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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 25 years (wild)
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Nurse sharks are interesting animals for of several reasons. It is not true that that all sharks need to swim in order to breath, and when they cannot for whatever reason, they die. Sharks breath primarily by using a ram-jet ventilation system, which requires that they be swimming. Some sharks, however, have a second system based on respiratory pumping of water. Nurse sharks can switch to this respiratory system when they are at rest, saving energy and the neccesity to swim to get plenty of water over their gills. This is especially important for bottom dwellers such as Nurse sharks. Nurse sharks do not attack humans, despite claims to the contrary; they are one of the most docile animals in the sea.

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Morphology

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Nurse sharks range in length from about 75 centimeters for the short tail nurse shark to 4 meters in length for the other types of nurse sharks. The average weight of a 240 centimeter long nurse shark is 330 pounds. They are generally dark in color or have dark scattered spots along their bodies. They have broad heads, no grooves around the outer edge of their nostrils, and relatively fat or stout bodies and tails. Their anal fins are slightly behind their second dorsal fins and just in front of their caudal fins. Anal fins are absent in some families of sharks.

Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 60280 g.

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
25.0 years.

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Kimberly M. Scott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Nurse sharks live off of sandy beaches, mud and sand flats, and from the intertidal zone on coral and rocky reefs to depths of 70 meters.

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; reef ; coastal

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Distribution

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Nurse sharks live in warm waters. They range from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, Eastern and Western Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean.

Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Kimberly M. Scott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Nurse sharks eat a variety of foods. Their diet includes small fishes, shrimps, octopus, sea snails, crabs, lobsters, squid, sea urchin, and corals.

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Benefits

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Nurse sharks are used in several fishing industries for bait to catch other aquatic animals. They also help control populations of several sea creatures. Scientists are also interested in these sharks because they are easy to find because of their dark color and slow moving nature. Their dark color makes them easier to spot in the water and their slow locomotion makes it easy to catch and tag these sharks, making them a relatively easy anmial to study.

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Conservation Status

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At present, Nurse sharks have no special conservation status. They are sought out for crab trap bait and for sport fishing, however, and their reproductive rate is relatively slow. This suggests that their populations bear watching.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Reproduction

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Very little is known about most shark mating rituals, and the same holds true for the Nurse shark. The Atlantic Nurse shark has been observed mating on the ocean floor. In general, the male inseminates the female with his claspers (these are located between the male's pelvic fins). During mating he turns his claspers foward and inserts one into the female and transfers his sperm. Nurse sharks can be either oviparous or ovoviparous. In oviparous organisms the eggs develop and hatch on the outside of the body. The pups, as baby sharks are called, hatch out of a leathery protective covering with the yolk attached and stay on the ocean floor until they fully mature. In ovoviparous creatures the eggs develop on the inside of the body and hatch within or immediately after extrusion by the parent. The yolk of these pups are hatched inside the uterus before the pups are developed, and they too have leathery eggs. These sharks have from 20-30 pups at a time. Nurse sharks grow about 13 centimeters in length and 2-3 kilograms a year. They do not reach sexually maturity until they are from 15 to 20 years old.

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Scott, K. 1999. "Ginglymostoma cirratum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ginglymostoma_cirratum.html
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Biology

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During the day the nurse shark is a sluggish animal, spending most of its time resting on sandy bottoms, or in crevices in rocks and coral reefs. Often several nurse sharks may congregate when resting, sometimes even piling on top of one another (2). At night however, the nurse shark actively roams the sea bottom and reef for prey. It feeds on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squid and octopi (2). It is also feeds on fish, its nocturnal nature enabling it to prey on resting fish that would be too active during the day to capture (2). The nurse shark's small mouth and large pharynx enable it to feed by a unique suction method, effectively making the nurse shark the 'hoover' of the ocean floor. By cupping its mouth over a hole or crevice and expanding its throat, it creates a vacuum that sucks prey out of their hiding (4). This suction-feeding is also useful for extracting snails from their shells (2), and it will dig in sand to root out prey sensed by its fleshy barbels (2). The nurse shark is one of few sharks in which courtship behaviour is relatively well known (4). The male swims alongside the female, grabs one of the pectoral fins in his mouth, rolls her over and they mate (4). A large number of males will often try to mate with a single female, and females often bear numerous bite-scars and bruises received during mating attempts. It is therefore not surprising that females frequently try to avoid males by swimming in very shallow water, where they can bury their pectoral fins in the sand (5). Nurse sharks are ovoviviparous (2), a method of reproduction whereby the young develop inside a weakly-formed egg shell within the mother, receiving nourishment from their yolk sac, for five to six months (2). The females move to shallow seagrass beds and coral reefs to give birth to 20 to 30 pups in late spring and summer (2). Like many sharks the nurse shark is slow growing, with males not reaching maturity until 10 to 15 years of age, and females 15 to 20 years (2).
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Conservation

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The nurse shark is included as a Vulnerable species in the Official List of Endangered Animals in Brazil, fisheries are managed within United States' waters, and the Colombian government is considering a ban on the nurse shark fishery along with an extensive habitat protection campaign (1). However, in regions outside of the Western Atlantic, the lack of data makes it difficult to assess the status of populations, and subsequently to implement appropriate conservation measures. Measures recommended include the regulation of spear-fishing and the marine ornamental fish trade, compulsory release of incidentally caught sharks, and the establishment of no-fishing areas encompassing mating and breeding grounds (1). Countries should be motivated to take action to prevent over-fishing of the nurse shark as it is likely to be far more valuable alive for dive-tourism than as fisheries products (6).
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Description

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The strange looking nurse shark is not the heavy, fearsome fish we normally expect a shark to look like. Its long, flexible body is yellowish-brown to grey-brown, with two spineless, rounded dorsal fins and a long tail fin that can be over a quarter of the whole body length (2). The large, rounded pectoral fins are flexible and muscular, and can be used as limbs to clamber along the sea bottom (2). The head is broad and flat, with small jaws housing small teeth (3) and fleshy, sensory projections (barbels) hang down by its mouth (2). It is not entirely clear where the nurse shark got its strange name from, perhaps from the ancient English name for a dogfish, 'huss' (4). More suitable is its scientific name which translates in Latin as 'the shark with the flexible curly mouth' (4).
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Habitat

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The nurse shark inhabits inshore tropical and subtropical waters, where it is found at depths of less than one meter down to 130 metres (2). It is frequently found on rocky and coral reefs, and in channels between mangroves keys and sand flats (2).
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Range

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Occurs in the Western Atlantic, from Rhode Island in the United States to southern Brazil; the Eastern Atlantic, from the Cape Verde islands to Gabon; and the Eastern Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Peru (2).
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Status

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Classified as Data Deficient (DD) by the IUCN Red List. The Western Atlantic subpopulation is classified as Near Threatened (NT) (1).
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Threats

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Nurse sharks are commonly caught in small-scale local fisheries in some parts of its range, and are incidentally captured in many coastal fisheries (1) (2). Its tough, thick hide makes good leather, the flesh is consumed by humans and used for fishmeal, and oil is extracted from the liver (2). The nurse shark is also captured for the aquarium trade, and is occasionally the target of spear fishermen (1). As the nurse shark grows slowly and matures late, this exploitation can cause populations to decline rapidly and recover slowly (6). The threat of overexploitation is compounded by the impact of humans on the coastal and reef habitats of the nurse shark (1) (6). Coral reefs are a particularly vulnerable habitat, being impacted by pollution, sedimentation, global climate change and disturbance from tourism (1). Extreme population reductions have already been recorded in the southern Western Atlantic, and it is possible that the nurse shark is declining, unnoticed, in other areas where there is a lack of data (1). For this reason, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has classified the nurse shark as Data Deficient (1).
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Distribution

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Western Atlantic: Rhode Island to southern Brazil, including United States (exceptionally Rhode Island and North Carolina, South Georgia and Florida and Gulf coast from Florida to Texas), Mexico (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coasts), Bermuda, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Lesser Antilles, Belize, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, and Brazil (south to Rio de Janeiro). Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde Islands, Senegal, Cameroon to Gabon, and rarely north to Gulf of Gascony, France. Eastern Pacific: Mexico (Baja California Sur, Gulf of California) south to Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru. The known distribution of the nurse shark suggests at least three geographically isolated populations (eastern Pacific, western Atlantic and eastern Atlantic), but their differentiation, if any, has yet to be studied.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Brief Summary

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This is an inshore bottom shark of the continental and insular shelves in tropical and subtropical waters,often occurring at depths of 1 m or less in the intertidal, but down to at least 12 m and off Brazil between 40 and 130 m. The nurse shark is often found on rocky and coral reefs, in channels between mangrove keys and on sand flats. This is a large nocturnal and facultatively social shark that is proverbially sluggish during the daytime but strong-swimming and active at night; it rests on sandy bottom or in caves and crevices in rocks and coral reefs in shallow water during the day, often in schools or aggregates of three to three dozen individuals that are close to, or even piled on one another while resting. Swimming speed was measured at 31 to 78 cm/sec for a 250 cm captive individual (Hussain, 1991). In addition to swimming near the bottom or well off it, the nurse shark can clamber on the bottom using its flexible, muscular pectoral fins as limbs. Preliminary studies suggest that the nurse shark shows a strong preference for certain day-resting sites, and repeatedly homes back to the same caves and crevices after a night's activity. Nurse sharks fitted with conventional and sonic tags show little if any local movement, but adults have a larger range than young (Carrier, 1990). This suggests that groups of these animals are site-localized and vulnerable to local extirpation from overexploitation. This shark has been historically common or abundant in some areas where it occurs, particularly in the tropical western North Atlantic and off Tropical West Africa. Courtship and copulatory behaviour has been observed in captivity (Klimley, 1980) and studied in detail in the wild (Carrier, Pratt and Martin, 1994), and is apparently rather complex. In captivity a pair or sometimes a triplet of adults engage in synchronized parallel swimming, with the male abreast or slightly behind and below the female, but with sides nearly touching. A pair may rest on the bottom on their bellies in parallel after bouts of parallel swimming. While parallel-swimming, the male may grab one of the female's pectoral fins with his mouth, which in turn may induce the female to pivot 90° and roll on her back on the bottom. The male then nudges the female into a position parallel to him, swims on top of the female in parallel, inserts a single clasper in her vent, and then rolls on his back to lie motionless besides the inverted female with clasper still inserted. Carrier, Pratt and Martin divided nurse shark mating into five stages based on field observations of free-ranging individuals in a mating area in the Dry Tortugas, Florida: Precoupling, in which a male or group of males approached a female that was resting or swimming, in the latter case with parallel or tandem swimming, and with males approaching alongside and slightly behind the female with heads close to her pectoral fins. Coupling, in which the male grabs the female's pectoral fin, sometimes with two males grabbing both pectoral fins and with other males circling in close proximity. Positioning, in which the male, or two males, roll the female onto her back, and with the male rolling and aligning his tail and pelvic fins prior to copulation. Insertion and copulation, in which the male copulates with the female, inserting his right clasper if holding her right pectoral, and his left clasper if holding her left pectoral, and thrusts against the female who remains quiescent. Postcopulation, in which the male removes his claspers, releases the female's pectoral, and either the two depart or lie on the bottom in parallel with ventral surfaces down. Over half the copulatory bouts involved more than one male, with a few insertions and copulations involving two or more males. Reproduction is ovoviviparous, with intrauterine development of young being sustained primarily by the large supply of yolk in their yolk-sacs. Young are common in late spring and summer in waters off Florida, when females give birth. Numbers of intrauterine eggs or young are 20 to 30 in a litter. The gestation period is about five to six months and it reproduces every other year. Nursery areas are in shallow turtle-grass beds and on shallow coral reefs. Nurse sharks are slow-growing, with free-ranging tagged juveniles (average about 126 cm long) growing at about 13 cm per year. Males may be 10 to 15 years old at maturity and females 15 to 20 years old (Carrier, 1990; Carrier and Luer, 1990). The nurse shark feeds heavily on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squid, octopus, marine snails and bivalves, and also fish including herring (Clupeidae), sea catfish (Ariidae), mullet (Mugilidae), parrotfish (Scaridae), surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), puffers (Tetraodontidae), and stingrays (Dasyatidae). Algae is occasionally found in its stomach and may be sucked in along with prey animals. Its small mouth and large, bellows-like pharynx allow it to suck in food items at high speed. This powerful suction feeding mechanism and its nocturnal activity pattern may allow the nurse shark to take small, active prey like bony fishes that are resting at night but would be too active and manoeuvrable for this big, lumbering shark to capture in the daytime. When dealing with big, heavy-shelled conchs the nurse shark flips them over and extracts the snail from its shell, presumably by grabbing its body with its teeth and by suction. It will dig under coral detritus and in sand with its head to root out prey. Young nurse sharks have been observed resting with their snouts pointed upward and their bodies supported off the bottom on their pectoral fins; this has been interpreted as possibly providing a false shelter for crabs and small fishes that the shark then ambushes and eats. In captivity the nurse shark, when stimulated by food in the form of cut fish, will cruise in circles close to the bottom searching for the food, with its barbels touching or nearly touching the bottom; when it contacts a chunk of food, it may overshoot it but then quickly backs up and rapidly sucks it in. It may even work over vertical surfaces with its barbels.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Size

