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Distribution

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Conus occurs throughout the tropical and subtropical oceans but is most diverse in the Indo-West Pacific region (The Conus Biodiversity Website, http://biology.burke.washington.edu/conus/index.php). Of the roughly 500 extant Conus species, more than 300 are found in the Indo-Pacific tropics (Kohn 2001). In a study in Papua New Guinea, Kohn (2001) found the numbers of co-occurring Conus species exceeded those of any other known reefs by a factor of one-third or more. Kohn notes that the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea is known to be a biodiversity "hot spot" for many groups of marine benthic invertebrates (Kohn 2001 and references therein).

Although most Conus species have tropical or subtropical distributions, there are a few temperate species (Olivera 2002). Conus californicus, for example, is endemic to the North American Pacific coast (Stewart and Gilly 2005).

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Ecology

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Conus snails are among the major predators in tropical reef communities and have adapted to nearly every type of tropical marine habitat (Olivera et al. 1990). Although most Conus species prey on only a few (or even a single) species, collectively, they feed on at least four or five different phyla. One group of species feeds only on other mollusks; several hundred other species kill and eat marine worms (mainly polychaetes, but also echiuroids and hemichordates). The 50 or so species that are specialized on killing and eating fishes (first described by A.J. Kohn (1956)) are the only snails known to kill and eat vertebrates (Olivera et al 1990). Conus californicus is unusual in that it has a very broad diet, as well as a temperate distribution (Stewart and Gilly 2005).

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Habitat

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Kohn (1983) investigated the microhabitat factors affecting Conus abundance and diversity on coral reefs. He concluded that the portions of reefs most favorable for Conus have >20% cover of algal-bound sand and <20% living coral. The former microhabitat offers diurnal shelter and dense prey populations. Living coral, in contrast, harbors few suitable prey organisms and, in fact, contact with it elicits a strong avoidance response by Conus (Kohn 1983).

Most familiar Conus species live in relatively shallow waters, but many (probably including many still undescribed species) live below 150 m (Olivera 2002).

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Morphology

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There are anatomical and physiological differences between the major groups of cone snails as a result of their different feeding mechanisms. However, in general, all cone snails have an elongated tube known as a siphon, which they use to detect the environment around them. Their venom is produced in the tubular venom duct and expelled into the proboscis by the contraction of a muscular bulb at the basal end of the venom duct. The proboscis also contains a radular tooth which is used as both a harpoon and disposable hypodermic needle through which the venom is delivered to the prey. Once the venom has been injected, the prey is immobilized almost instantaneously and engulfed by the cone snail (Halai and Craik 2009).

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Physiology

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Each of the roughly 500 Conus species produces 100-200 venom peptides, with little overlap between species (Olivera 2002). Conus venom research has been reviewed by Olivera (2002), among others.

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Reproduction

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Sexes are separate in Conus and the male has an extendable penis (Kohn 1959).

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Risk Statement

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Stings from several Conus species have been reported to cause human fatalities, although only fatalities from C. geographus have been confirmed; it is estimated that a quarter of stings from C. geographus may be fatal to humans, but such encounters are fortunately rare (Fegan and Andresen 1997). About 3 dozen recorded human fatalities from C. geographus stings have been recorded in the medical literature (Olivera 2002). Symptoms from a cone snail sting vary somewhat depending on the species. There may be extreme pain, or a spreading numbness followed by paralysis (McIntosh and Jones 2001). In general, the venoms of fish-hunting species are more lethal to vertebrates (Kohn et al. 1960, cited in Olivera 2002).

Several toxic peptides from Conus species are widely used as research tools and active efforts are underway to screen Conus toxins for potential development as useful drugs. Among the possible conditions being considered as potential targets for these new drugs are chronic pain, epilepsy, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorders, movement disorders, cancer, and stroke (McIntosh and Jones 2001). Conus-derived products might also be useful as neuromuscular blocking agents in anesthesia. The appeal to researchers of the rich diversity of cone snail toxins is the novelty and/or specificity with which they target a given receptor or ion channel (McIntosh and Jones 2001).

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Systematics and Taxonomy

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Duda et al. (2001) undertook a molecular phylogenetic study of Conus to address the evolution of different feeding specializations within the genus. They concluded that feeding on errant (i.e., non-sedentary) polychaete annelid worms was probably the ancestral character state for this group. Mollusc-eating appears to have arisen only once in this group. Fish-eating may have arisen several times, but the phylogeny was not sufficiently well resolved to draw any strong conclusion on this question. Type of prey consumed appears to be a relatively conservative trait, with diets having shifted only rarely since the first major Conus radiation in the Miocene (Duda et al. 2001).

Conus provides one of the few known examples of a marine "species flock" (Duda and Rolan 2005). (A species flock is a monophyletic assemblage of endemic taxa (i.e., taxa found nowhere else) that arose rapidly in a small geographical area--classic examples being Darwin's finches in the Galapagos and African rift lake cichlid fish in East Africa). The Cape Verde Archipelago has 47 endemic and just three non-endemic Conus species. Based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis, Duda and Rolan conclude that the contemporary endemic Conus species in the Cape Verde islands are the evolutionary descendants of two separate colonization events. The authors suggest that the life history of the Cape Verde Conus may have facilitated their isolation through evolutionary time: Although, overall, ~75% of Conus species whose mode of development is known have an obligate planktonic, feeding larval stage in their life history, this is not the case for eastern Atlantic species (including all the Cape Verde Conus), nearly all of which are direct devopers, meaning they have no dispersing larval phase (Duda and Rolan 2005 and references therein).

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Taxon Biology

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The genus Conus includes more than 500 species of marine snails, all of which are venomous predators. These snails inject venom into their prey by harpooning them with a disposable hollow tooth through which the venom is channeled (Olivera et al. 1990; Olivera 2002).

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Conus (gènere) ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Crystal128-pipe.svg
Aquest article o secció no cita les fonts o necessita més referències per a la seva verificabilitat.

Conus és un gènere de caragols gastròpode de la família Conidae, que habita en aigües dels Oceà Índic i Pacífic.

Posseeix una neurotoxina major que el cianur. Se li diu closca de cigarret. Perquè una picadura d'aquest mol·lusc és capaç de causar la mort en el temps en el qual un fuma un cigarret. Un famós nedador australià va morir a causa de la seva picadura. El seu verí és així de fort perquè necessiten matar al peix el més ràpid possible.

Té aproximadament 700 espècies existents.

Espècies

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Conus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Conus (gènere): Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Conus és un gènere de caragols gastròpode de la família Conidae, que habita en aigües dels Oceà Índic i Pacífic.

Posseeix una neurotoxina major que el cianur. Se li diu closca de cigarret. Perquè una picadura d'aquest mol·lusc és capaç de causar la mort en el temps en el qual un fuma un cigarret. Un famós nedador australià va morir a causa de la seva picadura. El seu verí és així de fort perquè necessiten matar al peix el més ràpid possible.

Té aproximadament 700 espècies existents.

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Homolice ( Czech )

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Homolice (Conus) je rod mořských plžů z čeledi homolicovití (Conidae). Jedná se o dost známou a často vyhledávanou skupinu živočichů, zejména pro krásu jejich ulit. Ty mají kónický nebo dvoukónický tvar, odtud pak pochází i jejich český název. Jedná se vesměs o jedovaté živočichy, kteří jsou nebezpeční svými toxiny, jež mohou člověku způsobit i smrt. Velikost je kolem 40 až 100 mm.

Žijí obvykle v teplých oceánech a mořích tropického a subtropického pásma, ve svém přírodním prostředí často užívají mimikry (číhají na kořist z větší části zahrabané v písku).

Způsob lovu

Homolice loví tak, že po dostatečně blízko se nacházející kořisti vystřelí svůj harpunovitý osten, kterým ji znehybní během několika okamžiků. Paralyzovanou či již mrtvou oběť pak homolice doslova vcucne a stráví.

Vybraní zástupci

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Homolice: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Homolice (Conus) je rod mořských plžů z čeledi homolicovití (Conidae). Jedná se o dost známou a často vyhledávanou skupinu živočichů, zejména pro krásu jejich ulit. Ty mají kónický nebo dvoukónický tvar, odtud pak pochází i jejich český název. Jedná se vesměs o jedovaté živočichy, kteří jsou nebezpeční svými toxiny, jež mohou člověku způsobit i smrt. Velikost je kolem 40 až 100 mm.

Žijí obvykle v teplých oceánech a mořích tropického a subtropického pásma, ve svém přírodním prostředí často užívají mimikry (číhají na kořist z větší části zahrabané v písku).

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Calibanus ( German )

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 src=
Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Pflanzengattung Calibanus. Für die gleichnamige monotypische Schneckengattung siehe Calibanus furvus.

Calibanus ist eine Pflanzengattung, die zur Familie der Spargelgewächse (Asparagaceae) gehört. Der botanische Name leitet sich von Caliban, einer Gestalt aus William Shakespeares Stück Der Sturm, ab.

Beschreibung

Vegetative Merkmale

Die Arten der Gattung Calibanus besitzen eine kugelförmigen, leicht abgeflachten Caudex von bis zu 50 Zentimetern Durchmesser. Die dicke Rinde ist korkig und gefurcht. Sie wird später holzig. Die monokarpen Blattrosetten werden an Zweigen gebildet, die nicht über die Caudexoberfläche ragen. Die dünnen Laubblätter sind grasartig und drahtig. Die Blattspreite ist schmal linealisch, etwas konkav und gekielt. Sie ist bis 30 Zentimeter lang und 2 bis 3 Millimeter breit. Die Blattränder sind gesägt bis aufgeraut und an der Spitze ganzrandig.

Blütenstände und Blüten

Der Blütenstand ist eine einfache Rispe mit meist eingeschlechtlichen oder manchmal mit zwittrigen Blüten. Er ist mit bis 25 Zentimetern Höhe kürzer als die Laubblätter. Die Teilblütenstände sind kurz gestielt. Die trockenhäutigen Brakteen sind eiförmig oder lanzettlich und viel kürzer als die von ihnen getragenen 6 bis 8 Zentimeter langen Zweige. Die sechs, elliptisch verkehrt eiförmigen, schmutzig weißlich gelben, durchscheinenden Tepalen sind 2 bis 3 Millimeter lang und 1,5 bis 2 Millimeter breit.

Die sechs fast gleichen Staubblätter sind 2 bis 3 Millimeter lang. Der eiförmige, dreifächrige Fruchtknoten ist 2,5 bis 3 Millimeter lang und bis 2 Millimeter breit. Pro Fach ist eine Samenanlage vorhanden. Die sitzende Narbe ist dreilappig.

Früchte und Samen

Die hell strohbraunen, kugel- bis eiförmigen Früchte sind dreikantig, 8 bis 9 Millimeter lang und 6 bis 7 Millimeter breit. Sie sind nicht aufreißend und enthalten einen melonenförmigen Samen von 3 bis 4 Millimetern Länge und 3 Millimetern Breite.

Zytologie

Die Chromosomenzahl ist 2 n = 38 {displaystyle 2n=38} 2n=38.

Systematik und Verbreitung

Die Gattung Calibanus ist in Zentral- bis Nordost-Mexiko verbreitet. Die Erstbeschreibung der Gattung erfolgte 1906 durch Joseph Nelson Rose.[1] Die Gattung Calibanus ist nahe mit den Gattungen Beaucarnea und Nolina verwandt.

Zur Gattung Calibanus gehören folgende Arten:[2] Nach Rafaël Govaerts sind beide Arten besser in die Gattung Beaucarnea zu stellen.[3]

Nachweise

Literatur

  • Gary Irish: Agaves, yuccas, and related plants: A gardener’s guide. Timber Press, 2000, ISBN 0881924423. S. 192–193, Pl. 57.
  • William Trelease: The desert group Nolineae. Dasylirion. In: Proceedings, American Philosophical Society. Band 50, 1911, S. 426–427, (online).
  • C. C. Walker: Dasylirion. In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon. Einkeimblättrige Pflanzen (Monocotyledonen). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7, S. 301–302.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Band 10, 1906, S. 90, Online.
  2. Artenliste bei Kew Checklists, abgerufen am 21. Juli 2010.
  3. Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Calibanus Rose als Synonym von Beaucarnea Lem. - Datenblatt bei World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Zuletzt eingesehen am 16. September 2016.
  4. Luis Hernández, Sergio Zamudio: Two new remarkable Nolinaceae from Central Mexico. In: Brittonia. Band 55, Nummer 3, 2003, S. 226–232 (doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0226:TNRNFC]2.0.CO;2).

Weblinks

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Calibanus: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Pflanzengattung Calibanus. Für die gleichnamige monotypische Schneckengattung siehe Calibanus furvus.

Calibanus ist eine Pflanzengattung, die zur Familie der Spargelgewächse (Asparagaceae) gehört. Der botanische Name leitet sich von Caliban, einer Gestalt aus William Shakespeares Stück Der Sturm, ab.

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Calibanus

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Calibanus is a genus of two species of flowering plants, both evergreen succulents from dry areas of northeastern Mexico.[1][2] The APG III classification system places it in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae.[3][4]) It was formerly included in the Agavaceae (now Agavoideae) but is now separated from them, for it is polycarpic and dioecious. Its name refers to the monster Caliban, an antagonist in Shakespeare's The Tempest.

