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Associations

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Polihierax semitorquatus is rarely preyed on, as it is a fairly powerful predator itself. Occasionally immature African pygmy falcons will be attacked in their nests, but the aggression of the parents during breeding season normally prevents this.

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Morphology

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African pygmy falcons have a white face, breast, and abdomen. Female members have darker, chestnut colored backs, where males have grey backs. White spots decorate the back of the neck and the tail feathers. Polihierax semitorquatas has brown eyes and light orange legs. The base of the beak is an orange color, and the beak itself is grey. When hatched, African pygmy falcons are white in color and their eyes are shut. The eyes will normally open in two or three days. Young have paler feet than their adult counterparts, with a reddish-brown back and neck. The breast, face, and abdomen of juveniles is white. Members of the species will mature in approximately one year.

Range mass: 54 to 76 g.

Average length: 20 cm.

Average wingspan: 37 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female more colorful

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Little is known concerning the lifespan of African pygmy falcons, though it is likely similar to the six to eight (with a maximum of about twenty) year lifespan of other diurnal birds of prey.

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Habitat

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African pygmy falcons inhabit dry, arid climates with sparse vegetation. These areas may receive as little as 100 mm/year of precipitation, or up to 600 mm/year (Brown, et. al, 1982). With the exception of a few non-breeding members, African pygmy falcons almost exclusively inhabit areas where social weavers (Philetairus socius, in the SW portion of its range) or white-headed buffalo weavers (Dinemellia dinemelli, in the NE portion of its range) reside.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; scrub forest

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Distribution

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Polihierax semitorquatus, the African pygmy falcon, is native to two separate regions of Africa: northeastern Africa including Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Tanzania; and southwestern Africa including Namibia, Botswana, Angola, and Cape Province. This species is generally non-migratory. Polihierax semitorquatas shares its geographic range with the range of social weavers, Philetairus socius, in southern Africa, and white-headed buffalo weavers, Dinemellia dinemelli, in northern Africa.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Trophic Strategy

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African pygymy falcons are carnivorous, with a diet consisting of mostly insects and lizards. Smaller birds and certain rodents are also sometimes preyed on. Occasionally these falcons will prey on weavers (Ploceidae) or their hatchlings when inhabiting their nests. It is believed that insects alone are insufficient for the dietary needs of young pygmy falcons. Lizards, rodents, and birds are crucial for the survival of the young. The falcon catches its prey by swooping quickly from the branch of a tree.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; reptiles; insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Insectivore )

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Polihierax semitorquatus, due to its use of weaver nests (Ploceidae), can be considered parasitic or symbiotic, depending on the location. In the southwestern portion of their range, African pygymy falcons may protect social weavers from predators such as snakes, while gaining a safe area to raise young. White-headed buffalo weavers, in the northeastern part of their range, are more powerful than African pygymy falcons and receive no benefits from their presence. African pygymy falcons can be considered parasitic to white-headed buffalo weavers and considered a "nest pirate". African pygymy falcons are major predators of insects and lizards and are a danger to smaller birds and rodents.

Ecosystem Impact: parasite

Species Used as Host:

  • white-headed buffalo weavers (Dinemellia dinemelli)
  • social weavers (Philetairus socius)
  • white-browed sparrow weavers (Plocepasser mahali)
  • glossy starlings (Lamprotornis nitens)

Mutualist Species:

  • social weavers (Philetairus socius)
  • glossy starlings (Lamprotornis nitens)
  • white-browed sparrow weavers (Plocepasser mahali)
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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Polihierax semitorquatus rarely intersects with humans due to the harsh climate that it lives in. The only real advantages to humans are ornithological study and birdwatching.

Positive Impacts: research and education

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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The main communication between members of this species are the songs sung during mating, which are used to attract potential mates. Some bodily communication is seen during the courtship ritual, as the female indicates her availability by crouching and raising her tail feathers. The movements made by the male during courtship can also be perceived as a form of communication. African pygmy falcons have a very keen sense of sight, common to most diurnal birds of prey.

African pygmy falcons rarely call outside of the mating season. There have been a few different songs observed, including a "thin, squeaky 'tsip-tsip';'kiki-kik' (last syllable accented), or 'twee-twee-twip' used by [the male] calling [the female] from the nest; a sharp ringing 'ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki' by young in threat; in copulation, purring 'kirrrrr-kirrrrr-kirrrrr'; negging chicks 'seee-seee-seee'" (Brown, et al., 1982). The calls are usually high in pitch and soft.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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African pygmy falcons are common birds within their range, they are not considered threatened. Man made structures have increased the number of potential nesting sites for these animals. It is possible, however, that urbanization could someday threaten Polihierax semitorquatus with habitat loss.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Benefits

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There are no adverse effects of Polihierax semitorquatus on humans.

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Reproduction

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African pygmy falcons rely on the social weavers (Philetairus socius) in the northeast part of their range and white-headed buffalo weavers (Dinemellia dinemelli) in the southwestern part of their range for nesting. Occasionally northeastern birds will occupy the nests of white-browed sparrow weavers (Plocepasser mahali) and glossy starlings (Lamprotornis nitens). Approximately one-quarter of all weaver nests in these areas are occupied by African pygmy falcons. Thus, this falcon is one of a few species of birds that are "obligate nest pirates" (also see South American troupials, Icterus icterus).