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Maximum said to be 430 cm long but most adults are under 3 m long and the largest reliably reported were 280 to 304 cm. Newborn young are about 27 to 30 cm. Males mature at about 210 cm and adult males reach at least 257 cm; females are immature at 225 to 235 cm and mature mostly at about 230 to 240 cm (though one adult female 152 cm long has been reported) and reach over 259 cm.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Diagnostic Description

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fieldmarks: Moderately long barbels, nasoral grooves present but no circumnarial grooves; eyes dorsolateral, mouth well in front of eyes, spiracles minute; precaudal tail shorter than head and body; two spineless, broadly rounded, dorsal fins and an anal fin, first dorsal fin much larger than second dorsal and anal fins, caudal fin moderately long, over one-fourth of total length; colour yellow-brown to grey-brown, young with small dark, light-ringed ocellar spots and obscure dorsal saddle markings, adults and subadults without spots or saddles. Head in dorsal or ventral view broadly arcuate in young, narrower and U-shaped in adults. Snout bluntly wedge-shaped in lateral view, short and with mouth width about 2.3 to 2.6 times preoral length. Eyes small but usually over 1% of total length, positioned dorsolateral on head and with strong subocular ridges below them. Eyes with ventral edges just above level of dorsal ends of gill slits. Gill openings dorsolaterally situated on head and not or hardly visible from below but just reaching horizontal head rim in dorsal view. Nostrils nearly terminal on snout. Nasal barbels moderately elongated, tapered, slender and over 1% of total length, reaching past mouth. Lower lip trilobate and divided by shallow orolabial grooves connecting mouth with lower labial furrows. Distance between lower labial furrows about 1.5 times their length. Tooth rows 30 to 42/28 to 34, functional tooth series at least 7 to 9/8 to 12. Teeth moderately compressed, not imbricated but in alternate overlap pattern, functional series not separated from replacement series by toothless space. Tooth crown feet broad, cusps moderately tall, cusplets moderately large and 2 to 6 on each side, basal ledges moderately broad. Teeth osteodont, with pulp cavity filled by osteodentine. Body semifusiform. Lateral trunk denticles broad and rhomboid in adults, with three strong parallel ridges and a very short, blunt cusp. Pectoral fins broad and rounded-angular in young and semifalcate in large specimens, apices rounded. Pectoral-fin origins slightly behind to slightly in front of third gill slits. Pectoral fins plesodic and with radials reaching about 80% into fin web, radial segments 7 or 8 in longest radials. Pelvic fins rounded in young, possibly subangular in adults. Dorsal fins apically rounded. First dorsal-fin origin about over, slightly in front, or slightly behind pelvic-fin origins. Second dorsal fin distinctly smaller than first dorsal fin. Anal fin distinctly smaller than second dorsal fin, apically rounded. Anal-fin origin about opposite, slightly behind, or slightly in front of midbase of second dorsal-fin, with apex about under anal-fin base and posterior margin extending behind level of lower caudal-fin origin. Caudal fin long with dorsal caudal-fin margin over 25% of total length (adults). Caudal fin narrow and shallow with dorsal caudal-fin margin 3.2 to 3.6 times caudal-fin depth; no ventral caudal-fin lobe in young but a weak one in adults; preventral caudal-fin margin much shorter than postventral margin and 43 to 67% of it; terminal lobe short and 15 to 19% of dorsal caudal-fin margin. Total vertebral count 168 to 175, monospondylous precaudal count 48 to 50, diplospondylous caudal count 73 to 83 and 43 to 48% of total count. Jaws broadly arcuate. Intestinal valve count 16 to 17. Yellowish to grey-brown above and light whitish brown below, young with small dark, light-ringed ocellar spots and obscure dorsal saddle markings, adults and subadults without spots or saddles.

References

  • Applegate et al.,1979
  • Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941a, b
  • Böhlke & Chaplin, 1968
  • Cadenat, 1950, 1957
  • Carrier, 1990
  • Carrier, Pratt & Martin, 1994
  • Carrier & Luer, 1990
  • Carrier & Pratt, 1998
  • Castro, 1983
  • Clark, 1963
  • Clark & von Schmidt, 1965
  • Compagno, 1984, 1988
  • Dumeril, 1853, 1865
  • Fowler, 1936, 1967a
  • Gray, 1851
  • Hoese & Moore, 1998
  • Kato, Springer, Wagner, 1967
  • Klimley, 1974, 1980
  • Moore, 1997
  • Neto, Bezerra & Gadig, 1989
  • Orces, 1952
  • Randall, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1968, 1996
  • Sadowsky, 1967
  • Springer, 1960, 1963, 1973

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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Benefits

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This shark is commonly captured in local artisanal fisheries in some areas where it occurs, particularly the tropical western Atlantic. It was, however, rare in a localized broad-spectrum fishery out of Guaymas, Mexico (examined by the writer in 1974). It has been prized for its extremely tough, thick, armour-like hide, which makes an exceptionally good leather, but is also used fresh and salted for human consumption, as well as for liver oil and fish meal. The stratoconidia (earstones) of this shark and other species are said to be used as a diuretic by local fishermen in southern Brazil.It is easily captured with line gear, gill nets, fixed bottom nets and bottom trawls, and spears. It can be readily captured on sportsfishing tackle, but is generally regarded as being too sluggish to be much of a game fish (unlike the tawny nurse shark in Australia). Divers have sometimes speared nurse sharks, which is inane 'sport' because of its senselessness. The sharks are often sitting ducks for spearfishing divers on the bottom, and the modest speed of these sharks even when active make them no great challenge to hit. However, the toughness of these sharks may make them difficult to subdue underwater, and a diver that spears one may receive a well-deserved bite. The nurse shark was regarded as a pest by fishermen in the Lesser Antilles because it rifled fish traps for food. Conservation Status : The conservation status of the nurse shark needs to be assessed throughout its range, but particularly offWest Africa, parts of the tropical western Atlantic and in the eastern Pacific where intensive inshore fisheries are being pursued and the distribution and abundance of these sharks is sketchily known. They are regarded as particularly vulnerable to overexploitation because of their slow growth, low reproductive rate, inshore habitat, apparent site-specificity, their presence in areas with intense inshore fisheries, and very little catch data available. The USAwas the only country reporting nurse shark catches (214 t in 1995) to FAO over the vast range of this shark, and this was only reported during the last decade. Apart from their vulnerability to inshore fisheries, these sharks have been increasingly captured for private and public aquaria, and may have declined in some areas as a result of exploitation. Carrier (1996) and Carrier and Pratt (1998) suggested that public entry should be banned during the late spring and summer at one nurse shark breeding site in the Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida Keys, to avoid disturbing the mating of the sharks in shallow water. These sharks are a major asset to ecotourism in the Caribbean, and probably generate far more revenue there as live sharks viewed by divers than as fisheries products.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Diagnostic Description

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Moderately long barbels, nasoral grooves present but no perinasal grooves, mouth well in front of eyes, spiracles minute, precaudal tail shorter than head and body, dorsal fins broadly rounded (the first much larger than the second and anal fins), caudal fin moderately long, over 1/4 of total length, yellow-brown to grey-brown in color, with or without small dark spots and obscure dorsal saddle markings (Ref. 247). Head blunt, mouth inferior, pair of conspicuous barbels between nostrils (Ref. 26938).
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Life Cycle

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Ovoviviparous, with 21 to 28 young in a litter. Development of young in the uterus being sustained by a large supply of yolk. Females give birth in late spring and summer in waters off Florida. During courtship, a pair sometimes a triplet of adults engaged in synchronized parallel swimming. While on it, the male may grab one of the female's pectoral fins with his mouth which induces the female to pivot 90° and roll on her back on the bottom. Then the male inserts a clasper in her vent, and then roll on his back beside the female. Pair may break apart and depart rapidly after copulation or the male may remain motionless on the subtrate as if recovering from the mating bout (Ref. 49562). Not all attempts of males to copulate with a female nurse shark result in successful fertilization, females may employ avoidance by 'pivotting and rolling' to escape from male attention (Ref. 49562). Or females may 'lie on back' and rest motionless and rigidly on the substrate (Ref. 51113, 49562). On the contrary, females send signals of readiness to copulate with males by arching their body toward their male partner and cupping the pelvic fin (Ref. 51126, 49562). Male nurse sharks may mate with many females over several weeks (polygyny) and vice versa (polyandry) (Ref. 49562). Also Ref. 205.
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0
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Trophic Strategy

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Common over shallow sand flats, in channels, and around coral reefs; Young may be found among prop roots of red mangroves (Ref. 26938). Found on continental and insular shelves. A solitary (Ref. 26340) and sluggish fish, often encountered lying on the bottom (Ref. 9987). Macro-carnivore (Ref. 126840). Nocturnal, feeding on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squids, octopi, snails and bivalves, and fishes like catfishes, mullets, puffers and stingrays. Algae is occasionally found in its stomach. This species feeds by sucking in food at high speed through its small mouth and large, bellows-like pharynx. It feeds on big, heavy-shelled conchs by flipping them over and extracting the snail from its shell, presumably with its teeth and by suction. Carnivore (Ref. 57616).
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Biology

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Found on continental and insular shelves. Solitary (Ref. 26340) and sluggish fish, often encountered lying on the bottom (Ref. 9987). Nocturnal, feeding on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squids, octopi, snails and bivalves, and fishes like catfishes, mullets, puffers and stingrays. Ovoviviparous with 21 to 28 young in a litter (Ref. 9987, 43278). Kept in captivity for researches. May attack humans if they are molested or stepped upon accidentally. Edible, but mainly valued for its hide, which makes extremely tough and durable leather (Ref. 9987). Common over shallow sand flats, in channels, and around coral reefs; young may be found among prop roots of red mangroves (Ref. 26938).
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: medium; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Tauró nodrissa ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El tauró nodrissa (Ginglymostoma cirratum) viu a l'Atlàntic i a l'est de l'Oceà Pacífic.

Pot assolir els 4,30 m de longitud i viu entre la superfície i els 130 m de fondària.

Referències

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Tauró nodrissa: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El tauró nodrissa (Ginglymostoma cirratum) viu a l'Atlàntic i a l'est de l'Oceà Pacífic.

Pot assolir els 4,30 m de longitud i viu entre la superfície i els 130 m de fondària.

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Žralok vouskatý ( Czech )

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Žralok vouskatý (Ginglymostoma cirratum) je druh žraloka z řádu malotlamců společně se žralokem obrovským a žralokem zebrovitým. Je to jediný zástupce malotlamců, který žije v Atlantském oceánu. Tento noční lovec pomalým tempem proplouvá nad mořským dnem v teplých mělkých tropických vodách. Během dne působí lenivým dojmem. Často bez hnutí odpočívá na dně, pumpuje vodu do žeber a hlavu skrývá pod korálový převis nebo do skalní štěrbiny. Díky malé tlamě vypadá žralok vousatýpoměrně neškodně, má však v záloze neviditelnou tajnou zbraň. Nejsou to dýkovité zuby, ale schopnost rychle nasát kořist.

Vzhled

Dosahuje délky mezi dvěma až třemi metry a váhy okolo 150 kg, i když existují zprávy o čtyřmetrových a větších kusech.[2] Samice bývají větší než samci. Žralok vouskatý má širokou a zploštělou hlavu, prsní ploutve i dvojice hřbetních ploutví jsou zakulacené. Ocasní ploutev tvoří až čtvrtinu délky těla. Kůže je pevná a světle šedě zbarvená.

Hlavní znaky

ikona
Tato část článku není dostatečně ozdrojována, a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.
  • Bentický druh (tj. druh žijící u dna), který se zdržuje v mělkých vodách a hledá si potravu na dně.
  • Má širokou hlavu s tlamou před očima a dva smyslové vousky na rypci.
  • Noční lovec, který svou potravu nasává do tlamy proudem vody.
  • Často ho lze vidět, jak odpočívá na mořském dně a pumpuje vodu do žeber.

Rozšíření

Žije v teplých mořích: podél atlantického pobřeží Ameriky od Rhode Islandu po jih Brazílie a kolem antilských ostrovů, také podél pacifického pobřeží od Kalifornského zálivu po Peru a v Africe v Guinejském zálivu, pozorován byl i u pobřeží Francie. Je obyvatelem kontinentálního šelfu, na volné moře se vydává jen zřídka.

