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Biology

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Polynesian megapodes are thought to be primarily monogamous, with pairs defending a shared territory, although roosting in different trees at night. Duets frequently performed by pairs may have a territorial function, but also indicate long-lasting pair bonds, serving to announce, form and strengthen those bonds. Polynesian megapodes nest in burrows and provide no parental care after the egg has been laid, so rely on thermally heated soil on volcanic islands to incubate the egg. Females produce eggs year-round, with one large egg laid at a time in communal burrows that are used repeatedly over decades. Between 12 and 16 eggs are produced per year. Chicks hatch underground after incubating for 50 to 80 days, and then dig themselves out (4). Since offspring must live independently from their parents immediately after hatching and be able to fend for themselves, they hatch at a large and advanced stage of development (4) and can fly immediately after they emerge from the ground (6). The Polynesian megapode forages for food in leaf-litter and top soil, feeding mainly on insects and worms, but also taking small reptiles, seeds and small fruit (5). Mated pairs forage together and females frequently feed on food items uncovered by the male (4).
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Conservation

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The Polynesian megapode is legally protected, although in practice there is no real enforcement, and egg-collecting urgently needs to be brought under control. From 1991 to 1993, 60 eggs were introduced on Late Island, buried at volcanically heated sites, and 35 eggs and chicks were transferred to Fonualei, both islands being uninhabited, rarely visited, and with appropriate egg-laying conditions. While surveys suggest the reintroduction on Late failed, the now established population on Fonualei is a fantastic conservation success story, and provides new hope for the future of this rare bird. It has been advocated that Fonualei should be given Reserve status, and if achieved, this volcanic island may prove to be the safe refuge that ensures the Polynesian megapodes long-term survival (5). However, there is always the threat of eruption, which could potentially destroy the Fonualei population completely, and thus this species' restricted range leaves it in an extremely vulnerable position.
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Description

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Megapodes are so named because of their unusually large feet (3). This small megapode has a mostly brown-grey plumage, paler on the head and neck and browner on the back and wings, and yellow-orange legs and beak (4). Feathers of the face and throat are sparse, allowing the red skin beneath to show through, and there is a short, rounded crest on the back of the head. The duet between male and female pairs consists of a three-part whistle, kway-kwee-krrrr, from the male and a krrrr sound from the female (5).
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Habitat

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Inhabits broadleaved forest ranging from secondary to mature. As this bird uses the heat of hot volcanic ash to incubate its eggs, its nesting sites are confined to areas of loose soil close to volcanic vents, in forest, in open ash, or on beaches of crater lakes (5).
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Range

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The Polynesian megapode naturally occurs on the island of Niuafo'ou (35 km²) (2), and a reintroduced population exists on Fonualei, both in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific (5).
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Status

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Classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1).
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Threats

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The Polynesian megapode occupies a precarious existence, being restricted to just two tiny islands, with the Niuafo'ou population declining due to over-harvesting and predation. All nesting sites on Niuafo'ou are harvested by the local human population, with at least 50 % of all eggs being collected or destroyed. Adults are also hunted on a smaller scale, and both adults and chicks suffer from predation by feral cats and dogs. Pigs may pose an additional threat by competing for food. Fortunately, Fonualei is uninhabited and little-visited so the population there is relatively safe from the threats of hunting and human disturbance (5). In 2003 an incredible 300 to 500 birds were estimated to exist on the island, a significant increase from the 35 eggs and chicks that were introduced in 1993. Following this remarkable discovery, which effectively doubled the total known population of Polynesian megapode, the species was downlisted from Critically Endangered to Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (5) (3).
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Megàpode de les Tonga ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El megàpode de les Tonga (Megapodius pritchardii) és un ocell de la família dels megapòdids (Megapodiidae) que viu en hàbitat de selva, a l'illa de Niuafo'ou, de l'arxipèlag de les Tonga.

 src=
Ous del megàpode (en llengua niuafo'ou, malau), 1967, Niuafo'ou.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Megàpode de les Tonga Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Megàpode de les Tonga: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El megàpode de les Tonga (Megapodius pritchardii) és un ocell de la família dels megapòdids (Megapodiidae) que viu en hàbitat de selva, a l'illa de Niuafo'ou, de l'arxipèlag de les Tonga.

