Els conoïdeus (Conoidea) són una superfamília de mol·luscs gastròpodes del subordre Hypsogastropoda. Aquesta superfamilia abasta les famílies Clavatulidae, Conidae (Cons), Drilliidae, Pseudomelatomidae, Speightiidae, Strictispiridae, Terebridae, i Turridae.
Die Conoidea sind eine artenreiche Überfamilie fast ausschließlich mariner Schnecken, die räuberisch leben. Die Vertreter dieser Überfamilie besitzen eine Giftdrüse, deren Gift mittels eines hohlen Giftzahns in das Opfer injiziert wird. Auf Grund dieses Merkmals werden sie auf Deutsch auch Pfeilzüngler oder Giftzüngler (früher Toxoglossa) genannt.
Die Gehäuse sind sehr unterschiedlich in der Form und variieren von spindelförmig und turmförmig bis verkehrt-kegelförmig. Entsprechend ist das Gewinde sehr flach bis sehr hoch. Die letzte Windung kann kurz und eiförmig oder sehr lang und schlitzförmig sein. Die Spindel weist keine Falten auf, nur sehr selten einige Runzeln oder Knoten. In der Radula ist der Mittelzahn (gegenüber anderen Vertreter der Neuschnecken) reduziert; es sind nur noch ein oder zwei Seitenzähne vorhanden. Diese sind lang und spitz, oft mit Widerhaken besetzt. Sie besitzen eine Rinne oder Kanal, die mit einer Giftdrüse in Verbindung steht.
Die Vertreter der Überfamilie leben räuberisch von Fischen, Borstenwürmern, anderen Weichtieren wie Schnecken und Muscheln oder Krebsen, die mit Gift, das mit Hilfe der Giftzähne injiziert wird, erbeutet werden. Sie kommen weltweit vor allem in den wärmeren Meeren vor. Ihr Vorkommen reicht vom Flachwasser bis in die Tiefsee.
Die Conoidea werden nach der Radulaform mit spitzen, oft mit Widerhaken versehenen Zähnchen, durch die ein mit Giftdrüsen verbundener Hohlraum führt, auch als Toxoglossa (Pfeilzüngler oder Giftzüngler) bezeichnet. Der Name Toxoglossa beschreibt zwar die Radula dieser räuberisch lebenden Schnecken, er ist aber nach den Internationalen Regeln für die Zoologische Nomenklatur nicht als Name für eine Überfamilie geeignet, da er nicht auf dem wissenschaftlichen Namen einer Familie oder Gattung aus beruht.
Bouchet und Rocroi unterteilten die Conoidea im Jahr 2005 in acht Familien:[1]
Nach einer Revision im Jahr 2011 gab es zunächst 15 Familien,[2] 2012 kam eine weitere hinzu:
Die Conoidea sind eine artenreiche Überfamilie fast ausschließlich mariner Schnecken, die räuberisch leben. Die Vertreter dieser Überfamilie besitzen eine Giftdrüse, deren Gift mittels eines hohlen Giftzahns in das Opfer injiziert wird. Auf Grund dieses Merkmals werden sie auf Deutsch auch Pfeilzüngler oder Giftzüngler (früher Toxoglossa) genannt.
Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.[2]
This superfamily includes the turrids, the terebras (also known as auger snails or auger shells) and the cones or cone snails.[2] The phylogenetic relationships within this superfamily are poorly established. Several families (especially the Turridae), subfamilies and genera are thought to be polyphyletic.[2]
In contrast to Puillandre's estimate, Bandyopadhyay et al. (2008)[3] estimated that the superfamily Conoidea contains about 10,000 species. Tucker (2004) even speaks of 11,350 species in the group of taxa commonly referred to as turrids.[4] 3000 recent taxa are potentially valid species. Little more than half of the known taxa are fossil species. Many species are little known and need more investigation to find their exact systematic place.[4]
Most species in this superfamily are small to medium, with shell lengths between 3 mm and 50 mm. They occur in diverse marine habitats from tropical waters to the poles, in shallow or deep waters, and on hard to soft substrates.
The superfamily is known for its toxoglossan radula, which is used to inject powerful neurotoxins into its prey. This makes these species powerful carnivorous predators on annelid, other mollusc and even fish.
Within the superfamily there are four somewhat different varieties of radula.[5] The radula types[6] are as follows:
In 2009, a proposed new classification of this superfamily was published by John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio. In 2011, a new classification of this superfamily was published by Bouchet et al. Both classifications were based upon cladistical analyses and included modern taxonomic molecular phylogeny studies.