Calibanus is dioecious. It is extremely drought-tolerant, with a slow-growing habit. It has tuberous roots called caudices. The caudex can grow to 1m in diameter, with clumps of green-blue, coarse, grasslike, wiry leaves 50 cm long rising from the center and arching down with age. Clusters of tiny, creamy-white flowers, sometimes tinged with pink or purple, are rigid, about 10–20 cm long. Female plants bear globose, ovoid, 3-angled berries with ellipsoid seeds.[5]

Species

  1. Calibanus glassianus L.Hern. & Zamudio - Guanajuato
  2. Calibanus hookeri (Lem.) Trel. - San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calibanus.
  1. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, México D.F.
  3. ^ Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne.
  4. ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  5. ^ Hernández Sandoval, L. & S. Zamudio Ruíz. 2003. Two new remarkable Nolinaceae from central Mexico. Brittonia 55(3): 226–232.
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Calibanus: Brief Summary

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Calibanus is a genus of two species of flowering plants, both evergreen succulents from dry areas of northeastern Mexico. The APG III classification system places it in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae.) It was formerly included in the Agavaceae (now Agavoideae) but is now separated from them, for it is polycarpic and dioecious. Its name refers to the monster Caliban, an antagonist in Shakespeare's The Tempest.

Calibanus is dioecious. It is extremely drought-tolerant, with a slow-growing habit. It has tuberous roots called caudices. The caudex can grow to 1m in diameter, with clumps of green-blue, coarse, grasslike, wiry leaves 50 cm long rising from the center and arching down with age. Clusters of tiny, creamy-white flowers, sometimes tinged with pink or purple, are rigid, about 10–20 cm long. Female plants bear globose, ovoid, 3-angled berries with ellipsoid seeds.

Leaves of Calibanus hookeri

Leaves of Calibanus hookeri

Bark of Calibanus hookeri

Bark of Calibanus hookeri

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Calibanus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Calibanus es un género con dos especies[1]​ de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Asparagaceae, anteriormente Ruscaceae, nativo del norte y centro de México (San Luis Potosí).

Descripción

Son plantas perennes xerófitas que alcanza 90 cm de altura. Las hojas son largas, como cristal, azuladas. Las flores son pequeñas de color rosa. Necesita agua moderada cuando crece y poca agua el resto del tiempo. Se propaga por semillas. Está relacionada estrechamente con el género Nolina.

Taxonomía

El género fue descrito por Joseph Nelson Rose y publicado en Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 10: 90. 1906.[2]​ La especie tipo es: Calibanus caespitosus (Scheidw.) Rose.

Especies

Referencias

  1. Especies en Kew
  2. «Calibanus». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 27 de agosto de 2013.

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Calibanus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Calibanus es un género con dos especies​ de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Asparagaceae, anteriormente Ruscaceae, nativo del norte y centro de México (San Luis Potosí).

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Conus (coquillage) ( French )

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Cônes

Le genre Conus rassemble à présent 626 espèces de « coquillages » (mollusques gastéropodes prosobranches)[1]. De très nombreuses espèces fossiles sont également connues. La plupart de ces espèces sont venimeuses et les plus grosses sont dangereuses pour l'homme.

Description

 src=
Cône ponctué (Conus arenatus).
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Cône princier (Conus aulicus).
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Cône doré (Conus aureus).
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Cône astrologue (Conus chaldaeus).
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Cône hébreu (Conus ebraeus).
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Cône géographe (Conus geographus).
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Cône livide (Conus lividus).
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Cône magnifique (Conus magnificus).
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Cône marbré (Conus marmoreus).
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Cône soldat (Conus miles).
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Cône nussatelle (Conus nussatella).
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Cône obscur (Conus obscurus).
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Cône strié (Conus striatus).
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Cône textile (Conus textile).
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Cône tulipe (Conus tulipa).
 src=
Cône de Méditerranée (Conus ventricosus).
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Cône violacé (Conus violaceus).
 src=
Cône vierge (Conus virgo).
 src=
Cône géographe (Conus geographus), une espèce mortelle.
 src=
Un couple de Conus catus en train de pondre à La Réunion.
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Une ponte de cônes à La Réunion.

Ce sont des mollusques gastéropodes de taille moyenne à grande, de forme allongée et plus ou moins conique suivant les espèces et qui présentent souvent des ornementations spectaculaires sur leur coquille pour lesquelles ils sont recherchés. L'apex de la coquille peut être arrondi, plat, bombé, pointu ou présenter plusieurs pointes, qui aident à déterminer les nombreuses espèces.

Habitat et répartition

Ce genre est assez typique des eaux chaudes des mers et des océans tropicaux, notamment des écosystèmes coralliens. Cependant, quelques espèces sont adaptées à des environnements tempérés tels que la côte sud africaine autour du Cap de Bonne-Espérance ou les eaux plus froides de Californie du sud, et il en existe quelques espèces (non dangereuses) en Méditerranée.

ce sont presque toutes des espèces sciaphiles : les cônes vivent dissimulés pendant la journée, enfouis dans le sable ou cachés sous des roches, et ne sortent que de nuit pour se nourrir. Il est donc relativement rare de croiser un spécimen vivant pendant une baignade ou une plongée de jour.

Écologie et comportement

Ces animaux sont des chasseurs nocturnes, qui se nourrissent suivant l'espèce d'invertébrés ou de petits poissons, qu'ils chassent à l'affût. Ils attendent immobiles qu'une proie s'approche, et ils éjectent alors par leur siphon une dent radulaire en forme de harpon, enduite de venin (conotoxine[2]) qui paralyse la victime et la tue très rapidement. Ils l'ingèrent ensuite par leur bouche extensible et se cachent pour digérer.

Les cônes connaissent trois types de régimes principaux (pas toujours exclusifs) : vermivores, molluscivores ou piscivores.

Certaines espèces ont cependant un régime mixte ou opportuniste, comme Conus striatus (mollusco-piscivore).

Les cônes consommant de grosses proies ont besoin d'un venin extrêmement puissant pour figer leurs victimes sur place sans qu'elles puissent avoir le temps de s'éloigner, ce qui réduirait les chances du mollusque de les atteindre. Les cônes vivants doivent donc être manipulés avec précaution ou pas manipulés du tout si l'on ne connaît pas l'espèce. Généralement, les cônes de petite taille ont une piqûre guère plus douloureuse que celle d'une abeille mais le venin de certaines grandes espèces tropicales peut être fatal à l'homme : il entraîne la paralysie (notamment des muscles respiratoires), puis la mort, dans 70 % des cas humains, en moins de deux heures. Ce venin fait l'objet d'études par des équipes de biochimistes, notamment l'équipe de Lourdes Cruz aux Philippines[7]. Les espèces les plus dangereuses pour l'Homme sont Conus aulicus, Conus aureus, Conus consors, Conus geographus (venin potentiellement létal), Conus magnificus, Conus magus, Conus marmoreus, Conus obscurus, Conus pennaceus, Conus striatus, Conus textile (venin potentiellement létal) et Conus tulipa (liste non exhaustive). Ce sont pour la plupart des espèces brunes ornées de triangles blancs, même si cette robe peut aussi se retrouver chez des espèces beaucoup moins dangereuses.

Liste des espèces

Selon World Register of Marine Species (25 août 2013)[1] :

Noms en synonymie

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. a et b World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 25 août 2013
  2. D'après John Timbrell, The Poison Paradox : Chemicals as Friends and Foes, Oxford University Press, 2005, 348 p. (ISBN 0-19-280495-2, lire en ligne), « Natural born killers », p. 162
  3. Röckel, D., Korn, W., et Kohn, A. (1995). Manual of the living conidae, Vol 1 : Indo-pacifique, Verlag Christa Hemmen (ed).
  4. (en) Helen Marsh, « Preliminary studies of the venoms of some vermivorous conidae », Toxicon, vol. 8, no 4,‎ 1970, p. 271–277 (lire en ligne).
  5. (en) Conus geographus (University of Chicago).
  6. (en) J. Nybakken, F. Perron (1988): "Ontogenetic change in the radula of Conus magus" Marine Biology 98, 239-242.
  7. Annick Cojean, « Lourdes Cruz : la dame et son tueur fourbe », Le Monde,‎ 2 janvier 2010 (lire en ligne), « 70 % des victimes meurent en moins de deux heures »
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Conus (coquillage): Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Cônes

Le genre Conus rassemble à présent 626 espèces de « coquillages » (mollusques gastéropodes prosobranches). De très nombreuses espèces fossiles sont également connues. La plupart de ces espèces sont venimeuses et les plus grosses sont dangereuses pour l'homme.

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Sliogán coirceogach ( Irish )

provided by wikipedia GA

Seilide foghlach muirí. Suas le 30 cm ar fhad, an bhlaosc le canáil fheiceálach chun tosaigh i gcomhair orgáin ansin (siofón) chun sreabháin a shú isteach. Níos mó ná 400 speiceas, cuid acu a dhéanann nimh a chuireann pairilis ar chreach. Uaireanta, maraíonn sé daoine.

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Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Puž stožac ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Conus (puž stožac, puž čunjaš, puž čunj), rod morskih puževa prednjoškržnjaka koji e sastoji od preko 750 priznatih vrsta (756 priznatih). Puževi stošci ili čunjaši žive u Indijskom i Pacifičkom oceanu, kao i u Sredozemnom moru, poglavito na pješčanim dnima i stjenovitim obalama.

Ovisno o vrstama kućica mu je dužine 1,5 do 23 cm. Predator je naoružan moćnim otrovom, i može biti smrtonosan i za čovjeka, te se ubrajaju među najotrovnija stvorenja na svijetu.