 src= Ous del megàpode (en llengua niuafo'ou, malau), 1967, Niuafo'ou.
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Aderyn tomen Polynesaidd ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Aderyn tomen Polynesaidd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: adar tomen Polynesaidd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Megapodius pritchardii; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Niaufoou scrub fowl. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Adar Tomen (Lladin: Megapodiae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn M. pritchardii, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r aderyn tomen Polynesaidd yn perthyn i deulu'r Adar Tomen (Lladin: Megapodiae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Aderyn tomen copog Megapodius reinwardt Aderyn tomen Layard Megapodius layardi
LayardsMegapode.jpg
Aderyn tomen meudwyol Megapodius eremita
Megapodius eremita.jpg
Aderyn tomen Micronesia Megapodius laperouse
Micronesian megapode 6.jpg
Aderyn tomen Nicobar Megapodius nicobariensis
Nicobar Megapode.svg
Aderyn tomen Papwa Megapodius affinis
Megapodius eremita.jpg
Aderyn tomen Polynesaidd Megapodius pritchardii
MegapodiusPritchardiiBuller.jpg
Aderyn tomen tywyll Megapodius freycinet
Megapodius freycinet 1838.jpg
Aderyn tomen y Philipinau Megapodius cumingii
MegapodiusCumingi.jpg
Aderyn tomen Ynys Swla Megapodius bernsteinii
Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.AVES.25836 - Megapodius bernsteinii Schlegel, 1866 - Megapodiidae - skin specimen.jpeg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Aderyn tomen Polynesaidd: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Aderyn tomen Polynesaidd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: adar tomen Polynesaidd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Megapodius pritchardii; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Niaufoou scrub fowl. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Adar Tomen (Lladin: Megapodiae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn M. pritchardii, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Malau ( Tongan )

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Ko e malau ko e manupuna ia, mahalo pē ko e fakaʻilonga fakafonua ʻo Tonga. Ko hono lahi ko e senitimita ʻe 28. Naʻa ne nofo pē ʻi he motu moʻungaafi ko Niuafoʻou, ka naʻe hikiʻi foki ki Fonualei.

Tataku

  • D. Watling, Tohi talateu ki he manupuna ʻo Tonga
Ko e kupu ʻeni ko e potuʻi ia (stub). ʻIo, ko koe, kātaki tokoni mai ʻi hono .
 src=
ko e kiʻi malau ʻi he sitapa lītohi mei Niuafoʻou
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Malau: Brief Summary ( Tongan )

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Ko e malau ko e manupuna ia, mahalo pē ko e fakaʻilonga fakafonua ʻo Tonga. Ko hono lahi ko e senitimita ʻe 28. Naʻa ne nofo pē ʻi he motu moʻungaafi ko Niuafoʻou, ka naʻe hikiʻi foki ki Fonualei.

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Tongan megapode

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The Tongan megapode (Megapodius pritchardii) is a species of bird in the megapode family, Megapodiidae, currently endemic to Tonga. The species is also known as the Polynesian megapode, and as the Niuafo'ou megapode after the island of Niuafo'ou to which it was restricted for many years. The specific epithet honours British consul William Thomas Pritchard.

Distribution and habitat

The Tongan megapode is the only remaining species of megapode in Tonga out of the four or five species that were present on the islands in prehuman times (as shown through the fossil record), and indeed the only species of megapode that survives in Polynesia.[2] Similar extinctions occurred in Fiji and New Caledonia, which apparently had three species in prehistory. The species itself once had a more widespread distribution, occurring across most of Tonga, Samoa and Niue.[3] The cause of all these extinctions and declines was the arrival of humans on the islands, and the associated predation on adults and particularly eggs, as well as predation by introduced species.