Způsob života

Ve dne žraloci přespávají ve větších skupinách skryti v korálových útesech nebo mangrovových porostech: patří k druhům, které se k dýchání nepotřebují pohybovat. Po setmění se mění v samotářské lovce, kteří prohledávají mořské dno, v pátrání po kořisti jim pomáhá množství citlivých vousků kolem tlamy. Ústní otvor je poměrně malý, mohou tedy lovit jen menší živočichy: rejnoky, čtverzubce, chobotnice, langusty a pláštěnce. Dokážou chytit i rychlou rybu tím, že ji nasají s proudem vody: vydávají přitom hlasitý mlaskavý zvuk, který jim dal v některých jazycích název „žralok-kojná“ (anglicky nurse shark, italsky squali nutrice).[3]

Hlavními predátory jsou žralok tygří a člověk, i když lov tohoto druhu kvůli kůži, masu a tuku není tak intenzivní jako u jiných žraloků. Není řazen mezi druhy nebezpečnými pro člověka, i když byly zaznamenány případy, kdy žralok vouskatý napadl potápěče, kteří ho vyrušili.[4] Ulovení žraloci se dokáží přizpůsobit životu v zajetí a bývají častou atrakcí veřejných akvárií.

Rozmnožování

Tento druh je vejcoživorodý. V jednom vrhu bývá mezi dvaceti až třiceti mláďaty, která jsou při narození dlouhá okolo 30 cm a jejich tělo je poseté tmavšími skvrnami, které v dospělosti mizí. Žralok vouskatý se dožívá věku až přes dvacet let.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. A-Z Animals
  3. Nurse Shark. National Geographic
  4. Miami Herald, 16. 5. 2016

Externí odkazy

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Žralok vouskatý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Žralok vouskatý (Ginglymostoma cirratum) je druh žraloka z řádu malotlamců společně se žralokem obrovským a žralokem zebrovitým. Je to jediný zástupce malotlamců, který žije v Atlantském oceánu. Tento noční lovec pomalým tempem proplouvá nad mořským dnem v teplých mělkých tropických vodách. Během dne působí lenivým dojmem. Často bez hnutí odpočívá na dně, pumpuje vodu do žeber a hlavu skrývá pod korálový převis nebo do skalní štěrbiny. Díky malé tlamě vypadá žralok vousatýpoměrně neškodně, má však v záloze neviditelnou tajnou zbraň. Nejsou to dýkovité zuby, ale schopnost rychle nasát kořist.

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Atlantischer Ammenhai ( German )

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Der Atlantische Ammenhai (Ginglymostoma cirratum) ist ein Hai, der im Gebiet des Westatlantiks zwischen Rhode Island und Brasilien, im Ostatlantik zwischen Senegal und Gabun vorkommt.

Er ist bei Geburt ca. 27 cm lang und kann Größen bis zu 430 cm erreichen. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt wie bei den meisten Knorpelfischen und allen anderen Ammenhaien ovovivipar, also lebendgebärend, mit einer Wurfgröße von bis zu 28 Jungtieren.

Wie bei allen Ammenhaien sitzen unten am Rostrum Nasenbarteln, sind der 4. und 5. Kiemenspalt sehr nahe beieinander, ist die 2. Rückenflosse gut erkennbar vor der Afterflosse, besitzt er Furchen zwischen Nase und Maul und ist das Maul relativ klein und sitzt deutlich vor den Augen. Er zeichnet sich durch seine gerundeten Rückenflossen und die langen Barteln aus. Er ist braun und hat als adultes (geschlechtsreifes) Tier dunkle Flecken.

Der Lebensraum umfasst Korallenriffe und Mangroven und die Tiefen zwischen 1 m und 50 m. In der täglichen Ruhephase findet man oft kleine Gruppen auf dem Boden. Nachts jagt er auf dem Grund vorkommende Wirbellose wie z. B. Seeigel, Langusten, Krabben, Kraken, auch Stechrochen und Knochenfische. Er sucht auch unter Korallenschutt versteckte Beute, wobei ihm seine empfindlichen Barteln helfen, und gräbt diese Beute aus.

Der Atlantische Ammenhai zeigt ein ausgeprägtes Territorialverhalten. Versuche haben ergeben, dass beobachtete Tiere über vier Jahre hinweg in derselben Gegend verbleiben.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Atlantischer Ammenhai: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Atlantische Ammenhai (Ginglymostoma cirratum) ist ein Hai, der im Gebiet des Westatlantiks zwischen Rhode Island und Brasilien, im Ostatlantik zwischen Senegal und Gabun vorkommt.

Er ist bei Geburt ca. 27 cm lang und kann Größen bis zu 430 cm erreichen. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt wie bei den meisten Knorpelfischen und allen anderen Ammenhaien ovovivipar, also lebendgebärend, mit einer Wurfgröße von bis zu 28 Jungtieren.

Wie bei allen Ammenhaien sitzen unten am Rostrum Nasenbarteln, sind der 4. und 5. Kiemenspalt sehr nahe beieinander, ist die 2. Rückenflosse gut erkennbar vor der Afterflosse, besitzt er Furchen zwischen Nase und Maul und ist das Maul relativ klein und sitzt deutlich vor den Augen. Er zeichnet sich durch seine gerundeten Rückenflossen und die langen Barteln aus. Er ist braun und hat als adultes (geschlechtsreifes) Tier dunkle Flecken.

Der Lebensraum umfasst Korallenriffe und Mangroven und die Tiefen zwischen 1 m und 50 m. In der täglichen Ruhephase findet man oft kleine Gruppen auf dem Boden. Nachts jagt er auf dem Grund vorkommende Wirbellose wie z. B. Seeigel, Langusten, Krabben, Kraken, auch Stechrochen und Knochenfische. Er sucht auch unter Korallenschutt versteckte Beute, wobei ihm seine empfindlichen Barteln helfen, und gräbt diese Beute aus.

Der Atlantische Ammenhai zeigt ein ausgeprägtes Territorialverhalten. Versuche haben ergeben, dass beobachtete Tiere über vier Jahre hinweg in derselben Gegend verbleiben.

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Καρχαρίας τροφός ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο καρχαρίας τροφός (επιστημονική ονομασία Ginglymostoma cirratum - Γιγγλυμόστομα το σγουρό[2]) είναι το μόνο μέλος του γένους Γιγγλυμόστομα (Ginglymostoma), το οποίο ανήκει στους καρχαρίες τροφούς (οικογένεια Γιγγλυμοστοματίδες). Απατάνται σε τροπικά και υποτροπικά νερά πάνω από την ηπειρωτική και νησιωτική υφαλοκρηπίδα, σε βάθος από ένα έως 75 μέτρα. Φτάνει σε μήκος τα 4,3 μέτρα. Είναι συγγενικός με το φαλαινοκαρχαρία και το καρχαρία ζέβρα.

Ο καρχαρίας τροφός είναι νυκτόβιο ζώο, σχηματίζοντας την ημέρα ομάδες 40 ατόμων. Ο καρχαρίας τροφός κρύβεται σε κοιλότητες βράχων την ημέρα, με τον κάθε καρχαρία να φαίνεται να προτιμά κάποιες, στις οποίες γυρίζει κάθε βράδυ μετά το κυνήγι. Τρέφεται κυρίως με καρκινοειδή, μαλάκια, ουροχορδωτά, θαλάσσια φίδια και άλλα ψάρια, και ιδίος τους αετούς. Αναπαράγωγονται ως ωοζωοτόκα, με το θηλυκό να γεννά 21 με 29 μικρά ύστερα από εξάμηνη κύηση.[3] Ο κύκλος αναπαργωγής διαρκεί δύο χρόνια.

Οι καρχαρίες αυτοί δεν θεωρούνται επικίνδυνοι, αν και έχουν επιτεθεί σε ανθρώπους. Αν και δεν αλιεύεται τακτικά, αποτελεί ένα εύκολο στόχο για τους αλιείς. Το δέρμα τους είναι πολύ τραχύ και γι'αυτό το λόγο είναι περιζήτητο, ενώ επίσης χρησιμοποίείται το λάδι από το συκώτι τους και το κρέας τους.

Παραπομπές

  1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). «A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)». Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: p.560. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2011-09-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20110930154826/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class. Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Ιανουαρίου 2008.
  2. «λεξικό Λατινικά-Ελληνικά». Glosbe. Ανακτήθηκε στις 8 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  3. Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. σελίδες 205–207, 555–61, 588.
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Καρχαρίας τροφός: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο καρχαρίας τροφός (επιστημονική ονομασία Ginglymostoma cirratum - Γιγγλυμόστομα το σγουρό) είναι το μόνο μέλος του γένους Γιγγλυμόστομα (Ginglymostoma), το οποίο ανήκει στους καρχαρίες τροφούς (οικογένεια Γιγγλυμοστοματίδες). Απατάνται σε τροπικά και υποτροπικά νερά πάνω από την ηπειρωτική και νησιωτική υφαλοκρηπίδα, σε βάθος από ένα έως 75 μέτρα. Φτάνει σε μήκος τα 4,3 μέτρα. Είναι συγγενικός με το φαλαινοκαρχαρία και το καρχαρία ζέβρα.

Ο καρχαρίας τροφός είναι νυκτόβιο ζώο, σχηματίζοντας την ημέρα ομάδες 40 ατόμων. Ο καρχαρίας τροφός κρύβεται σε κοιλότητες βράχων την ημέρα, με τον κάθε καρχαρία να φαίνεται να προτιμά κάποιες, στις οποίες γυρίζει κάθε βράδυ μετά το κυνήγι. Τρέφεται κυρίως με καρκινοειδή, μαλάκια, ουροχορδωτά, θαλάσσια φίδια και άλλα ψάρια, και ιδίος τους αετούς. Αναπαράγωγονται ως ωοζωοτόκα, με το θηλυκό να γεννά 21 με 29 μικρά ύστερα από εξάμηνη κύηση. Ο κύκλος αναπαργωγής διαρκεί δύο χρόνια.

Οι καρχαρίες αυτοί δεν θεωρούνται επικίνδυνοι, αν και έχουν επιτεθεί σε ανθρώπους. Αν και δεν αλιεύεται τακτικά, αποτελεί ένα εύκολο στόχο για τους αλιείς. Το δέρμα τους είναι πολύ τραχύ και γι'αυτό το λόγο είναι περιζήτητο, ενώ επίσης χρησιμοποίείται το λάδι από το συκώτι τους και το κρέας τους.

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Акула-нянька ( Belarusian )

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Акула-нянька (Ginglymostoma cirratum) — адзіны прадстаўнік роду вусатых акул-нянек (Ginglymostoma) сямейства вусатыя акулы.

Мае аднастайную жоўта-карычневую афарбоўку. Можа дасягаць 4 мэтраў у даўжыню, але звычайна не перавышае 2,5-3 мэтраў. Трымаецца на глыбіні ад 0,5 да 3 мэтраў, можа зьбірацца ў статкі да 40 асобінаў.

Марудлівыя і малаактыўныя акулы-нянькі харчуюцца крабамі, васьміногамі, марскімі вожыкамі, дробнай рыбай. Як правіла, акулы-нянькі бясьпечныя для чалавека. Аднак зарэгістравана некалькі выпадкаў нападзеньняў, справакавых самімі купальшчыкамі.

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Nurse shark

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The nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is an elasmobranch fish in the family Ginglymostomatidae. The conservation status of the nurse shark is globally assessed as Vulnerable in the IUCN List of Threatened Species.[2] They are considered to be a species of least concern in the United States and in The Bahamas, but considered to be near threatened in the western Atlantic Ocean because of their vulnerable status in South America and reported threats throughout many areas of Central America and the Caribbean.[2] They are directly targeted in some fisheries and considered by-catch in others.

Nurse sharks are an important species for shark research.[3] They are robust and able to tolerate capture, handling, and tagging extremely well.[4] As inoffensive as nurse sharks may appear, they are ranked fourth in documented shark bites on humans,[5] likely due to incautious behavior by divers on account of the nurse shark's calm, sedentary nature.

Name

The origin of the name "Nurse Shark" is currently up for debate.

Taxonomy

The nurse shark genus Ginglymostoma is derived from Greek language meaning hinged mouth, whereas the species cirratum is derived from Latin meaning having curled ringlets. Based on morphological similarities, Ginglymostoma is believed to be the sister genus of Nebrius, with both being placed in a clade that also include species Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum, Rhincodon typus, and Stegostoma fasciatum.[6]

Description

The nurse shark has two rounded dorsal fins, rounded pectoral fins, an elongated caudal fin, and a broad head.[7] Maximum adult length is currently documented as 3.08 m (10 ft 1+12 in), whereas past reports of 4.5 m (15 ft) and corresponding weights of up to 330 kg (730 lb) are likely to have been exaggerated.[2] Adult nurse sharks are brownish in color. Newly born nurse sharks have a spotted coloration which fades with age and are about 30 cm in length when nascent.