Vrste

  1. Conus abbas Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  2. Conus abbreviatus Reeve, 1843
  3. Conus abrolhosensis Petuch, 1987
  4. Conus abruptus P. Marshall, 1918
  5. Conus achatinus Gmelin, 1791
  6. Conus acutangulus Lamarck, 1810
  7. Conus adami Wils, 1988
  8. Conus adamsonii Broderip, 1836
  9. Conus advertex (Garrard, 1961)
  10. Conus aemulus Reeve, 1844
  11. Conus africanus Kiener, 1848
  12. Conus aito Rabiller & Richard, 2014
  13. Conus alabaster Reeve, 1849
  14. Conus alainallaryi Bozzetti & Monnier, 2009
  15. Conus albellus Röckel & Korn, 1990
  16. Conus albuquerquei Trovão, 1978
  17. Conus alconnelli da Motta, 1986
  18. Conus alexandrei (Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012)
  19. Conus alexandremonteiroi (Cossignani, 2014)
  20. Conus alexandrinus Kaicher, 1977
  21. Conus algoensis G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
  22. Conus allamandi (Petuch, 2013)
  23. Conus allaryi Bozzetti, 2008
  24. Conus amadis Gmelin, 1791
  25. Conus ambiguus Reeve, 1844
  26. Conus ammiralis Linnaeus, 1758
  27. Conus amphiurgus Dall, 1889
  28. Conus amplus Röckel & Korn, 1992
  29. Conus anabathrum Crosse, 1865
  30. Conus anabelae Rolán & Röckel, 2001
  31. Conus anaglypticus Crosse, 1865
  32. Conus andamanensis E. A. Smith, 1879
  33. Conus andremenezi Olivera & Biggs, 2010
  34. Conus anemone Lamarck, 1810
  35. Conus angasi Tryon, 1884
  36. Conus angioiorum Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992
  37. Conus anosyensis Bozzetti, 2008
  38. Conus anthonyi (Petuch, 1975)
  39. Conus antoniaensis (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  40. Conus antonioi (Cossignani, 2014)
  41. Conus antoniomonteiroi Rolán, 1990
  42. Conus aplustre Reeve, 1843
  43. Conus arafurensis (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013)
  44. Conus araneosus [Lightfoot], 1786
  45. Conus arangoi Sarasúa, 1977
  46. Conus arawak (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  47. Conus archon Broderip, 1833
  48. Conus arcuatus Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829
  49. Conus ardisiaceus Kiener, 1850
  50. Conus arenatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  51. Conus aristophanes G. B. Sowerby II, 1857
  52. Conus armadillo Shikama, 1971
  53. Conus armoricus Suter, 1917
  54. Conus artoptus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  55. Conus asiaticus da Motta, 1985
  56. Conus ateralbus Kiener, 1850
  57. Conus athenae Filmer, 2011
  58. Conus atimovatae (Bozzetti, 2012)
  59. Conus atlanticoselvagem Afonso & Tenorio, 2004
  60. Conus attenuatus Reeve, 1844
  61. Conus augur [Lightfoot], 1786
  62. Conus aulicus Linnaeus, 1758
  63. Conus aurantius Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  64. Conus auratinus da Motta, 1982
  65. Conus aureonimbosus Petuch, 1987
  66. Conus aureopunctatus Petuch, 1987
  67. Conus aureus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  68. Conus auricomus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  69. Conus aurisiacus Linnaeus, 1758
  70. Conus australis Holten, 1802
  71. Conus austroviola Röckel & Korn, 1992
  72. Conus axelrodi Walls, 1978
  73. Conus babaensis Rolán & Röckel, 2001
  74. Conus baccatus G. B. Sowerby III, 1877
  75. Conus baeri Röckel & Korn, 1992
  76. Conus bahamensis Vink & Röckel, 1995
  77. Conus bairstowi G. B. Sowerby III, 1889
  78. Conus balabacensis Filmer, 2012
  79. Conus balteatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  80. Conus bandanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  81. Conus barbieri G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1995
  82. Conus barthelemyi Bernardi, 1861
  83. Conus bartschi G. D. Hanna & Strong, 1949
  84. Conus bayani Jousseaume, 1872
  85. Conus bayeri Petuch, 1987
  86. Conus beatrix Tenorio, Poppe & Tagaro, 2007
  87. Conus behelokensis Lauer, 1989
  88. Conus belairensis Pin & Leung Tack in Pin, 1989
  89. Conus belizeanus (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
  90. Conus bellocqae van Rossum, 1996
  91. Conus bellulus Rolán, 1990
  92. Conus bengalensis (Okutani, 1968)
  93. Conus berdulinus Veillard, 1972
  94. Conus bernardinoi (Cossignani, 2014)
  95. Conus berschaueri (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  96. Conus bessei Petuch, 1992
  97. Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758
  98. Conus biancae Bozzetti, 2010
  99. Conus biliosus (Röding, 1798)
  100. Conus binghamae Petuch, 1987
  101. Conus biraghii (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1992)
  102. Conus blanfordianus Crosse, 1867
  103. Conus boavistensis Rolán & Fernandes, 1990
  104. Conus bocagei Trovão, 1978
  105. Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844
  106. Conus bondarevi Röckel & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1992
  107. Conus bonfigliolii (Bozzetti, 2010)
  108. Conus borgesi Trovão, 1979
  109. Conus boschorum Moolenbeek & Coomans, 1993
  110. Conus boui da Motta, 1988
  111. Conus boutetorum Richard & Rabiller, 2013
  112. Conus brianhayesi Korn, 2001
  113. Conus broderipii Reeve, 1844
  114. Conus bruguieri Kiener, 1846
  115. Conus brunneobandatus Petuch, 1992
  116. Conus brunneofilaris Petuch, 1990
  117. Conus brunneu s Wood, 1828
  118. Conus bruuni Powell, 1958
  119. Conus bulbus Reeve, 1843
  120. Conus bullatus Linnaeus, 1758
  121. Conus buniatus (Bozzetti, 2013)
  122. Conus burryae Clench, 1942
  123. Conus buxeus (Röding, 1798)
  124. Conus byssinus (Röding, 1798)
  125. Conus cabraloi (Cossignani, 2014)
  126. Conus cacao Ferrario, 1983
  127. Conus cagarralensis (Cossignani, 2014)
  128. Conus caillaudii Kiener, 1846
  129. Conus calhetae Rolán, 1990
  130. Conus calhetinensis (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  131. Conus cancellatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  132. Conus canonicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  133. Conus capitanellus Fulton, 1938
  134. Conus capitaneus Linnaeus, 1758
  135. Conus capreolus Röckel, 1985
  136. Conus caracteristicus Fischer von Waldheim, 1807
  137. Conus carcellesi Martins, 1945
  138. Conus cardinalis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  139. Conus cargilei Coltro, 2004
  140. Conus carioca Petuch, 1986
  141. Conus carnalis G. B. Sowerby III, 1879
  142. Conus castaneus Kiener, 1848
  143. Conus catus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  144. Conus cavailloni Fenaux, 1942
  145. Conus caysalensis L. Raybaudi & Prati, 1994
  146. Conus cebuensis Wils, 1990
  147. Conus cedonulli Linnaeus, 1767
  148. Conus centurio Born, 1778
  149. Conus cepasi Trovão, 1975
  150. Conus ceruttii Cargile, 1997
  151. Conus cervus Lamarck, 1822
  152. Conus chaldaeus (Röding, 1798)
  153. Conus chiangi (Azuma, 1972)
  154. Conus chiapponorum Lorenz, 2004
  155. Conus chytreus Tryon, 1884
  156. Conus ciderryi da Motta, 1985
  157. Conus cinereus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  158. Conus cingulatus Lamarck, 1810
  159. Conus circumactus Iredale, 1929
  160. Conus circumcisus Born, 1778
  161. Conus clarus E. A. Smith, 1881
  162. Conus claudiae Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
  163. Conus clerii Reeve, 1844
  164. Conus cloveri Walls, 1978
  165. Conus cocceus Reeve, 1844
  166. Conus coccineus Gmelin, 1791
  167. Conus coelinae Crosse, 1858
  168. Conus coffeae Gmelin, 1791
  169. Conus collisus Reeve, 1849
  170. Conus colmani Röckel & Korn, 1990
  171. Conus colombi (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2012)
  172. Conus colombianus Petuch, 1987
  173. Conus coltrorum (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  174. Conus compressus G. B. Sowerby II, 1866
  175. Conus conco Puillandre et al., 2015
  176. Conus condei (Afonso & Tenorio, 2014)
  177. Conus consors G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  178. Conus conspersus Reeve, 1844
  179. Conus corallinus Kiener, 1847
  180. Conus cordigera G. B. Sowerby II, 1866
  181. Conus coronatus Gmelin, 1791
  182. Conus cossignanii (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  183. Conus crioulus Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
  184. Conus crocatus Lamarck, 1810
  185. Conus crotchii Reeve, 1849
  186. Conus cumingii Reeve, 1848
  187. Conus cuna Petuch, 1998
  188. Conus cuneolus Reeve, 1843
  189. Conus curassaviensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  190. Conus curralensis Rolán, 1986
  191. Conus cuvieri Crosse, 1858
  192. Conus cyanostoma A. Adams, 1855
  193. Conus cylindraceus Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1830
  194. Conus dalli Stearns, 1873
  195. Conus damasoi Cossignani, 2007
  196. Conus damasomonteiroi (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
  197. Conus damottai Trovão, 1979
  198. Conus dampierensis Coomans & Filmer, 1985
  199. Conus danilai Röckel & Korn, 1990
  200. Conus daphne Boivin, 1864
  201. Conus darkini Röckel, Korn & Richard, 1993
  202. Conus daucus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  203. Conus dayriti Röckel & da Motta, 1983
  204. Conus decoratus Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980
  205. Conus dedonderi (Goethaels & D. Monsecour, 2013)
  206. Conus delanoyae Trovão, 1979
  207. Conus delessertii Récluz, 1843
  208. Conus denizi (Afonso & Tenorio, 2011)
  209. Conus derrubado Rolán & Fernandes, 1990
  210. Conus desidiosus A. Adams, 1853
  211. Conus deynzerorum Petuch, 1995
  212. Conus diadema G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
  213. Conus dianthus G. B. Sowerby III, 1882
  214. Conus diegoi (Cossignani, 2014)
  215. Conus diminutus Trovão & Rolán, 1986
  216. Conus dispar G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  217. Conus distans Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  218. Conus docensis (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  219. Conus dominicanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  220. Conus donnae Petuch, 1998
  221. Conus dorotheae Monnier & Limpalaër, 2010
  222. Conus dorreensis Péron, 1807
  223. Conus duffyi Petuch, 1992
  224. Conus dusaveli (H. Adams, 1872)
  225. Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758
  226. Conus eburneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  227. Conus echinophilus (Petuch, 1975)
  228. Conus echo Lauer, 1989
  229. Conus edaphus Dall, 1910
  230. Conus ednae (Petuch, 2013)
  231. Conus edwardpauli Petuch, 1998
  232. Conus eldredi Morrison, 1955
  233. Conus elegans G. B. Sowerby III, 1895
  234. Conus eleutheraensis (Petuch, 2013)
  235. Conus emaciatus Reeve, 1849
  236. Conus emarginatus Reeve, 1844
  237. Conus empressae Lorenz, 2001
  238. Conus encaustus Kiener, 1845
  239. Conus episcopatus da Motta, 1982
  240. Conus ericmonnieri (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  241. Conus ermineus Born, 1778
  242. Conus ernesti Petuch, 1990
  243. Conus erythraeensis Reeve, 1843
  244. Conus escondidai Poppe & Tagaro, 2005
  245. Conus estivali Moolenbeek & Richard, 1995
  246. Conus evansi Bondarev, 2001
  247. Conus eversoni Petuch, 1987
  248. Conus evorai Monteiro, Fernandes & Rolán, 1995
  249. Conus excelsus G. B. Sowerby III, 1908
  250. Conus exiguus Lamarck, 1810
  251. Conus eximius Reeve, 1849
  252. Conus explorator Vink, 1990
  253. Conus fantasmalis Rolán, 1990
  254. Conus felitae Rolán, 1990
  255. Conus felix Fenzan, 2012
  256. Conus fenzani (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
  257. Conus fergusoni G. B. Sowerby II, 1873
  258. Conus fernandesi Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008
  259. Conus ferrugineus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  260. Conus fiadeiroi (Tenorio, Afonso, Cunha & Rolán, 2014)
  261. Conus figulinus Linnaeus, 1758
  262. Conus fijisulcatus Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  263. Conus filmeri Rolán & Röckel, 2000
  264. Conus fischoederi Röckel & da Motta, 1983
  265. Conus flamingo Petuch, 1980
  266. Conus flammeacolor Petuch, 1992
  267. Conus flavescens G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
  268. Conus flavidus Lamarck, 1810
  269. Conus flavus Röckel, 1985
  270. Conus flavusalbus Rolán & Röckel, 2000
  271. Conus floccatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1841
  272. Conus floridulus A. Adams & Reeve, 1848
  273. Conus fluviamaris (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
  274. Conus fontonae Rolán & Trovão, 1990
  275. Conus fragilissimus Petuch, 1979
  276. Conus franciscoi Rolán & Röckel, 2000
  277. Conus frigidus Reeve, 1848
  278. Conus fulmen Reeve, 1843
  279. Conus fumigatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  280. Conus furvus Reeve, 1843
  281. Conus fuscoflavus Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980
  282. Conus fuscolineatus G. B. Sowerby III, 1905
  283. Conus fusellinus Suter, 1917
  284. Conus gabelishi da Motta & Ninomiya, 1982
  285. Conus garciai da Motta, 1982
  286. Conus garywilsoni Lorenz & Morrison, 2004
  287. Conus gauguini Richard & Salvat, 1973
  288. Conus generalis Linnaeus, 1767
  289. Conus genuanus Linnaeus, 1758
  290. Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758
  291. Conus gibsonsmithorum Petuch, 1986
  292. Conus gigasulcatus Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  293. Conus gilberti (Bozzetti, 2012)
  294. Conus gilvus Reeve, 1849
  295. Conus giorossii Bozzetti, 2005
  296. Conus gladiator Broderip, 1833
  297. Conus glans Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  298. Conus glaucus Linnaeus, 1758
  299. Conus glenni Petuch, 1993
  300. Conus glicksteini Petuch, 1987
  301. Conus gloriakiiensis Kuroda & Itô, 1961
  302. Conus gloriamaris Chemnitz, 1777
  303. Conus glorioceanus Poppe & Tagaro, 2009
  304. Conus goajira Petuch, 1992
  305. Conus gondwanensis Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1995
  306. Conus gonsalensis (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  307. Conus gonsaloi (Afonso & Tenorio, 2014)
  308. Conus goudeyi (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2012)
  309. Conus gradatulus Weinkauff, 1875
  310. Conus gradatus W. Wood, 1828
  311. Conus grahami Röckel, Cosel & Burnay, 1980
  312. Conus granarius Kiener, 1847
  313. Conus grangeri G. B. Sowerby III, 1900
  314. Conus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758
  315. Conus granum Röckel & Fischöder, 1985
  316. Conus gratacapii Pilsbry, 1904
  317. Conus guanche Lauer, 1993
  318. Conus gubernator Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  319. Conus guinaicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  320. Conus habui Lan, 2002
  321. Conus hamamotoi Yoshiba & Koyama, 1984
  322. Conus hamanni Fainzilber & Mienis, 1986
  323. Conus hanshassi (Lorenz & Barbier, 2012)
  324. Conus harasewychi Petuch, 1987
  325. Conus harlandi Petuch, 1987
  326. Conus havanensis Aguayo & Pérez Farfante, 1947
  327. Conus hazinorum (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
  328. Conus helgae Blöcher, 1992
  329. Conus henckesi Coltro, 2004
  330. Conus hendersoni Marwick, 1931
  331. Conus hennequini Petuch, 1993
  332. Conus herndli (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  333. Conus hieroglyphus Duclos, 1833
  334. Conus hilli Petuch, 1990
  335. Conus hirasei (Kuroda, 1956)
  336. Conus hivanus Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008
  337. Conus honkeri Petuch, 1988
  338. Conus honkerorum (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  339. Conus huttoni (Tate, 1890)
  340. Conus hyaena Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  341. Conus hybridus Kiener, 1847
  342. Conus ignotus Cargile, 1998
  343. Conus immelmani Korn, 1998
  344. Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758
  345. Conus inconstans E. A. Smith, 1877
  346. Conus indomaris (Bozzetti, 2014)
  347. Conus inesae (Monteiro et al., 2014)
  348. Conus infinitus Rolán, 1990
  349. Conus infrenatus Reeve, 1848
  350. Conus inscriptus Reeve, 1843
  351. Conus iodostoma Reeve, 1843
  352. Conus irregularis G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  353. Conus isabelarum Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
  354. Conus jacarusoi Petuch, 1998
  355. Conus janowskyae (Tucker & Tenorio, 2011)
  356. Conus janus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  357. Conus jaspideus Gmelin, 1791
  358. Conus jickelii Weinkauff, 1873
  359. Conus jorioi (Petuch, 2013)
  360. Conus josephinae Rolán, 1980
  361. Conus joserochoi (Cossignani, 2014)
  362. Conus jourdani da Motta, 1984
  363. Conus jucundus G. B. Sowerby III, 1887
  364. Conus judaeus Bergh, 1895
  365. Conus julieandreae Cargile, 1995
  366. Conus julii Lienard, 1870
  367. Conus kaiserae (Tenorio, Tucker & Chaney, 2012)
  368. Conus kalafuti da Motta, 1987
  369. Conus kawamurai Habe, 1962
  370. Conus kermadecensis Iredale, 1912; Conus (Lividoconus) kermadecensis Iredale, 1912
  371. Conus kersteni Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008
  372. Conus kerstitchi Walls, 1978
  373. Conus kevani Petuch, 1987
  374. Conus kiicumulus (Azuma, 1982)
  375. Conus kinoshitai (Kuroda, 1956)
  376. Conus kintoki Habe & Kosuge, 1970
  377. Conus kirkandersi Petuch, 1987
  378. Conus klemae (Cotton, 1953)
  379. Conus kohni McLean & Nybakken, 1979
  380. Conus korni G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993
  381. Conus kostini Filmer, Monteiro, Lorenz & Verdasca, 2012
  382. Conus koukae (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013)
  383. Conus kremerorum Petuch, 1988
  384. Conus kuiperi Moolenbeek, 2006
  385. Conus kulkulcan Petuch, 1980
  386. Conus kuroharai (Habe, 1965)
  387. Conus lamberti Souverbie, 1877
  388. Conus largilliertii Kiener, 1847
  389. Conus laterculatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1870
