dcsimg

Diagnostic Description

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Headvariably spade, mallet or axe-shaped indorsoventralview and moderately broad, width acrossheadabout 17 to 33% of totallength;lateralblades ofheadbroad, not winglike; nostrils short, their widths 7 to 14 in internarial width and less than halfmouthwidth; no bumps alonganterior marginofhead. Upperprecaudal pittransverseand crescentic.

Reference

Compagno, Leonard J. V. 1984. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 4, pt. 2 Carcharhiniformes.

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BOLD Statistics

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Specimen Records: 780

Specimens with Sequences: 679

Specimens with Barcodes: 555

Species: 12

Species with Barcodes: 6

Public Records: 454

Public Species: 5

Public BINs: 9

*updated statistics regarding the genus Sphyrna.

Reference

"Sphyrna {genus} - Chordata; Elasmobranchii; Carcharhiniformes; Sphyrnidae;." Taxonomy Browser - Sphyrna {genus}. BOLD Systems, 2014. Web.

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Cephalofoil Diversity

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The general shape of the head in hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna) is referred to as a cephalofoil. Although hammerhead sharks display a diversity of cranial morphologies within head structures in terms of where the position of the eyes and nares exist among species, there are only minor differences in the shape, position, and volume of the feeding apparatus. The lateral position of the eyes and nares is highly variable, but mouth size and position is conserved. Volumetric CT analyses reveal no trade-offs between the feeding apparatus and the remaining cranial structures. The few trade-offs were isolated to the nasal capsule volume's inverse correlation with braincase, chondrocranial, and total cephalofoil volume. Eye volume also decreased as cephalofoil width increased. These data indicate that despite considerable changes in head shape, much of the head is morphologically conserved through sphyrnid phylogeny, particularly the jaw cartilages and their associated feeding muscles, with shape change and morphological trade-offs being primarily confined to the lateral wings of the cephalofoil and their associated sensory structures.

Reference

Mara, Kyle R., Philip J. Motta, Andrew P. Martin, and Robert E. Hueter. "Constructional Morphology within the Head of Hammerhead Sharks (sphyrnidae)." Journal of Morphology 276.5 (2015): 526-39. doi:10.1002/jmor.20362. Wiley Online Library. Web.

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Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna)

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Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna) belong to the family Sphyrnidae.

Hammerheads occur worldwide at depths of 0-4,050 m in warmer waters along coastlines and continental shelves. They usually swim in schools by day and become solitary hunters at night.

Hammerheads range from 0.9-6 m (3-20 ft) long and weigh from 3-580 kg (6.6-1,300 lb). While several hammerhead species are quite large, these are more slender and streamlined compared to other large sharks, increasing their speed and manoeuverability in the water.[1] They are usually light gray with a greenish tint. Their bellies are white which lets them be close to the bottom of the ocean and blend in to sneak up on prey.[2] Their heads have lateral projections which giving them a hammer-like shape or "cephalofoil". This shape may have evolved to enhance vision and other sensory reception, manoeuvering and prey manipulation. [3] The eyes are mounted on the sides of the hammer head and provide good 360 degree vision in the vertical plane, so the sharks can see above and below at all times.[4] The shape of the head was thought to help the shark find food, aiding in close-quarters manoeuverability and allowing sharp turning movement without losing stability. It was found that the unusual structure of its vertebrae was instrumental in making the turns correctly, more often than the shape of its head, though it would also shift and provide lift. Hammerheads have electroreceptory sensory pores called ampullae of Lorenzini. By distributing the receptors over a wider area, hammerheads can sweep for prey more effectively.[5]

Hammerheads have disproportionately small mouths and seem to do a lot of bottom-hunting. They form schools by day, sometimes in groups of over 100. In the evening, they become solitary hunters.