Nurse shark swimming
Nurse shark turning
Nurse shark swims near boat

Distribution and habitat

The nurse shark has a wide but patchy geographical distribution along tropical and subtropical coastal waters of the Eastern Atlantic, Western Atlantic, and Eastern Pacific.[8] In the Eastern Atlantic it ranges from Cape Verde to Gabon (accidental north to France).[2] In the Western Atlantic, including the Caribbean, it ranges from Rhode Island to southern Brazil,[9] and in the East Pacific from Baja California to Peru.[2]

Nurse sharks are a typically inshore bottom-dwelling species. Juveniles are mostly found on the bottom of shallow coral reefs, seagrass flats, and around mangrove islands, whereas older individuals typically reside in and around deeper reefs and rocky areas, where they tend to seek shelter in crevices and under ledges during the day and leave their shelter at night to feed on the seabed in shallower areas.[10]

Nurse sharks are also subject to piebaldism, a genetic condition that results in a partial lack of body pigmentation and results in a speckled body.[11]

Biology and ecology

Nurse sharks are opportunistic predators that feed primarily on small fish (e.g. stingrays) and some invertebrates (e.g. crustaceans, molluscs, tunicates).[10] They are typically solitary nocturnal animals, rifling through bottom sediments in search of food at night, but are often gregarious during the day forming large sedentary groups. Nurse sharks are obligate suction feeders capable of generating suction forces that are among the highest recorded for any aquatic vertebrate to date.[12][13] Although their small mouths may limit the size of prey, they can exhibit a suck-and-spit behavior and/or shake their head violently to reduce the size of food items.[14]

Nurse sharks are exceptionally sedentary unlike most other shark species.[15] Nurse sharks show strong site fidelity (typical of reef sharks), and it is one of the few shark species known to exhibit mating site fidelity,[16] as they will return to the same breeding grounds time and time again.

American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and American crocodiles may occasionally prey on nurse sharks in some coastal habitats. Photographic evidence and historical accounts suggest that encounters between species are commonplace in their shared habitats.[17][18]

Reproduction

Nurse sharks are ovoviviparous, with fertilized eggs hatching inside the female. The mating cycle of nurse sharks is biennial, with females taking up to 18 months to produce a new batch of eggs. The mating season runs from late June to the end of July, with a gestation period of six months and a typical litter of 21–29 pups.[9] The young nurse sharks are born fully developed at about 30 cm long.

Nurse sharks engage in multiple paternity during mating season. A study conducted over a ten-year span found that a brood of nurse sharks had more genotypes than broods with one father. 14 separate genotypes were found in the brood examined, which suggests that more than one father fertilized the mother’s eggs. Engagement in multiple paternity promotes genetic variation.[19]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginglymostoma cirratum.
  1. ^ Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Blanco-Parra, MP; Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Herman, K.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J.; Talwar, B.S.; Pollom, R.; Pacoureau, N.; Dulvy, N.K. (2021). "Ginglymostoma cirratum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T144141186A3095153. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T144141186A3095153.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  3. ^ Osgood, G. J and J. K. Baum. (2015). "Reef sharks: recent advances in ecological understanding to inform conservation". Journal of Fisheries Biology. 87 (6): 1489–1523. doi:10.1111/jfb.12839. PMID 26709218.
  4. ^ Aucoin, S.; Weege, S.; Toebee, M.; Guertin, J.; Gorham, J.; Bresette, M. (2017). "A new underwater shark capture method used by divers to catch and release nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum)". Fishery Bulletin. 115 (4): 484–495. doi:10.7755/FB.115.4.5.
  5. ^ Ricci, J. A.; Vargas, C. R.; Singhal, D.; Lee, B. T. (2016). "Shark attack-related injuries: epidemiology and implications for plastic surgeons". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 69 (1): 108–114. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2015.08.029. PMID 26460789.
  6. ^ Goto, T. (2001). "Comparative Anatomy, Phylogeny and Cladistic Classification of the Order Orectolobiformes (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)". Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University. 48 (1): 1–101.
  7. ^ McEachran, J.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Vol. 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-292-75206-1. OCLC 38468784. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  8. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. (2002). Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Family Ginglymostomatidae. In: Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date, vol. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 188–195.
  9. ^ a b Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 205–207, 555–561, 588.
  10. ^ a b Castro, J. I. (2000). "The biology of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, off the Florida east coast and the Bahama Islands)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 58: 1–22. doi:10.1023/A:1007698017645. S2CID 32772305.
  11. ^ "Piebald nurse shark with incredible speckled skin may be first on record | Sharks | Earth Touch News". Earth Touch News Network. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  12. ^ Tanaka, S. K. (1973). "Suction feeding by the nurse shark". Copeia. 1973 (3): 606–608. doi:10.2307/1443135. JSTOR 1443135.
  13. ^ Motta, P. J., Hueter, R. E., Tricas, T. C., Summers, A. P., Huber, D. R., Lowry, D., Mara, K. R., Matott, M. P., Whitenack, L. B., Wintzer, A.P. (2008). "Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus, feeding constraints, and suction performance in the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum". Journal of Morphology. 269 (9): 1041–1055. doi:10.1002/jmor.10626. PMID 18473370. S2CID 15066259.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Motta, P. J. (2004). Prey capture behavior and feeding mechanics of elasmobranchs. In Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 165–202.
  15. ^ Heithaus, M.R., Burkholder, D., Hueter, R. E., Heithaus, L. I., Prat Jr. H. L., Carrier, J. C. (2004). Reproductive biology of elasmobranchs. In: Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 269–286.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Carrier, J. C., Pratt, H. L., Castro, J. I. (2004). "Spatial and temporal variation in shark communities of the lower Florida Keys and evidence for historical population declines". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 64 (10): 1302–1313. doi:10.1139/f07-098.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Jason Bittel (20 September 2017). "Alligators Attack and Eat Sharks, Study Confirms". National Geographic.
  18. ^ Nifong, James C.; Lowers, Russell H. (2017). "Reciprocal Intraguild Predation between Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) and Elasmobranchii in the Southeastern United States". Southeastern Naturalist. 16 (3): 383–396. doi:10.1656/058.016.0306. S2CID 90288005.
  19. ^ Saville, Kenneth J.; Lindley, Andrea M.; Maries, Eleanora G.; Carrier, Jeffrey C.; Pratt, Harold L. (2002-03-01). "Multiple Paternity in the Nurse Shark, Ginglymostoma Cirratum". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 63 (3): 347–351. doi:10.1023/A:1014369011709. ISSN 1573-5133. S2CID 22777142.

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Nurse shark: Brief Summary

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The nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is an elasmobranch fish in the family Ginglymostomatidae. The conservation status of the nurse shark is globally assessed as Vulnerable in the IUCN List of Threatened Species. They are considered to be a species of least concern in the United States and in The Bahamas, but considered to be near threatened in the western Atlantic Ocean because of their vulnerable status in South America and reported threats throughout many areas of Central America and the Caribbean. They are directly targeted in some fisheries and considered by-catch in others.

Nurse sharks are an important species for shark research. They are robust and able to tolerate capture, handling, and tagging extremely well. As inoffensive as nurse sharks may appear, they are ranked fourth in documented shark bites on humans, likely due to incautious behavior by divers on account of the nurse shark's calm, sedentary nature.

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Ginglymostoma cirratum ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El tiburón nodriza o tiburón gato[2]​ es una especie de tiburón que habita en los fondos marinos, llega a medir hasta 4 m de largo y puede encontrarse en mares tropicales como los de Centro América. Son tiburones de la familia Scyliorhinidae, que tiene más de 150 especies conocidas. Aunque generalmente se los conoce como tiburones gato, muchas especies son comúnmente llamadas cazón. Se encuentran tiburones gato en los mares tropicales y templados de todo el mundo, que van desde muy poco profundas aguas interpelágicas a profundidades de 2000 metros o más, dependiendo de la especie.

El tiburón gato se distingue por su forma alargada, como ojos de gato y dos pequeñas aletas dorsales establecidas muy detrás. La mayoría de las especies son bastante pequeñas, creciendo no más de 80 cm; unos pocos, como el scyliorhinus stellaris, puede llegar a 1,6 metros de longitud. La mayoría de las especies tienen una apariencia de entramado, desde bandas a parches de manchas. Se alimentan de invertebrados y peces pequeños. Algunas especies son ovíparos aplacentales, pero la mayoría ponen huevos.

Distribución ==

Se encuentra en los países de Anguila, Antigua y Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bermuda, Bonaire, San Eustaquio y Saba (Saba, San Eustaquio) Brasil, Camerún, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, España, Guinea Ecuatorial, Francia, Guayana Francesa, Gabón, Granada, Guadalupe, Guyana, Haití, Honduras, Jamaica, Las Maldivas, Martinica, México, Montserrat, Panamá, Perú, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana, San Cristóbal y Nieves, Santa Lucía, San Martín (parte francesa), San Vicente y las Granadinas, Senegal, Sint Maarten (parte neerlandesa), Trinidad y Tobago, Islas Turcas y Caicos, Estados Unidos (Florida, Georgia, Carolina del Norte, Rhode Island, Carolina del Sur, Texas), Venezuela, Islas Vírgenes Británicas, Islas Vírgenes EE. UU, Islas Caimán, y en los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico.[2]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Carlson, J., Charvet, P., Blanco-Parra, MP, Briones Bell-lloch, A., Cardenosa, D., Derrick, D., Espinoza, E., Herman, K., Morales-Saldaña, J.M., Naranjo-Elizondo, B., Pérez Jiménez, J.C., Schneider, E.V.C., Simpson, N.J., Talwar, B.S., Pollom, R., Pacoureau, N. & Dulvy, N.K. (2021). «Ginglymostoma cirratum». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2021 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 26 de junio de 2021.
  2. a b Ginglymostoma cirratum (Nurse Shark) (en inglés)

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Ginglymostoma cirratum: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

El tiburón nodriza o tiburón gato ​ es una especie de tiburón que habita en los fondos marinos, llega a medir hasta 4 m de largo y puede encontrarse en mares tropicales como los de Centro América. Son tiburones de la familia Scyliorhinidae, que tiene más de 150 especies conocidas. Aunque generalmente se los conoce como tiburones gato, muchas especies son comúnmente llamadas cazón. Se encuentran tiburones gato en los mares tropicales y templados de todo el mundo, que van desde muy poco profundas aguas interpelágicas a profundidades de 2000 metros o más, dependiendo de la especie.

El tiburón gato se distingue por su forma alargada, como ojos de gato y dos pequeñas aletas dorsales establecidas muy detrás. La mayoría de las especies son bastante pequeñas, creciendo no más de 80 cm; unos pocos, como el scyliorhinus stellaris, puede llegar a 1,6 metros de longitud. La mayoría de las especies tienen una apariencia de entramado, desde bandas a parches de manchas. Se alimentan de invertebrados y peces pequeños. Algunas especies son ovíparos aplacentales, pero la mayoría ponen huevos.

Distribución ==

Se encuentra en los países de Anguila, Antigua y Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bermuda, Bonaire, San Eustaquio y Saba (Saba, San Eustaquio) Brasil, Camerún, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, España, Guinea Ecuatorial, Francia, Guayana Francesa, Gabón, Granada, Guadalupe, Guyana, Haití, Honduras, Jamaica, Las Maldivas, Martinica, México, Montserrat, Panamá, Perú, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana, San Cristóbal y Nieves, Santa Lucía, San Martín (parte francesa), San Vicente y las Granadinas, Senegal, Sint Maarten (parte neerlandesa), Trinidad y Tobago, Islas Turcas y Caicos, Estados Unidos (Florida, Georgia, Carolina del Norte, Rhode Island, Carolina del Sur, Texas), Venezuela, Islas Vírgenes Británicas, Islas Vírgenes EE. UU, Islas Caimán, y en los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico.​

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Ginglymostoma cirratum ( Basque )

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Ginglymostoma cirratum Ginglymostoma generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Giganturidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Ginglymostoma cirratum FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Ginglymostoma cirratum: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Ginglymostoma cirratum Ginglymostoma generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Giganturidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Viiksihai ( Finnish )

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Viiksihai (Ginglymostoma cirratum) on viiksihaiden heimoon kuuluva kala, joka elää Atlantin valtamerellä.

Elinympäristö

Laji elää melko lähellä merenpintaa. Viiksihai elää meri- tai murtovedessä. Laji on Kansainvälisen luonnonsuojeluliiton mukaan puutteellisesti tunnettu.[2]

Ravinto ja elintavat

Lajin ravintoa ovat erilaiset selkärangattomat sekä kalat, kuten monnikalat. Viiksihain poikueessa on tavallisesti noin 25 poikasta.[3]

Lähteet

  1. Ginglymostoma cirratum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Viitattu 27.1.2019.
  3. Ginglymostoma cirratum summary page FishBase. Viitattu 27.11.2018. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä kaloihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Viiksihai: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Viiksihai (Ginglymostoma cirratum) on viiksihaiden heimoon kuuluva kala, joka elää Atlantin valtamerellä.

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Ginglymostoma cirratum ( French )

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Le Requin nourrice atlantique (Ginglymostoma cirratum) est une espèce de requins de la famille des Ginglymostomatidae.