More is known of Polihierax semitorquatus breeding habits in the southern portion of their range, but birds in both areas engage in a relatively quiet display that includes bobbing of the head, wagging of the tail, and calling. The female will squat down and raise her tail feathers to indicate that she is prepared to mate. Polihierax semitorquatus is usually seasonally monogamous, but is occasionally polyandrous, and it is not uncommon for two or more males to attend the same nest. This behavior may be influenced by limited availability of suitable nesting sites.

Mating System: monogamous ; polyandrous ; cooperative breeder

Polihierax semitorquatus usually will breed once per year, but will sometimes produce two broods in a favorable year. Eggs are normally laid about three weeks after copulation. The female lays from two to four eggs which are incubated for 27 to 31 days. Females begin incubating with the first egg laid, so hatching is asynchronous. Since the young do not hatch at the same time, they may be different sizes. The young will leave their nests from 27 to 40 days after hatching. Polihierax semitorquatus is considered sexually mature at one year of age.

Breeding interval: African pygmy falcons breed up to twice per year.

Breeding season: African pygmy falcons breed from June to December in northeastern Africa and August to March in southwestern Africa.

Range eggs per season: 2 to 4.

Range time to hatching: 28 to 30 days.

Range fledging age: 27 to 40 days.

Average time to independence: 2 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous

At the beginning of the breeding season, two or more parents choose a nesting chamber and reside there together. After the eggs are laid, the parents share incubation, with the female incubating most of the time and the male incubating while the female feeds. The male will also bring the female food while she is incubating. After hatching the female will tend to the young and the male will hunt for the family. After 21 days, when the chicks have grown feathers, the female will resume hunting. The birds leave the nest at around 27 to 40 days, but may remain with the parents for up to two months, and sporadically return to the nest. Both parents are very aggressive near their nest and their young do not usually fall victim to predators.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polihierax_semitorquatus.html
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Daniel Davieau, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Kevin Omland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Dwergvalk ( Afrikaans )

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Die Dwergvalk (Polihierax semitorquatus) is 'n algemene gelokaliseerde standvoël wat voorkom in sentraal Namibië tot in die Noord-Kaap. Die voël is 18 – 20 cm groot en weeg 55 - 66 gram. In Engels staan die voël bekend as Pygmy Falcon.

 src=
'n Paartjie in die Serengeti Nasionale Park, Tanzanië. Die mannetjie is links met die wyfie (bruin rug) aan die regterkant.

Sien ook

Bron

Verwysings

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Polihierax semitorquatus". IUCN Rooilys van Bedreigde Spesies. Weergawe 2012.1. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur. Besoek op 16 Julie 2012.

Eksterne skakel

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Dwergvalk: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Dwergvalk (Polihierax semitorquatus) is 'n algemene gelokaliseerde standvoël wat voorkom in sentraal Namibië tot in die Noord-Kaap. Die voël is 18 – 20 cm groot en weeg 55 - 66 gram. In Engels staan die voël bekend as Pygmy Falcon.

 src= 'n Paartjie in die Serengeti Nasionale Park, Tanzanië. Die mannetjie is links met die wyfie (bruin rug) aan die regterkant.
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Afrika kiçik qızılquşu ( Azerbaijani )

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Afrika kiçik qızılquşu (lat. Polihierax semitorquatus) - kiçik qızılquş cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

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Afrika kiçik qızılquşu: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Afrika kiçik qızılquşu (lat. Polihierax semitorquatus) - kiçik qızılquş cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Falconet africà ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El falconet africà (Polihierax semitorquatus) és un ocell rapinyaire de la família dels falcònids (Falconidae) que habita sabanes i estepes d'Àfrica Oriental, al sud-est de Sudan, Etiòpia, Somàlia, est d'Uganda, Kenya i Tanzània, i també a l'Àfrica Meridional, a Namíbia, sud-oest de Botswana i nord de Sud-àfrica.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Falconet africà Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Falconet africà: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El falconet africà (Polihierax semitorquatus) és un ocell rapinyaire de la família dels falcònids (Falconidae) que habita sabanes i estepes d'Àfrica Oriental, al sud-est de Sudan, Etiòpia, Somàlia, est d'Uganda, Kenya i Tanzània, i també a l'Àfrica Meridional, a Namíbia, sud-oest de Botswana i nord de Sud-àfrica.

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Corhebog Affrica ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Corhebog Affrica (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: corhebogiaid Affrica) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Polihierax semitorquatus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw African pygmy falcon. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae) sydd yn urdd y Falconiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. semitorquatus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r corhebog Affrica yn perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Corhebog adain fannog Spiziapteryx circumcincta Cudyll Bach Falco columbarius
Falco columbarius Male.jpg
Cudyll Coch Falco tinnunculus
Common kestrel falco tinnunculus.jpg
Cudyll coch bach Falco naumanni
Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) male.jpg
Cudyll troedgoch Falco vespertinus
Rotfußfalke Falco vespertinus.jpg
Hebog ehedydd Affrica Falco cuvierii
African Hobby bwindi jan06.jpg
Hebog Eleonora Falco eleonorae
Eleonorenfalke1.jpg
Hebog lanner Falco biarmicus
Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus, at Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Northern Cape, South Africa (34447024871).jpg
Hebog sacr Falco cherrug
Falco cherrug 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg
Hebog Tramor Falco peregrinus
Faucon pelerin 7 mai.jpg
Hebog y Gogledd Falco rusticolus
Falco rusticolus white cropped.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Corhebog Affrica: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Corhebog Affrica (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: corhebogiaid Affrica) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Polihierax semitorquatus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw African pygmy falcon. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae) sydd yn urdd y Falconiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. semitorquatus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Afrikansk pygmæfalk ( Danish )

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Afrikansk pygmæfalk (Polihierax semitorquatus) er en 20 cm stor falk, der er udbredt i henholdsvis det nordøstlige og det sydvestlige Afrika.