On Niuafo'ou the small human population and remoteness of its habitat probably saved the species. The only megapode to survive human arrival in Western Polynesia, "the megapode nesting grounds were carefully controlled by the ruling chief, thus assuring the continued survival of this population."[4]

Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. On Niuafo'ou it is most common on the central caldera. The Tongan megapode, like all megapodes, does not incubate its eggs by sitting on them; instead the species buries them in warm volcanic sands and soil and allows them to develop. On islands in former parts of its range without volcanoes it presumably created mounds of rotting vegetation and laid the eggs there.[2] The young birds are capable of flying immediately after hatching.[5]

Status and conservation

Eggs of the Malau (Megapodius pritchardii), gathered at Lake Vai Lahi (Niuafoʻou) in 1967.

The Tongan megapode is principally threatened by the same factors that caused its decline in the rest of Polynesia. Its eggs are still harvested by local people in spite of theoretical government protection, and some hunting still occurs. The species is apparently afforded some protection by the difficulty in reaching its habitat.[5] Because of the vulnerability of the single population an attempt was made to translocate eggs of this species to new islands, Late and Fonualei. The translocation was successful on Fonualei and an estimated 350–500 birds now breed there, but surveys of Late subsequently found that the translocation there had failed.[6]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Megapodius pritchardii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22678625A156113936. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22678625A156113936.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Steadman D, (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7 pp. 291–292
  3. ^ Steadman, David W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Anderson, Atholl & Walter, Richard (2000). "New species and records of birds from prehistoric sites on Niue, southwest Pacific". Wilson Bulletin. 112 (2): 165–186. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0165:NSAROB]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86588636.
  4. ^ Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Roger C. Green (2001). Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117. ISBN 0-521-78879-X.
  5. ^ a b Weir, D (1973). "Status and habits of Megapodius pritchardii". Wilson Bulletin. 85 (1): 79–82. JSTOR 4160299.
  6. ^ Birdlife International (2004) "Megapode survey too late" Downloaded 29 July 2008

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Tongan megapode: Brief Summary

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The Tongan megapode (Megapodius pritchardii) is a species of bird in the megapode family, Megapodiidae, currently endemic to Tonga. The species is also known as the Polynesian megapode, and as the Niuafo'ou megapode after the island of Niuafo'ou to which it was restricted for many years. The specific epithet honours British consul William Thomas Pritchard.

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Tonga nestamasulo ( Esperanto )

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La Tonga nestamasuloTonga megapodo (Megapodius pritchardii) estas specio de birdo en la megapoda familio Megapodedoj, nune endemia de Tongo. La specio estas konata ankaŭ kiel Polinezia megapodo, kaj kiel Niuafoa megapodo laŭ la insulo Niuafoo kie la specio estis limigita dum multaj jaroj. La specifa epiteto honoras la britan konsulon William Thomas Pritchard.

Aspekto

Temas pri birdo kun flava mallonga kokeca beko iom subenkurba pinte, malhela plumaro iom pli hela en punkteca nuko kaj blankaj vosto kaj subvosto, kolo kaj brusto pli malhelgriza kaj dorso kaj flugiloj pli malhelbrunaj; subo de flugiloj estas blankaj. La kruroj estas flavaj kaj tre fortikaj kun fortaj ungegoj. En vizaĝo estas nuda senpluma vizaĝa areo ruĝeca. La junuloj estas malhelbrunaj ĉefe en supraj partoj.

Distribuado kaj habitato

La Tonga nestamasulo estas la nura restanta specio de megapodo en Tongo el kvar aŭ kvin specioj kiuj estis en la insuloj en antaŭhoma epoko (kiel montras la registro de fosilioj), kaj ja la nura specio de megapodo kiu survivas en Polinezio.[1] Similaj formortoj okazis en Fiĝioj kaj Novkaledonio, kiuj ŝajne havis tri speciojn en prahistorio. Tiu specio mem iam havis pli ampleksan distribuadon, loĝante tra plej el Tonga, Samoo kaj Niuo.[2] La tialo de ĉiuj tiuj formortoj kaj malpliiĝoj estis la alveno de homoj al la insuloj, kaj la asocia predado de plenkreskuloj kaj partikulare de ovoj, same kiel predado fare de enmetitaj specioj.