Description et caractéristiques

Le requin nourrice mesure 3 m de long en moyenne et peut atteindre un maximum connu de 4,30 m[1],[2]. À la naissance, les jeunes mesurent entre 27 et 30 cm. Les mâles deviennent matures à 210 cm et les femelles arrivent à maturité sexuelle à près de 230 cm[3]. Le requin nourrice a une tête large et plate, des nageoires pectorales arrondies, des barbillons, et une longue nageoire caudale hétérocerque. La peau est de couleur brune ou beige. Les jeunes ont des taches noires sur le corps entier qui disparaissent quand l’animal atteint la taille de 60 cm[4].

Habitat et répartition

Les requins nourrices se trouvent dans des récifs coralliens et près de substrats rocheux. Pendant le jour ils préfèrent se cacher dans des cavernes rocheuses, et pendant la nuit ils deviennent plus actifs et ils chassent leurs proies au fond de l’océan. Les requins nourrices peuvent être trouvés en groupes et des requins retournent généralement au même emplacement caverneux pendant quelques jours.

Ce requin vit dans l'océan Atlantique tropical : on le trouve sur les côtes des États-Unis, du Mexique, de l’Amérique centrale, des Caraïbes, de la partie nord de l’Amérique du Sud (de la Colombie au Brésil sur la côte est et au Pérou sur la côte ouest), au nord-ouest de l'Afrique, et sur la côte ouest de la France.

Il est remplacé dans l'est de l'océan Pacifique[5] par son espèce-sœur Ginglymostoma unami.

Il vit entre la surface et 130 m de fond[1].

Alimentation

Le principal régime alimentaire du requin nourrice se compose de petits poissons osseux (téléostéens), ainsi que d’invertébrés tels les calmars, les crevettes, les crabes, et les langoustes. Les téléostéens composent jusqu’à 89 % de l’alimentation du requin nourrice[4].

Prédateurs

Les humains sont les principaux prédateurs des requins nourrices. On a trouvé des requins nourrices dans l’estomac du requin-tigre et du requin-citron[4].

Reproduction

Le requin nourrice est ovovivipare (les œufs incubent et éclosent dans l’utérus de la mère, les embryons sont nourris par la mère grâce à une réserve appelé vitellus). La mère peut être enceinte de 30 embryons à la fois, et la période de gestation dure entre 5 et 6 mois. Les jeunes naissent pendant le printemps et l’été. Le requin nourrice se reproduit tous les deux ans[3].

Cycle de vie

Ce requin dort 20 heures par jour.[réf. nécessaire]

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. a et b FishBase, consulté le 1 avril 2015
  2. (fr) Référence DORIS : espèce Ginglymostoma cirratum
  3. a et b Compagno, L. J. V. (2001). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date, Vol. 2-Bullhead, Mackerel and Carpet sharks, FAO Species Catalogue, pp.269
  4. a b et c Castro, J. I. (2000). The biology of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, off the Florida east coast and the Bahama Islands. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 58(1), 1-22.
  5. UICN, consulté le 1 avril 2015
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Ginglymostoma cirratum: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le Requin nourrice atlantique (Ginglymostoma cirratum) est une espèce de requins de la famille des Ginglymostomatidae.

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Ginglymostoma cirratum ( Italian )

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La nutrice[2] o squalo nutrice[3] (Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788)) fa parte della famiglia Ginglymostomatidae.[4]

Può raggiungere i 4,3 metri di lunghezza.[3]

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Esemplare di Ginglymostoma cirratum
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Mandibola di Ginglymostoma cirratum
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Particolare dei denti di Ginglymostoma cirratum

Etimologia

Il nome del genere deriva dal greco γίγγλυμος (cerniera) e στῶμα (bocca).

Descrizione

Lo squalo nutrice possiede una pelle molto dura e un paio di barbigli sotto la bocca, che gli consentono di trovare gli invertebrati di cui si nutre. La piccola bocca e l'ampia faringe costituiscono un potente mezzo di risucchio che permette a questo squalo di cibarsi mentre nuota ad alte velocità.[5]

Lo squalo nutrice ha due pinne dorsali arrotondate e senza spine (con la prima che è molto più grande della seconda),[5] pinne pettorali arrotondate, una pinna caudale allungata (un quarto della lunghezza totale dell’animale)[5] e una testa larga. Ha la bocca molto più avanti rispetto agli occhi, e cinque fessure branchiali. Gli occhi sono chiari, molti piccoli e in posizione laterale tra bocca e branchie. I suoi numerosissimi denti sono corti ed affilati, adatti per frantumare i gusci dei crostacei. Come le altre specie di squali, anche il suo scheletro è costituito da cartilagine, anziché da ossa.[6]

Gli squali nutrice adulti sono di colore brunastro. Gli esemplari appena nati hanno una colorazione maculata che sbiadisce con l'età e sono lunghi circa 30 cm quando nascenti. La lunghezza massima degli adulti è attualmente documentata come 3,08 m, mentre è probabile che i rapporti passati di 4,5 m e pesi corrispondenti fino a 330 kg siano stati esagerati. La lunghezza da adulto varia dai 3 ai 4,3 m e un peso intorno o superiore ai 150 kg.[6]

Biologia

Comportamento

Ginglymostoma cirratum trascorre le giornate riposandosi sul fondale, in caverne o crepacci, dove può essere visto in gruppi di individui che, a volte giacciono in pile, uno sopra l'altro. Sono animali notturni, e trascorrono gran parte del giorno in grandi gruppi inattivi (fino a 40 individui). Restano nascosti sotto sporgenze sommerse o in fessure nel reef; sembrano preferire posti specifici per riposare e vi fanno ritorno ogni giorno dopo la caccia notturna. Durante la notte gli squali sono spesso solitari; trascorrono la maggior parte del tempo cacciando sui fondali marini.

Alimentazione

Si cibano principalmente di crostacei, molluschi, tunicati, pesci, organismi bivalvi e altri invertebrati come i polpi, i granchi, le aragoste, i gamberetti, i ricci di mare, le lumache di mare.

Si pensa che si cibino dei pesci addormentati, che sarebbero più veloci dello squalo e quindi difficili prede durante la veglia; nonostante la piccola bocca limiti la dimensione delle potenziali prede, gli squali hanno una grande cavità all'interno della gola che permette loro di risucchiare i pesci di cui intendono cibarsi. Gli squali nutrice si possono anche nutrire di alghe e coralli.

Alcuni esemplari sono stati osservati mentre riposavano col corpo retto dalle pinne, creando una sorta di trappola per i crostacei che poi aggrediscono e mangiano.

Riproduzione

Il periodo di accoppiamento è compreso tra la fine di giugno e quella di luglio. Gli squali nutrice sono ovovivipari, ossia le uova si sviluppano e si schiudono nel corpo della femmina dove il piccolo resta fino alla nascita. Il periodo di gestazione dura sei mesi, e il numero dei cuccioli è solitamente compreso tra 21 e 28. Il ciclo riproduttivo è biennale, poiché la femmina impiega 18 mesi per creare altre uova. I giovani squali di questa specie nascono completamente sviluppati e lunghi circa 30 centimetri. Li caratterizza una colorazione a macchie che sparisce con gli anni.

Rapporto con gli uomini

La pesca di questi squali non è molto estesa, ma per la loro pigrizia sono facili prede dei pescatori locali. La loro pelle è incredibilmente resistente e viene utilizzata in abbigliamenti costosi. La carne viene consumata fresca o conservata sotto sale e il fegato viene utilizzato per produrre olio. Sono stati riportati alcuni attacchi avvenuti senza apparente provocazione da parte dell'uomo, ma generalmente viene considerato innocuo. Raramente risulta disponibile come pesce d'acquario, ma è bene evitarne l'acquisto dato che gli esemplari più lunghi di 1m necessitano di vasche di almeno 10.000 litri.

Per quanto inoffensivi possano sembrare gli squali nutrice, sono al quarto posto nei morsi di squalo documentati sugli esseri umani,[7] probabilmente a causa del comportamento incauto dei subacquei a causa della natura lenta e sedentaria dello squalo nutrice.

Distribuzione e habitat

Lo squalo nutrice è solito abitare nei fondali vicino alla costa, nelle acque tropicali e subtropicali. Si trova spesso a 1 metro di profondità, ma può arrivare fino a 12 metri sotto il livello del mare. I suoi habitat comuni sono i reef, i canali tra isole di mangrovie e i fondali sabbiosi. Si trova: nell'Atlantico Occidentale da Rhode Island giù fino alla punta meridionale del Brasile; nell'Atlantico Orientale dal Camerun al Gabon (ma con possibilità di escursioni più profonde a nord o a sud); attorno alle isole caraibiche e in Australia, lungo la Grande Barriera Corallina.

Un tempo si credeva che vivesse anche nel Pacifico Orientale, dalla zona sud della Baja California fino al Perù, ma dal 2015 gli esemplari osservati in questo oceano sono considerati appartenenti ad una specie affine, Ginglymostoma unami[8].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Rosa, R.S., Castro, A.L.F., Furtado, M., Monzini, J. & Grubbs, R.D. 2006, Ginglymostoma cirratum, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 6 maggio 2019.
  2. ^ Mipaaf - Decreto Ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su www.politicheagricole.i t. URL consultato il 22 aprile 2018.
  3. ^ a b Antonio Nonnis, Ginglymostoma cirratum, su www.squali.com. URL consultato il 22 aprile 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 22 aprile 2018).
  4. ^ (EN) Ginglymostoma cirratum, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 6 maggio 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Ecco lo squalo nutrice, su LO SQUALO.
  6. ^ a b Squalo nutrice - Ginglymostoma cirratum - Nurse Shark, su Viaggi per Sub.
  7. ^ Ricci, JA, Vargas, CR, Singhal, D. e BT Lee. (2016). "Lesioni da attacco di squalo: epidemiologia e implicazioni per i chirurghi plastici". Giornale di chirurgia plastica, ricostruttiva ed estetica.
  8. ^ (EN) Luis Fernando Del Moral-Flores, Emmanuel Ramírez-Antonio, Arturo Angulo, Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León, Ginglymostoma unami sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes: Orectolobiformes: Ginglymostomatidae): una especie nueva de tiburón gata del Pacífico oriental tropical, in Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, vol. 86, 2015, pp. 48-58, DOI:10.7550/RMB.46192.

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Ginglymostoma cirratum: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

La nutrice o squalo nutrice (Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788)) fa parte della famiglia Ginglymostomatidae.

Può raggiungere i 4,3 metri di lunghezza.

 src= Esemplare di Ginglymostoma cirratum  src= Mandibola di Ginglymostoma cirratum  src= Particolare dei denti di Ginglymostoma cirratum
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Verpleegsterhaai ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De verpleegsterhaai of voedsterhaai (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is een haai van ongeveer 3 meter lang (maximaal worden ze 4,3 meter). Ze kunnen tot ruim 150 kilogram wegen. Het is de enige nog levende soort die tot het geslacht Ginglymostoma behoort.

Anatomie

De buikzijde is plat, en de twee rugvinnen zijn vrij dicht bij elkaar en achteraan op de rug geplaatst. De bek is klein, ventraal (aan buikzijde) gelegen en bevat een paar korte baarddraden, waarmee zij voedsel kunnen opsporen. De haai kan met zijn kleine bek en grote kieuwkorf met een enorme kracht en bliksemsnel zijn prooien uit het zand trekken. De kleur is geelachtig grijs.

Verspreiding en habitat

De verpleegsterhaai is een haaiensoort die voornamelijk op de bodem van kustregio’s leeft in tropische en subtropische wateren, alsook op het continentaal plat. Hij wordt zeer vaak aangetroffen op een diepte van één meter of minder, maar kan voorkomen tot op een diepte van 75 meter. Zijn voornaamste habitats zijn riffen, mangroves en zandvlakten. Hij leeft in het westen van de Atlantische Oceaan, van Rhode Island tot het zuiden van Brazilië, en in het oosten van de Atlantische Oceaan, van Kameroen tot Gabon (en mogelijk verder noord- en zuidwaarts). Daarnaast leeft hij ook nog in het oosten van de Grote Oceaan, van Baja California tot Peru, en rond de eilanden van het Caribisch gebied.

Gedrag en dieet

Verpleegsterhaaien zijn nachtdieren. Het grootste deel van de dag zijn ze inactief en rusten zij in groepen van maximaal 40 dieren. Ze liggen dan voornamelijk in richels of spleten van grotere riffen. Ze lijken ook individueel een voorkeur te hebben voor bepaalde rustlocaties, waar ze dagelijks naar terugkeren, na de nachtelijke jacht. ’s Nachts leven de haaien grotendeels solitair. Ze besteden dan het grootste deel van hun tijd met het zoeken naar voedsel in het bodemsediment. Hun dieet bestaat voornamelijk uit schaaldieren, weekdieren, manteldieren, zeeslangen en vissen (met name pijlstaartroggen blijken een geliefde prooi te zijn van de verpleegsterhaai).

