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Japanese Sillago

Sillago japonica Temminck & Schlegel 1843

Diagnostic Description

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Swim bladder with anterior projecting extensions and a single posterior extension. Body is greenish gray above, the dorsal part of the head being the darker, and whitish below. The fins are mostly hyaline; the membrane between the first to the third dorsal fin spines with minute dark brown dots; the margins of the dorsal fin with a few dark brown spots. The caudal fin with dark margins.
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Recorder
Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 21 - 23; Analspines: 2; Analsoft rays: 22 - 24; Vertebrae: 35
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Trophic Strategy

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Occurs in bays on shallow sandy flats (Ref. 6205).
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Drina Sta. Iglesia
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Biology

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Occur in bays on shallow sandy flats. Maximum size is over 30 cm (Mark Donachy, pers. comm., 2001). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Greatly esteemed for its delicate flavor (Ref. 6205).
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Liza Q. Agustin
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: likely future use
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分布

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於西北太平洋區,包括日本、韓國、中國北方沿海及台灣。台灣主要分布於西北部及澎湖海域。
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臺灣魚類資料庫
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利用

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在西北部及澎湖沿岸可以釣獲,夏、秋兩季產量較多。具經濟性,是一種美味的食用魚,一般料理方式是沾粉油炸。
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描述

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體呈長圓柱形,略側扁,由第一背鰭向前有長而尖之頭部,向後有逐漸纖小之尾部。口小,開於吻端,上下頜和鋤骨上有帶狀細齒,但口蓋骨、腭骨及舌上均無齒。主鰓蓋骨小,有一短棘;前鰓蓋骨後緣垂直,平滑或略有鋸齒,下緣水平。鰓膜在頭側與另一側會合。體被小形櫛鱗,鱗片易脫落;頰部具鱗2列,上方為圓鱗,下方為櫛、圓鱗皆具;側線完全,呈單一列,略形彎曲,側線鱗數70-73,側線上至背鰭起點鱗列數3-4。具兩枚背鰭,第一背鰭具XI硬棘;第二背鰭I硬棘,21-23軟條。臀鰭有II弱棘,22-24軟條,與第二背鰭相對;腹鰭正常,其外緣硬棘不鼓起;尾鰭後緣截平或淺凹。鰾發達,前端有一向前延伸物,兩側亦各有一條向前延伸之指狀延伸物;後端呈一細長管而不分叉。脊椎骨:腹椎14,血道弓門8-10,尾椎9-11,共35。頭部至體背側土褐色至淡黃褐色,腹側灰黃色,腹部近於白色。各鰭透明;背鰭I硬棘至第III硬棘之鰭膜間具暗棕色斑點。
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棲地

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沿岸的小型底棲魚類,主要棲息於沙質底海域,常出現在淺水沙灘或海灣內。很容易受到驚嚇,並且有藏身於沙丘中的習性,生命力不強韌,往往離水一會兒即告死亡。主要以沙泥內的多毛類及甲殼類為食。
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Japanese whiting

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The Japanese whiting, Sillago japonica, (also known as the Japanese sillago or Shiro-gisu) is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt-whiting family, Sillaginidae. As suggested by its name, the Japanese whiting was first recorded from Japan in 1843, but has subsequently been found to extend to Korea, China and Taiwan.

The species inhabits a variety of shallow water habitats where it preys on a variety of crustaceans as well as polychaetes, bivalves and small fish. They spawn between June and October, and are taken in large quantities during this period by fishermen. Being one of the most abundant species of fish around Japan, they make up a large percentage of the commercial catch.