Ĉe Niuafoo la malgranda homa populacio kaj la malproksimeco de ties habitato probable savis la specion. La nura megapodo kiu survivis la homan alvenon en Okcidenta Polinezio, "the megapode nesting grounds were carefully controlled by the ruling chief, thus assuring the continued survival of this population" (la megapodaj nestejoj estis zorge kontrolitaj de la reganta estro, tiele sekurante la kontinuan survivadon de tiu populacio)[3]

Ties natura habitato estas arbaroj de tropikaj malsekaj malaltaj teroj. En Niuafoo ĝi estas plej komuna en la centra kaldero. La Tonga nestamasulo, kiel ĉiuj megapodoj, ne kovas siajn ovojn side sur ili; anstataŭe la specio enterigas ilin en varmaj vulkanaj sabloj kaj grundoj kaj lasas ilin disvolviĝi. Ĉe insuloj en iamaj partoj de ties teritorio senvulkanaj ĝi supozeble kreis amasojn de putriĝinta vegetaĵaro kaj lasis la ovojn tien.[1] La junaj birdoj kapablas ekflugi tuj post eloviĝo.[4]

Statuso kaj konservado

MegapodiusPritchardiiWolf.jpg

La Tonga nestamasulo estas minacata ĉefe de samaj faktoroj kiuj kaŭzis sian malpliiĝon en la resto de Polinezio. Ties ovoj estas ankoraŭ kolektitaj de lokanoj spite teorian registaran protektadon, kaj same okazas ankoraŭ ankaŭ ioma ĉasado. La specio ŝajne ĝuas iome protektadon pro malfacilo atingi ties habitaton.[4] Pro vundeblo de ununura populacio oni faris klopodon translokigi ovojn de tiu specio al novaj insuloj, Late kaj Fonualei. La translokigo estis sukcesa ĉe Fonualei kaj nun ĉirkaŭkalkule 350–500 birdoj reproduktiĝas tie, sed studoj pri Late sekve trovis, ke la translokigo tien malsukcesis.[5]

Referencoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 Steadman D, (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7 pp. 291–292
  2. Steadman, David W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Anderson, Atholl J.; & Walter, Richard (2000). “New species and records of birds from prehistoric sites on Niue, southwest Pacific”, Wilson Bulletin 112 (2), p. 165–186. doi:[[doi:10.1676%2F0043-5643%282000%29112%5B0165%3ANSAROB%5D2.0.CO%3B2|10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0165:NSAROB]2.0.CO;2]].
  3. Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Roger C. Green. (2001) Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 117. ISBN 0 521 78879 X.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Weir, D (1973). “Status and habits of Megapodius pritchardii”, Wilson Bulletin 85 (1), p. 79–82.
  5. Birdlife International (2004) "Megapode survey too late" Elŝutita la 29an de Julio 2008

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Tonga nestamasulo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Tonga nestamasulo aŭ Tonga megapodo (Megapodius pritchardii) estas specio de birdo en la megapoda familio Megapodedoj, nune endemia de Tongo. La specio estas konata ankaŭ kiel Polinezia megapodo, kaj kiel Niuafoa megapodo laŭ la insulo Niuafoo kie la specio estis limigita dum multaj jaroj. La specifa epiteto honoras la britan konsulon William Thomas Pritchard.

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Megapodius pritchardii ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La talégala polinésica o talégalo de las Tonga,[2]​ también telégala de Tonga, talégalo polinesio o talégalo polinésico (Megapodius pritchardii) es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Megapodiidae endémica de las selvas de la isla Niuafo'ou (norte de Tonga); no se conocen subespecies.[3]​ Está en peligro de extinción.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Megapodius pritchardii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de octubre de 2015.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1994). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Segunda parte: Falconiformes y Galliformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 41 (2): 183-191. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 3 de octubre de 2015.
  3. Clements, J. F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th Edition. Cornell University Press. Downloadable from Cornell Lab of Ornithology

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Megapodius pritchardii: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La talégala polinésica o talégalo de las Tonga,​ también telégala de Tonga, talégalo polinesio o talégalo polinésico (Megapodius pritchardii) es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Megapodiidae endémica de las selvas de la isla Niuafo'ou (norte de Tonga); no se conocen subespecies.​ Está en peligro de extinción.