Udseende

Hunnen har klart nøddebrunt eller kastanjebrunt hoved og ryg. Hannen hvidt hoved og bryst med blågrå isse og ryg.

Udbredelse

Pygmæfalken lever i to adskilte områder af Afrika. Dels en nordøstlig bestand i Sudan, Somalia, Etiopien, Uganda, Kenya og Tanzania. Dels en sydøstlig bestand i Namibia, Botswana, Angola og Sydafrika.

Den lever i tørre landskaber med tornebuske, der ikke får mere end 200 - 600 mm regn om året. Den er almindelig og ikke truet i sit udbredelsesområde.

Føde

Arten lever mest af insekter, men tager også små firben, slanger og fugle.


Kilder

Davieau, D. 2008. "Polihierax semitorquatus", Animal Diversity Web. Læst 20. april 2013

Eksterne henvisninger

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Afrikansk pygmæfalk: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Afrikansk pygmæfalk (Polihierax semitorquatus) er en 20 cm stor falk, der er udbredt i henholdsvis det nordøstlige og det sydvestlige Afrika.

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Pygmy falcon

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The pygmy falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus) or African pygmy falcon is a bird of prey native to eastern and southern Africa. It is the only species placed in the genus Polihierax. It is the smallest bird of prey on the African continent.

Description

African Pygmy Falcon Female at Buffalo Springs National Reserve, Kenya

Adult pygmy falcons are white below and on the face, grey above, and females having a chestnut back. There are white "eye spots" on the nape. Juveniles have a brown back, duller than adult females, with a rufous wash on the breast. The flight feathers of the wings are spotted black and white (more black above, more white below); the tail is barred black and white.[2][3]

The flight is low and undulating. In size, pattern, and the habit of perching upright on an exposed branch or treetop, this species resembles some shrikes.[2][3]

The call is "a high-pitched kikiKIK, repeated" (Kenya)[2] or "a 'chip-chip' and a 'kik-kik-kik-kik'" (southern Africa).[3]

Distribution and habitat

The pygmy falcon inhabits dry bush. The subspecies P. s. castanonotus occurs from South Sudan to Somalia and south to Uganda and Tanzania; P. s. semitorquatus occurs from Angola to northern South Africa.[1][3] This range is estimated to have an area of 2.7 million km2, and the total population is estimated to be between 100,000 and 1 million birds.[1]

Behaviour and ecology

Pygmy falcons show physiological traits that have adaptive value in a region affected by environmental variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle as well varying food source. They regulate their body temperature by thermal buffering provided by sociable weaver colonies and communal roosting by the falcons.[4] This is important because this reduces the energy requirements for rest-phase thermoregulation by occupants.[4]

Food and feeding

Pygmy falcons prey on reptiles and insects, but will occasionally prey on small birds as well as rodents. They hunt from a perch, swooping down on potential prey.[5] However, Kalahari tree skinks have learned to eavesdrop on sociable weavers to warn of approaching pygmy falcons and run for cover.[6]

Breeding

A pair at Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Male on left and female (brown back) on the right.

In Kenya, pygmy falcons nest in white-headed buffalo weaver nests, and the ranges of the two birds coincide.[2] In southern Africa, they are found around red-billed buffalo weaver nests but predominantly nest in the vacant rooms of sociable weaver nests,[3] which are large and multichambered—even if the sociable weavers still have an active colony in the nest. Despite being bird-eaters and bigger than sociable weavers, the pygmy falcons largely leave the latter alone, though they do occasionally catch and eat nestlings and even adults.[5]

In addition, falcons are obligate users of white-headed buffalo weaver nests; therefore, they experience all of the benefits these nests provide without the energetic cost of building or maintaining them. Weavers also do not maintain these nest chambers occupied by falcons, increasing the likelihood that these particular chambers will break off the main colony . However, falcons appear to have a preference for chambers away from the center of the colony and with shorter entrance tunnels. Although it is likely that falcons would benefit from selecting chambers with better insulation, they are larger than weavers and as a result may struggle to access chambers through longer entrance tunnel.[7]

Pygmy falcons mark their nests by the use of their faecal matter, but the reasons behind this is unknown. It has been suggested that this conspicuous faecal mat (white when fresh and turning pinkish with age) present at the entrance of the chamber could deter snakes and reduce the number of ectoparasites.[8] Faecal matter is also though to boost the immune system of chicks as well as signal to conspecifics. Faecal mats at the entrance of occupied chambers may serve as a social signal to indicate to other falcons that a colony is occupied.[8]

On one occasion a male pygmy falcon was recorded killing another male, and then subsequently took over the dead males territory and reproduced with the dead males partner.[9]

Cooperative breeding

Pygmy falcon territories are occasionally inhabited by groups, where there are more than two adults living together and tending nestlings.[10] There are four potential reasons for this behaviour: defence, co-operative polyandry, delayed dispersal of offspring and cooperation, and thermoregulation (warmth). Corroboration for the last is that in winter African pygmy falcons nest further inside the nest of sociable weavers, where there is better insulation.[11]

Status

Pygmy falcons are not threatened.