Taxonomy and naming

The Japanese whiting is one of 29 species in the genus Sillago, which is one of three divisions of the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae. The smelt-whitings are Perciformes in the suborder Percoidea.[1]

The species was first recognized and scientifically described by Temminck and Schlegel in 1843 based on a holotype taken somewhere along the Japanese coast. The species has often been mistaken for Sillago sihama, and erroneously been published under this name by a number of authors, the first being Steindachner and Döderlein in 1885. Studies into various aspects of the Japanese whiting's biology have also been incorrectly named as studies on S. sihama.[2]

The binomial and common name of the species refers to the country where the species was first described from; Japan, although its range has subsequently found to be much wider than just Japan. The species is locally known as Shiro-gisu in Japan and Chin-Sa-Suo in China.[3]

Description

As with most of the genus Sillago, the Japanese whiting has a slightly compressed, elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth.[2] The body is covered in small ctenoid scales extending to the two rows of cheek scales and head. The first dorsal fin has 11 spines and the second dorsal fin has 1 leading spine with 21 to 23 soft rays posterior. The anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin, but has 2 spines with 22 to 24 soft rays posterior to the spines. Other distinguishing features include 70 to 73 lateral line scales and a total of 35 vertebrae. The species has a known maximum length of over 30 cm (11.8 in) .[4]

Like all species of sillaginid, the swim bladder is the most dependable diagnostic feature. Japanese whiting have a swim bladder characterised by a single, long posterior extension which tapers to a slender point. The anterior end of the organ has three long median projections, with the central extension the longest.[3]

The colour of the fish is a greenish grey above with the dorsal region of the head darker and whitish on the underside of the fish. The anterior and posterior dorsal fins are hyaline, with the first few membranes of the spinous dorsal fin dusted in tiny brown spots. The anal, ventral and pectoral fins are also hyaline, with the pectoral having a greenish upper margin and base. The caudal fin is whitish with dark margins.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Japanese whiting taken from Tokyo Bay

The Japanese whiting ranges from Japan[5] where it was first described, west toward Korea,[6] China and Taiwan, possibly extending as far south as the Philippines.[4] The species is not only the most common sillaginid of Japan, but is one of the most common coastal species of any family, often making up a significant proportion of shallow water samples.[7]

S. japonica occurs in a variety of habitats, with shallow sandy flats in bays, surf zones of beaches, protected eelgrass seabeds and occasionally estuaries used by the species. They are a shallow water species, operating in depths between 0 and 30 m (98 ft). Juveniles tend to use eelgrass beds as a nursery area, gaining both food and protection from these habitats while adults move to more exposed areas.[8]

Biology

Like other sillaginids, the Japanese whiting is benthic in nature, inhabiting the bottom layer of water in a marine system. This is due to the benthic nature of their prey during the daytime, which inhabit these layers of weaker water flow preferentially due to their body shape.[9] Japanese whiting are a schooling species like most other sillaginids, and similarly are able to burrow into the sand to escape predators or forage for prey.[4]

Diet

Studies of Japanese whiting occupying surf zones show that there is a distinct shift in diet as fish mature, with the change occurring at a length of around 20 mm. Young fish tended to consume a higher proportion of calanoid copepods, with small amounts of mysids also taken.[10] Older fish take substantially more mysids, with few copepods or polychaetes taken. Other studies have found amphipods, bivalves, caridean shrimps, crabs and small fish also contribute to the diets of S. japonica in some areas, helping to reduce interspecific competition locally.[11] In most all diet surveys, there is a shift in diet as size increases, probably to avoid intraspecific competition. Seasonal changes associated with prey abundance are also observed.[8]

Reproduction

Japanese whiting produce between 13,600 and 68,900 egg in a spawning period, which occurs between June and October.[12] The larval development has been extensively described by Oozeki et al., who described ten stages in the morphological and histological development of the species.[13] Juveniles inhabit protected areas such as shallow bays and seagrass beds. The species becomes sexually mature by 2 years for both sexes, living to at least 4 years of age and reaching more than 30 cm in length.[14]

Relationship to humans

Being one of the most common inshore species in Japan, it has become one of the most important commercial species in the country, greatly esteemed for its delicate flavour.[4] Recreational fishermen in Japan also take the species often, especially in summer, with the species relatively easy to access from land based fishing areas.[15] Many studies have been carried out on the breeding of the species in captivity, which has led to the development of an aquaculture market for Japanese whiting.[4]

In other countries where other sillaginids are more prevalent, Japanese whiting are caught as a byproduct of smaller inshore fisheries, usually alongside other species of Sillago.