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Megapodius pritchardii ( Basque )

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Megapodius pritchardii Megapodius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Megapodiidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Megapodius pritchardii: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Megapodius pritchardii Megapodius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Megapodiidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Mégapode de Pritchard ( French )

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Megapodius pritchardii

Le Mégapode de Pritchard (Megapodius pritchardii) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Megapodiidae. Il tient son nom du consul britannique William Thomas Pritchard.

Répartition

Ce mégapode est actuellement endémique dans l'archipel des Tonga et, à un moment donné même, de la seule île de Niuafo'ou, où il est connu sous le nom de malau. C'est la seule, des quatre ou cinq espèces qui étaient présentes sur l'archipel avant l'arrivée de l'homme, restante à Tonga et dans toute la Polynésie. L'espèce avait autrefois une distribution plus importante et on la trouvait dans la plupart des îles des Tonga, Samoa et Niue. La cause de toutes ces extinctions et de cette baisse a été l'arrivée des humains sur les îles et la prédation sur les adultes et les œufs, ainsi que la prédation par les espèces introduites, comme le chat[1]. La population humaine réduite de Niuafo'ou et l'éloignement de son habitat a probablement sauvé l'espèce.

Habitat

Son habitat naturel est les forêts tropicales humides de plaine. Sur Niuafo'ou, on le trouve surtout dans la caldeira centrale.

Reproduction

Photo en noir et blanc montrant un homme et les œufs du mégapode de Pritchard recueillis à Vai Lahi, sur l'île de Niuafoʻou en 1967.
Des œufs du mégapode de Pritchard recueillis à Vai Lahi, sur l'île de Niuafoʻou en 1967.

Comme tous les mégapodes, il ne couve pas ses œufs en s'asseyant au-dessus mais les enfonce dans le sable chaud des sols volcaniques ce qui permet aux œufs de se développer. Sur les autres îles de ses anciens territoires sans volcans, il a sans doute construit des monceaux de végétation en décomposition et y a déposé ses œufs. Les jeunes oiseaux sont capables de voler immédiatement après l'éclosion.

Conservation

Aujourd'hui, le Mégapode de Pritchard est toujours menacé de disparition par les mêmes facteurs qui ont provoqué son déclin dans le reste de la Polynésie. Ses œufs sont encore récoltés par les populations locales en dépit de la protection théorique du gouvernement et certaines activités de chasse continuent encore. L'espèce a apparemment une certaine protection par la difficulté à atteindre son habitat. En raison de la vulnérabilité de cette population unique, une tentative de translocation des œufs, vers de nouvelles îles inhabitées: Late et Fonualei a été menée, financée par le Brehm Fund[1]. Le transfert a été réussi sur Fonualei et on estime de 350 à 500 le nombre d'oiseaux nichant là, mais le transfert sur Late a échoué.

Le nom d'espèce de cet oiseau a été choisi en référence au consul britannique William Thomas Pritchard.

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Mégapode de Pritchard: Brief Summary ( French )

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Megapodius pritchardii

Le Mégapode de Pritchard (Megapodius pritchardii) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Megapodiidae. Il tient son nom du consul britannique William Thomas Pritchard.

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Tonganska kokošina ( Croatian )

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Tonganska kokošina (lat. Megapodius pritchardii) je vrsta ptice iz roda Megapodius, porodice kokošina, endem je Tonge.

MegapodiusPritchardiiWolf.jpg

Jedina je preostala vrsta kokošine u Tongi od četiri ili pet vrsta koje su tu bile prisutne prije dolaska čovjeka (kao dokaz služe fosilni nalazi), te je jedina kokošina preživjela u Polineziji.[1] Slična izumiranja pojavila su se na Fidžiju i Novoj Kaledoniji, koja je imala tri podvrste kokošina u prapovijesti. Vrsta je prije imala veću rasprostranjenost, živjela je u većem dijelu Tonge, u Samoi i Niueu. Uzroci svih tih izumiranja i opadanja populacija su dolazak čovjeka, predatorstvo nad odraslim jedinkama i djelomično jaja, kao i predatorstvo uvedenih vrsta.

