Description
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This small toad ranges from 40-89 mm snout-vent length. The parotoid glands behind the eyes are prominent. The pupil of the eye is horizontal. The tympanic membrane is not visible. Males have a guttural resonator and can be identified by stretched-looking skin on their throats. The internal edge of the tarsus contains a longitudinal skin fold. Toes have singular subarticular tubercles. The tip of the 4th finger does not reach the 1st articulation of the 3rd finger. The dorsal skin is light-olive, greenish-gray or gray with large dark spots and light narrow middorsal line, sometimes with a few red points. The belly is light-gray with few dark spots. Males differ from females by having a guttural resonator (or stretched skin on the neck, used for storing air when calling). The males also have nuptial pads on the 1st finger, a smaller body size, and smaller body proportions.This species belongs to the group of green toads (the Bufo viridis complex). (image, /refs/pdfs/Kuzmin_cover.png) Read more about The Amphibians of Mongolia by Kuzman 2017 (PDF).
Vorobyeva, E. I. and Darevsky, I. S. (eds.) (1988). Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolian People's Republic: General Problems. Amphibians.. Moscow.
Distribution and Habitat
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The species is widespread in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, as well as Inner Mongolia, Ninxia-Hui and Xinjiang-Uigur autonomous regions), Mongolia, Korea and Russian East Siberia (Baikal Lake area: Buryatia, Chita Province and Irjutsk Province - Goloustnaya River delta, Maloe More Bay and Olkhon Island at about 53oN, 107o30'E - the northernmost locality; the Far East: the Amur and Ussuri Rivers and their tributaries). Bufo raddei inhabits the edges of coniferous and deciduous forests, groves, bushlands, different types of meadows, forest steppes and steppes with sandy, rocky and alluvial soils. The species is abundant in many settlements, some cities and in agricultural landscapes. It occurs both in wet and in dry habitats. Even in the steppe zone, it can occur not only near water bodies (rivers, ponds, lakes etc.), but at a considerable distance from water. However, in dry and continental desert areas the toad is tied to lakes and other permanent water sources. Such populations often are isolated from other populations by vast areas unavailable for amphibians. Spawning occurs in lakes and ponds with stagnant water.
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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In some suitable habitats the Mongolian Toad is a common amphibian. In Amurland, its population density reaches 400 specimens per square kilometer. The daily activity pattern is similar to that of other green toads, with diurnal activity on warm sunny days. Hibernation occurs from approximately September - October to April - May, on land. At the northern margin the toad spends winter in very deep, to 1-2 m holes. Group hibernation is typical. Reproduction occurs from March to July, depending on the geographic location. Amplexus is pectoral. The clutch contains 1070-6000 eggs, deposited in two strings of 3-6 m length. Just after hatching, the tadpoles hang on the strings of spawn for a short time. Afterwards they concentrate near the pond shore forming aggregations near the bottom. Metamorphosis occurs in June - August. Reproduction in shallow waters leads to high tadpole mortality in the drying wetlands. Otherwise, in some cases, tadpoles overwinter and complete their transformation the following summer. Tadpoles eat mainly algae and detritus. Recently metamorphosed juveniles mainly eat mites and small insects, particularly Collembola. Adults prey upon spiders, caterpillars, beetles (Carabidae, Curculionidae, Tenebrionidae etc.) and, especially, ants. The latter represent an especially important component in dry habitats.
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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The abundance is generally lower in semidesert and desert regions, where isolated small populations live in oasises. In the Far East, the overall abundance decreases northwards.
Relation to Humans
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Negative influences of anthropogenic factors are poorly known. The species does not avoid human neighborhoods and readily settles in agricultural fields, villages, settlements and even cities.
Mongolian toad
provided by wikipedia EN
The Mongolian toad (Strauchbufo raddei), also known commonly as the piebald toad or the Siberian sand toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The species is endemic to northeastern Asia. It was formerly placed in the genus Bufo, then for a few years in Pseudepidalea until finally moved to its own genus Strauchbufo.[2]
Etymology
The specific name, raddei, is in honor of German naturalist Gustav Radde.[3]
Geographic range
S. raddei ranges through much of northern China, Mongolia, and the Russian Far East, and is also found in North Korea.[1] It is particularly common in the Amur River basin of China and Russia.
Description
The Mongolian toad is relatively small, with adults not exceeding a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 9 cm (3.5 in).
Habitat
S. raddei ranges through a wide range of habitats and is often found in dry regions, preferring sandy soil. It was first described based on specimens from the Alashan desert. The species does not occur above 2,700 m (8,900 ft), nor below 600 m (2,000 ft). The northernmost population is found on Olkhon Island in Russia's Lake Baikal.
Reproduction
The mating season of S. raddei occurs between March and July, depending on the local climate. Eggs are typically laid in shallow puddles, leading to the death of many tadpoles as the puddles dry up. The Mongolian toad hibernates in the ground, usually in groups, in holes up to 2 m (6.6 ft) deep.
Diet
When adult, the Mongolian toad favours ants as food, particularly in arid regions. It also eats spiders and beetles.
Taxonomy
The Mongolian toad was classified as Bufo raddei prior to the 2006 definition of the genus Pseudepidalea.[4] In 2010, it was shown that Pseudepidalea is a junior synonym of Bufotes.[5] The divergent Mongolian toad was moved to its own genus Strauchbufo in 2012.[2]
References
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^ a b Sergius Kuzmin; Masafumi Matsui; Liang Gang; Irina Maslova (2004). "Strauchbufo raddei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54744A11198066. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54744A11198066.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2020). "Search for Taxon: Strauchbufo". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
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^ Beolens,Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Exeter, England: Pelagic Publishing Ltd. xiii + 262 pp. ISBN 978-1-907807-41-1. (Pseudepidalea raddei, p. 175).
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^ Frost DR, Grant T [in French], Faivovich JN [in French], Bain RH [in French], Haas A [in German], Haddad CL [in French], De Sá RO, Channing A [in French], Wilkinson M [in French], Donnellan SC, Raxworthy CJ [in French], Campbell JA, Blotto BL, Moler P, Drewes RC, Nussbaum RA, Lynch JD [in French], Green DM, Wheeler WC (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781. (Pseudepidalea raddei, new combination).
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^ Dubois, A.; R. Bour (2010). "The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)". Zootaxa. 2447: 1–52. doi:10.5281/zenodo.195113.
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Mongolian toad: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The Mongolian toad (Strauchbufo raddei), also known commonly as the piebald toad or the Siberian sand toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The species is endemic to northeastern Asia. It was formerly placed in the genus Bufo, then for a few years in Pseudepidalea until finally moved to its own genus Strauchbufo.
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