono diminuite del 20-25% negli ultimi 16 anni[1].
Note
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
Kajikia audax: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887), noto comunemente come marlin striato, è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Istiophoridae.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
Kajikia audax
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
条纹四鳍旗鱼
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
条纹四鳍旗鱼: Brief Summary
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
条纹四鳍旗鱼（学名：Tetrapturus audax）为旗鱼科四鳍旗鱼属的鱼类，俗名黄旗鱼、红肉旗鱼。分布于台湾基隆、成功等。该物种的模式产地在智利Iguigue。
マカジキ
(
Japanese
)
provided by wikipedia 日本語
マカジキ: Brief Summary
(
Japanese
)
provided by wikipedia 日本語
マカジキ（真梶木、学名 Kajikia audax） は、スズキ目マカジキ科に分類される魚の一種。水色の横縞模様が特徴的なカジキの一種で、日本近海を含むインド太平洋の暖海域に分布する。食用にもなる。
学名 Tetrapturus audax はシノニムだが、こちらで掲載された文献も多い。日本での地方名はオカジキ（福島）ナイランボウ（千葉）ナイラギ、オイラギ（近畿）ナイラゲ（高知）ハイオ（福岡・熊本）などがある。
청새치
(
Korean
)
provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
청새치(영어: striped marlin)는 돛새치목 돛새치과의 한 종으로, 인도양에서 태평양까지 따뜻한 열대 바다에서 살며, 낮에는 2~3마리가 짝을 지어 해수면 가까이에서 헤엄쳐 다니다가, 밤이 되면 깊은 바다로 내려간다. 최고 무게는 500 kg, 최고 길이는 6m까지 기록이 남아 있다. 수면으로부터 100 m 이내에서 사냥을 하며, 정어리 등을 먹는다.
형태
몸은 길며 측편되어 있다. 주둥이는 폭이 좁고 창 모양으로 나와 있다. 그 길이는 눈 뒤 머리 길이의 약 2배이다. 위턱 길이는 아래턱보다 2 배나 길다. 이는 작으나 일생 갖고 있다. 꼬리자루에는 2쌍의 세조줄 융기선이 있다.
체색
빛깔은 청흑색, 몸 옆구리 중앙은 연한 빛이고 옆에 약 17줄의 연한 청색 가로띠가 있다. 등지느러미는 흑색이고 가슴지느러미는 암흑색으로 변두리는 흑색이다.
분포 및 서식
대서양 해역에서는 아프리카 남부 해역에 국한되어 출현하고, 태평양 해역에서는 다른 다랑어류나 새치류와 마찬가지로 분포 범위가 넓으나, 인도양에서는 일반적으로 20 ~ 25°C의 수온대에서 생활한다. 태평양에서는 서부 해역보다 북반구의 동부 해역에 분포 밀도가 높다. 태평양 서부 해역에서는 이른 여름에, 중부태평양에서는 11 ~ 12월에 출현한다. 청새치는 다랑어류와 같이 군집을 이루어 생활하지 않으나, 산란기에는 작은 규모의 군집을 이룬다.
식성
표층에 서식하는 멸치, 정어리, 고등어, 꽁치, 날치, 전갱이 등 어류와 오징어류를 먹는다.
각주
청새치: Brief Summary
(
Korean
)
provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
청새치(영어: striped marlin)는 돛새치목 돛새치과의 한 종으로, 인도양에서 태평양까지 따뜻한 열대 바다에서 살며, 낮에는 2~3마리가 짝을 지어 해수면 가까이에서 헤엄쳐 다니다가, 밤이 되면 깊은 바다로 내려간다. 최고 무게는 500 kg, 최고 길이는 6m까지 기록이 남아 있다. 수면으로부터 100 m 이내에서 사냥을 하며, 정어리 등을 먹는다.
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