  390. Conus laueri (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2013)
  391. Conus lecourtorum (Lorenz, 2011)
  392. Conus leekremeri Petuch, 1987
  393. Conus legatus Lamarck, 1810
  394. Conus lemniscatus Reeve, 1849
  395. Conus lenavati da Motta & Röckel, 1982
  396. Conus leobottonii Lorenz, 2006
  397. Conus leobrerai da Motta & Martin, 1982
  398. Conus leopardus (Röding, 1798)
  399. Conus levis (Bozzetti, 2012)
  400. Conus levistimpsoni (Tucker, 2013)
  401. Conus leviteni (Tucker, Tenorio & Chaney, 2011)
  402. Conus lienardi Bernardi & Crosse, 1861
  403. Conus lightbourni Petuch, 1986
  404. Conus limpusi Röckel & Korn, 1990
  405. Conus lindae Petuch, 1987
  406. Conus lineopunctatus Kaicher, 1977
  407. Conus lischkeanus Weinkauff, 1875
  408. Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  409. Conus litteratus Linnaeus, 1758
  410. Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  411. Conus lizardensis Crosse, 1865
  412. Conus lobitensis Kaicher, 1977
  413. Conus locumtenens Blumenbach, 1791
  414. Conus lohri Kilburn, 1972
  415. Conus longilineus Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980
  416. Conus lozeti Richard, 1980
  417. Conus lucasi (Bozzetti, 2010)
  418. Conus lucaya Petuch, 2000
  419. Conus luciae Moolenbeek, 1986
  420. Conus lucidus W. Wood, 1828
  421. Conus lugubris Reeve, 1849
  422. Conus luquei Rolán & Trovão, 1990
  423. Conus luteus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  424. Conus lynceus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  425. Conus maculiferus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  426. Conus madagascariensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  427. Conus madecassinus (Bozzetti, 2012)
  428. Conus magellanicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  429. Conus magnificus Reeve, 1843
  430. Conus magnottei Petuch, 1987
  431. Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758
  432. Conus mahogani Reeve, 1843
  433. Conus maioensis Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990
  434. Conus malacanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  435. Conus maldivus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  436. Conus mappa [Lightfoot], 1786
  437. Conus marchionatus Hinds, 1843
  438. Conus marcocastellazzii (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  439. Conus mariaodeteae (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
  440. Conus marielae Rehder & Wilson, 1975
  441. Conus marileeae (Harasewych, 2014)
  442. Conus marinae (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
  443. Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758
  444. Conus martensi E. A. Smith, 1884
  445. Conus martinianus Reeve, 1844
  446. Conus maya (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
  447. Conus mcbridei Lorenz, 2005
  448. Conus medoci Lorenz, 2004
  449. Conus medvedevi (Monteiro et al., 2014)
  450. Conus melissae Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008
  451. Conus melvilli G. B. Sowerby III, 1879
  452. Conus mercator Linnaeus, 1758
  453. Conus messiasi Rolán & Fernandes, 1990
  454. Conus micropunctatus Rolán & Röckel, 2000
  455. Conus miles Linnaeus, 1758
  456. Conus milesi E. A. Smith, 1887
  457. Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  458. Conus milneedwardsi Jousseaume, 1894
  459. Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  460. Conus miniexcelsus Olivera & Biggs, 2010
  461. Conus minnamurra (Garrard, 1961)
  462. Conus miruchae Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980
  463. Conus mitratus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  464. Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838
  465. Conus monachus Linnaeus, 1758
  466. Conus moncuri Filmer, 2005
  467. Conus monile Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  468. Conus monilifer Broderip, 1833
  469. Conus moolenbeeki Filmer, 2011
  470. Conus mordeirae Rolán & Trovão, 1990
  471. Conus moreleti Crosse, 1858
  472. Conus morrisoni G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1991
  473. Conus morroensis (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  474. Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  475. Conus mucronatus Reeve, 1843
  476. Conus mulderi Fulton, 1936
  477. Conus muriculatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  478. Conus mus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  479. Conus musicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  480. Conus mustelinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  481. Conus namocanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  482. Conus nanus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  483. Conus naranjus Trovão, 1975
  484. Conus natalaurantius (S. G. Veldsman, 2013)
  485. Conus natalis G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  486. Conus navarroi Rolán, 1986
  487. Conus negroides Kaicher, 1977
  488. Conus nelsontiagoi (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  489. Conus neptunus Reeve, 1843
  490. Conus niederhoeferi (Monnier, Limpalaër & Lorenz, 2012)
  491. Conus nielsenae Marsh, 1962
  492. Conus nigromaculatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992
  493. Conus nigropunctatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  494. Conus nimbosus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  495. Conus nobilis Linnaeus, 1758
  496. Conus nobrei Trovão, 1975
  497. Conus nocturnus [Lightfoot], 1786
  498. Conus nodulosus G. B. Sowerby II, 1864
  499. Conus nucleus Reeve, 1848
  500. Conus nussatella Linnaeus, 1758
  501. Conus nux Broderip, 1833
  502. Conus nybakkeni (Tenorio, Tucker & Chaney, 2012)
  503. Conus obscurus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  504. Conus ochroleucus Gmelin, 1791
  505. Conus ogum (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  506. Conus oishii (Shikama, 1977)
  507. Conus olgiatii Bozzetti, 2007
  508. Conus omaria Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  509. Conus orion Broderip, 1833
  510. Conus ortneri Petuch, 1998
  511. Conus ostrinus (Tucker & Tenorio, 2011)
  512. Conus papilliferus G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
  513. Conus papuensis Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1982
  514. Conus paraguana Petuch, 1987
  515. Conus parascalaris Petuch, 1987
  516. Conus parius Reeve, 1844
  517. Conus parvatus Walls, 1979
  518. Conus paschalli Petuch, 1998
  519. Conus patae Abbott, 1971
  520. Conus patglicksteinae Petuch, 1987
  521. Conus patriceae (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  522. Conus patricius Hinds, 1843
  523. Conus paukstisi (Tucker, Tenorio & Chaney, 2011)
  524. Conus paulae Petuch, 1988
  525. Conus paumotu Rabiller & Richard, 2014
  526. Conus pauperculus G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
  527. Conus peli Moolenbeek, 1996
  528. Conus penchaszadehi Petuch, 1986
  529. Conus pennaceus Born, 1778
  530. Conus pergrandis (Iredale, 1937)
  531. Conus perplexus G. B. Sowerby II, 1857
  532. Conus pertusus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  533. Conus petergabrieli Lorenz, 2006
  534. Conus petuchi (Monteiro et al., 2014)
  535. Conus philippii Kiener, 1847
  536. Conus pica A. Adams & Reeve, 1848
  537. Conus pictus Reeve, 1843
  538. Conus pineaui Pin & Leung Tack, 1989
  539. Conus planiliratus G. B. Sowerby I, 1850
  540. Conus planorbis Born, 1778
  541. Conus platensis Frenguelli, 1946
  542. Conus plinthis Richard & Moolenbeek, 1988
  543. Conus polongimarumai Kosuge, 1980
  544. Conus pomareae (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2014)
  545. Conus pomponeti (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
  546. Conus poormani Berry, 1968
  547. Conus poremskii (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  548. Conus portobeloensis Petuch, 1990
  549. Conus poulosi Petuch, 1993
  550. Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1855
  551. Conus pretiosus G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874
  552. Conus primus Röckel & Korn, 1990
  553. Conus princeps Linnaeus, 1758
  554. Conus priscai (Bozzetti, 2012)
  555. Conus proximus G. B. Sowerby II, 1860
  556. Conus pseudaurantius Vink & Cosel, 1985
  557. Conus pseudimperialis Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008
  558. Conus pseudoarmoricus P. Marshall & R. Murdoch, 1920
  559. Conus pseudocardinalis Coltro, 2004
  560. Conus pseudocuneolus Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980
  561. Conus pseudonivifer Monteiro, Tenorio & Poppe, 2004
  562. Conus pulcher [Lightfoot], 1786
  563. Conus pulicarius Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  564. Conus puncticulatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  565. Conus purissimus Filmer, 2011
  566. Conus purpurascens G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  567. Conus pusio Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  568. Conus queenslandis da Motta, 1984
  569. Conus quercinus [Lightfoot], 1786
  570. Conus quiquandoni Lorenz & Barbier, 2008
  571. Conus rachelae Petuch, 1988
  572. Conus radiatus Gmelin, 1791
  573. Conus ranonganus da Motta, 1978
  574. Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  575. Conus raulsilvai Rolán, Monteiro & Fernandes, 1998
  576. Conus rawaiensis da Motta, 1978
  577. Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853
  578. Conus recurvus Broderip, 1833
  579. Conus reductaspiralis Walls, 1979
  580. Conus regius Gmelin, 1791
  581. Conus regonae Rolán & Trovão, 1990
  582. Conus regularis G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  583. Conus retifer Menke, 1829
  584. Conus richardbinghami Petuch, 1993
  585. Conus richardsae Röckel & Korn, 1992
  586. Conus richeri Richard & Moolenbeek, 1988
  587. Conus ritae Petuch, 1995
  588. Conus rizali Olivera & Biggs, 2010
  589. Conus roatanensis (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
  590. Conus robini (Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012)
  591. Conus roeckeli Rolán, 1980
  592. Conus rolani Röckel, 1986
  593. Conus rosalindensis Petuch, 1998
  594. Conus rosemaryae Petuch, 1990
  595. Conus roseorapum G. Raybaudi & da Motta, 1990
  596. Conus rouxi (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013)
  597. Conus royaikeni (S. G. Veldsman, 2010)
  598. Conus rufimaculosus Macpherson, 1959
  599. Conus ruthae (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2013)
  600. Conus rutilus Menke, 1843
  601. Conus sagei Korn & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993
  602. Conus sahlbergi da Motta & Harland, 1986
  603. Conus salletae (Cossignani, 2014)
  604. Conus salreiensis Rolán, 1980
  605. Conus salzmanni G. Raybaudi Massilia & Rolán, 1997
  606. Conus sanderi Wils & Moolenbeek, 1979
  607. Conus sandwichensis Walls, 1978
  608. Conus sanguineus Kiener, 1850
  609. Conus sanguinolentus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
  610. Conus santanaensis (Afonso & Tenorio, 2014)
  611. Conus santinii (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2014)
  612. Conus saragasae Rolán, 1986
  613. Conus sargenti (Petuch, 2013)
  614. Conus sartii Korn, Niederhöfer & Blöcher, 2002
  615. Conus sazanka Shikama, 1970
  616. Conus scalaris Valenciennes, 1832
  617. Conus scalarispira (Bozzetti, 2012)
  618. Conus scalarissimus da Motta, 1988
  619. Conus scalptus Reeve, 1843
  620. Conus scariphus Dall, 1910
  621. Conus scopulorum van Mol, Tursch & Kempf, 1971
  622. Conus scottjordani (Poppe, Monnier & Tagaro, 2012)
  623. Conus sculletti Marsh, 1962
  624. Conus sculpturatus Röckel & da Motta, 1986
  625. Conus sennottorum Rehder & Abbott, 1951
  626. Conus serranegrae Rolán, 1990
  627. Conus sertacinctus Röckel, 1986
  628. Conus shaskyi (Tenorio, Tucker & Chaney, 2012)
  629. Conus shikamai Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1985
  630. Conus silviae (Cossignani, 2014)
  631. Conus simonei (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
  632. Conus skoglundae (Tenorio, Tucker & Chaney, 2012)
  633. Conus sogodensis (Poppe, Monnier & Tagaro, 2012)
  634. Conus solangeae Bozzetti, 2004
  635. Conus solidus Gmelin, 1791
  636. Conus solomonensis Delsaerdt, 1992
  637. Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758
  638. Conus sphacelatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  639. Conus spiceri Bartsch & Rehder, 1943
  640. Conus splendidulus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  641. Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  642. Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791
  643. Conus stanfieldi Petuch, 1998
  644. Conus stearnsii Conrad, 1869
  645. Conus stercusmuscarum Linnaeus, 1758
  646. Conus stimpsoni Dall, 1902
  647. Conus stramineus Lamarck, 1810
  648. Conus straturatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1865
  649. Conus striatellus Link, 1807
  650. Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758
  651. Conus striolatus Kiener, 1848
  652. Conus stupa (Kuroda, 1956)
  653. Conus stupella (Kuroda, 1956)
  654. Conus suduirauti Raybaudi Massilia, 2004
  655. Conus sugimotonis Kuroda, 1928
  656. Conus sukhadwalai Röckel & da Motta, 1983
  657. Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  658. Conus sulcocastaneus Kosuge, 1981
  659. Conus sunderlandi Petuch, 1987
  660. Conus suratensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  661. Conus sutanorcum Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  662. Conus suturatus Reeve, 1844
  663. Conus swainsoni Estival & Cosel, 1986
  664. Conus swinneni (Tenorio, Afonso, Cunha & Rolán, 2014)
  665. Conus sydneyensis G. B. Sowerby III, 1887
  666. Conus tabidus Reeve, 1844
  667. Conus tacomae Boyer & Pelorce, 2009
  668. Conus taeniatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  669. Conus tagaroae (Limpalaër & Monnier, 2013)
  670. Conus tarava Rabiller & Richard, 2014
  671. Conus taslei Kiener, 1850
  672. Conus telatus Reeve, 1848
  673. Conus tenuilineatus Rolán & Röckel, 2001
  674. Conus tenuistriatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  675. Conus teodorae Rolán & Fernandes, 1990
  676. Conus terebra Born, 1778
  677. Conus terryni Tenorio & Poppe, 2004
  678. Conus tessulatus Born, 1778
  679. Conus tethys (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
  680. Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758
  681. Conus thalassiarchus G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
  682. Conus theodorei Petuch, 2000
  683. Conus therriaulti (Petuch, 2013)
  684. Conus thevenardensis da Motta, 1987
  685. Conus thomae Gmelin, 1791
  686. Conus thorae Finlay, 1927
  687. Conus tiaratus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  688. Conus timorensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  689. Conus tinianus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  690. Conus tirardi Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1996
  691. Conus tisii T. C. Lan, 1978
  692. Conus tonisii (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
  693. Conus tornatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1833
  694. Conus tostesi Petuch, 1986
  695. Conus traillii A. Adams, 1855
  696. Conus trencarti Nolf & Verstraeten, 2008
  697. Conus tribblei Walls, 1977
  698. Conus trigonicus Tomlin, 1937
  699. Conus trigonus Reeve, 1848
  700. Conus tristensis Petuch, 1987
  701. Conus trochulus Reeve, 1844
  702. Conus troendlei Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008
  703. Conus trovaoi Rolán & Röckel, 2000
  704. Conus tulipa Linnaeus, 1758
  705. Conus tuticorinensis Röckel & Korn, 1990
  706. Conus typhon Kilburn, 1975
  707. Conus umbelinae (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014)
  708. Conus unifasciatus Kiener, 1850
  709. Conus urashimanus Kuroda & Itô, 1961
  710. Conus vanhyningi Rehder, 1944
  711. Conus vanvilstereni (Moolenbeek & Zandbergen, 2013)
  712. Conus vappereaui Monteiro, 2009
  713. Conus variegatus Kiener, 1848
  714. Conus varius Linnaeus, 1758
  715. Conus vautieri Kiener, 1847
  716. Conus vayssierei Pallary, 1906
  717. Conus velaensis Petuch, 1993
  718. Conus venezuelanus Petuch, 1987
  719. Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791
  720. Conus venulatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  721. Conus verdensis Trovão, 1979
  722. Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791
  723. Conus victoriae Reeve, 1843
  724. Conus vicweei Old, 1973
  725. Conus vidua Reeve, 1843
  726. Conus vikingorum Petuch, 1993
  727. Conus villepinii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1857
  728. Conus viola Cernohorsky, 1977
  729. Conus violaceus Gmelin, 1791
  730. Conus virgatus Reeve, 1849
  731. Conus virgo Linnaeus, 1758
  732. Conus visagenus Kilburn, 1974
  733. Conus visseri Delsaerdt, 1990
  734. Conus vittatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  735. Conus voluminalis Reeve, 1843
  736. Conus vulcanus Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
  737. Conus wallacei (Lorenz & Morrison, 2004)
  738. Conus wallangra (Garrard, 1961)
  739. Conus wandae (Cossignani, 2014)
  740. Conus wendrosi (Tenorio & Afonso, 2013)
  741. Conus wilsi Delsaerdt, 1998
  742. Conus wittigi Walls, 1977
  743. Conus xanthicus Dall, 1910
  744. Conus xanthocinctus Petuch, 1986
  745. Conus xicoi Röckel, 1987
  746. Conus ximenes Gray, 1839
  747. Conus yemenensis Bondarev, 1997
  748. Conus zandbergeni Filmer & Moolenbeek, 2010
  749. Conus zapatosensis Röckel, 1987
  750. Conus zebra Lamarck, 1810
  751. Conus zebroides Kiener, 1848
  752. Conus zeylanicus Gmelin, 1791
  753. Conus ziczac Mühlfeld, 1816
  754. Conus zinhoi (Cossignani, 2014)
  755. Conus zonatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  756. Conus zylmanae Petuch, 1998