Reproduction occurs once a year. The male usually bites the female violently until she agrees to mate with him.[7] The shark is viviparous; females give birth to live young. Fertilization is internal with the male transferring sperm to the female through one of two intromittent organs (claspers). The developing embryos are at first sustained by a yolk sac. When the supply of yolk is exhausted, the depleted yolk sac transforms into a structure similar to a mammalian placenta and called a "yolk sac placenta" or "pseudoplacenta", through which the mother delivers sustenance until birth. Once the baby sharks are born, the parents do not take care of them. There is usually a litter of 12-15 pups, but the great hammerhead has litters of 20-40 pups. The baby sharks huddle together and swim toward warmer water and stay together until they are older and big enough to be on their own.[7]In 2007, the bonnethead shark was found to be capable of asexual reproduction via automictic parthenogenesis, where a female's ovum fuses with a polar body to form a zygote without needing a male. This was the first shark known to do this.[8]

Hammerheads have a varied diet including sharks and other fish, squid, octopus and crustaceans. Stingrays are a favourite. The sharks often swim along the bottom of the ocean, stalking their prey. The head is used as a weapon when hunting down prey. The shark uses its head to pin down stingrays and eats the ray when the ray is weak and in shock.[7] The great hammerhead tends to be more aggressive and can eat other hammerhead sharks and eat their own young.[9]

As do not have mineralized bones and rarely fossilize, only their teeth are commonly found as fossils. The hammerheads seem closely related to the carcharhinid sharks, which have similar teeth. Using mitochondrial DNA, Andrew Martin constructed a phylogenetic tree of hammerhead sharks, which suggests that the first ancestral hammerhead sharks had large hammers.[6]

Three species of hammerhead can be dangerous to humans: the scalloped, great and smooth hammerheads. The great and scalloped hammerhead are listed on the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) 2008 Red List as endangered, while the smalleye hammerhead is listed as vulnerable. This status is due to over-fishing and demand for their fins, an expensive delicacy. Fishermen typically cut off the fins and often toss the rest of the fish back into the sea.[10]

In Native Hawaiian culture, sharks are considered to be gods of the sea, also caled aumakua, protectors of humans, and cleaners of excessive ocean life. Some sharks are believed to be family members who died and have been reincarnated into shark form. Some sharks are considered man-eaters (niuhi). The hammerhead shark or mano kihikihi is not considered a man-eater or niuhi; but is considered to be one of the most respected sharks of the ocean, an aumakua. Many Hawaiian families believe they have an aumakua watching over them and protecting them from the niuhi. The hammerhead is thought to be the birth animal of some children. Hawaiian children who are born with the hammerhead shark as an animal sign are believed to be warriors and are meant to sail the oceans. It is very rare for hammerheads to pass through the waters of Maui, but many Maui natives believe that when the sharks pass by, it is a sign that the gods are watching over the families, and the oceans are clean and balanced.[11]

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IUCN Red List Status

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•Scalloped Bonnethead(Sphyrna corona) – near threatened •Scalloped Hammerhead(Sphyrna lewini) - endangered •Great Hammerhead(Sphyrna mokarran) – endangered & decreasing •Smooth Hammerhead(Sphyrna zygaena) – vulnerable & decreasing •Smalleye Hammerhead(Sphyrna tudes) – vulnerable & decreasing •BonnetheadShark (Sphyrna tiburo) – least concern •Scoophead Shark (Sphyrna media) – data deficient

Reference

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. . Downloaded on 03 May 2017.

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Sphyrna ( Afrikaans )

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Sphyrna is 'n genus van haaie in die familie van hammerkophaaie (Sphyrnidae). Die genus omvat 8 spesies wat reg oor die wêreld se oseane voorkom. Drie van hierdie spesies word langs die Suid-Afrikaanse kus aangetref.[1]

Hierdie spesies word aan die kop wat soos 'n hammer lyk uitgeken. Hulle oë is weerskante van hul 'hammerkoppe'. Hulle het vyf kieusplete en kom tot op dieptes van 300 m voor. Groot hammerkoppe kan gevaarlik vir mense wees, maar hulle is oënskynlik immuun teen die gif van pylsterte.

Spesies

Sien ook

Verwysings

  1. Froese, Rainer, en Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). Spesies van Sphyrna in FishBase. Februarie 2009-weergawe.

Eksterne skakels

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Sphyrna: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Sphyrna is 'n genus van haaie in die familie van hammerkophaaie (Sphyrnidae). Die genus omvat 8 spesies wat reg oor die wêreld se oseane voorkom. Drie van hierdie spesies word langs die Suid-Afrikaanse kus aangetref.

Hierdie spesies word aan die kop wat soos 'n hammer lyk uitgeken. Hulle oë is weerskante van hul 'hammerkoppe'. Hulle het vyf kieusplete en kom tot op dieptes van 300 m voor. Groot hammerkoppe kan gevaarlik vir mense wees, maar hulle is oënskynlik immuun teen die gif van pylsterte.