De haaien jagen eveneens op slapende vissen, die overdag te snel voor hen zouden zijn. Ondanks hun betrekkelijk kleine mond (die de grootte van prooidieren kan beperken), hebben ze een relatief grote keelholte. De haaien kunnen hierdoor hun prooi in zijn geheel naar binnen zuigen. Verpleegsterhaaien grazen ook graag algen van rotsen en soms eten ze zelfs koralen.

Er zijn ook waarnemingen gedaan van verpleegsterhaaien die schaaldieren vangen in een hinderlaag, door te doen alsof zij rusten op de bodem.

De dieren zijn in staat om tijdens de rust te ademen door water met de mond naar binnen te nemen en het via de kieuwen weer weg te pompen. In de kieuwen zitten vele kleine bloedvaatjes die dan zuurstof uit het water opnemen en dit met de bloedstroom doorgeven aan alle organen en stelsels.

Voortplanting

De paartijd van verpleegsterhaaien loopt van eind juni tot eind juli. De dieren zijn ovovivipaar, wat betekent dat de eieren zich ontwikkelen en uitkomen in het lichaam van het moederdier. De dracht duurt ongeveer zes maanden en vervolgens worden 21 tot 29 jongen geboren. Verpleegsterhaaien kunnen maximaal één keer om de twee jaar paren, aangezien de eierstokken van het vrouwtje steeds 18 maanden nodig hebben om nieuwe eieren te produceren. Bij verpleegsterhaaien is eveneens meermaals kannibalisme waargenomen, waarbij ouderdieren (of andere volwassen dieren) jongen of kleinere verpleegsterhaaien opeten. De jongen zijn bij de geboorte soms al 30 cm groot, maar dit kan ook al eens kleiner zijn (10 cm). Ze bezitten dan een gevlekt kleurenpatroon op de huid, dat vervaagt en vergrijst met het ouder worden.

Interactie met mensen

Verpleegsterhaaien worden niet op grote schaal gevangen voor consumptie, maar door hun trage levenswijze zijn ze wel een makkelijk doelwit voor lokale vissers. Zijn huid is bijzonder taai en wordt gebruikt voor het vervaardigen van leer. Het vlees wordt geconsumeerd en de lever wordt gebruikt voor het maken van olie.

Jonge verpleegsterhaaien worden in sommige landen al eens verkocht in zeewateraquariumhandels. Maar omdat ze 3 meter lang kunnen worden, zijn ze eigenlijk veel te groot voor de meeste particuliere aquaria. In grote aquariumcomplexen kunnen ze wel gehouden worden en in veel gevallen planten ze zich daar met succes voort.

Ze zijn meestal ongevaarlijk voor de mens, maar kunnen als ze zich bedreigd voelen, toch stevig van zich afbijten. Deze haai staat nummer twaalf op de lijst van het ISAF, met 10 niet uitgelokte aanvallen op mensen (tussen 1580 en 2008!), waarvan geen enkele dodelijk.[2]
Ze leven in open zee, bij kusten en bij koraalriffen aan de Westkust van Afrika en rond (tropisch) Amerika.

 src=
Verpleegsterhaai in beschutting
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Verpleegsterhaai: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De verpleegsterhaai of voedsterhaai (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is een haai van ongeveer 3 meter lang (maximaal worden ze 4,3 meter). Ze kunnen tot ruim 150 kilogram wegen. Het is de enige nog levende soort die tot het geslacht Ginglymostoma behoort.

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Tubarão-enfermeiro ( Portuguese )

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Tubarão-lixa,[3] cação-lixa, cação-barroso, cação-gata[4] ou lambaru[5] (nome científico: Ginglymostoma cirratum) é uma espécie de tubarão elasmobrânquio da família dos ginglimostomatídeos (Ginglymostomatidae). São uma espécie importante à pesquisa de tubarões (predominantemente em fisiologia).[6] São robustos e capazes de tolerar captura, manuseio e marcação extremamente bem.[7] Por mais inofensivos que possam parecer, estão em quarto lugar em mordidas de tubarão documentadas em humanos,[8]

Taxonomia

O nome do gênero do tubarão-lixa (Ginglymostoma) é derivado da língua grega que significa boca articulada, enquanto o nome específico cirratum é derivada do latim que significa ter cachos enrolados. Com base nas semelhanças morfológicas, acredita-se que Ginglymostoma seja o gênero irmão de Nebrius, com ambos sendo colocados em um clado que também inclui as espécies Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum, tubarão-baleia (Rhincodon typus) e tubarão-zebra (Stegostoma fasciatum).[9]

Descrição

O tubarão-lixa tem duas nadadeiras dorsais arredondadas, nadadeiras peitorais arredondadas, uma nadadeira caudal alongada e uma cabeça larga.[10] O comprimento máximo adulto está atualmente documentado como 3,08 metros (10 pés 1 + 1⁄2 polegada), enquanto relatórios anteriores de 4,5 metros (15 pés) e pesos correspondentes de até 330 quilos (730 libras) provavelmente foram exagerados.[1]

Distribuição e habitat

O tubarão-lixa tem uma distribuição geográfica ampla, mas irregular ao longo das águas costeiras tropicais e subtropicais do Atlântico Oriental, Atlântico Ocidental e Pacífico Oriental.[11] No Atlântico Oriental vai de Cabo Verde ao Gabão (acidental ao norte até a França).[1] No Atlântico Ocidental, incluindo o Caribe, varia de ilha de Rodes ao sul do Brasil,[12] e no Pacífico Leste da Baixa Califórnia ao Peru.[1] Os tubarões-lixa são uma espécie tipicamente costeira. Os juvenis são encontrados principalmente no fundo de recifes de coral rasos, planícies de ervas marinhas e ao redor de ilhas de mangue, enquanto os indivíduos mais velhos geralmente residem em recifes mais profundos e áreas rochosas, onde tendem a procurar abrigo em fendas e bordas durante o dia e sair seu abrigo à noite para se alimentar no fundo do mar em áreas mais rasas.[13]

Biologia e ecologia

 src=
Exemplar nadando
 src=
Exemplar nadando perto de um barco

Os tubarões-lixa são predadores oportunistas que se alimentam principalmente de pequenos peixes (por exemplo, arraias) e alguns invertebrados (por exemplo, crustáceos, moluscos, urocordados).[13] São tipicamente animais noturnos solitários, vasculhando os sedimentos do fundo em busca de comida à noite, mas muitas vezes são gregários durante o dia formando grandes grupos sedentários. São alimentadores de sucção obrigatórios capazes de gerar forças de sucção que estão entre as mais altas registradas para qualquer vertebrado aquático até o momento.[14][15] Embora suas bocas pequenas possam limitar o tamanho da presa, podem exibir um comportamento de chupar e cuspir e/ou balançar a cabeça violentamente para reduzir o tamanho dos alimentos.[16]

Os tubarões-lixa são excepcionalmente sedentários, ao contrário da maioria das outras espécies de tubarões.[17] Mostram uma forte fidelidade ao local (típico de tubarões de recife), e é uma das poucas espécies de tubarões conhecidas por exibir fidelidade ao local de acasalamento, pois eles retornarão aos mesmos locais de reprodução várias vezes.[18] aligátores-americanos (Alligator mississippiensis) e crocodilos-americanos (Crocodylus acutus) podem ocasionalmente atacar tubarões-lixa em alguns habitats costeiros. Evidências fotográficas e relatos históricos sugerem que os encontros entre espécies são comuns em seus habitats compartilhados.[19][20]

Conservação

O estado de conservação do tubarão-lixa é globalmente avaliado como vulnerável na Lista de Espécies Ameaçadas da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (UICN / IUCN). São considerados uma espécie de menor preocupação nos Estados Unidos e nas Baamas, mas considerados quase ameaçados no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental por causa de sua situação vulnerável na América do Sul e ameaças relatadas em muitas áreas da América Central e do Caribe. São diretamente visados em algumas pescarias e considerados capturas acessórias em outras.[1] No Brasil, em 2005, a espécie foi classificada como vulnerável na Lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Espírito Santo;[21] em 2007, como vulnerável na Lista de espécies de flora e fauna ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Pará;[22] em 2014 e 2018, respectivamente, como vulnerável no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção e na Lista Vermelha do Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio).[23][24][3]

Referências

  1. a b c d e f Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Blanco-Parra, M. P., Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Herman, K.; Morales-Saldaña, J. M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pérez Jiménez, J. C.; Schneider, E. V. C.; Simpson, N. J.; Talwar, B. S.; Pollom, R.; Pacoureau, N.; Dulvy, N. K. (2021). «Ginglymostoma cirratum». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2021: e.T144141186A3095153. doi:. Consultado em 16 de abril de 2022 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  2. a b c Castro, José I. The Sharks of North America. Oxônia: Imprensa da Universidade de Oxônia. p. 184
  3. a b «Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788)». Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiBBr). Consultado em 16 de abril de 2022
  4. «Cação-lixa». Michaelis. Consultado em 16 de abril de 2022
  5. «Lambaru». Michaelis. Consultado em 16 de abril de 2022
  6. Osgood, G. J.; Baum, J. K. (2015). «Reef sharks: recent advances in ecological understanding to inform conservation». Journal of Fisheries Biology. 87 (6): 1489–1523. PMID 26709218. doi:10.1111/jfb.12839
  7. Aucoin, S.; Weege, S.; Toebe, M.; Guertin, J.; Gorham, J.; Bresette, M. (2017). «A new underwater shark capture method used by divers to catch and release nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum)». Fishery Bulletin. 115 (4): 484–495. doi:
  8. Ricci, J. A.; Vargas, C. R.; Singhal, D.; Lee, B. T. (2016). «Shark attack-related injuries: epidemiology and implications for plastic surgeons». Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 69 (1): 108–114. PMID 26460789. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2015.08.029
  9. Goto, T. (2001). «Comparative Anatomy, Phylogeny and Cladistic Classification of the Order Orectolobiformes (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)». Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University. 48 (1): 1–101
  10. McEachran, J.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Vol. 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Col: Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-292-75206-1. OCLC 38468784. Consultado em 13 de julho de 2021
  11. Compagno, L. J. V. (2002). Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Family Ginglymostomatidae. In: Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date, vol. 2. Roma: Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO). pp. 188–195
  12. Compagno, L. J. V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Roma: Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO). pp. 205–207, 555–561, 588
  13. a b Castro, J. I. (2000). «The biology of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, off the Florida east coast and the Bahama Islands». Environmental Biology of Fishes. 58: 1–22. doi:10.1023/A:1007698017645
  14. Tanaka, S. K. (1973). «Suction feeding by the nurse shark». Copeia. 1973 (3): 606–608. JSTOR 1443135. doi:10.2307/1443135
  15. Motta, P. J.; Hueter, R. E.; Tricas, T. C.; Summers, A. P.; Huber, D. R.; Lowry, D.; Mara, K. R.; Matott, M. P.; Whitenack, L. B.; Wintzer, A. P. (2008). «Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus, feeding constraints, and suction performance in the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum». Journal of Morphology. 269 (9): 1041–1055. PMID 18473370. doi:10.1002/jmor.10626
  16. Motta, P. J. (2004). «Prey capture behavior and feeding mechanics of elasmobranchs». In: Carrier, Jeffrey C.; Musick, ‎John A.; Heithaus, ‎Michael R. Biology of sharks and their relatives. Boca Ratón, Flórida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 165–202
  17. Heithaus, M. R.; Burkholder, D.; Hueter, R. E.; Heithaus, L. I.; Prat Jr, H. L.; Carrier, J. C. (2004). «Reproductive biology of elasmobranchs». In: Carrier, Jeffrey C.; Musick, ‎John A.; Heithaus, ‎Michael R. Biology of sharks and their relatives. Boca Ratón, Flórida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 269–286
  18. Carrier, J. C.; Pratt, H. L.; Castro, J. I. (2004). «Spatial and temporal variation in shark communities of the lower Florida Keys and evidence for historical population declines». Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 64 (10): 1302–1313. doi:10.1139/f07-098
  19. Bittel, Jason (20 de setembro de 2017). «Alligators Attack and Eat Sharks, Study Confirms». National Geographic
  20. Nifong, James C.; Lowers, Russell H. (2017). «Reciprocal Intraguild Predation between Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) and Elasmobranchii in the Southeastern United States». Southeastern Naturalist. 16 (3): 383–396. doi:10.1656/058.016.0306
  21. «Espécies ameaçadas de extinção no Espírito Santo». Instituto de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (IEMA), Governo do Estado do Espírito Santo. Consultado em 12 de abril de 2022
  22. Extinção Zero. Está é a nossa meta (PDF). Belém: Conservação Internacional - Brasil; Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Secretaria do Estado de Meio Ambiente, Governo do Estado do Pará. 2007. Consultado em 2 de maio de 2022. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 2 de maio de 2022
  23. «PORTARIA No - 444, DE 17 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2014» (PDF). Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMbio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). Consultado em 24 de julho de 2021
  24. «Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção» (PDF). Brasília: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2018. Consultado em 3 de maio de 2022. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 3 de maio de 2018
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Tubarão-enfermeiro: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Tubarão-lixa, cação-lixa, cação-barroso, cação-gata ou lambaru (nome científico: Ginglymostoma cirratum) é uma espécie de tubarão elasmobrânquio da família dos ginglimostomatídeos (Ginglymostomatidae). São uma espécie importante à pesquisa de tubarões (predominantemente em fisiologia). São robustos e capazes de tolerar captura, manuseio e marcação extremamente bem. Por mais inofensivos que possam parecer, estão em quarto lugar em mordidas de tubarão documentadas em humanos,

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Hemşire köpekbalığı ( Turkish )

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? Hemşire köpekbalıgi Nurse shark.jpg Bir hemşire köpekbalığı... Bilimsel sınıflandırma Âlem: Animalia - Hayvanlar Şube: Chordata - Kordalılar Sınıf: Chondrichthyes Takım: Orectolobiformes Familya: Ginglymostomatidae
Cins: Ginglymostoma
Müller, 1837 Tür: G. cirratum
Tür: Ginglymostoma cirratum
Bonnaterre, 1788 Korunma durumu
IUCN Kırmızı Listesi 2.3 (1994) sürümü :
Zarar görebilir Dağılım haritası Ginglymostoma cirratum distmap.png Hemşire köpekbalığının dünya denizlerindeki dağılımı.