References

  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Polihierax semitorquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696313A93554647. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696313A93554647.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A. & Pearson, David J. (1999). Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press. pp. 90–91, 110–111, 309. ISBN 0-691-01022-6.
  3. ^ a b c d e Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil & Tarboton, Warwick (2002). Birds of Southern Africa. Princeton University Press. pp. 116, 132. ISBN 0-691-09682-1. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  4. ^ a b Lund, Jess; Bolopo, Diana; Thomson, Robert L.; Elliott, Dorianne L.; Arnot, Luke F.; Kemp, Ryno; Lowney, Anthony M.; McKechnie, Andrew E. (2020-02-29). "Winter thermoregulation in free-ranging pygmy falcons in the Kalahari Desert". Journal of Ornithology. 161 (2): 549–555. doi:10.1007/s10336-020-01755-y. ISSN 2193-7192. S2CID 211554648.
  5. ^ a b Covas, Rita; Huyser, Onno & Doutrelant, Claire (2004). "Pygmy Falcon predation of nestlings of their obligate host, the Sociable Weaver". Ostrich. 75 (4): 325–326. doi:10.2989/00306520409485463. ISSN 0030-6525. S2CID 85568509.
  6. ^ Lowney, Anthony M; Flower, Tom P; Thomson, Robert L (Jun 2020). "Kalahari skinks eavesdrop on sociable weavers to manage predation by pygmy falcons and expand their realized niche presence". Behavioral Ecology. 31 (5): 1094–1102. doi:10.1093/beheco/araa057.
  7. ^ Lowney, Anthony M.; Bolopo, Diana; Krochuk, Billi A.; Thomson, Robert L. (2020-11-03). "The Large Communal Nests of Sociable Weavers Provide Year-Round Insulated Refuge for Weavers and Pygmy Falcons". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.570006. ISSN 2296-701X.
  8. ^ a b Krochuk, Billi A; Bolopo, Diana; Lowney, Anthony M; Meyers, Paul R; Spottiswoode, Claire N; Raman, Rajendra MG; Thomson, Robert L (2018-10-02). "Why defaecate on your doorstep? Investigating an unusual behaviour in Africa's smallest falcon". Ostrich. 89 (4): 307–314. doi:10.2989/00306525.2018.1529001. ISSN 0030-6525. S2CID 92234468.
  9. ^ Lowney, Anthony; Green, Kelsey; Ngomane, Bonginkosi P; Thomson, Robert L (2017). "Mortal Combat: Intraspecific Killing by an African Pygmy Falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus) to Acquire New Mate and Territory". Journal of Raptor Research. 51 (1): 89–91. doi:10.3356/JRR-16-64.1. S2CID 91009234.
  10. ^ Bolopo, Diana; Lowney, A; Thomson, Robert L. (2019). "Helpers improve fledgling body condition in bigger broods of cooperatively breeding African pygmy falcon". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 73 (4): 1–9. doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2630-3. S2CID 59259520.
  11. ^ Spottiswoode, Claire; Herrmann, Eric; Rasa, O. Anne E. & Sapsford, Colin W. (2004). "Co-operative breeding in the Pygmy Falcon Polihierax semitorquatus". Ostrich. 75 (4): 322–324. doi:10.2989/00306520409485462. ISSN 0030-6525. S2CID 84652310.

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Pygmy falcon: Brief Summary

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The pygmy falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus) or African pygmy falcon is a bird of prey native to eastern and southern Africa. It is the only species placed in the genus Polihierax. It is the smallest bird of prey on the African continent.

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Afrika nanofalko ( Esperanto )

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La Afrika nanofalko (Polihierax semitorquatus) estas birdospecio de la familio de falkedoj kiu loĝas en orienta kaj suda Afriko, la plej malgranda rabobirdo de la kontinento. Ĝi estas nur 19 al 20 cm longa, kaj predas insektojn, malgrandajn reptiliojn kaj eĉ malgrandajn mamulojn.

Aspekto

Plenkreskulo de Afrika nanofalko estas blanka sube kaj en vizaĝo, griza supre, kaj la ino havas helbrunan dorson. La beko estas tre dika, mallarĝa kaj hokoforma; kolore estas helgriza kun nigreca pinto. Estas ruĝaj ĉirkaŭokula ringo kaj brido.

Estas blankaj "okulpunktoj" en nuko. Junuloj havas brunan dorson, pli senkolorajn ol ĉe plenkreskaj inoj, kaj ruĝecan nuancon en la brusto. La flugilplumoj estas punktecaj blankanigraj (pli da nigro supre, pli da blanko sube); la vosto estas laŭ strioj blankanigra.[1][2]

La flugo estas malrapida kaj ondeca. Laŭ grando, bildo kaj kutimo ripozi rekte sur elstara branĉo aŭ arbopinto, tiu specio similas al kelkaj lanioj.[1][2]

La alvoko estas "altatona kikiKIK, ripete" (Kenjo)[1] aŭ "ĉip-ĉip' kaj 'kik-kik-kik-kik'" (suda Afriko).[2]

Teritorio, habitato kaj populacio

 src=
Paro ĉe Nacia Parko Serengeti, Tanzanio. Masklo maldekstre kaj ino (bruna dorso) dekstre.