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Sphyrna ( German )

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Sphyrna ist eine Gattung der Hammerhaie (Sphyrnidae), die alle Arten der Familie mit Ausnahme des Flügelkopf-Hammerhais (Eusphyra blochii) enthält. Sie umfasst acht Arten und ist an allen subtropischen und tropischen Küsten anzutreffen. Vier Arten dieser Gattung sind auch im Mittelmeer anzutreffen.[1]

Aussehen und Merkmale

Die Sphyrna-Arten sind mittelgroße bis große Haie; die Körperlängen reichen von etwa 90 Zentimeter beim Korona-Hammerhai (Sphyrna corona)[2] bis zu über 6 Metern beim Großen Hammerhai (Sphyrna mokarran)[3]. Charakteristisch ist die hammerartige Verbreiterung des Kopfes (Cephalofoil), an dessen Enden sich die Augen befinden und an dessen Vorderkante sich mit den Lozenzinischen Ampullen ein weiteres effektives Sinnesorgan befindet. Diese Kopfverbreiterung beträgt bei den Arten dieser Gattung zwischen 17 und 33 Prozent der Gesamtlänge, beim Flügelkopf-Hammerhai (Eusphyra blochii) sogar 40 bis 50 Prozent. Mit Ausnahme der Kopfform entsprechen sie im Habitus den Requiemhaien (Carcharinidae) und besitzen wie diese 5 Kiemenspalten während ein Spritzloch fehlt. Zudem besitzen sie eine Afterflosse und zwei Rückenflossen, von denen die vordere größer ist als die hintere.

Lebensweise

 src=
Bogenstirn-Hammerhai (Sphyrna lewini)

Sphyrna-Arten leben vor allem als Flachwasserarten vor allem über dem Kontinentalschelf oder in anderen flachen Meeresbereichen. Der Bogenstirn-Hammerhai (Sphyrna lewini) sowie der Große Hammerhai können dagegen auch im freien Ozean im Pelagial anzutreffen sein, wobei sie sich allerdings immer in relativer Küstennähe aufhalten. Alle Sphyrna-Arten ernähren sich vor allem von Knochenfischen, wobei vor allem der Große Hammerhai als opportunistischer Jäger auch viele andere Meerestiere attackiert und auch Aas frisst.

Die Haie sind lebendgebärend und bilden eine Dottersack-Plazenta aus (plazental vivipar).

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete des Großen Hammerhais
 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete des Weißflossen-Hammerhais

Die Hammerhaie der Gattung Sphyrna sind in allen tropischen und subtropischen Küstengebieten anzutreffen. Dabei kommen einige Arten in sehr großen Gebieten vor wie etwa der Große Hammerhai, der in allen tropischen und subtropischen Küstengebieten verbreitet ist. Andere Arten sind auf regionale Verbreitungsgebiete beschränkt, so findet sich der Weißflossen-Hammerhai (Sphyrna couardi) nur an den Atlantikküsten Europas und Nordwestafrikas und der Schaufelnasen-Hammerhai (Sphyrna tiburo) nur an den tropischen Küsten Nord- und Südamerikas. Das kleinste Verbreitungsgebiet hat der Korona-Hammerhai, der an der Pazifikküste Amerikas vom Golf von Kalifornien bis nach Peru verbreitet ist.

Systematik

Die Gattung Sphyrna besteht aus acht anerkannten Arten:[4][5]

Der in älterer Literatur als eigenständige Art aufgeführte Weißflossen-Hammerhai (Sphyrna couardi),[6] wurde 1986 mit dem Bogenstirn-Hammerhai synonymisiert.[7]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Alessandro De Maddalena, Harald Bänsch: Haie im Mittelmeer. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005; Seite 213–223. ISBN 978-3-440-10458-3
  2. Sphyrna auf Fishbase.org (englisch)
  3. Sphyrna auf Fishbase.org (englisch)
  4. Leonard Compagno, Marc Dando, Sarah Fowler: Sharks of the World. Princeton Field Guides, Princeton University Press, Princeton/Oxford 2005, S. 322–326 ISBN 0-691-12072-2
  5. a b Joseph M. Quattro, William B. III Driggers, James M. Grady, Glenn F. Ulrich, Mark A. Roberts: Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702, 2, 2013 doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3702.2.5
  6. L. J. V. Compagno: Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Bd. 4. FAO, Rom 1984, S. 545–547 ISBN 92-5-101383-7 (Artportrait@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/ftp.fao.org (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis. ).
  7. Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2008.
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Sphyrna: Brief Summary ( German )

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Sphyrna ist eine Gattung der Hammerhaie (Sphyrnidae), die alle Arten der Familie mit Ausnahme des Flügelkopf-Hammerhais (Eusphyra blochii) enthält. Sie umfasst acht Arten und ist an allen subtropischen und tropischen Küsten anzutreffen. Vier Arten dieser Gattung sind auch im Mittelmeer anzutreffen.