Prirodna staništa su joj tropske vlažne nizinske šume. Kao i ostale kokošine, ne inkubira jaja svojom tjelesnom toplinom; umjesto toga ih kopa u topli vulkanski pijesak i tlo, te ih pušta da se sama razviju. Mlade ptice su sposobne za let odmah nakon što se izlegnu.[2]

Dvojno ime je dobila u sjećanje na britanskog konzula Williama Thomasa Pritcharda.

Izvori

  1. Steadman D, (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7 P.p. 291-292
  2. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v085n01/p0079-p0082.pdf

External links

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Tonganska kokošina: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Tonganska kokošina (lat. Megapodius pritchardii) je vrsta ptice iz roda Megapodius, porodice kokošina, endem je Tonge.

MegapodiusPritchardiiWolf.jpg

Jedina je preostala vrsta kokošine u Tongi od četiri ili pet vrsta koje su tu bile prisutne prije dolaska čovjeka (kao dokaz služe fosilni nalazi), te je jedina kokošina preživjela u Polineziji. Slična izumiranja pojavila su se na Fidžiju i Novoj Kaledoniji, koja je imala tri podvrste kokošina u prapovijesti. Vrsta je prije imala veću rasprostranjenost, živjela je u većem dijelu Tonge, u Samoi i Niueu. Uzroci svih tih izumiranja i opadanja populacija su dolazak čovjeka, predatorstvo nad odraslim jedinkama i djelomično jaja, kao i predatorstvo uvedenih vrsta.

Prirodna staništa su joj tropske vlažne nizinske šume. Kao i ostale kokošine, ne inkubira jaja svojom tjelesnom toplinom; umjesto toga ih kopa u topli vulkanski pijesak i tlo, te ih pušta da se sama razviju. Mlade ptice su sposobne za let odmah nakon što se izlegnu.

Dvojno ime je dobila u sjećanje na britanskog konzula Williama Thomasa Pritcharda.

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Megapodius pritchardii ( Italian )

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Il megapodio delle Tonga, megapodio di Niuafoou, maleo polinesiano o megapodio della Polinesia (Megapodius pritchardii G.R.Gray, 1864) è un uccello galliforme della famiglia Megapodiidae, endemico delle isole Tonga.[2]

Descrizione

Questo megapodio misura 28–35 cm.[3]

Distribuzione e habitat

Un tempo ampiamente diffusa nelle isole Tonga la specie ha attualmente un areale ristretto alle isole Niuafo'ou e Fonualei.[1]

Conservazione

La IUCN Red List classifica Megapodius pritchardii come specie in pericolo di estinzione (Endangered).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) BirdLife International 2016, Megapodius pritchardii, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 18 dicembre 2017.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Megapodiidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 19 dicembre 2017.
  3. ^ (EN) Tongan Scrubfowl (Megapodius pritchardii), su Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. URL consultato il 19 dicembre 2017.

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Megapodius pritchardii: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il megapodio delle Tonga, megapodio di Niuafoou, maleo polinesiano o megapodio della Polinesia (Megapodius pritchardii G.R.Gray, 1864) è un uccello galliforme della famiglia Megapodiidae, endemico delle isole Tonga.

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Polynesisch boshoen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

Het Polynesisch boshoen (Megapodius pritchardii) is een vogel uit de familie grootpoothoenders (Megapodiidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1864 door Gray. Het is een bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort van de eilandengroep Tonga.