This same classification was accepted by Bouchet & Rocroi in 2005 [8]
In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies (which resorb their inner walls during growth) based upon a cladistical analysis of anatomical characters including the radular tooth, the morphology (i.e. shell characters), as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees.[9] In their phylogeny, Tucker and Tenorio noted the close relationship of the cone species within the various clades, corresponding to their proposed families and genera; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by Puillandre et al. and others.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] This 2009 proposed classification system also outlined the taxonomy for the other clades of Conoidean gastropods (that do not resorb their inner walls), also based upon morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies, and removes the turrid snails (which are a distinct large and diverse group) from the cone snails and creates a number of new families.[9] For Tucker and Tenorio’s classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of Conoidean gastropods) see Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009.
The original classification, Taylor et al. 1993 (and Bouchet & Rocroi in 2005) was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the article.[17] The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008.[18] They recognize fifteen families: Conidae, Terebridae, and the polyphyletic family Turridae resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera). The authors follow tentatively the classification for the family Conidae as presented by Tucker & Tenorio, 2009[9] who divided the monogeneric family Conidae into 82 genera. However, there is no final opinion on this issue yet, as a new molecular phylogeny of the Conidae is in preparation. There are a number of genera within the Conoidea that could not be assigned to any family.
In 2012, a new lineage in the Conoidea was revealed, leading to the creation of a new family Bouchetispiridae Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 that includes one genus Bouchetispira Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 and one species Bouchetispira vitrea Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012, which was found on an isolated sea mount off New Caledonia. This is probably the sole survivor of a larger clade.[19]
Recognized families in the Conoidea (as of 2020):
Genera not assigned to a family:
Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.
This superfamily includes the turrids, the terebras (also known as auger snails or auger shells) and the cones or cone snails. The phylogenetic relationships within this superfamily are poorly established. Several families (especially the Turridae), subfamilies and genera are thought to be polyphyletic.
In contrast to Puillandre's estimate, Bandyopadhyay et al. (2008) estimated that the superfamily Conoidea contains about 10,000 species. Tucker (2004) even speaks of 11,350 species in the group of taxa commonly referred to as turrids. 3000 recent taxa are potentially valid species. Little more than half of the known taxa are fossil species. Many species are little known and need more investigation to find their exact systematic place.
Most species in this superfamily are small to medium, with shell lengths between 3 mm and 50 mm. They occur in diverse marine habitats from tropical waters to the poles, in shallow or deep waters, and on hard to soft substrates.
The superfamily is known for its toxoglossan radula, which is used to inject powerful neurotoxins into its prey. This makes these species powerful carnivorous predators on annelid, other mollusc and even fish.
Within the superfamily there are four somewhat different varieties of radula. The radula types are as follows:
Type 1 Drilliidae type: five teeth in each row with comb-like lateral teeth and flat-pointed marginal teeth Type 2 Turridae s.l. type: two or three teeth in a row with the marginal teeth being of the duplex or wishbone form. Type 3 Pseudomelatomidae type: two or three teeth in a row with curved and solid marginal teeth. Type 4 hypodermic type: two hollow, enrolled, marginal teeth in each row with an absent or reduced radular membrane.In 2009, a proposed new classification of this superfamily was published by John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio. In 2011, a new classification of this superfamily was published by Bouchet et al. Both classifications were based upon cladistical analyses and included modern taxonomic molecular phylogeny studies.
Los conoideos (Conoidea) son una superfamilia de moluscos gasterópodos del suborden Hypsogastropoda. Esta superfamilia abarca las familias Clavatulidae, Conidae, Drilliidae, Pseudomelatomidae, Speightiidae, Strictispiridae, Terebridae y Turridae.
Los conoideos (Conoidea) son una superfamilia de moluscos gasterópodos del suborden Hypsogastropoda. Esta superfamilia abarca las familias Clavatulidae, Conidae, Drilliidae, Pseudomelatomidae, Speightiidae, Strictispiridae, Terebridae y Turridae.
Les Conoidea sont une super-famille de gastéropodes marins carnivores de l'ordre des Neogastropoda.
Ce sont des mollusques de forme généralement coniques ; une grande partie sont carnassiers et chassent leurs proies au moyen d'une radula modifiée en harpon venimeux. Certaines espèces tropicales sont dangereuses pour l'Homme (principalement dans le vaste genre Conus).
Selon World Register of Marine Species (21 mars 2016)[2] :
Bathytoma cataphracta jugleri, un Borsoniidae.