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Sphyrna

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Sphyrna (from the Greek word σφῦρα, "hammer") is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna gilberti, was discovered and described in 2013.

Species

The recognized species in this genus are:[1][2][3]

Extant
Extinct

References

  1. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. June 2013 version.
  2. ^ a b Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
  3. ^ Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.

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Sphyrna: Brief Summary

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Sphyrna (from the Greek word σφῦρα, "hammer") is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna gilberti, was discovered and described in 2013.

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Sphyrna ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Sphyrna es un género de tiburón martillo de la familia Sphyrnidae.[1]

Especies

Este género contienen las siguientes especies:

Referencias

  1. «Zipcodezoo». Sphyrna (en inglés). Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2012.

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Sphyrna: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Sphyrna es un género de tiburón martillo de la familia Sphyrnidae.​

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Vasarhai ( Estonian )

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 src=
Harilik vasarhai (Sphyrna zygaena)

Vasarhai (Sphyrna) on perekond vasarhailaste sugukonnast.

Taksonoomia

Perekonna esmakirjeldaja on Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (1810).

Elupaigad

Vasarhaid elavad soojades vetes rannikul ja mandrilaval.

Välimus

Vasarhaide pikkus on 2...6 m.

Kõigil liikidel on kummalgi pool pead eend, mistõttu neil loomadel on lamedaks löödud peaga vasara kuju. Silmad ja sõõrmed paiknevad nende kehaosade otstel.

Suu on neil suhteliselt väike.

Füsioloogia

Varem arvati, et vasarhaide vasarakujuline pea toimib nagu tiib, mis aitab täpselt manööverdada ning teha järske pöördeid tasakaalu kaotamata. Nüüd on aga leitud, et pöördeid õigesti teha võimaldab neil selgroog. Arvatakse ka, et pea kuju aitab kaasa elektrolokatsioonile, sest nii saavad elektroretseptorid asetseda üksteisest kaugel. Nad suudavad registreerida elektrisignaali, mille pinge on pool miljardiku volti. Samuti on vasarhaidel peakuju tõttu suurem ninaõõs, mille tõttu on nende lõhnatundlikkus kümme korda suurem kui tavalistel haidel.

Toitumine

Vasarhaid söövad kalu, sealhulgas raisid ja haisid, peajalgseid ja vähilisi.

Nad toituvad suure osa ajast merepõhjas.

Käitumine

Päeval kogunevad vasarhaid parvedesse, mis võivad olla rohkem kui sajapealised.

Õhtul peavad nad üksinda jahti.

Liigid

Perekonnas on 9 liiki:

Välislingid

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Vasarhai: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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 src= Harilik vasarhai (Sphyrna zygaena)

Vasarhai (Sphyrna) on perekond vasarhailaste sugukonnast.

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Mailu-arrain ( Basque )

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Mailu-arrain (Sphyrna) marrazoen genero baten izen arrunta da, mundu osoko itsaso epeletan bizi dena.[1]

Genero eta espezieak

Sphyrna generoak 8 espezie ditu:[2]

Erreferentziak

  1. Nelson, Joseph S. (2006) Fishes of the World John Wiley & Sons, Inc 232. or. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  2. www.fishbase.org


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Mailu-arrain: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Mailu-arrain (Sphyrna) marrazoen genero baten izen arrunta da, mundu osoko itsaso epeletan bizi dena.

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Sphyrna ( French )

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Le genre Sphyrna regroupe les 9 espèces actuelles de requins-marteaux sur les neuf espèces encore vivantes que compte la famille des Sphyrnidae.

Hammerhai.jpg

La première liste est classée en fonction des noms vernaculaires, la seconde en fonction des noms scientifiques.