Kenmerken

De vogel is 38 cm lang, het is middelgroot boshoen. De vogel is overwegend bruin grijze vogel, wat bleker van kleur op de kop en nek en donkerder bruin op de rug en vleugels. De huid rond het oog is nauwelijks bevederd en daardoor heen is de rode huid zichtbaar. De snavel is geel, de poten zijn ook geel tot lichtrood.[3]

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor op het eiland Niuafo'ou, helemaal in het noorden van de archipel en er is een gereïntroduceerde populatie op het eiland Fonualei 80 km ten noorden van Vava'u. Het leefgebied bestaat uit loofbos met brede bladeren waarin afwisselend ook stukken met een kale bodem zijn te vinden. De broedhopen liggen in gebieden met aardwarmte en vulkanisch as.[3]

Status

Het Polynesisch boshoen heeft een zeer beperkt verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op uitsterven aanwezig. De grootte van de populatie werd in 2012 door BirdLife International geschat op 680-970 individuen. De geïntroduceerde populatie op het onbewoonde Fonualei is min of meer stabiel. De populatie-aantallen op het bewoonde eiland Niuafo'ou nemen af door habitatverlies. Plaatsen waar zich broedhopen bevonden verdwijnen soms door veranderingen in het patroon van de vulkanische activiteit. Verder wordt het leefgebied aangetast door de aanwezigheid van uitheemse dieren zoals katten, honden en varkens; bovendien raapt de bevolking de eieren en worden de vogels bejaagd. Om deze redenen staat deze soort als bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Polynesisch boshoen op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Gray, G. R. (1864) Annals and Magazine of Natural History (3) 14.
  3. a b Factsheet Tongan scrubfowl. BirdLife International. Geraadpleegd op 9 aug. 2016.
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Polynesisch boshoen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het Polynesisch boshoen (Megapodius pritchardii) is een vogel uit de familie grootpoothoenders (Megapodiidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1864 door Gray. Het is een bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort van de eilandengroep Tonga.

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Tongastorfotshöna ( Swedish )

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Tongastorfotshöna[2] (Megapodius pritchardii) är en utrotningshotad fågel i familjen storfotshöns inom ordningen hönsfåglar.[3]

Kännetecken

Tongastorfotshönan är en medelstor (38 centimeter), brungrå storfotshöna. Den är blekare på huvud och hals, och brunare på rygg och vingar. På baksidan av huvudet syns en kort rundad tofs. Näbben är gul, benen gula till ljusröda. I ansiktet och på strupen är befjädringen gles, vilket gör att den röda huden under skiner igenom. Lätet är från hanen en tredelad vissling, oftast utförd i duett med honans krrrr.[1]

Utbredning och systematik

Fågeln förekommer idag i skogar på ön Niuafo'ou i norra Tonga.[3] Den har även införts på Fonualei.[1] Historiskt förekom den historiskt även i andra delar av Tonga, men också Samoa och Niue.[4] Den behandlas som monotypisk, det vill säga att den inte delas in i några underarter.

Levnadssätt

Arten återfinns i lövskog, både gammal och ung,[5] men verkar behöva områden med lite växtlighet för att födosöka bland löv och i jorden. Den lever huvudsakligen av maskar och insekter, men även små reptiler, frön och frukt.[6] Liksom många andra storfotshöns ruvar den inte själv sina ägg utan gräver ner dem i jorden, i tongastorfotshönans fall i het vulkanisk aska. Det gör att dess häckningsplatser begränsas till lös jord nära vulkaniska öppningar i marken, antingen i skog eller öppen aska, eller på stränder till kratersjöar.[7]

Status och hot

Tongastorfotshönan är en mycket fåtalig fågel med under en population på högst 1.000 individer och minst 250. Utbredningsområdet är vidare begränsat till två små öar. Även om populationen på Fonualei tros öka antas den på Niuafo'ou minska till följd av predation och ägginsamling. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som starkt hotad, men noterar att ökningen på Fonualei kan betyda att den placeras i en lägre hotkategori i snar framtid.[1]

Namn

Fågelns vetenskapliga artnamn hedrar William Thomas Pritchard (1829-1909), brittisk konsul i Fiji 1857-1862.[8]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2012 Megapodius pritchardii Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ Steadman, David W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Anderson, Atholl J.; Walter, Richard (2000). ”New species and records of birds from prehistoric sites on Niue, southwest Pacific”. Wilson Bulletin 112 (2): sid. 165–186. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0165:NSAROB]2.0.CO;2.
  5. ^ Göth, A.; Vogel, U. 1995. Status of the Polynesian Megapode Megapodius prithchardii on Niufo'ou (Tonga). Bird Conservation International 5: 117-129.
  6. ^ Rinke, D. R.; Soakai, L. H.; Usback, A. 1993. Koe Malau Life. Brehm Fund for International Conservation, Bonn.
  7. ^ Todd, D. 1983. Pritchard's Megapode on Niuafo'ou Island, Kingdom of Tonga. World Pheasant Association Journal: 69-68.
  8. ^ Jobling, J. A. (2016). Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. Ur del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hämtad från www.hbw.com.