La Afrika nanofalko loĝas en seka arbustaro. La subspecio P. s. castanonotus loĝas el Sudano al Somalio kaj suden al Ugando kaj Tanzanio; P. s. semitorquatus loĝas el Angolo al norda Sudafriko.[2][3] Tiuj teritorioj estas ĉirkaŭkalkulataj je areo de 2.7 milionoj da km2, kaj la totala populacio estas ĉirkaŭkalkulata inter 100,000 kaj 1 miliono da birdoj.[3]

Reproduktado

En Kenjo, la Afrika nanofalko nestumas en nestoj de Blankakapa teksisto, kaj la teritorioj de ambaŭ birdospecioj koincidas.[1] En suda Afriko, ili troviĝas ĉe nestoj de Ruĝbeka teksisto sed hegemonie nestumas en malplenaj lokoj de nestoj de Socia teksisto,[2] kiuj estas grandaj kaj multeĉambraj —eĉ se la Sociaj teksistoj ankoraŭ havas aktivan kolonion en la nesto. Spite esti birdomanĝantoj kaj pli grandaj ol la Sociaj teksistoj, la Afrikaj nanofalkoj multaj respektas tiujn, sed foje kaptas kaj manĝas idojn kaj eĉ plenkreskulojn.[4]

Poliandrio

Tiu afrotropisa specio kutime engaĝiĝas en poliandria rilataro, kie estas pli da du plenkreskuloj vivantaj kune kaj zorgante idojn. Estas kvar eblaj tialoj por tiu kutimo: defendo, kooperativa poliandrio, prokrasto de disigo de idaro, kaj termoregulado (varmo). Konfirmo de tiu lasta estas ke vintre la Afrikaj nanofalkoj nestumas ene de la nestoj de la Socia teksisto, kie estas pli bona izoligo.[5]

Referencoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A.; kaj Pearson, David J.. (1999) Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press, p. 90–91, 110–111, 309. ISBN 0-691-01022-6.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; and Tarboton, Warwick. (2002) Birds of Southern Africa. Princeton University Press, p. 116, 132. ISBN 0-691-09862-1.
  3. 3,0 3,1 BirdLife International (2004). Polihierax semitorquatus. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 12a Majo 2006. Informo pri tio ke tiu specio estas Malplej Zorgiga.
  4. Covas, Rita; Huyser, Onno; and Doutrelant, Claire (2004). “Pygmy Falcon predation of nestlings of their obligate host, the Sociable Weaver”, Ostrich 75 (4), p. 325–326. doi:10.2989/00306520409485463. ISSN 0030–6525.
  5. Spottiswoode, Claire; Herrmann, Eric; Rasa, O. Anne E.; and Sapsford, Colin W. (2004). “Co-operative breeding in the Pygmy Falcon Polihierax semitorquatus”, Ostrich 75 (4), p. 322–324. doi:10.2989/00306520409485462. ISSN 0030-6525.

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Afrika nanofalko: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Afrika nanofalko (Polihierax semitorquatus) estas birdospecio de la familio de falkedoj kiu loĝas en orienta kaj suda Afriko, la plej malgranda rabobirdo de la kontinento. Ĝi estas nur 19 al 20 cm longa, kaj predas insektojn, malgrandajn reptiliojn kaj eĉ malgrandajn mamulojn.

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Polihierax semitorquatus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El halconcito africano (Polihierax semitorquatus),[2]​ es una especie de ave falconiforme de la familia Falconidae nativa de África oriental y meridional. Es el ave rapaz más pequeña del continente.

Descripción

Es un ave pequeña con una longitud de unos 20 cm. La parte inferior de su cuerpo y la cabeza son de color blanco, mientras que la parte superior es de color gris. Las hembras tienen la espalda marrón. La cola y las plumas de vuelo son de color negro y blanco a rayas. El vuelo es bajo y ondulante. Por el tamaño el patrón y el hábito de posarse en posición vertical sobre una rama expuesta o copas de los árboles, esta especie se asemeja a algunos alcaudones.[3][4]

Distribución y hábitat

Su hábitat natural son las zonas semiáridas con poca vegetación y árboles dispersos. En el este de África esta especie se encuentra en el sur de Etiopía, Somalia, Kenia, Uganda y el noreste, norte y centro de Tanzania. En el sur de África su rango va desde el sur de Angola, Namibia, el suroeste Botsuana, hasta el norte de Sudáfrica. La gama de esta especie se estima en 2,7 millones de km², y la población total se estima entre 100 000 y 1 millón de aves.[1]

Comportamiento

Se alimenta de insectos, pequeños reptiles y mamíferos, a veces incluso de pequeños pájaros atrapados en vuelo. En el este de África la especie vive en los nidos de pájaros tejedores (Dinemellia dinemelli), incluso si los nidos están todavía en uso. En el sur de África vive junto al tejedor republicano (Philetairus socius). Aunque es un ave de presa rara vez agrede a sus anfitriones.[5]

Subespecies

Esta ave tiene dos subespecies reconocidas:[6]

  • Polihierax semitorquatus castanonotus (Heuglin, 1860)
  • Polihierax semitorquatus semitorquatus (A. Smith, 1836)

Referencias

  1. a b BirdLife International (2012). «Polihierax semitorquatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 22 de julio de 2012.
  2. Halconcito Africano (Polihierax semitorquatus) (Smith, A, 1836) en Avibase.
  3. Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A.; and Pearson, David J. (1999). Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press. pp. 90-91, 110-111, 309. ISBN 0-691-01022-6. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2007.
  4. Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; and Tarboton, Warwick (2002). Birds of Southern Africa. Princeton University Press. pp. 116, 132. ISBN 069114169X.
  5. Covas, Rita; Huyser, Onno; and Doutrelant, Claire (2004). «Pygmy Falcon predation of nestlings of their obligate host, the Sociable Weaver». Ostrich 75 (4): 325-326. doi:10.2989/00306520409485463. ISSN 0030–6525.
  6. «Polihierax semitorquatus (A. Smith, 1836)». ITIS. Consultado el 22 de julio de 2012.