Liste par noms vernaculaires

Liste par noms scientifiques

Espèces actuelles

Selon World Register of Marine Species (6 janvier 2014)[1] :

Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers, Grady, Ulrich & M. A. Roberts, 2013 est une nouvelle espèce proche de Sphyrna lewini, découverte en 2013 dans les eaux au nord-ouest de l'océan Atlantique. Son découvreur, le professeur Joseph Quattro de l'Université de biologie de Caroline du Sud, la décrit comme cryptique[2].

Espèces fossiles

Liste possiblement incomplète

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

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Sphyrna: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le genre Sphyrna regroupe les 9 espèces actuelles de requins-marteaux sur les neuf espèces encore vivantes que compte la famille des Sphyrnidae.

Hammerhai.jpg

La première liste est classée en fonction des noms vernaculaires, la seconde en fonction des noms scientifiques.

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Sphyrna ( Galician )

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Sphyrna é o xénero tipo da familia dos esfírnidos (Sphyrnidae), que comprende 8 especies actuais de tiburóns martelo dos nove cos que conta a familia.[1]

Especies

Este xénero comprende as seguintes especies:

Unha posíbel nova especie, próxima a Sphyrna lewini foi descuberta en 2006 nas augas do Atlántico noroeste, pero aínda non foi denominada nin clasificada.
O seu descubridor, o profesor Joe Quattro da Universidade de Carolina do Sur, describiuna como "críptica".[2]

Notas

  1. "Sphyrna". zipcodezoo. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 12/04/2013. Consultado o 15/12/2012.
  2. New shark discovered in US waters BBC News.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Compagno, Leonard; Marc Dando & Sarah Fowler (2005): Sharks of the World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12072-2.

Outros artigos

Ligazón s externas

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Sphyrna: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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Sphyrna é o xénero tipo da familia dos esfírnidos (Sphyrnidae), que comprende 8 especies actuais de tiburóns martelo dos nove cos que conta a familia.

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Sphyrna ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Sphyrna is een geslacht van hamerhaaien (Sphyrnidae). Er worden 8 soorten onderscheiden.[2]

Soorten

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Rafinesque, C.S. 1810, Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ossia, catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale e seguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione de alcuni nuovi pesci sicilian. Messina. Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ossia, catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani dei pesci, ...: 1-70, Pls. 1-2. [Regarded here as postdating Rafinesque 1810 [ref. 3594], but if not then the Commission should be petitioned.]
  2. (en) Sphyrna. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. Februari 2009 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2009.
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Sphyrna: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Sphyrna is een geslacht van hamerhaaien (Sphyrnidae). Er worden 8 soorten onderscheiden.

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Hammerhaier ( Norwegian )

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Hammerhaier er en gruppe haier. Artene varierer fra to til seks meter i lengde, og alle har utvidelser på begge sidene av hodet, noe som gjør at hodet ligner en flat hammer. Øynene og neseborene er ytterst på utvekstene.

De er aggressive rovfisk som eter fisk, rokker, andre haier, blekkspruter og skalldyr. De lever i relativt varmt vann langs kystlinjer og kontinentalsokler.

Man trodde før at hammerformen på hodet skulle fungere som en slags vinge, og gjøre haiene mer manøvrerbare og bedre i stand til skarpe svinger, men den spesielle ryggraden spiller en større rolle i denne sammenhengen. Hodet gir imidlertid løft, noe som passer sammen med at hammerhaiene er blant de haiene som synker fortest når de ikke svømmer.

Som alle andre haier har hammerhaiene elektriske sanseporer kalt Lorenzinis ampuller. Ved å fordele reseptorene over et større område, kan hammerhaier søke etter bytte mer effektivt. Disse haiene er i stand til å oppfatte et elektronisk signal på en halv milliarddels volt. Hammerformen på hodet gir også haiene større nesebor, noe som øker sjansen for å finne en partikkel i vannet minst ti ganger i forhold til «tradisjonelle» haier.

Hammerhaier har relativt små munner, og ser ut til å jakte mye på bunnen. De er også kjent for å danne stimer om dagen, enkelte ganger i grupper på mer enn hundre individer. Om kvelden blir de i likhet med andre haier solo-jegere.

Eksterne lenker

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Hammerhaier: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Hammerhaier er en gruppe haier. Artene varierer fra to til seks meter i lengde, og alle har utvidelser på begge sidene av hodet, noe som gjør at hodet ligner en flat hammer. Øynene og neseborene er ytterst på utvekstene.