References

  1. ^ "Sillago japonica". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Sillago japonica" in FishBase. August 2007 version.
  3. ^ a b c McKay, R.J. (1985). "A Revision of the Fishes of the Family Silaginidae". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 22 (1): 1–73.
  4. ^ a b c d e McKay, R.J. (1992). FAO Species Catalogue: Vol. 14. Sillaginid Fishes Of The World (PDF). Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation. pp. 19–20. ISBN 92-5-103123-1.
  5. ^ Yukinori, Nakane; Suda Yusuke; Otomi Jun; Hayakawa Yasuhiro; Murai Takeshi (2005). "Nearshore ichthyofauna in the intermediate sandy beach, Fukiagehama Beach, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan". Journal of National Fisheries University. 53 (2): 57–70. ISSN 0370-9361.
  6. ^ Huh, Sung-Hoi; Yong-Rock An (2000). "Species composition and seasonal variation of fish assemblage in the coastal water off Gadeok-do, Korea. 1. Fishes collected by a small otter trawl". Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society. 33 (4): 288–301. ISSN 0374-8111.
  7. ^ Suda, Y.; T. Inoueb; H. Uchidac (2002). "Fish Communities in the Surf Zone of a Protected Sandy Beach at Doigahama, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 55 (1): 81–96. Bibcode:2002ECSS...55...81S. doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0888.
  8. ^ a b Kwak, Seok Nam; Gun Wook Baeck; Sung-Hoi Huh (2004). "Feeding ecology of Sillago japonica in an Eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed". Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology. 72 (2): 84–89.
  9. ^ Kazunori, Arayama; Kono Hiroshi (2004). "Vertical Distributions of the Japanese Whiting, Sillago japonica, Larvae and Juveniles and their Food Organisms at a Sandy Beach in Tateyama Bay, Central Japan". Suisan Zoshoku. 52 (2): 167–170. ISSN 0371-4217.
  10. ^ Inoue, Takashi; Yusuke Suda; Mitsuhiko Sano (2005). "Food habits of fishes in the surf zone of a sandy beach at Sanrimatsubara, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan". Ichthyological Research. 52 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1007/s10228-004-0246-2. ISSN 1341-8998. S2CID 26262813.
  11. ^ Kwak, Seok Nam; Sung-Hoi Huhb; David W. Klumpp (2004). "Partitioning of food resources among Sillago japonica, Ditremma temmincki, Tridentiger trigonocephalus, Hippocampus japonicus and Petroscirtes breviceps in an eelgrass, Zostera marina, bed". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 71 (4): 353–364. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-1259-4. ISSN 0378-1909. S2CID 21075101.
  12. ^ Sulition, O.; S. Watanabe; M. Yokota (1999). "Reproduction of the Japanese Whiting, Sillago japonica, in Tateyama Bay". Suisan Zoshoku. 47 (2): 209–214. ISSN 0371-4217.
  13. ^ Oozeki, Y.; P-P Hwang; R. Hirano (1992). "Larval development of the Japanese whiting Sillago japonica". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 39 (1): 59–66. doi:10.1007/BF02905634. ISSN 0021-5090. S2CID 82738127.
  14. ^ Sulistion, O.; S. Watanabe; M. Yokota; S. Kitada (1999). "Age and Growth of Japanese Whiting Sillago japonica in Tateyama Bay". Fisheries Science. 65 (1): 117–122. doi:10.2331/fishsci.65.117. ISSN 0919-9268.
  15. ^ Kanoyama Japanese Restaurant. "Fish Facts". Archived from the original on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2007-09-07.

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Japanese whiting: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Japanese whiting, Sillago japonica, (also known as the Japanese sillago or Shiro-gisu) is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt-whiting family, Sillaginidae. As suggested by its name, the Japanese whiting was first recorded from Japan in 1843, but has subsequently been found to extend to Korea, China and Taiwan.

The species inhabits a variety of shallow water habitats where it preys on a variety of crustaceans as well as polychaetes, bivalves and small fish. They spawn between June and October, and are taken in large quantities during this period by fishermen. Being one of the most abundant species of fish around Japan, they make up a large percentage of the commercial catch.

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