Conus marmoreus, un Conidae.
Turris crispa, un Turridae.
Les Conoidea sont une super-famille de gastéropodes marins carnivores de l'ordre des Neogastropoda.
Ce sont des mollusques de forme généralement coniques ; une grande partie sont carnassiers et chassent leurs proies au moyen d'une radula modifiée en harpon venimeux. Certaines espèces tropicales sont dangereuses pour l'Homme (principalement dans le vaste genre Conus).
Conoidea J. Fleming, 1822, detti anche Toxoglossa , sono una superfamiglia di molluschi gasteropodi della sottoclasse Caenogastropoda.[1]
Conoidea è un gruppo di gasteropodi velenosi molto diversificati (circa 5.000 specie descritte per un totale stimato di ∼10–20.000), distribuiti in tutti gli oceani, latitudini e profondità.[2]
I gasteropodi di questa superfamiglia si distinguono per il possesso di una grande ghiandola velenifera, insieme a denti radulari altamente modificati che sono tenuti all'estremità della proboscide e utilizzati per iniettare veleno nella loro preda. La radula dotata di denti veleniferi è chiamata taxoglossa. Negli anni '90, le indagini anatomiche sui Conoidea hanno rivelato una grande disparità di anatomie preconfezionate, e i caratteri definiti in questi studi sono stati usati per aiutare a svelare le relazioni filogenetiche nella famiglia.[3]
Sebbene i nomi Conoidea e Toxoglossa siano spesso usati in modo intercambiabile nella letteratura, questo non è del tutto corretto perché alcuni dei taxa inclusi nella famiglia non hanno una radula toxoglossa.[4]
La morfologia radulare è molto variabile all'interno dei conoidea, ma si possono riconoscere quattro tipi principali:[5]
La superfamiglia risulta composta da 18 famiglie, di cui una fossile:[1]
Conoidea comprende anche un certo numero di generi, per lo più estinti, di incerta assegnazione a una famiglia. I generi esistenti sono i seguenti:
Conoidea J. Fleming, 1822, detti anche Toxoglossa , sono una superfamiglia di molluschi gasteropodi della sottoclasse Caenogastropoda.
Conoidea zijn een superfamilie binnen de Gastropoda en valt daarbinnen weer onder de clades Caenogastropoda, Hypsogastropoda en Neogastropoda. De huidige indeling is gebaseerd op die van Bouchet & Rocroi uit 2005[1] en eventuele wijzigingen daarop.[2]
Alle groepen in deze superfamilie bezitten een radula met mesvormige tanden, die met een gifklier in verbinding staan.
De volgende families zijn bij de superfamilie ingedeeld:
De volgende geslachten zijn niet bij een familie ingedeeld:
Conoidea zijn een superfamilie binnen de Gastropoda en valt daarbinnen weer onder de clades Caenogastropoda, Hypsogastropoda en Neogastropoda. De huidige indeling is gebaseerd op die van Bouchet & Rocroi uit 2005 en eventuele wijzigingen daarop.
Conoidea é uma superfamília de gastrópodes da ordem Hypsogastropoda.
A Conoidea possui 45 gêneros de posicionamento incertae sedis, ou seja, não categorizados em nenhuma das sete famílias presentes na superfamília.
Conoidea é uma superfamília de gastrópodes da ordem Hypsogastropoda.
Це незавершена стаття з малакології.Conoidea là một liên họ ốc biển, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong phân bộ Hypsogastropoda.
Các họ và phân họ trong liên họ này gồm:
Conoidea là một liên họ ốc biển, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong phân bộ Hypsogastropoda.
芋螺總科（學名：Conoidea）是一種掠食性的海螺，是新腹足類支序之下的一個海洋腹足綱軟體動物的總科[2]。這個總科在海洋軟體動物中是一個很大的群組，估計包括約340個近期有效的屬與亞屬、接近四千個不同的物種[3]。
本總科內物種的支序關係仍然只有很少研究，只是知道有多個科及亞科均為並系群[3]。隨着新的研究文獻發表及被認同，本總科內各物種的分類仍可能有變化。
2011年，Bouchet et al.對芋螺科之下的分類作出修訂，多個亞科被提升至科級[4]。
截至2016年 (2016-Missing required parameter 1=month!)[update]，以下為WoRMS數據屬於芋螺總科的16個科：
引用错误：在标签中name属性为“Cunha 2009”的参考文献没有在文中使用
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