De er aggressive rovfisk som eter fisk, rokker, andre haier, blekkspruter og skalldyr. De lever i relativt varmt vann langs kystlinjer og kontinentalsokler.

Man trodde før at hammerformen på hodet skulle fungere som en slags vinge, og gjøre haiene mer manøvrerbare og bedre i stand til skarpe svinger, men den spesielle ryggraden spiller en større rolle i denne sammenhengen. Hodet gir imidlertid løft, noe som passer sammen med at hammerhaiene er blant de haiene som synker fortest når de ikke svømmer.

Som alle andre haier har hammerhaiene elektriske sanseporer kalt Lorenzinis ampuller. Ved å fordele reseptorene over et større område, kan hammerhaier søke etter bytte mer effektivt. Disse haiene er i stand til å oppfatte et elektronisk signal på en halv milliarddels volt. Hammerformen på hodet gir også haiene større nesebor, noe som øker sjansen for å finne en partikkel i vannet minst ti ganger i forhold til «tradisjonelle» haier.

Hammerhaier har relativt små munner, og ser ut til å jakte mye på bunnen. De er også kjent for å danne stimer om dagen, enkelte ganger i grupper på mer enn hundre individer. Om kvelden blir de i likhet med andre haier solo-jegere.

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Sphyrna ( Polish )

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Sphyrnarodzaj drapieżnych ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych z rodziny młotowatych (Sphyrnidae).

Klasyfikacja

Gatunki zaliczane do tego rodzaju[2]:

Przypisy

  1. Sphyrna, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fricke, R.: Catalog of Fishes electronic version (2 October 2012) (ang.). California Academy of Sciences. [dostęp 29 października 2012].
  3. Joseph M. Quattro, William B. Driggers III, James M. Grady, Glenn F. Ulrich i Mark A. Roberts. Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. „Zootaxa”. 3702 (2), s. 159-178, 2013. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.2.5 (ang.).
  4. a b c d Eugeniusz Grabda, Tomasz Heese: Polskie nazewnictwo popularne krągłouste i ryby - Cyclostomata et Pisces. Koszalin: Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie, 1991.
  5. a b Stanisław Rutkowicz: Encyklopedia ryb morskich. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1982. ISBN 83-215-2103-7.
  6. a b c Ryby. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1976, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny.
  7. G. Nikolski: Ichtiologia szczegółowa. Tłum. Franciszek Staff. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1970.
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Sphyrna: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Sphyrna – rodzaj drapieżnych ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych z rodziny młotowatych (Sphyrnidae).

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Tubarão-martelo ( Portuguese )

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O tubarão-martelo (Sphyrna spp.) é um gênero de tubarão, característico pelas projeções existentes em ambos os lados da cabeça, onde se localizam os olhos e as narinas.

O tubarão-martelo é um predador que consome peixes, cefalópodes, raias e outros tubarões. Ocorre em áreas temperadas e quentes de todos os oceanos em zonas de plataforma continental. São animais gregários que se deslocam em cardumes que podem atingir 100 exemplares.[1]

O formato hidrodinâmico lhe proporciona uma maior velocidade na hora de girar a cabeça. E também porta um maior número de ampolas de Lorenzini, que têm a função de detectar campos magnéticos tão minúsculos quanto o batimento cardíaco de pequenos peixes.

Descrição Física

As espécies conhecidas de tubarão-martelo têm um comprimento entre 0,9 e 6 metros.[2] Todas as espécies têm duas projeções, uma de cada lado da cabeça, dando a esta o aspecto de um martelo, de onde vem o nome popular da espécie. Os olhos e fossas nasais estão localizados nas extremidades das projeções.

Antes pensava-se que a cabeça em forma de martelo ajudava os tubarões a conseguir comida, dando ao tubarão a habilidade de virar a cabeça com precisão e rapidamente sem perder a estabilidade. Porém, foi descoberto que suas vértebras o permitiam a virar com precisão a cabeça e o resto do corpo. Mas o "martelo" também funciona como uma asa, dando estabilidade a eles quando vão nadar, já que os tubarões-martelo são um dos piores tubarões quando o assunto é manter-se "flutuando" estavelmente dentro da água.