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Polihierax semitorquatus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El halconcito africano (Polihierax semitorquatus),​ es una especie de ave falconiforme de la familia Falconidae nativa de África oriental y meridional. Es el ave rapaz más pequeña del continente.

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Polihierax semitorquatus ( Basque )

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Polihierax semitorquatus Polihierax generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Falconidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Polihierax semitorquatus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Polihierax semitorquatus Polihierax generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Falconidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Afrikankääpiöhaukka ( Finnish )

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Afrikankääpiöhaukka (Polihierax semitorquatus) on Afrikassa elävä pienikokoinen jalohaukkalaji.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Afrikankääpiöhaukanpituus on keskimäärin 20 senttiä, ja paino 54–76 grammaa. Siipiväli on noin 37 senttiä.[2] Koiraat ovat hieman naaraita pienempiä. Siivet ovat teräväkärkiset, ja pyrstö pyöreähkö.[3] Naaman, rinnan ja vatsan väritys on valkoinen. Naaraiden väritys on koiraita tummempi. Niiden selkä on kastanjanruskea, koiraiden harmaa. Molempien niskassa ja pyrstösulissa on valkoisia läiskiä. Afrikankääpiöhaukan silmät ovat ruskeat ja jalat oranssit. Nokan kärki on oranssi, muu osa nokasta harmaa. Nuorten lintujen jalat ovat vaaleammat kuin aikuisilla. Niiden selkä ja kaula ovat punertavanruskeat. Vatsa, rinta ja naama ovat aikuisten tapaan valkoiset.[2]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Afrikankääpiöhaukkaa tavataan kahdella toisistaan erillään olevalla alueella Afrikassa. Pohjoinen kanta elää Koillis-Afrikassa Sudanin, Etiopian, Somalian, Kenian, Tansanian ja Ugandan ja Kongon demokraattisen tasavallan alueella. Ruandassa laji on vain vierailija. Eteläisessä Afrikassa afrikankääpiöhaukka tavataan Namibiassa, Angolassa, Botswanassa ja Etelä-Afrikassa.[2][1] Eteläisessä Afrikassa lajia tavataan lähes yksinomaan tasavaltalaisten elinalueilla. Poikkeuksen tekevät vain muutamat yksilöt, jotka eivät lisäänny. Pohjoisen kantojen levinneisyys rajoittuu vastaavasti tuliperäkutojan elinpaikkoihin.[2] Levinneisyysalue käsittää noin 3 100 000 neliökilometriä.[4]

Afrikankääpiöhaukka elää kuivassa ja karussa ympäristössä, jossa kasvillisuutta on niukasti. Vuotuiset sademäärät voivat jäädä 100 millimetriin vuodessa, ja parhaimmillaankin sateet jäävät 600 millimetriin vuodessa.[2] Afrikankääpiöhaukkaa voidaan tavata jopa 1 600 metrin korkeudessa merenpinnasta.[3]

Elintavat

Afrikankääpiöhaukat ovat sosiaalisia lintuja. Ne pesivät ja kasvattavat poikasia yhden tai useamman kumppanin kanssa. Laji suosii vähäkasvisia alueita, joissa on vain muutama puu tähystyspaikaksi. Afrikanpikkuhaukat ovat paikkalintuja, eivätkä yleensä tee muuttomatkoja. Ne viettävät yleensä suurimman osan elämästään samalla alueella. Elinpiirin kokoa ei kuitenkaan tiedetä. Kääpiöhaukat saalistavat yleensä aamulla ja illalla, jolloin ilma on viileämpää, ja etsivät keskipäiväksi suojaa kuumuudelta.[2]

Afrikankääpiöhaukka ääntelee harvoin lisääntymiskauden ulkopuolella. Ne ääntelevät etenkin houkutellakseen mahdollisia kumppaneita. Soidinrituaaleissa afrikankääpiöhaukka käyttää myös elekieltä. Äänet ovat yleensä pehmeitä ja niillä on korkea taajuus. Lajin äänivalikoimaan kuuluu muun muassa heikko ja kitisevä "tsip-tsip";"kiki-kik", jossa viimeinen "kik"-tavu on korostettuna. Koiraat kutsuvat pesältään naarasta erityisellä "twee-twee-twip"-äännähdyksellä ja nuoret linnut käyttävät vaaran uhatessa terävää "ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki"-huutoa. Poikasilla on myös "seee-seee-seee"-ääni. Parittelevat afrikankääpiöhaukat päästävät kehräystä muistuttavaa "kirrrrr-kirrrrr-kirrrrr"-äännähdystä.[2]

Ravinto

Afrikankääpiöhaukan pääravintoa ovat hyönteiset ja liskot. Toisinaan ne syövät myös pieniä lintuja ja eräitä jyrsijöitä. Kutojien pesissä asuvat haukat voivat satunnaisesti saalistaa myös itse kutojia ja niiden poikasia. Uskotaan, että pelkät hyönteiset eivät riitä nuorille yksilöille, vaan liskot, linnut ja jyrsijät ovat nuorten selviytymisen kannalta ratkaisevan tärkeitä. Afrikankääpiöhaukka saalistaa yleensä maassa liikkuvia eläimiä syöksymällä nopeasti puun oksalta maahan saaliin kimppuun. Se voi satunnaisesti myös napata pieniä lintuja lennosta. Lennossa oleva afrikankääpiöhaukka räpyttää siipiään nopeasti ja tekee huomattavan syöksyn alaspäin.[2]