Externa länkar

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Tongastorfotshöna: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Tongastorfotshöna (Megapodius pritchardii) är en utrotningshotad fågel i familjen storfotshöns inom ordningen hönsfåglar.

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Megapodius pritchardii ( Vietnamese )

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Megapodius pritchardii là một loài chim trong họ Megapodiidae.[2] Loài chim này hiện đang là loài đặc hữu của Tonga. Loài này còn được gọi là Megynesian megapode, và như là Niuafo'ou megapode sau đảo Niuafo'ou mà nó đã bị hạn chế trong nhiều năm. Biểu tượng cụ thể tôn vinh lãnh sự Anh William Thomas Pritchard.

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Megapodius pritchardii. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Gà này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Megapodius pritchardii: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Megapodius pritchardii là một loài chim trong họ Megapodiidae. Loài chim này hiện đang là loài đặc hữu của Tonga. Loài này còn được gọi là Megynesian megapode, và như là Niuafo'ou megapode sau đảo Niuafo'ou mà nó đã bị hạn chế trong nhiều năm. Biểu tượng cụ thể tôn vinh lãnh sự Anh William Thomas Pritchard.

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トンガツカツクリ ( Japanese )

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トンガツカツクリ トンガツカツクリ
トンガツカツクリ Megapodius pritchardii
保全状況評価 ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : キジ目 Galliformes : ツカツクリ科 Megapodiidae : ツカツクリ属 Megapodius : トンガツカツクリ M. pritchardii 学名 Megapodius pritchardii Gray, 1864 和名 トンガツカツクリ 英名 Niuafoou scrubfowl
Polynesian scrub hen

トンガツカツクリMegapodius pritchardii)は、キジ目ツカツクリ科ツカツクリ属に分類される鳥類

分布[編集]

トンガニウアフォー島固有種

形態[編集]

全長27cm。翼長18.8cm。後頭の羽毛はやや伸長する。頭部から胸部にかけて灰色、胸部は淡灰色、腰は赤褐色、腹部や尾羽基部の下面は黄みを帯びた灰色の羽毛で被われる。翼は赤褐色。

顔には羽毛が無く、赤い皮膚が露出する。虹彩は赤い。嘴の色彩は黄色。後肢の色彩はオレンジがかった赤。

卵は楕円形で、卵を覆う殻は淡褐色。

生態[編集]

危険を感じると羽ばたきと滑空を繰り返して逃げる。

食性は雑食で、昆虫甲殻類、陸棲の貝類果実などを食べる。後肢で落ち葉などを掻き分けて採食を行う。

繁殖形態は卵生。周年繁殖(主に4-5月)し火山灰に深さ100-200cmの穴を掘り、1-12個の卵を産む。地熱によって卵を孵化させる。

人間との関係[編集]

生息地では卵が食用とされる事もある。

食用の乱獲、狩猟、人為的に移入されたノネコによる捕食などにより生息数は減少している。また火山の噴火による生息数の減少も懸念されている。法的に保護の対象とされている。他の島へ移入(卵も含めて)するなどの保護対策が進められている。1976年における生息数は200-400羽と推定されている。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにトンガツカツクリに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ8 太平洋、インド洋』、講談社2001年、188頁。
  • 黒田長久、森岡弘之監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育10-I (キジ目)』、東京動物園協会、1987年、14、163頁。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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トンガツカツクリ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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トンガツカツクリ(Megapodius pritchardii)は、キジ目ツカツクリ科ツカツクリ属に分類される鳥類

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