Como todos os tubarões, os tubarões-martelo possuem sensores eletromagnéticos chamados ampolas de Lorenzini. Usando seus sensores numa área grande, os tubarões-martelo podem nadar com precisão até a sua presa.

Eles podem detectar um sinal elétrico de metade da bilionésima parte de um volt. A cabeça em forma de martelo também ajudam os tubarões a ter uma "maior cobertura" das áreas por onde nada utilizando seu olfato, fazendo com que as chances de ele detectar uma partícula na água 10 vezes maior que outros tubarões.

Um espaço maior entre os órgãos sensoriais facilita a detectar partículas e outros organismos em áreas mais vastas e também a saber com precisão a distância a que esse organismo está, seja uma presa ou um "companheiro".

A boca dos tubarões-martelo é desproporcionalmente pequena. Eles também são conhecidos por andar em grandes quantidades durante o dia, em grupos que podem chegar a até 100 integrantes.[3] À noite, os tubarões-martelo caçam sozinhos.

Reprodução

 src=
Um tubarão-martelo na Costa Rica.

A reprodução dos tubarões-martelo ocorre uma vez por ano, e têm 20 a 40 filhotes a cada cria.

O ritual de acasalamento do tubarão-martelo é muito violento, onde o macho persegue e morde a fêmea até esta ceder aos seus avanços. A fecundação é interna. Os ovos são incubados dentro do corpo da fêmea ao longo de 10 a 12 meses, alimentados através de um órgão similar ao cordão umbilical dos mamíferos, até esta dar à luz. A espécie não presta cuidados parentais às crias, deixando-as à sua própria sorte assim que nascem.

Em 23 de maio de 2006, uma fêmea de tubarão-martelo prenha foi capturada em Boca Grande, Flórida, com o peso recorde de 580 kg. Ela estava carregando 55 filhotes, sugerindo que os cientistas tivessem subestimado a quantidade de filhotes que os tubarões podem ter por cria.

Espécies

Status de conservação

Os tubarões-martelo são os mais ameaçados de extinção. A população em 2003 correspondia a apenas 10% do número estimado de animais em 1986, ano em que os registros populacionais começaram a ser efetuados.

Portugal

Recentemente foram avistados tubarões-martelo em Portugal continental, mais especificamente ao largo de Sagres, o que tem causado algum medo por parte da população.

Foram avistados no Funchal, no verão de 2014, pelo menos dois tubarões-martelo. Segundo especialistas, a presença destes animais deveu-se à excessiva presença de alforrecas nas águas do mar madeirense. Os animais tinham cerca de um metro e meio de comprimento e nadaram junto a um conhecido e bastante frequentado complexo balnear.[4] Avistamentos anteriores já tinham acontecido.[5]

Referências

  1. H. Kuiter, Rudie (1997). "Southeast Asia Tropical Fish Guide" (em inglês) segunda ed. Frankfurt: Ikan-Unterwasserarchiv. pp. 22–23
  2. Muller, Kal (1997). "Underwater Indonesia" (em inglês). Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 303. ISBN 962-593-029-9
  3. Allen, Gerry (2000). "Marine Fishes of South-East Asia" (em inglês). Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 44. ISBN 962-953-267-4 Verifique |isbn= (ajuda)
  4. http://www.dnoticias.pt/actualidade/madeira/464212-tubaroes-martelo-avistados-no-pocas-do-gomes?page=4
  5. http://www.dnoticias.pt/actualidade/madeira/183221-tubarao-martelo-avistado-na-praia-dos-reis-magos

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Tubarão-martelo: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

O tubarão-martelo (Sphyrna spp.) é um gênero de tubarão, característico pelas projeções existentes em ambos os lados da cabeça, onde se localizam os olhos e as narinas.

O tubarão-martelo é um predador que consome peixes, cefalópodes, raias e outros tubarões. Ocorre em áreas temperadas e quentes de todos os oceanos em zonas de plataforma continental. São animais gregários que se deslocam em cardumes que podem atingir 100 exemplares.

O formato hidrodinâmico lhe proporciona uma maior velocidade na hora de girar a cabeça. E também porta um maior número de ampolas de Lorenzini, que têm a função de detectar campos magnéticos tão minúsculos quanto o batimento cardíaco de pequenos peixes.