Lisääntyminen

Afrikankääpiöhaukka pesivät Koillis-Afrikassa tuliperäkutojien pesissä, Eteläisessä Afrikassa tasavaltalaisten pesissä. Noin neljännes niiden pesistä on afrikankääpiöhaukkojen käytössä. Koillis-Afrikan yksilöt voivat joskus pesiä valkokulmakutojien tai turkoosikottaraisten pesissä.[2]

Soidinrituaalit ovat melko hiljaiset. Niihin kuuluu muun muassa pään heiluttelu, pyrstön heiluttelu ja ääntely. Naars osoittaa valmiutensa paritteluun kyyristymällä alas ja nostamalla pyrstösulkiaan. Afrikankääpiöhaukat lisääntyvät yleensä pareittain, mutta samaa pesää voi hoitaa kaksi tai useampikin koiras. Tapa voi johtua kunnollisten pesimispaikkojen vähäisyydestä.[2]

Koillis-Afrikassa pesintäkausi on kesä–joulukuussa, etelässä elo–maaliskuussa. Afrikankääpiöhaukat kasvattavat yleensä yhden poikueen vuodessa, mutta voivat hyvänä vuonna kasvattaa kaksikin poikuetta. Naaras on valmis munimaan noin kolmen viikon kuluttua parittelusta. Poikueessa on 2–4 munaa, joiden haudonta-aika kestää 27–31 päivää. Naaras ei muni kaikkia kerralla, mutta aloittaa haudonnan ensimmäisestä munasta lähtien. Tämän vuoksi poikaset kuoriutuvat eri aikoihin ja pesässä voi olla erikokoisia poikasia. Poikaset jättävät pesänsä 27 päivän ikäisinä. Ne tulevat sukukypsiksi noin vuoden ikäisenä.[2]

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Polihierax semitorquatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 13.5.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k Daniel Davieau: ADW: Polihierax semitorquatus: Information 2008. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.. Viitattu 28.8. 2009.
  3. a b James Ferguson-Lees,David A. Christie: Raptors of the world, s. 260. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001. ISBN 0-618-12762-3. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 28.8.2010). (englanniksi)
  4. Pygmy Falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus) - BirdLife species factsheet 2010. BirdLife International. Viitattu 29.8. 2010.
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Afrikankääpiöhaukka: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Afrikankääpiöhaukka (Polihierax semitorquatus) on Afrikassa elävä pienikokoinen jalohaukkalaji.

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Fauconnet d'Afrique ( French )

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Polihierax semitorquatus

Le Fauconnet d'Afrique (Polihierax semitorquatus) est une espèce de rapaces diurnes de la famille des Falconidae vivant dans l'est et le sud de l'Afrique. C'est le plus petit rapace de ce continent.

Description

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

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Fauconnet d'Afrique: Brief Summary ( French )

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Polihierax semitorquatus

Le Fauconnet d'Afrique (Polihierax semitorquatus) est une espèce de rapaces diurnes de la famille des Falconidae vivant dans l'est et le sud de l'Afrique. C'est le plus petit rapace de ce continent.

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Polihierax semitorquatus ( Italian )

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Il falco pigmeo africano (Polihierax semitorquatus (A.Smith, 1836)) è un uccello rapace della famiglia dei Falconidi.[2]

Descrizione

È un rapace di piccola taglia, lungo 18–21 cm e con un'apertura alare di 34–40 cm.[3]

Biologia

Le sue prede sono in prevalenza lucertole (agamidi, scincidi) e grossi insetti (coleotteri, cavallette e termiti), ma occasionalmente anche piccoli roditori.[3]

Distribuzione e habitat

Polihierax semitorquatus è diffuso, con popolazioni disgiunte, nell'Africa orientale (Etiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, Sud Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda) e nell'Africa meridionale (Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Sudafrica).[1]

Tassonomia

Sono note due sottospecie:[2]

  • Polihierax semitorquatus semitorquatus (A.Smith, 1836) - diffusa in Africa meridionale
  • Polihierax semitorquatus castanonotus (Heuglin, 1860) - diffusa in Africa australe

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International 20186, Polihierax semitorquatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2018.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Falconidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2018.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Kemp, A.C., Boesman, P. & Marks, J.S., African Pygmy-falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus), su Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, 2018. URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2018.

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Polihierax semitorquatus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il falco pigmeo africano (Polihierax semitorquatus (A.Smith, 1836)) è un uccello rapace della famiglia dei Falconidi.

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Afrikaanse dwergvalk ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Afrikaanse dwergvalk (Polihierax semitorquatus) is de kleinste roofvogel van Afrika. Hij komt voor in het oosten en zuiden van het continent.

Kenmerken

De Afrikaanse dwergvalk is een kleine vogel met een lengte van ongeveer 20 cm. De onderkant van zijn lichaam en kop zijn wit, terwijl de bovenkant grijs is. De vrouwtjes hebben een bruine rug. De staart en vliegveren zijn zwart-wit gestreept.

Gedrag

De habitat van de Afrikaanse dwergvalk bestaat uit semi-aride terrein met weinig begroeiing en verspreid staande bomen. Zijn voedsel bestaat insecten, hagedissen en kleine slangen, die hij op de grond verschalkt en vervolgens meeneemt naar zijn uitkijkpunt. Soms worden ook kleine vogels in de vlucht gegrepen.