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Puž stožac: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Conus (puž stožac, puž čunjaš, puž čunj), rod morskih puževa prednjoškržnjaka koji e sastoji od preko 750 priznatih vrsta (756 priznatih). Puževi stošci ili čunjaši žive u Indijskom i Pacifičkom oceanu, kao i u Sredozemnom moru, poglavito na pješčanim dnima i stjenovitim obalama.

Ovisno o vrstama kućica mu je dužine 1,5 do 23 cm. Predator je naoružan moćnim otrovom, i može biti smrtonosan i za čovjeka, te se ubrajaju među najotrovnija stvorenja na svijetu.

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Conus ( Italian )

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Conus Linnaeus, 1758 è un genere di molluschi gasteropodi marini della famiglia Conidae, comprensivo di centinaia di specie diffuse in tutti i mari tropicali e temperati del mondo.[1]

Etimologia

Il nome del genere deriva dal greco antico κῶνος (kônos) in riferimento alla forma tipica della conchiglia.[2]

Descrizione

Il genere comprende molluschi gasteropodi dotati di conchiglia conica con spira molto variabile anche intra-specie. In alcune specie la spira ha una lunghezza superiore ad un terzo della lunghezza dell'intera conchiglia, ma nella maggioranza è poco accentuata, piatta o lievemente concava. La spira presenta spesso tubercoli caratteristici per l'identificazione delle varie specie. Anche le trame colorate, soprattutto nell'ultimo giro di conchiglia (che contiene la gran parte del corpo del mollusco) hanno grande importanza nell'identificazione, anche se spesso estremamente variabili; più stabili i disegni in rilievo.[3]

Per quanto riguarda il corpo, la parte più appariscente dei Conus è il piede, molto robusto e carnoso, largo anteriormente e assottigliato nella parte posteriore, con un opercolo di ridotte dimensioni. L'altra particolarità che distingue il genere Conus è l'apparato boccale con radula ridotta ad un dente acuminato, avente la funzione di arpione, con il quale il mollusco cattura le sue prede; è altresì presente una caratteristica proboscide con cui viene iniettato il veleno nelle prede (piccoli pesci, plancton, molluschi ecc.).

Biologia

Il veleno dei Conus è costituito da neurotossine particolarmente forti, in grado di immobilizzare velocemente le prede. Alcune specie (Conus geographus, C. textile, C. omaria, C. tulipa, C. magus, C. striatus) hanno un veleno che può essere potenzialmente letale persino per gli esseri umani. Tuttavia, nella stragrande maggioranza delle specie di Conus gli effetti sull'uomo si limitano a gonfiore e infiammazioni dolorose localizzate all'arto colpito. Nei rari casi di puntura letale, gli effetti sono a carico dell'apparato respiratorio con possibile arresto cardiaco.

Distribuzione e habitat

I coni sono un genere di molluschi presenti in tutti i mari tropicali e temperati del mondo, comuni soprattutto nell'Indo-Pacifico. Almeno quattro specie (Conus ventricosus, Conus vayssierei[4], Conus guanche e Conus striatulus) sono presenti nel mar Mediterraneo. La presenza nel Mar Mediterraneo del Conus fumigatus è provata da un solo esemplare. La presenza attuale nel mar Mediterraneo del Conus desidiosus non è provata. Nel 1990 furono rinvenuti a Lampedusa alcuni esemplari di Conus allora sconosciuti, in seguito identificati come Conus guanche (Lauer, 1993).

Nel 2009 circa, nelle acque antistanti Catania sono stati trovati esemplari di Conus striatulus a circa 50 metri di profondità. Alcuni di questi esemplari sono stati recuperati, ma non rendendosi conto dell'importanza del ritrovamento, il mollusco non è stato conservato per l'analisi del DNA.

L'habitat tipico di è costituito dai fondali marini sia rocciosi che sabbiosi a profondità variabili dai pochi metri alle centinaia di metri sotto il livello del mare, a seconda delle specie.[5]

Tassonomia

Negli ultimi anni, attraverso gli studi filogenetici, si sono moltiplicati i tentativi di semplificare la tassonomia della famiglia dei Conidi. Nel 2015 è stato pubblicato uno studio che ha riorganizzato la famiglia dei Conidi in generale e del Conus in particolare.[6] Sulla base di tale studio e successive elaborazioni il World Register of Marine Species individua circa 760 specie di Conus suddivise in 57 sottogeneri.[1]

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Specie di Conus.

Alcune specie

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) MolluscaBase eds. (2020), Conus Linnaeus, 1758, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 14 novembre 2020.
  2. ^ (FR) Félix Gaffiot, Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Parigi, Hachette, 1934, p. 423. URL consultato il 31 ottobre 2016.
  3. ^ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences
  4. ^ (EN) Bouchet P. (2011), Conus vayssierei Pallary, 1906, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 2 novembre 2016.
  5. ^ The Conus biodiversity website, su biology.burke.washington.edu.
  6. ^ Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2014). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23

 title=
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Conus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Conus Linnaeus, 1758 è un genere di molluschi gasteropodi marini della famiglia Conidae, comprensivo di centinaia di specie diffuse in tutti i mari tropicali e temperati del mondo.

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Kūgeniai ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Conus

Kūgeniai, arba slovės (lot. Conus) – kūgeninių (Conidae) šeimos pilvakojų moliuskų gentis.

Paplitimas

Iš viso yra virš 600 kūgenių rūšių.[1] Šios šeimos atstovai paprastai randami šiltose ir tropinėse jūrose bei vandenynuose visame pasaulyje, didžiausią rūšių įvairovę pasiekia Indijos vandenyne.

Rūšys

Nuorodos

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Kūgeniai: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Kūgeniai, arba slovės (lot. Conus) – kūgeninių (Conidae) šeimos pilvakojų moliuskų gentis.

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Conus (geslacht) ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Conus is een geslacht van slakken, dat fossiel bekend is vanaf het Laat-Krijt. Ze komen in alle warmere wateren van de wereld voor. In elk gebied komen echter welbepaalde soorten voor. Het geslacht telt in totaal meer dan 600 soorten en ondersoorten. Ze zijn alle giftig, maar de giftigheidsgraad verschilt van soort tot soort. Ze bezitten een harpoenachtige stekel, waarmee ze hun prooi kunnen steken en verlammen. Ook de mens kan aan dit soort steken ten prooi vallen: sommige soorten (voornamelijk de volwassen exemplaren) bezitten een zeer krachtig gif, conotoxine. In de meeste gevallen is een steek vergelijkbaar met een bijensteek, maar er zijn ook enkele dodelijke slachtoffers bekend.

De schelp van de slakken bezit een typische kegelvorm. Hieraan is ook de naam van dit geslacht ontleend: conus is Latijn voor kegel. De kleur van de schelp varieert tussen de soorten. Meestal komen bonte patronen voor, zoals bij de soorten Conus marmoreus en Conus textile.

Soorten uit dit geslacht staan ook bekend als kegelslakken. Deze naam wordt echter ook weleens gebruikt voor soorten uit de families Ovulidae en Volutidae.

Kenmerken

Deze kegelslak heeft een merendeels gladde, conische schelp, waarvan de bovenwand eensklaps is omgebogen tot een smalle verhoging. De lage en getrapte spira (alle windingen behalve de laatste winding bij een gespiraliseerde schelp) bezit een in het oog springende centrale apex. De met de binnenrand parallel lopende, scherpe mondrand vormt over de gehele hoogte van de omvang een rechte, spleetvormige mondopening. De lengte van de schelp bedraagt ongeveer 6 cm.

Leefwijze

Dit carnivore, mariene geslacht bewoont wateren met uiteenlopende diepten op zand-, silt- of rotsbodems. Hun voedsel bestaat uit wormen, mollusken en vissen, die ze doden met hun giftige stekel.

Soorten

Het geslacht kent de volgende soorten:[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. World Register of Marine Species, Conus. Marinespecies.org. Geraadpleegd op 9 oktober 2011.
  2. Afonso C.M.L. & Tenorio M.J. (2011) A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa. Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135. [August 2011]
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Conus (geslacht): Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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 src= Conus amadis  src= Conus striatus  src= Conus generalis  src= Conus geographus  src= Conus marmoreus  src= Conus mustelinus  src= Conus textile  src= Conus virgo  src= Conus litteratus

Conus is een geslacht van slakken, dat fossiel bekend is vanaf het Laat-Krijt. Ze komen in alle warmere wateren van de wereld voor. In elk gebied komen echter welbepaalde soorten voor. Het geslacht telt in totaal meer dan 600 soorten en ondersoorten. Ze zijn alle giftig, maar de giftigheidsgraad verschilt van soort tot soort. Ze bezitten een harpoenachtige stekel, waarmee ze hun prooi kunnen steken en verlammen. Ook de mens kan aan dit soort steken ten prooi vallen: sommige soorten (voornamelijk de volwassen exemplaren) bezitten een zeer krachtig gif, conotoxine. In de meeste gevallen is een steek vergelijkbaar met een bijensteek, maar er zijn ook enkele dodelijke slachtoffers bekend.

De schelp van de slakken bezit een typische kegelvorm. Hieraan is ook de naam van dit geslacht ontleend: conus is Latijn voor kegel. De kleur van de schelp varieert tussen de soorten. Meestal komen bonte patronen voor, zoals bij de soorten Conus marmoreus en Conus textile.

Soorten uit dit geslacht staan ook bekend als kegelslakken. Deze naam wordt echter ook weleens gebruikt voor soorten uit de families Ovulidae en Volutidae.

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Conus ( Polish )

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Conus – rodzaj morskich ślimaków z rodziny stożków (Conidae). Zasiedlają morza i oceany strefy tropikalnej i subtropikalnej.