Suptropikal iklimleri seven köpekbalığı türü. 44° Kuzey - 18° Güney; 122° Batı - 10° Doğu enlem ve boylamlarında yaşarlar. Maksimum 430 cm uzunluğa, 110 kg ağırlığa ulaşabilirler. Ama genelde 2 m'yi ve 45 kg'yi nadiren geçerler. Meksika'nın batı ve doğu sahilleri, Orta Amerika'nın batı sahilleri, Güney Amerika'nın kuzey-batı sahillerinde; Brezilya kıyılarında, Fransa ve İspanya açıklarında ve Afrika'nın orta ve batı sahillerinde yaşarlar. Kabuklular, yumuşakçalar, tulumlular, diğer balıklar ve hatta diğer köpekbalıkları bile avları arasına girebilir.

Galeri

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Hemşire köpekbalığı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Suptropikal iklimleri seven köpekbalığı türü. 44° Kuzey - 18° Güney; 122° Batı - 10° Doğu enlem ve boylamlarında yaşarlar. Maksimum 430 cm uzunluğa, 110 kg ağırlığa ulaşabilirler. Ama genelde 2 m'yi ve 45 kg'yi nadiren geçerler. Meksika'nın batı ve doğu sahilleri, Orta Amerika'nın batı sahilleri, Güney Amerika'nın kuzey-batı sahillerinde; Brezilya kıyılarında, Fransa ve İspanya açıklarında ve Afrika'nın orta ve batı sahillerinde yaşarlar. Kabuklular, yumuşakçalar, tulumlular, diğer balıklar ve hatta diğer köpekbalıkları bile avları arasına girebilir.

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Акула-нянька атлантична ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Досягає довжини 4,2 м, але звичайні розміри не перевищують 2,5-3 м при вазі 150—170 кг, максимально — 330 кг. Голова широка, дещо сплощена. На нижній щелепі є 2 довгих вусики. П'ять зябрових щілин знаходяться досить близько одна від одної. тулуб кремезний з 2 спинними плавцями округлої форми. Однотонно забарвленна у жовтувато-коричневий колір. У молодих особин по тілу розсіяні дрібні темні плями.

Спосіб життя

Тримається зазвичай біля берега, часто на глибині, що не перевищує 0,6-5 м. Особини цього виду зустрічаються біля коралових рифів та в протоках, що перетинають мангрові болота. Утворює групи до 40 особин. Спостерігаються на мілинах, на піщаному і кам'янистому ґрунтах, де акули подовгу лежать без руху, збившись у тісну купу, в таких неглибоких місцях, що спинні плавці висовуються з води. На рідкість повільна і малоактивна акула. Полює на здобич уночі. Живиться восьминогами, крабами, креветками, морськими їжаками, а також дрібною рибою. Доволі територіальна, може знаходиться на одному місці протягом 4 років.

Під час парування самець зубами утримує самицю за край грудного плавця. Цей вид належить до числа яйцеживородних: самиця виношує 26 — 28 ембріонів. Акуленята при народженні мають 27 см завдовжки.

Абсолютно безпечна для людини і купання в водах, які кишать ними, не призводить до якихось інцидентів. Має невелике промислове значення. На островах Карибського моря її м'ясо подекуди вживають в їжу. Відомим попитом користується також шкура.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає біля берегів Америки від Флориди до Бразилії, в Карибському морі, а також біля узбережжя західної Африки (від Сенегалу до Габону).

Джерела

  • Ralf Michael Hennemann: Haie & Rochen Weltweit, Hamburg 2001, IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv Frankfurt, ISBN 3-86132-584-5
  • Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 205—207, 555—561, 588.
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Cá mập miệng bản lề ( Vietnamese )

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Cá mập miệng bản lề (danh pháp hai phần: Ginglymostoma cirratum) là một loài cá trong họ Ginglymostomatidae, là loài duy nhất của chi Ginglymostoma. Nó có thể đạt chiều dài lên tới 4,3 m (14 ft)[Chuyển đổi: Số không hợp lệ] và cân nặng tới 330 kg (730 lb).[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). “A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)”. Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 1 năm 2008.
  2. ^ Nurse Shark National Geographic

Tham khảo

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Cá mập miệng bản lề: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Cá mập miệng bản lề (danh pháp hai phần: Ginglymostoma cirratum) là một loài cá trong họ Ginglymostomatidae, là loài duy nhất của chi Ginglymostoma. Nó có thể đạt chiều dài lên tới 4,3 m (14 ft)[Chuyển đổi: Số không hợp lệ] và cân nặng tới 330 kg (730 lb).

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Усатая акула-нянька ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Усатая акула-нянька у берегов Белиза

Описание

При взгляде сверху или сбоку голова у молодых акул имеет вид широкой дуги, а у взрослых — изогнута в виде буквы «U». Рыло в профиль клиновидное, короткое, ширина рта в 2,3—2,6 раз превышает предротовое расстояние. Глаза маленькие, их длина составляет не более 1 % от длины тела, они расположены на голове дорсолатерально. Под глазами имеются выступающие глазные гребни. Нижний край глаз находится на уровне верхнего края жаберных щелей. Жаберные щели расположены на голове дорсолатерально и почти не видны снизу. Ноздри находятся на кончике рыла. Имеются тонкие и вытянутые назальные усики в виде конуса, длина которых не превышает 1 % длины тела. Они доходят до рта. Нижняя губа, разделенная вырезами на три лопасти, соединяется со ртом посредством нижних губных бороздок. Расстояние между нижними губными бороздками в 1,5 раза больше их длины. Зубы не перекрывают друг друга. Каждый зуб оснащён высоким остриём и несколькими латеральными зубцами, количество которых колеблется от 2 до 6.

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Зубы усатой акулы-няньки

Тело взрослых акул покрыто крупными плакоидными чешуями в форме ромбов. У молодых акул грудные плавники широкие и узко закруглены. У взрослых они имеют серповидную форму. Их основания начинаются на уровне третьей пары жаберных щелей. Брюшные плавники молодых акул закруглены, а взрослых — притуплены. Анальный плавник существенно меньше второго спинного плавника, его апекс закруглён. Начало основания анального плавника находится на уровне средней точки основания второго спинного плавника. Хвостовой плавник асимметричный, длина дорсального края составляет свыше 25 % длины тела. У молодых акул нижняя доля отсутствует, а у взрослых она развита слабо. У края верхней лопасти имеется вентральная выемка. Общее количество позвонков составляет 168—175. Количество оборотов кишечного клапана 16—17. Окраска однотонного жёлто-коричневого или серо-коричневого цвета. Тело молодых акул покрыто маленькими тёмными пятнышками со светлой окантовкой. Максимальная зарегистрированная длина 4,3 м, но обычно она не превышает 2,5—3 метров[5].

 src=
Спиральный клапан усатой акулы-няньки
 src=
Череп Ginglymostoma cirratum

Биология

Поведение и рацион

Усатые акулы-няньки ведут ночной образ жизни. Днём они собираются в стаи до 40 особей и отдыхают на песчаном дне, в пещерах или расщелинах скалистых и коралловых рифов на мелководье. Акулы лежат близко друг к другу или даже друг на друге. Предварительные исследования показали, что они отдают предпочтение какому-то определённому единожды выбранному укрытию и ежедневно после ночной охоты возвращаются в одну и ту же пещеру или расщелину. Они плавают со скоростью от 31 до 78 см/сек (скорость была измерена путём наблюдения в неволе за особью длиной 250 см). Кроме того, усатые акулы способны ползать по дну с помощью гибких и мускулистых грудных плавников. Акулы, помеченные традиционным и акустическим способом, демонстрировали минимальное либо полное отсутствие локальных перемещений. Взрослые акулы мобильнее молодых. Эти данные дают основание предположить, что группы усатых акул-нянек имеют локальную привязку и могут быть полностью уничтожены в случае интенсивного вылова. Исторически в определённых местах в тропиках северо-западной Атлантики и у побережья западной Африки эти акулы встречались часто и даже в большом количестве[12].

Медлительные и малоактивные усатые акулы-няньки питаются донными беспозвоночными, такими как крабы, осьминоги, морские ежи, моллюски а также мелкой рыбой, например, сельдями, ариевыми, кефалью, рыбами-попугаями, рыбами-хирургами, иглобрюхами и хвостоколами. Иногда в их желудках находят водоросли, которые, по-видимому, были всосаны в процессе охоты на другую добычу. Маленький рот и помпообразная глотка усатых акул-нянек позволяет им засасывать пищу с большой силой. Благодаря всасывающему механизму и ночному образу жизни эти акулы могут охотиться на небольших активных и маневренных рыб, которые в дневное время легко ускользнули бы от преследования. Когда усатые акулы-няньки имеют дело с брюхоногими моллюсками, они переворачивают добычу и высасывают её из раковины. Иногда молодые акулы застывают на дне с приподнятой головой, опершись на грудные плавники. Возможно, таким способом они имитируют укрытие для крабов и небольших рыб, на которых они нападают из засады и поедают. Усатые акулы-няньки, которых в неволе кормят кусками рыбы, кружат у дна, ощупывая грунт усиками; обнаружив пищу и проплыв над ней, они осаживают назад и быстро засасывают её. Эти акулы способны ощупывать усиками и вертикальные поверхности[12].

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Усатая акула-нянька (вид сверху)

Размножение и жизненный цикл

Процесс ухаживания и совокупления усатых акул-нянек был детально изучен в неволе[13] и на свободе[14]. Он представляет собой довольно сложную процедуру. В неволе пара или тройка взрослых акул принимается синхронно плавать параллельно друг другу, при этом самец плывет на уровне или чуть позади и ниже самки, почти соприкасаясь с ней боком. Совершив несколько кругов, пара может лечь отдыхать на дне. В ходе параллельного плавания самец иногда хватает ртом грудной плавник самки, чем заставляет её повернуться на 90° и опрокинуться на дно на спину. Затем он подталкивает её так, чтобы она оказалась в параллельной позиции, заплывает сверху, вставляет свой птеригоподий в её клоаку, переворачивается на спину и остаётся лежать без движения. На основании наблюдений за усатыми акулами-няньками на свободе в архипелаге Драй-Тортугаruen, Флорида, исследователи разделили процесс ухаживания усатых акул-нянек на пять этапов:

  1. Предварительная фаза, в ходе которой самец или группа самцов приближается к самке, отдыхающей на дне или плавающей, в последнем случае они присоединяются к ней и начинают следовать параллельно. Затем они занимают позицию рядом так, чтобы их головы оказались на уровне её грудных плавников.
  2. Стыковка. Самец хватает грудной плавник самки, случается, что два самца хватают самку за оба грудных плавника, а остальные самцы продолжают кружить поблизости.
  3. Позиционирование. Самец переворачивают самку на спину, а сам выпрямляет хвост и брюшные плавники перед совокуплением.
  4. Совокупление. Самец спаривается с самкой, вставляя свой птеригоподий в её клоаку и продолжая удерживать её за грудной плавник. Какой из птеригоподиев, правый или левый, будет использован, зависит от того, за который из грудных плавников он её держит. Правый птеригоподий соответствует правому плавнику, левый — левому.
  5. Посткопулятивная фаза. Самец вынимает птеригоподий, отпускает грудной плавник самки и уплывает, либо ложится рядом с самкой брюхом на дно. В более 50 % наблюдаемых брачных ритуалов участвовал не один, а несколько самцов, при этом происходило несколько совокуплений подряд[14].