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Акула-молот ( Ukrainian )

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вовк острів — Акула-молот, Галапагоські острови
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вовк острів — Акула-молот, Галапагоські острови

Література

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Акула-молот: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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 src= вовк острів — Акула-молот, Галапагоські острови  src= вовк острів — Акула-молот, Галапагоські острови
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Акулы-молоты ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Подкласс: Эвселяхии
Инфракласс: Пластиножаберные
Надотряд: Акулы
Род: Акулы-молоты
Международное научное название

Sphyrna (Rafinesque, 1810)

Синонимы
  • Cestraciom Walbaum, 1792
  • Cestracion Klein, 1776
  • Cestracion T. N. Gill, 1862
  • Cestracion J. D. Ogilby, 1916
  • Cestrorhinus Blainville, 1816
  • Mesozygaena Compagno, 1988
  • Platysqualus Swainson, 1839
  • Reniceps T. N. Gill, 1862
  • Sphyra Van der Hoeven, 1855
  • Sphyrichthys Thienemann, 1828
  • Sphyrnias Rafinesque, 1815
  • Zygaena G. Cuvier, 1816
  • Zygana Swainson, 1838
  • Zygoena A. Risso, 1827
Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 160499NCBI 7822EOL 25471FW 34664

Акулы-молоты (Sphyrna) — один из двух родов семейства молотоголовых акул (Sphyrnidae). Эти акулы обитают в тропических водах всех океанов. Чаще встречаются вдоль зоны прибоя, нежели в открытом море. Рацион состоит из костистых рыб, скатов, ракообразных и прочих донных животных[1]. Впервые род был упомянут Карлом Линнеем в 1758 году, а последний вид, принадлежащий к акулам-молотам, был описан в 2013 году[2]. Латинское название рода, как и семейства, происходит от слова греч. σφῦρα — «молот». Акулы-молоты могут опускаться на глубину до 1000 м, но чаще всего встречаются не глубже 20 м[3].

Виды

Примечания

  1. Compagno, Leonard J.V. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — Рим: Food and Agricultural Organization, 1984. — С. 538—555. — ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  2. 1 2 QUATTRO JOSEPH M., DRIGGERS WILLIAM B. III, GRADY JAMES M., ULRICH GLENN F., ROBERTS MARK A. Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean // Zootaxa. — 2013. — 26 августа (т. 3702, № 2). — С. 159. — ISSN 1175-5334. — DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3702.2.5.
  3. Sphyrna lewini (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
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Акулы-молоты: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Акулы-молоты (Sphyrna) — один из двух родов семейства молотоголовых акул (Sphyrnidae). Эти акулы обитают в тропических водах всех океанов. Чаще встречаются вдоль зоны прибоя, нежели в открытом море. Рацион состоит из костистых рыб, скатов, ракообразных и прочих донных животных. Впервые род был упомянут Карлом Линнеем в 1758 году, а последний вид, принадлежащий к акулам-молотам, был описан в 2013 году. Латинское название рода, как и семейства, происходит от слова греч. σφῦρα — «молот». Акулы-молоты могут опускаться на глубину до 1000 м, но чаще всего встречаются не глубже 20 м.

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雙髻鯊屬 ( Chinese )

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雙髻鯊屬英语:Sphyrna)為雙髻鯊科下的一屬,分布於全世界。雙髻鯊屬的物種多半棲息於潮間帶附近的沿岸海域為主,以甲殼綱頭足綱硬骨魚魟魚等潛藏在沙或沉積物中的小型獵物為食。雙髻鯊屬最早發現的物種為錘頭雙髻鯊,由卡爾·林奈於1758年發表;最晚發現的物種則是卡羅萊納雙髻鯊英语Carolina_hammerhead,於2013年發現並發表。

物種

雙髻鯊屬目前已知的物種為[1][2][3]

現存
已絕種

參考文獻

  1. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. 2013年June月版本.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
  3. ^ Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
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雙髻鯊屬: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

雙髻鯊屬(英语:Sphyrna)為雙髻鯊科下的一屬,分布於全世界。雙髻鯊屬的物種多半棲息於潮間帶附近的沿岸海域為主,以甲殼綱頭足綱硬骨魚魟魚等潛藏在沙或沉積物中的小型獵物為食。雙髻鯊屬最早發現的物種為錘頭雙髻鯊,由卡爾·林奈於1758年發表;最晚發現的物種則是卡羅萊納雙髻鯊(英语:Carolina_hammerhead),於2013年發現並發表。

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