Systematyka

Rodzaj Conus opisał po raz pierwszy Karol Linneusz w 10. edycji Systema Naturae. Wyróżnił wtedy 37 gatunków[2]. Gatunkiem typowym rodzaju jest stożek marmurowy (Conus marmoreus), którego Linneusz opisał jako pierwszego, używając jako lektotypu okazu z własnej kolekcji[3]. Do roku 2009 rodzaj Conus był uznawany za jedyny rodzaj w rodzinie stożków (Conidae). W roku 2009 ukazała się książka Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, prezentująca nowy podział rodziny – w tym systemie klasyfikacji autorstwa Tuckera i Tenoriego Conus umieszczony jest w podrodzinie Coninae, wraz z 14 innymi rodzajami[4]. W World Register of Marine Species wyróżnionych jest około 600 przedstawicieli rodzaju[5].

Conus parisiensis wykazano ze środkowego eocenu (z Francji, Włoch i Anglii)[6], także Conus sauridons pochodzi z eocenu, jednak z obszaru Florydy. Łącznie do roku 1985 opisano koło tysiąca gatunków kopalnych z rodzaju Conus, prawdopodobnie jednak wiele okazów jest konspecyficznych i błędnie opisanych jako należące do odrębnych gatunków[7].

Zasięg występowania

Większa część przedstawicieli Conus zasiedla morza i oceany strefy tropikalnej i subtropikalnej, z największą różnorodnością gatunków na obszarze Indo-Pacyfiku[8]. Jedynym obecnym w Europie gatunkiem jest Conus ventricosus (dokładniej podgatunek mediterraneus)[9]. Także Conus californicus występuje poza wymienionymi strefami, zasiedlając wybrzeża Kalifornii i Meksyku[10]. Maksymalne zagęszczenie Conus wynosi około 40 osobników na m²[8].

Charakterystyka muszli

Muszle rodzaju Conus cechuje stożkowaty kształt. Muszle są grubościenne i masywne. Otwór muszli jest wąski, podłużny, ograniczony prostą, ostrokrawędzistą wargą. Wrzeciono gładkie. Nie występuje wieczko. Skrętka stożkowata, czasami guzkowana, umiarkowanie wysoka lub płaska, zależnie od gatunku. Powierzchnia muszli gładka lub z delikatnymi, spiralnymi prążkami lub żeberkami. Czasami na brzegu muszli występuje guzkowata krawędź (karina). Ubarwienie muszli bardzo zmienne, zazwyczaj tło przybiera kolor biały, kremowy, różowy lub niebieski albo pośrednie między wymienionymi; wzory zazwyczaj czarne, brązowe, żółte lub pomarańczowe, niekiedy muszla jest jednobarwna. Jej długość wynosi od 1,3 do 21,6 cm[11].

Ciało ślimaka również żywo ubarwione. Noga długa i silna. Syfon długi. Na głowie jedna para długich czułków. Oczy położone w połowie długości czułków[12].

Ekologia

 src=
Krytycznie zagrożony Conus mordeirae

Większość gatunków z rodzaju Conus żyje na małych głębokościach w pobliżu raf koralowych, przebywając w piasku, pod koralowcami. Pożywienie stanowią ryby, mięczaki i inne bezkręgowce bentosowe. Początkowo ślimak lokalizuje zdobycz używają swych chemoreceptorów, łapie ją ssawką, a następnie wystrzeliwuje strzałkę jadową, będącą przekształconą tarką, wprowadzając jad paraliżujący zdobycz. W większości polują nocą, niekiedy o świcie i zmierzchu[11].

Jad ślimaków rodzaju Conus wyodrębniono do grupy zwanej konotoksynami, będącymi grupą neurotoksycznych peptydów, bogatych w mostki dwusiarczkowe[13]. Toksyny stożków są groźne także dla człowieka, znane są przypadki ofiar śmiertelnych wśród ludzi ukąszonych przez osobniki niektórych gatunków stożków (np. przez stożki geograficzne (Conus geographus)[14].

Przypisy

  1. Conus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Sherborn, Charles Davies: An index to the generic and trivial names of animals, described by Linnaeus, in the 10th and 12th editions of his „Systema naturae. 1899.
  3. Conus marmoreus Linnaeus 1758. The University of Chicago, 19 stycznia 2014.
  4. Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J.: Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods. Hankenheim: ConchBooks, 2009. ISBN 3939767268.
  5. Conus Linnaeus, 1758. World Register of Marine Species. [dostęp 22 marca 2014].
  6. Conus parisiensis Deshayes, 1865. Catalogue of recent and fossil Conus. [dostęp 22 marca 2014].
  7. Jonathan R. Hendricks & Roger W. Portell. Late Eocene Conus (Neogastropoda: Conidae) from Florida, USA. .
  8. a b The Conus Biodiversity Webiste. biology.burke.washington.edu/conus/. [dostęp 22 marca 2014].
  9. Cone Shells (Conidae). The Living World of Molluscs, 23 maja 2012.
  10. Conus californicus. IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species. [dostęp 22 marca 2014].
  11. a b Cone Snails General Description. Aquarium of the Pacific. [dostęp 23 marca 2014].
  12. Wąsowski R. 2000. Przewodnik: muszle. Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza Sp. Z o.o., Warszawa, ​ISBN 83-7073-250-X​, str. 214.
  13. Olivera B.M., Teichert R.W.. Diversity of the neurotoxic Conus peptides: a model for concerted pharmacological discovery. „Molecular Interventions”. 7 (5), s. 251-260, 2007. PMID: 17932414.
  14. Conus geographus na stronie National Geographic

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Conus: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Conus – rodzaj morskich ślimaków z rodziny stożków (Conidae). Zasiedlają morza i oceany strefy tropikalnej i subtropikalnej.

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Conus ( Portuguese )

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Conus (nomeados, em inglês e português, cone -sing.)[1][2] é um gênero de moluscos gastrópodes marinhos predadores[7] pertencentes à família Conidae da subclasse Caenogastropoda e ordem Neogastropoda, classificado por Carolus Linnaeus, em 1758, ao descrever suas primeiras espécies em seu Systema Naturae; notadamente Conus marmoreus, sua espécie-tipo.[3] Sua distribuição geográfica abrange principalmente os oceanos tropicais da Terra, encontrando-se um considerável número de espécies na região do Indo-Pacífico.[7][8] Como suas conchas, sólidas e em sua maior parte coloridas, têm uma característica forma cônica, surpreendentemente homogênea,[8][9] classificações até o início do século XXI colocavam todos os Conidae sob este gênero (Conus);[1][9] agora dividido após trabalhos de sequenciamento de DNA que incluíram a determinação de novos gêneros (Californiconus, Conasprella, Lilliconus, Malagasyconus, Profundiconus e Pygmaeconus) e famílias (como a família Conorbidae, para espécies como a brasileira Conus selenae, agora Artemidiconus selenae (van Mol, Tursch & Kempf, 1967)).[9][10][11] Suas rádulas são modificadas, em forma de dardo e inoculadoras de veneno, sendo disparadas e ficando no tecido de suas vítimas, tornando-se substituídas, constantemente, para novos ataques. Nas espécies piscívoras, como Conus geographus, elas são potencialmente fatais em humanos.[4][7][8][11][12][13] Estes moluscos têm um perióstraco mole, cobrindo suas conchas, e alguns têm um pequeno opérculo.[14]

Descrição

Compreende, em sua totalidade, caramujos de conchas cônicas e espiral larga, mais ou menos aplainada (em espécies como Conus excelsus ela chega a ser alta, tornando a concha bicônica) e, às vezes, esculpida com nódulos; pequenas ou atingindo tamanhos superiores a 10 centímetros de comprimento, geralmente com superfície lisa e revestida por desenhos e marcações coloridas formando manchas, faixas, pontuações e até mesmo formas triangulares. Suas columelas não possuem pregas columelares, o lábio externo é bastante delgado e a abertura costuma ser estreita, acompanhando o traçado da columela (tornando-se mais alargada em espécies que se alimentam de peixes); e seus canais sifonais não se destacam do formato da concha. O animal possui um prolongamento tubular, largo, que pode ser esticado e sobrepassar amplamente a borda da concha, sendo utilizado em sua alimentação, após o disparo de sua rádula, ligada a glândulas de peçonha, como um arpão de veneno.[1][4][7][8][15]

Espécies potencialmente perigosas ao homem

Acidentes com Conus causam envenenamentos humanos graves e até mesmo óbitos por sua ação neurotóxica de substâncias denominadas conotoxinas, indutoras do bloqueio de receptores sinápticos e causadoras de paralisia muscular miorrelaxante, ocasionando em parada respiratória entre os quarenta minutos a cinco horas após o contato. Estes animais costumam enterrar-se na areia, parcialmente, durante o dia, para sair à caça de suas presas à noite. Estas presas podem constituir-se de vermes, outros moluscos e peixes. Cerca de dezoito espécies diferentes foram registradas como ofensivas ao homem, sendo mais perigosas as que possuem regime alimentar piscívoro, em sua maioria presentes na região do Indo-Pacífico tropical, como Conus geographus (a espécie mais associada a mortes humanas), Conus aulicus, Conus marmoreus, Conus striatus, Conus textile e Conus tulipa. Como as presas destas espécies são normalmente mais rápidas, tais criaturas desenvolveram um poderoso veneno que pode matá-las ou paralisá-las instantaneamente. Algumas espécies que provocam acidentes graves não são piscívoras, como Conus marmoreus. No Atlântico Ocidental, uma espécie potencialmente perigosa é Conus regius Gmelin, 1791, que ocorre comumente desde o mar do Caribe (sul da Flórida, Antilhas e Bahamas) até a costa do estado de São Paulo, na região sudeste do Brasil, a pouca profundidade.[1][4][7][8][12][13] Existem aproximadamente 30 registros de humanos mortos por espécies de Conidae (NELSON, 2004; Nature). As vítimas humanas sofrem pouca dor, porque o veneno contém um componente analgésico.[16] Há espécies que, alegadamente, podem matar um humano em menos de cinco minutos; assim o nome cigarette snail (caramujo de cigarro), como afirmando que sua vítima só tem tempo de fumar um cigarro antes de morrer.[17] Eles também podem picar através de uma roupa de mergulho.[16] Possuem enormes possibilidades para a produção de drogas analgésicas; pois certas proteínas, neles contidas, podem atacar receptores de dor humanos específicos e podem ser até 10.000 vezes mais potentes que a morfina, sem os efeitos colaterais e perigosos desta.[17]

Espécies de Conus

De acordo com o World Register of Marine Species, incluídos os sinônimos no gênero e extintas.[3]

Imagens de Conus

Referências

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s ABBOTT, R. Tucker; DANCE, S. Peter (1982). Compendium of Seashells. A color Guide to More than 4.200 of the World's Marine Shells (em inglês). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 244-272. 412 páginas. ISBN 0-525-93269-0 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  2. a b Ferreira, Franclim F. (2002–2004). «Conchas». FEUP. 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018
  3. a b c d e «Conus» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018
  4. a b c d e f g Haddad Junior, Vidal; Paula Neto, João Batista de; Cobo, Válter José (outubro de 2006). «Venomous mollusks: the risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: conidae) in Brazil» (em inglês). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, vol 39; nº 5. (SciELO). 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  5. «Conidae» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018
  6. FERRARIO, Marco (1992). Guia del Coleccionista de Conchas (em espanhol). Barcelona, Espanha: Editorial de Vecchi. p. 159-169. 220 páginas. ISBN 84-315-1972-X
  7. a b c d e SILVA, José António; MONTALVERNE, Gil (1980). Iniciação à Colecção de Conchas. Colecção Habitat. Lisboa, Portugal / Livraria Martins Fontes, Brasil: Editorial Presença. p. 75-77. 110 páginas A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  8. a b c d e f LINDNER, Gert (1983). Moluscos y Caracoles de los Mares del Mundo (em espanhol). Barcelona, Espanha: Omega. p. 83-84. 256 páginas. ISBN 84-282-0308-3
  9. a b c RIOS, Eliézer (1994). Seashells of Brazil (em inglês) 2ª ed. Rio Grande, RS. Brazil: FURG. p. 156-158. 492 páginas. ISBN 85-85042-36-2
  10. «Artemidiconus selenae» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018
  11. a b Puillandre, N.; Duda,T. F.; Meyer, C.; Olivera, B. M.; Bouchet, P. (5 de setembro de 2014). «One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails» (em inglês). Journal of Molluscan Studies 81(1), fevereiro de 2015; ePUB (US National Library of Medicine; National Institutes of Health Search database: NCBI). 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  12. a b SZPILMAN, Marcelo (1998). Seres Marinhos Perigosos. guia prático de identificação, prevenção e tratramento. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Ecológico Aqualung. p. 76-78. 168 páginas. ISBN 85-900691-1-7
  13. a b Haddad Junior, Vidal; Coltro, Marcus; Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (julho–agosto de 2009). «Report of a human accident caused by Conus regius (Gastropoda, Conidae)» (em inglês). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, vol.42; no.4. (SciELO). 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  14. OLIVER, A. P. H.; NICHOLLS, James (1975). The Country Life Guide to Shells of the World (em inglês). England: The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 264. 320 páginas. ISBN 0-600-34397-9 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  15. Biopixel (28 de outubro de 2015). «Geographus cone shell net feeding on sleeping fish» (em inglês). YouTube. 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018
  16. a b Nelson, Laura (24 de junho de 2004). «One slip, and you're dead...» (em inglês). Nature, volume 429. pp. 798–799. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2018
  17. a b Queuebot (10 de fevereiro de 2009). «The "Cigarette" Snail» (em inglês). Neatorama. 1 páginas. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2018
  18. «Conus (Lividoconus) floridulus» (em inglês). Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods. 1 páginas. Consultado em 6 de novembro de 2018. Arquivado do original em 11 de agosto de 2021
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Conus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Conus (nomeados, em inglês e português, cone -sing.) é um gênero de moluscos gastrópodes marinhos predadores pertencentes à família Conidae da subclasse Caenogastropoda e ordem Neogastropoda, classificado por Carolus Linnaeus, em 1758, ao descrever suas primeiras espécies em seu Systema Naturae; notadamente Conus marmoreus, sua espécie-tipo. Sua distribuição geográfica abrange principalmente os oceanos tropicais da Terra, encontrando-se um considerável número de espécies na região do Indo-Pacífico. Como suas conchas, sólidas e em sua maior parte coloridas, têm uma característica forma cônica, surpreendentemente homogênea, classificações até o início do século XXI colocavam todos os Conidae sob este gênero (Conus); agora dividido após trabalhos de sequenciamento de DNA que incluíram a determinação de novos gêneros (Californiconus, Conasprella, Lilliconus, Malagasyconus, Profundiconus e Pygmaeconus) e famílias (como a família Conorbidae, para espécies como a brasileira Conus selenae, agora Artemidiconus selenae (van Mol, Tursch & Kempf, 1967)). Suas rádulas são modificadas, em forma de dardo e inoculadoras de veneno, sendo disparadas e ficando no tecido de suas vítimas, tornando-se substituídas, constantemente, para novos ataques. Nas espécies piscívoras, como Conus geographus, elas são potencialmente fatais em humanos. Estes moluscos têm um perióstraco mole, cobrindo suas conchas, e alguns têm um pequeno opérculo.

 src=

Cinco vistas da concha de Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758, encontrada em águas rasas do Indo-Pacífico e sendo uma das espécies associadas a mortes em humanos, por envenenamento.