Усатые акулы-няньки размножаются яйцеживорождением. У берегов Флориды новорожденные появляются на свет поздней весной или летом. В помёте 20—30 детёнышей длиной 27—30 см. Беременность длится 5—6 месяцев, самки приносят потомство каждые два года. В качестве естественных питомников они используют мелководье, заросшее талассиейruen, или покрытое коралловыми рифами. Усатые акулы-няньки растут медленно, помеченный молодняк длиной около 126 см демонстрировал на свободе ежегодный прирост 13 см. Самцы и самки достигают половой зрелости в возрасте 10—15 лет и 15—20 лет при длине 210 см и 230 см соответственно[15][16].

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В целом усатые акулы-няньки не представляют опасности для человека

Взаимодействие с человеком

Как правило, усатые акулы-няньки безопасны для человека. Малоподвижный образ жизни и мелкие зубы делают их привлекательными для экотуризма. В Карибском море у берегов Флориды дайверы часто сталкиваются с ними под водой. Как правило, эти акулы не пытаются защититься и, будучи потревоженными, просто уплывают прочь. Однако зарегистрировано несколько случаев нападений, спровоцированных самими купальщиками. Однажды крупная усатая акула-нянька схватила зубами дайвера поперёк груди, а потом, вероятно, попыталась «обнять» его тело грудными плавниками. Возможно этот инцидент был следствием ошибочного брачного поведения, к сожалению, пол акулы остался неизвестен. Обычно усатые акулы-няньки кусают людей, когда те пытаются прокатиться на них верхом, хватают их, бьют острогой или случайно наступают на них, переходя воду вброд. Молодые акулы чаще разворачиваются и кусаются, чем взрослые, которые более склонны к бегству. Несмотря на маленькие зубы, мощные челюсти усатых акул-нянек действуют подобно тискам и способны нанести травму[12].

Усатые акулы-няньки очень живучи, они малочувствительны к температурным колебаниям и количеству растворённого в воде кислорода, поэтому их легко содержать в неволе. Если ловят молодых акул, они достигают в аквариумах зрелости и вырастают до полноценного размера. В неволе они могут прожить 24—25 лет. Молодые особи поддаются дрессировке, можно приучить их получать корм у поверхности воды. Усатых акул-нянек часто используют при исследованиях поведения и физиологии в условиях неволи, они являются превосходными образцами благодаря живучести и способности обучаться[12].

Усатые акулы-няньки не являются объектом целевого рыболовного промысла, однако их часто ловят местные рыбаки. Чрезвычайно ценится крепкая шкура этих акул, из которой выделывают кожу высокого качества. Мясо употребляют в пищу в свежем и солёном виде, производят рыбную муку. Из печени получают жир. На юге Бразилии считают, что отолиты этих акул служат диуретиком. Усатых акул-нянек ловят с помощью ярусов, жаберных сетей, ставных донных сетей и донных тралов, а также бьют острогой. Иногда они становятся объектом подводной охоты, однако их крепкая шкура делает их трудной добычей, а дайвер рискует быть покусанным. На Малых Антильских островах рыбаки считают усатых акул-нянек досадной помехой, поскольку они опустошают рыбные ловушки[12].

Данных для оценки Международным союзом охраны природы статуса сохранности вида недостаточно, однако учёные высказывают предположение, что медленный рост и интенсивный вылов акул, особенно для использования в аквариумах, негативно сказываются на популяции, и предлагают запретить его в природных питомниках весной и летом, когда на свет появляются новорожденные усатые акулы-няньки[14][17].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 21. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. Жизнь животных. Том 4. Ланцетники. Круглоротые. Хрящевые рыбы. Костные рыбы / под ред. Т. С. Расса, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1983. — С. 27. — 575 с.
  3. 1 2 Линдберг, Г. У., Герд, А. С., Расс, Т. С. Словарь названий морских промысловых рыб мировой фауны. — Ленинград: Наука, 1980. — С. 32. — 562 с.
  4. Губанов Е. П., Кондюрин В. В., Мягков Н. А. Акулы Мирового океана: Справочник-определитель. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1986. — С. 64. — 272 с.
  5. 1 2 3 Compagno, Leonard J.V. 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes // FAO species catalogue . — Rome : Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , 1984 . — Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date . — P. 204–206. — ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  6. Bonnaterre, J.P. (1788) Ichthyologie. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Paris, 215 p., pl. A-B + 1-100.
  7. Ginglymostoma cirratum (неопр.). Shark references. Проверено 2 декабря 2013.
  8. Goto, T. Comparative Anatomy, Phylogeny and Cladistic Classification of the Order Orectolobiformes (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) // Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Science. — Hokkaido: Hokkaido University, 2001. — Vol. 48, № 1. — P. 1—101.
  9. Nurse shark (англ.). Проверено 31 марта 2014.
  10. 1 2 Thomas H. Lineaweaver III, Richard H. Backus. The Natural History of Sharks. — J. B. Lippincott Company; 1st American Edition edition, (1970). — 256 с.
  11. 1 2 Aidan Martin. Origin of The Name "Nurse" Shark (неопр.). ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Проверено 9 декабря 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Compagno, Leonard J.V. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes) // FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2002. — P. 192–193. — ISBN 92-5-104543-7.
  13. A. Peter Klimley. Observations of Courtship and Copulation in the Nurse Shark,Ginglymostoma cirratum // Copeia. — American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), 1980. — Vol. 1980, № 4. — P. 878—882.
  14. 1 2 3 Carrier, J.C., Pratt, H.L. and Martin, L.K. Group reproductive behavior in free-living nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum // Copeia. — 1993. — P. 646—656.
  15. Carrier, J.C. 1991. Growth and aging: life history studies of the nurse shark. In: S.H. Gruber (ed.). Discovering sharks. pp: 68—69. American Littoral Society, Special Publication 14.
  16. Carrier, J.C. and Luer, C.A. 1990. Growth rates in the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Copeia 1990: 686—692.
  17. Rosa, R.S., Castro, A.L.F., Furtado, M., Monzini, J. & Grubbs, R.D. 2006. Ginglymostoma cirratum. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Downloaded on 02 December 2013.
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Усатая акула-нянька: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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 src= Усатая акула-нянька у берегов Белиза
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鉸口鯊 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Ginglymostoma cirratum
Bonnaterre, 1788 铰口鲨的分布範圍
铰口鲨的分布範圍

铰口鲨学名Ginglymostoma cirratum),俗称护士鲨英语:Nurse Shark),体长3米,体重可達100千克左右。白日於海底或岩洞内休息,夜间捕食。通常以吸食的方式捕捉鱼类、甲壳类和软体动物。嗅觉灵敏。卵胎生,"怀孕期"10至12月。每次产卵20至40个,但是由于幼仔在母鱼腹内就会残杀同类,所以只有一至数条小鱼出生。幼鱼出生时体长便可达40厘米。

 title=
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维基百科作者和编辑

鉸口鯊: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

铰口鲨(学名:Ginglymostoma cirratum),俗称护士鲨(英语:Nurse Shark),体长3米,体重可達100千克左右。白日於海底或岩洞内休息,夜间捕食。通常以吸食的方式捕捉鱼类、甲壳类和软体动物。嗅觉灵敏。卵胎生,"怀孕期"10至12月。每次产卵20至40个,但是由于幼仔在母鱼腹内就会残杀同类,所以只有一至数条小鱼出生。幼鱼出生时体长便可达40厘米。

 title= 取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=鉸口鯊&oldid=47049513分类铰口鲨屬隐藏分类:TaxoboxLatinName本地相关图片与维基数据不同
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コモリザメ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
コモリザメ
生息年代: 112–0 Ma
Albian to Present[1]
Nurse shark.jpg 保全状況評価[2] DATA DEFICIENT
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status none DD.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata : 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes : テンジクザメ目 Orectolobiformes : コモリザメ科 Ginglymostomatidae : コモリザメ属 Ginglymostoma
Müller & Henle, 1837 : コモリザメ G. cirratum 学名 Ginglymostoma cirratum
(Bonnaterre, 1788) 英名 Nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum distmap.png
分布(青い部分)

コモリザメ Ginglymostoma cirratumテンジクザメ目に属するサメの一種。コモリザメ属 Ginglymostoma単型である。

分類[編集]

属名はギリシャ語の γίγγλυμος(ginglymos、蝶番)・στόμα(stoma、口)に由来する。種小名 cirratum もギリシャ語由来で、meaning curl or swim. 姉妹群はオオテンジクザメだと考えられ、タンビコモリザメジンベエザメトラフザメと近縁である[3]

分布[編集]

熱帯から亜熱帯大陸棚の海底に生息し、1mより浅い水域から、水深130mまで見られる[2]。主な生息環境はサンゴ礁マングローブの周辺・砂底など。西部大西洋のロードアイランド州からブラジル南部(カリブ海諸島部を含む)、東部大西洋のカメルーンからガボン(おそらくその北側のアフリカ沿岸も)、東部太平洋のバハカリフォルニア南部からペルーに分布する[4]

形態[編集]

全長3m程度で、最大で430cmの報告がある。頭部は丸く、口は眼よりかなり前方に位置する。鼻孔には1対の髭がある。噴水孔は小さい。背鰭は大きく丸みを帯び、第一背鰭は第二背鰭・臀鰭より大きい。尾鰭は長く、全長の1/4に達する。体色は黄褐色から灰褐色[5]

生態[編集]

夜行性で、日中は小さな群れを作って不活発な状態にある。休息場所は岩棚の下や岩の隙間で、毎日特定の場所に戻ってくる。夜間は単独で泳ぎまわり、海底の堆積物中から餌を探す[6]

休息時には胸鰭で体を持ち上げた姿勢を取ることがあり、これは岩陰と間違えて寄ってくる小動物を捕食することを狙ったものではないかと考えられている[4]

餌は主に甲殻類頭足類ウニなど。吸い込むようにして捕食する。キューバの青年の島での調査では、小型のイセエビを主要な餌とすることが報告されている。フロリダでの胃内容物の調査では、主な獲物は魚類、特にイサキ科で、獲物の大きさは7-22cmの範囲に収まっていた[6]

幼体は水深1-3mの浅瀬で岩の下などに隠れていることが多いが、少し成長するとマングローブや浅い岩礁域を泳ぎ回るようになる。成体になると深場に移動し、夜間は浅場に上がってきて摂餌する。また、6月頃には繁殖のために、成体も水深1mほどの浅瀬で見られるようになる[6]

幼体がイタチザメレモンザメなどに捕食されることはあるが、成体には人間を除いて天敵はほとんどいないと考えられる[6]

繁殖[編集]

交尾は6月半ばから7月初めに行われる。卵胎生で、胎児は12-14週の間は卵鞘に包まれている。5-6ヶ月の妊娠期間の後に出産する。産仔数は21-50(平均34)で出生時の大きさは30cmほど。次の出産までには2年間かかる。雌は223-231cm、雄は214cm程度で性成熟する[6]。寿命は最大25年ほど[5]

人との関連[編集]

商業的に広く漁獲される種ではないが、動きが遅いためによく地域漁業の標的とされる。皮膚は非常に丈夫で革製品としての価値がある。肉は生、塩漬けなどで販売され、肝油も利用される。釣りの対象とはならない。不用意に接触すると攻撃を受ける可能性がある。幼体はアクアリウムでの飼育目的に取引されることがあるが、数mに成長するため家庭で飼育するには大きすぎる[7]

東部太平洋・東部大西洋での生息状況が不明であるため、IUCNは種全体としての保全状況は情報不足としている。米国とバハマの個体群は軽度懸念とされているが、南米の個体群は危急種とされており、中米・カリブ海の個体群も同様の状況にあると見られる。これらを総合して、西部大西洋の個体群は準絶滅危惧とされている。特にリオデジャネイロ周辺では絶滅している可能性がある[2]

画像[編集]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). “A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)”. Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class 2008年1月9日閲覧。.
  2. ^ a b c Rosa et al. ("Ginglymostoma cirratum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameterCS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
  3. ^ Goto, T. (2001). “Comparative Anatomy, Phylogeny and Cladistic Classification of the Order Orectolobiformes (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)”. Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University 48 (1): 1–101. http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/22014.
  4. ^ a b Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 205–207, 555–61, 588. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x9293e/x9293e00.htm.
  5. ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2005). "Ginglymostoma cirratum" in FishBase. November 2005 version.
  6. ^ a b c d e Castro, José I. (2000). “The biology of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, off the Florida east coast and the Bahama Islands”. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58 (1): 1-22. doi:10.1023/A:1007698017645.
  7. ^ Michael, Scott W. (2004年3月). “Sharks at Home”. Aquarium Fish Magazine: pp. 20–29

参考文献[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

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コモリザメ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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コモリザメ Ginglymostoma cirratum はテンジクザメ目に属するサメの一種。コモリザメ属 Ginglymostoma は単型である。

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wikipedia 日本語

Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Western Atlantic: Rhode Island, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and Carribean, Antilles

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
benthic

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

license
cc-by-4.0
copyright
WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Kennedy, Mary [email]