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Stožčasti polž ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Africonus Petuch, 1975
Afroconus Petuch, 1975
Ammirales Schepman, 1913
Asperi Schepman, 1913
Asprella Schaufuss, 1869
Chelyconus Mörch, 1842
Cleobula Iredale, 1930
Conasprella Thiele, 1929
Coronaxis Swainson, 1840
Cucullus Röding, 1798
Cylinder Montfort, 1810
Cylindrus Deshayes, 1824
Darioconus Iredale, 1930
Dauciconus Cotton, 1945
Dendroconus Swainson, 1840
Embrikena Iredale, 1937
Endemoconus Iredale, 1931
Eugeniconus da Motta, 1991
Floraconus Iredale, 1930
Gastridium Mödeer, 1793
Hermes Montfort, 1810
Kermasprella Powell, 1958
Lautoconus Monterosato, 1923
Leporiconus Iredale, 1930
Leptoconus Swainson, 1840
Lilliconus Raybaudi Massilia, 1994
Lithoconus Mörch, 1852
Magelliconus da Motta, 1991
Mamiconus Cotton & Godfrey, 1932
Phasmoconus Mörch, 1852
Pionoconus Mörch, 1852
Profundiconus Kuroda, 1956
Purpuriconus da Motta, 1991
Rhizoconus Mörch, 1852
Spinoconus
Stephanoconus Mörch, 1852
Strioconus Thiele, 1929
Taranteconus Azuma, 1972
Textilia Swainson, 1840
Thoraconus da Motta, 1991
Tuliparia Swainson, 1840
Turriconus Shikama & Habe, 1968
Virgiconus Cotton, 1945
Virroconus Iredale, 1930

Za druge pomene glej Conus (razločitev).

Rod stožčastih polžev (Conus) zajema več kot 600 trenutno živečih ter fosiliziranih vrst plenilskih morskih polžev iz družine Conidae. Večinoma prebivajo v tropskih vodah. Bolj ali manj so vsi strupeni. So mesojede živali, ki se prehranjujejo z ribami, morskimi črvi in mehkužci. Lupina polžev je oblikovana kot stožec, pri mnogih vrstah pa so na njej prisotni različni barvni vzorci.

Lovijo s pomočjo strgače, oblikovano kot harpuna, v kateri se nahaja tudi toksin. Polži lahko ugriznejo oz. vbodejo tudi človeka, če se jih slednji dotika ali jih prijema. Za človeka ugriz navadno ni nevaren, saj je podoben piku čebele, kljub temu pa so ugrizi nekaterih večjih in bolj strupenih vrst polžev lahko usodni. Toksini polžev, kolektivno znani pod imenom konotoksini, naj bi bili vir novih, medicinsko pomembnih snovi.[3]

Telesne značilnosti

 src=
Hišica geografskega stožčastega polža (C. geographus)

Vsi polži imajo v osnovi hišico v obliki stožca, pri čemer zavoji okoli središčne osi na eni strani tvorijo vrh, nato pa proti drugemu koncu hiške teče po celotni dolžini ozka odprtina (apertura). Velikost hišic se med vrstami razlikuje; pri največjih vrstah merijo tudi do 23 cm v dolžino. Vrh je lahko skorajda sploščen ali pa visok in koničast, največkrat pa je oblikovan kot sončnik. Stranici hišice sta lahko rahlo zaobljeni ali ravni, odprtina pa je povečini ravna in ozka, lahko pa se zvončasto razširja proti koncu. Hišice so po vrhu prekrite s plastjo, imenovano periostrakum, ki je zgrajena iz konhiolina. Pri večini polžev je ta plast tanka in prozorna, pri drugih pa je debela in skorajda motna, poleg tega so hišice lahko preraščene z algami. To velja zlasti za tiste vrste, ki večino časa preživijo izpostavljene in vidne; povečini gre za polže, ki se prehranjujejo z morskimi črvi in so relativno nenevarni. Nevarnejše vrste imajo barvitejše hiške z zapletenimi vzorci, še posebej nevarni pa so tisti, ki imajo vzorce šotoru podobnih likov (C. geographus, C. textile, C. striatus in C. marmoreus). Barvni vzorci se med vrstami, pogosto pa tudi med pripadniki iste vrste, zelo razlikujejo, zaradi česar je prepoznava vrste otežena; navkljub temu se človeku nevarne vrste da prepoznati razmeroma lahko.

V aktivnem stanju se polž premika po tleh z nogo, ki se razteza po celotni dolžini hiške. Na odprtem koncu se nahajajo oči, sifon in rilec (proboscis), ki je v bistvu preoblikovana strgača (radula). V sifonu se nahaja osfradij, čutilni organ, s pomočjo katerega polži zaznavajo plen preko kemičnih dražljajev. Strupni aparat je visoko razvit in je sestavljen iz strupne žleze, cevastega izvodila ter radularne vreče. Strupnina nastaja v cevastem izvodilu, ki je na enem koncu povezano z mišično strukturo v obliki vrečke; slednja služi kot črpalka, ki potiska strupnino skozi izvodilo v aktivni radularni zob. V radularni vrečki se nahaja več kot 50 sulici podobnih zob, ki so zgrajeni iz zvitih plasti hitina, pri vsakem vbodu plena pa se načeloma porabi en zob. Aktivni zob se nahaja na vrhu rilca, podolgovati in valjasti strukturi, ki jo polži lahko izvihajo ali vpotegnejo. S pomočjo rilca polži vbodejo plen ter iztisnejo strupnino iz aktivnega zoba.

Življenjski prostor in navade

Stožčasti polži naseljujejo vsa tropska in zmerno topla morja, predvsem v območju Indijskega oceana in Pacifika, od kamnitih grebenov do globine nekaj sto metrov. Bivajo tako na mehkih kot tudi trdih podlagah, povečini na ali blizu koralnih grebenov. Večina vrst je aktivnih ponoči, nekatere pa so tudi podnevi, poleg tega se večina polžev zakoplje v pesek ali skrije v špranje, ko ne lovijo.

Prehranjevanje

 src=
Stožčasti polž z iztegnjenim sifonom

Vsi polži iz tega rodu so mesojedi (karnivori). Prehranjujejo se bodisi z morskimi črvi, mehkužci ali manjšimi ribami. Ne glede na prehrano imajo v osnovi vsi isti strupni aparat in plenilsko vedenje. Lovijo tako, da se plazijo po tleh, sifon pa je iztegnjen, s pomočjo katerega zaznavajo plen. Kot je ta zaznan, polži počakajo, da plen pride blizu ali se jih celo dotakne, nato pa žrtev hitro zabodejo z rilcem in jo tako onesposobijo oz. ubijeoj. Polži plen nato celega pogoltnejo, podobno kakor kače.

Razmnoževanje

Stožčasti polži imajo ločena spola, oploditev pa je notranja. Samica izleže od 80 do 1.000 majhnih jajčec v mošnji podobni kapsuli svetle barve. Iz teh se izležejo ličinke (larve), ki plavajo skupaj s planktonom od nekaj dni do meseca, nato pa se utrdijo na dnu, kjer se preobrazijo v mlade (juvenilne) osebke, ki so podobni odraslim polžem. Nekatere vrste preskočijo stadij ličinke.

Strupenost

Zaradi lepih barvnih vzorcev so polži priljubljeni med zbiratelji, ki se v glavnem ne zavedajo nevarnosti. Do nezgode pride, ko radovedni posameznik prime hišico v roke ali pa jo vtakne v žep, misleč, da je hišica prazna. V resnici se polž v obrambi povleče globoko v hišico, nato pa vbode človeka z rilcem. Zmotno je tudi prepričanje, da je zadnji del, nasproti od oči in sifona, varen, saj je tudi ta predel v dosegu rilca. Najboljša preventiva, tako iz zdravstvenih kot tudi iz okoljevarstvenih razlogov, je zato ta, da se hišice pusti pri miru, kar velja še posebej za tiste vrste, ki imajo značilen vzorec šotoru podobnih likov. Človeku nevarnih je vsaj 18 vrst, vsaj štiri od teh pa so že povzročile smrt. Poleg naštetih štirih so vsaj enako nevarne vrste še C. omaria, C. magus, C. tulipa, C. tesselatus, C. eburneus, C. purpurascens, C. aulicus, C. ammiralis in C. gloriamaris (glej galerijo slik spodaj).

Opis strupnine

Strupnina vsebuje večje število farmakološko aktivnih snovi, v nekaterih primerih več kot sto. Aktivne sestavine so majhni peptidi, sestavljeni iz 10 do 30 aminokislin. Sestava strupnine se zelo razlikuje med vrstami in celo med pripadniki iste vrste, vsaka strupnina pa je edinstveno razvita, da onesposobi določen plen. Toksini stožčastih polžev sodijo med najučinkovitejše znane toksine; strupnina polža C. purpurascens lahko tako popolnoma ohromi (paralizira) ribo v eni ali dveh sekundah.

Toksine polžev, imenovanih konotoksini, lahko razdelimo na tri skupine, in sicer na alfa- (α), mi- (μ) in omega- (ω) konotoksine. Vsi delujejo na živčni prenos, vendar na različne mehanizme. α-konotoksini delujejo na ligandno-odvisne nikotinske kanalčke, μ-konotoksini na napetostno-odvisne natrijeve kanalčke in ω-konotoksini na napetostno-odvisne kalcijeve kanalčke.

Natančnost in hitrost konotoksinov, ki delujejo na točno določeni receptor, je vzrok, da v zadnjih letih potekajo raziskave na področju konotoksinov, ki naj bi predstavljali novi vir medicinsko pomembnih snovi. Z izolacijo točno določene komponente v strupnini naj bi teoretično v človeškem telesu povzročili želeni učinek brez stranskih sopojavov, npr. blokado bolečinskih receptorjev (nocireceptorjev). Primer tega je zikonotid (Prialt®), neopioidni ne-NSAIDni analgetik, sintetični derivat ω-konotoksina iz strupnine polža C. magus, ki ima 1.000-krat močnejši protibolečinski učinek kot morfin; leta 2004 ga je za klinično uporabo v ZDA odobril Urad za prehrano in zdravila (FDA).[4]

Klinična slika in zdravljenje

Simptomi vboda se lahko pojavijo takoj ali pa šele po nekaj dnevih. Sprva se pojavi huda bolečina, podobna piku čebele ali ose, s to razliko, da vbodno mesto ni jasno vidno. Otopelost se kmalu zatem pojavi po celotnem udu, lahko tudi po celotnem telesu, zatem pa nastopi ohromelost mišic, pri čemer je najnevarnejša ohromelost dihalnih (respiratornih) mišic zaradi zadušitve. V hudih primeri se lahko pojavi nezavest v času ene ure, kmalu zatem pa nastopi smrt zaradi zadušitve. Drugi pogosti simptomi so še motnje koordinacije, oslabelost mišic, zamegljen vid in težave s požiranjem.

V primeru nezgode se mora ponesrečenca takoj povleči iz vode, ga pomiriti in poiskati zdravniško pomoč. Treba je nadzirati osnovne življenjske znake, še posebej dihanje in po potrebi dati dihanje usta na usta. V primeru nezavesti je treba ponesrečenca dati v bočni položaj, da se prepreči zadušitev.

Protistrup (antivenin) trenutno še ne obstaja, zato zdravljenje temelji na simptomih, in vključuje umetno predihovanje (ventilacijo) in preprečevanje morebitne alergijske reakcije. Tudi v primeru majhnega vbode je bolnika treba nadzorovati vsaj 24 ur.

Galerija

Spodnja galerija slik prikazuje hišice nevarnejših vrst stožčastih polžev, omenjenih v članku:

Sklici in opombe

  1. Pek, I. s sod. (1996). Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc, str. 264. ISBN 80-7067-599-3
  2. Conus Linnaeus, 1758. World Register of Marine Species, vpogled 20.05.2010.
  3. Olivera, B.M. & Teichert, R.W. (2007). "Diversity of the Neurotoxic Conus Peptides: A Model for Concerted Pharmacological Discovery". Molecular Interventions 7 (5): 251–260. doi:10.1124/mi.7.5.7. CS1 vzdrževanje: Večkratna imena: authors list (link)
  4. Skov M.J., Beck J.C., de Kater A.W. in Shopp G.M. (2007). "Nonclinical safety of ziconotide: an intrathecal analgesic of a new pharmaceutical class". Int. J. Toxicol. 26 (5): 411–21. PMID 17963128. doi:10.1080/10915810701582970. CS1 vzdrževanje: Večkratna imena: authors list (link)

Viri

  • Bergbauer M., Myers R.F. in Kirschner M. (2009). Dangerous marine animals. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd., str. 317-24. ISBN 978-1-408-11907-5

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Stožčasti polž: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Za druge pomene glej Conus (razločitev).

Rod stožčastih polžev (Conus) zajema več kot 600 trenutno živečih ter fosiliziranih vrst plenilskih morskih polžev iz družine Conidae. Večinoma prebivajo v tropskih vodah. Bolj ali manj so vsi strupeni. So mesojede živali, ki se prehranjujejo z ribami, morskimi črvi in mehkužci. Lupina polžev je oblikovana kot stožec, pri mnogih vrstah pa so na njej prisotni različni barvni vzorci.

Lovijo s pomočjo strgače, oblikovano kot harpuna, v kateri se nahaja tudi toksin. Polži lahko ugriznejo oz. vbodejo tudi človeka, če se jih slednji dotika ali jih prijema. Za človeka ugriz navadno ni nevaren, saj je podoben piku čebele, kljub temu pa so ugrizi nekaterih večjih in bolj strupenih vrst polžev lahko usodni. Toksini polžev, kolektivno znani pod imenom konotoksini, naj bi bili vir novih, medicinsko pomembnih snovi.

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Koni salyangozu ( Turkish )

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Koni salyangozu zehirli bir canlıdır. Avustralya, Asya Pasifiği ve Endonezya'da yaşarlar. Gündüzleri suda kumda saklanırlar, geceleri ise avlanmak için suda gezinirler. Kancaları içinde 200 farklı zehir bulunduran bir iğne taşır. Mermer yüzeyli salyangoz da denir. Boyu sadece ortalama bir insan eli boyundadır. Bu etobur yumuşakça genelde balık yer. Bunların zehirleri bir insanı sadece 5-15 dk arası bir zamanda öldürür. 600'den fazla alt türü vardır.

Koni salyangozları yumuşakçalar arasındaki en güçlü zehre sahiptir. Aslında zehir insanın sinir sistemini felç eden nörotoksinler (sinir zehiri) ve baş ağrısı, ateş, kusma, böbrek yetmezliğine neden olan bazı zehirler içerir. Hatta bazı koni salyangozları kanı pıhtılaştıran (hemotoksin ve neurotoxin) zehirler bile içerir.

 src=
Conus geographus
 src=
Conus, Guam'da küçük bir balık yiyor

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 712; 1767, ed. 12, 1165.
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Koni salyangozu: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Koni salyangozu zehirli bir canlıdır. Avustralya, Asya Pasifiği ve Endonezya'da yaşarlar. Gündüzleri suda kumda saklanırlar, geceleri ise avlanmak için suda gezinirler. Kancaları içinde 200 farklı zehir bulunduran bir iğne taşır. Mermer yüzeyli salyangoz da denir. Boyu sadece ortalama bir insan eli boyundadır. Bu etobur yumuşakça genelde balık yer. Bunların zehirleri bir insanı sadece 5-15 dk arası bir zamanda öldürür. 600'den fazla alt türü vardır.

Koni salyangozları yumuşakçalar arasındaki en güçlü zehre sahiptir. Aslında zehir insanın sinir sistemini felç eden nörotoksinler (sinir zehiri) ve baş ağrısı, ateş, kusma, böbrek yetmezliğine neden olan bazı zehirler içerir. Hatta bazı koni salyangozları kanı pıhtılaştıran (hemotoksin ve neurotoxin) zehirler bile içerir.

 src= Conus geographus  src= Conus, Guam'da küçük bir balık yiyor
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Ốc cối ( Vietnamese )

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Conus là một chi ốc biển có kích thước đa dạng, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển, săn mồi trong họ Conidae, họ ốc cối.

Tất cả các loài thuộc chi Conus là loài săn mồi và có nọc độc. Chúng có khả năng "đốt" con người, do vậy khi cầm chúng phải hết sức cẩn thận. Bị con nhỏ đốt thì vết đốt có thể như vết ông chích nhưng nếu bị con lớn đốt thì có thể nghiêm trọng, thậm chí gây tử vong cho con người. Về mặt địa chất, chi này được biết đến từ Eocene (Holocene) thời gian gần đây. Conus ốc chủ yếu là nhiệt đới trong phân phối. Chúng là các loài có nọc độc với mức độ khác nhau. Các loài nguy hiểm nhất săn cá bằng cách sử dụng hàm răng giống như lao móc và một tuyến độc. Những con khác săn và ăn sâu biển hoặc các động vật thân mềm.

Conus có vỏ hình nón. Nhiều loài có khuôn mẫu đầy màu sắc trên bề mặt vỏ. Nọc đọc của các loài trong chi này cho thấy nhiều hứa hẹn như là một nguồn dược chất mới quan trong.

Các loài

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 712; 1767, ed.ngày 1 tháng 12 năm 1165.
  2. ^ Conus Linnaeus, 1758. World Register of Marine Species, truy cập ngày 20 tháng 5 năm 2010.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Ốc cối  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Ốc cối
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Ốc cối: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Conus là một chi ốc biển có kích thước đa dạng, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển, săn mồi trong họ Conidae, họ ốc cối.

Tất cả các loài thuộc chi Conus là loài săn mồi và có nọc độc. Chúng có khả năng "đốt" con người, do vậy khi cầm chúng phải hết sức cẩn thận. Bị con nhỏ đốt thì vết đốt có thể như vết ông chích nhưng nếu bị con lớn đốt thì có thể nghiêm trọng, thậm chí gây tử vong cho con người. Về mặt địa chất, chi này được biết đến từ Eocene (Holocene) thời gian gần đây. Conus ốc chủ yếu là nhiệt đới trong phân phối. Chúng là các loài có nọc độc với mức độ khác nhau. Các loài nguy hiểm nhất săn cá bằng cách sử dụng hàm răng giống như lao móc và một tuyến độc. Những con khác săn và ăn sâu biển hoặc các động vật thân mềm.

Conus có vỏ hình nón. Nhiều loài có khuôn mẫu đầy màu sắc trên bề mặt vỏ. Nọc đọc của các loài trong chi này cho thấy nhiều hứa hẹn như là một nguồn dược chất mới quan trong.

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Конусы (род) ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Конус (значения).

Конусы (лат. Conus) — самый многочисленный род хищных брюхоногих моллюсков из семейства конусов. Насчитывает свыше 600 видов[1].

Описание

У моллюсков рода Conus раковина абсолютно конической формы с гладким центральным телом (Columella) и вытянутым, тонким, прямым, незубчатым устьем. У вершины этого конуса, из которого выходит сифон, расположена голова улитки. Оперкулум маленький.

По размеру, окраске и рисунку виды сильно отличаются. Самые крупные экземпляры достигают длины до 23 см.

Распространение

Распространены в тропических и субтропических морях. Самого большого видового разнообразия род достигает в западной части Индо-Тихоокеанской области. Несколько видов обитают в умеренных широтах у побережья Южной Африки[2][3], в Средиземном море (Conus mediterraneus)[4] и у побережья Южной Калифорнии (Conus californicus)[5]. В Центральной Европе отсутствуют. Виды рода Conus населяют различные прибрежные области вплоть до более глубоких зон, с песчаным, скалистым дном или коралловые рифы.

Размножение

Моллюски раздельнополые. У самца имеется выдвигающийся пенис. У самки на ноге имеется железа, при помощи которой образуются капсулы для яиц. Вверх по ноге яйца попадают в открытие этой железы. Капсулы яиц прикрепляются к твёрдому основанию. В одной яичной капсуле было насчитано в зависимости от вида и особи от 40 до 11 400 яиц. Большинство яиц становятся личинками. В капсуле фаза трохофоры длится 2—6 дней, через 6—10 дней наступает фаза велигера. Личинки велигер вылупляются примерно через 2 недели. В лаборатории они не жили дольше 9 дней. У вида Conus pennaceus уже в первый день вылупления происходит метаморфоз. Радула молодых моллюсков отличается от радулы взрослых улиток[6].

Питание

Все виды конусов хищники, убивающие свою добычу ядом (конотоксином), который впрыскивается в тело жертвы при помощи похожего на гарпун зуба радулы. Находящуюся поблизости добычу моллюск воспринимает химическим способом при помощи осфрадия, который особенно хорошо развит у конусов. Падаль не вызывала у исследованных моллюсков в отличие от живой добычи поисковые реакции. Ядовитый зуб используется только один раз. После безуспешной попытки нападения он отторгается, либо поглощается вместе с добычей[7]. Многие виды конусов питаются полихетами. Существует несколько видов конусов, которые специализируются в питании на моллюсках или рыбах. Эти виды имеют особенно быстро действующие яды, чтобы добыча не смогла сбежать. Conus striatus[7], Conus catus[7], Conus magus[8] и Conus geographus[9] питаются рыбой, а Conus marmoreus[10] и Conus textile[11] питаются моллюсками. У вида Conus magus было замечено, что детёныши, которые ещё слишком малы для охоты на рыб, питаются маленькими полихетами, в то время как добычей взрослых становятся рыбы.

Естественные враги

Яйца и личинки конусов становятся добычей рыб, следующие возможные враги для детёнышей — это морские звёзды и офиуры. У взрослых моллюсков мало врагов. От хищников они обороняются при помощи своих ядовитых гарпунов, таким же образом и от людей. Морские звёзды питались конусами в лабораторном испытании только в исключительном случае, в то время как моллюски рода Cymatium повторно нападали на конусов[6].

Примечания

  1. The Conus biodiversity website
  2. M.J. Tenorio, A.J. Monteiro (2008): The Family Conidae. The South African species of Conus. G.T. Poppe, K. Groh (eds): A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: ConchBooks.
  3. G.M. Branch, C.L. Griffiths, M.L. Branch, L.E. Beckley, (2010): Two oceans: a guide to the marine life of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN 978-1-77007-772-0.
  4. A.J. Monteiro, M.J. Tenorio, G.T. Poppe (2004): The Family Conidae. The West African and Mediterranean species of Conus. In: G.T. Poppe, K. Groh (eds): A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: ConchBooks.
  5. M.J. Tenorio, J.K. Tucker, H.W. Chaney (2012): The Families Conilithidae and Conidae. The Cones of the Eastern Pacific. In: G.T. Poppe, K. Groh (eds): A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: ConchBooks.
  6. 1 2 Alan J. Kohn (1994): Ecology of Conus in Hawaii. In: E. Alison Kay (ed.): A Natural History of the Hawaiian Islands: Selected Readings II. 210-254.
  7. 1 2 3 Alan J. Kohn (1956): Piscivorous gastropods of the genus Conus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 42(3), 168-171.
  8. J. Nybakken, F. Perron (1988): Ontogenetic change in the radula of Conus magus. Marine Biology 98, 239-242.
  9. Conus geographus
  10. Conus marmoreus
  11. Conus textile
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Конусы (род): Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Конус (значения).  src= Conus litteratus

Конусы (лат. Conus) — самый многочисленный род хищных брюхоногих моллюсков из семейства конусов. Насчитывает свыше 600 видов.

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芋螺属 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

芋螺屬(學名:Conus)是一種肉食性腹足綱軟體動物。其外形類似圓錐,許多品種的芋螺外殼上都有鮮豔的花紋,主要分佈在熱帶

所有的芋螺都會分泌毒素,因此在處理活的芋螺時需非常小心,甚至是最好不要接觸。對人最危險的芋螺體型較大,以獵食底棲性魚類為生,較小型的則是以海蟲為食物。

物種

在2009年以前,所有芋螺物種皆集中到本屬,單單是華文文獻有紀錄的物種也高達約150個物種。現時「芋螺屬」經過重新定義,變成了「芋螺科」之下不同的屬。以下謹列出嚴謹定義下(s.s.)的芋螺屬物種。

參考資料

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维基百科作者和编辑

芋螺属: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= 织锦芋螺

芋螺屬(學名:Conus)是一種肉食性腹足綱軟體動物。其外形類似圓錐,許多品種的芋螺外殼上都有鮮豔的花紋,主要分佈在熱帶

所有的芋螺都會分泌毒素,因此在處理活的芋螺時需非常小心,甚至是最好不要接觸。對人最危險的芋螺體型較大,以獵食底棲性魚類為生,較小型的則是以海蟲為食物。

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维基百科作者和编辑

청자고둥 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

청자고둥신복족목 청자고둥과에 속한 연체동물의 총칭이다.

분포 및 서식지

청자고둥은 800종 이상의 다양한 종류가 있다. 청자고둥은 일반적으로 온대 및 열대 바다에서 발견되며 서인도 ~ 태평양 지역에서 가장 다양하게 서식한다.

청자고둥은 모래, 바위 또는 산호초에 살고, 조간대에서 심해까지 모든 열대 및 아열대 바다에서 찾아볼 수 있다.

독성

신복족목에 속하는 생물에서 유일하게 독이 있으며, 작살 모양의 침으로 독을 발사 할 수 있다. 이 독소의 주 성분은 코노톡신이며 수영복을 뚫을 정도로 인간에게는 치명적이지만, 이를 이용하여 진통제도 개발되고 있다.

참고 자료

  • Reeve, L. 1844. Monograph of the genus Conus. Conchologia Iconica 1: pls. 40-47
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