De soort leeft in de grote nesten van wevervogels, zelfs als die nesten nog in gebruik zijn. Het leefgebied van de Afrikaanse dwergvalk valt daardoor in zuidelijk Afrika ongeveer samen met dat van de republikeinwever (Philetairus socius) en in oostelijk Afrika met dat van de witkopbuffelwever (Dinemellia dinemelli). Hoewel de Afrikaanse dwergvalk vogels op zijn menu heeft staan, vergrijpt hij zich slechts zelden aan zijn gastheren.

Voortplanting

Het legsel bestaat gewoonlijk uit twee tot drie witte eieren, die met name door het vrouwtje worden uitgebroed. Indien er voldoende voedsel voorhanden is, komt de soort tot twee broedsels per jaar. Het komt soms voor dat meerdere vogels voor de jongen zorgen (coöperatief broeden).

Ondersoorten

Verspreiding

De Afrikaanse dwergvalk komt in Oost-Afrika voor in Zuid-Ethiopië, Somalië, Kenia, Noordoost-Oeganda en Noord- en Centraal-Tanzania. In zuidelijk Afrika is de soort te vinden in Zuid-Angola, Namibië, Zuidwest-Bostwana en noordelijk Zuid-Afrika.

De volgende twee ondersoorten komen voor:[2]

  • P. s. castanotus - (Heuglin, 1860); van zuidelijk Soedan en Ethiopië tot centraal Tanzania.
  • P. s. semitorquatus - (Smith, 1836); van zuidelijk Angola tot noordwestelijk Zuid-Afrika.

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Afrikaanse dwergvalk: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Afrikaanse dwergvalk (Polihierax semitorquatus) is de kleinste roofvogel van Afrika. Hij komt voor in het oosten en zuiden van het continent.

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Sokolik czerwonooki ( Polish )

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Sokolik czerwonooki[4] (Polihierax semitorquatus) – gatunek małego ptaka drapieżnego z rodziny sokołowatych (Falconidae) zamieszkującego wschodnią i południową Afrykę. To najmniejszy drapieżny ptak Czarnego Kontynentu.

To mały sokół mający jedynie 19–20 cm długości. Jego ofiarami padają owady, małe gady, a nawet niewielkie ssaki.

Systematyka

Wyróżniono dwa podgatunki P. semitorquatus[5][2]:

  • P. semitorquatus castanonotus
  • P. semitorquatus semitorquatus

Charakterystyka

Dorosłe sokoliki czerwonookie mają biały spód ciała i część twarzową. Wyższe partie są szare, a samice mają poza tym kasztanowy grzbiet. Na karku widać białe plamy przypominające oczy. Osobniki młodociane mają brązowy grzbiet, ale są bardziej matowe niż dorosłe samice i mają cienką rudą smugę na piersi. Lotki na skrzydłach posiadają czarne i białe (bardziej czarne od góry, a bardziej białe od dołu) plamki. Ogon posiada biało-czarne prążki[6].

Lata nisko, falującym torem. Rozmiarami, wzorem ubarwienia, nawykami z siedzeniem w wyprostowanej postawie na gałęzi lub wierzchołku drzewa przypomina dzierzby.

Wydawany odgłos to wysokie, powtarzane "kikikik" (w Kenii) lub "czip czip" i 'kik-kik-kik-kik'" (w południowej Afryce).

Zasięg występowania, środowisko i liczebność

Sokolik czerwonooki zamieszkuje obszary suchego buszu. Podgatunek P. s. castanonotus występuje od Sudanu Południowego do Somalii na wschodzie i do Ugandy i Tanzanii na południu. Podgatunek P. s. semitorquatus zasiedla regiony od Angoli do północnej części Afryki Południowej[7] Populację sokolika na tym obszarze, liczącym sobie 2,7 milionów km², szacuje się na 100 000 – 1 000 000 osobników.

Gniazdowanie

 src=
Para sokolików w Parku Narodowym Serengeti w Tanzanii (samiec po lewej, samica z brązowym grzbietem)

W Kenii sokolik czerwonooki wydaje swoje potomstwo w gniazdach bawolika białogłowego, tam gdzie pokrywają się zasięgi obu tych gatunków. W południowej Afryce młode sokoliki znajduje się w pobliżu gniazd bawolików czerwonodziobych, choć głównie wychowują pisklęta w niezamieszkałych gniazdach tkaczy, które są pokaźnych rozmiarów i mają wiele komór. Czasem mogą je zajmować nawet w gnieździe, gdzie wyprowadzany jest nadal lęg tkaczy.
Pomimo iż żywią się innymi ptakami i są większe od tkaczy zwykle ich nie atakują, choć wyjątkowo mogą je chwytać, zjadać pisklęta, a nawet osobniki dorosłe[8].

Okres lęgowy ciągnie się od sierpnia do marca. Najczęściej wysiadywanie jaj przypada na październik i listopad. Może wyprowadzać 2 lęgi w ciągu roku. Samica składa od 1 do 4 jaj o wymiarach 28 x 22,5 mm, zwykle 3. Wysiadywanie trwa 28–30 dni. Młode karmione są przez oboje rodziców. Ich opieka kończy się po około 2 miesiącach.

Poliandria

Afrykańskie sokoliki czerwonookie czasem pozostają w związkach poliandrycznych, gdzie razem żyją więcej niż 2 osobniki zajmujące się pisklętami. Są cztery możliwości wytłumaczenia tego zachowania:

  • skuteczniejsza obrona młodych;
  • poliandria na zasadach kooperacji;
  • opóźnienie w wydawaniu potomstwa przez młodociane sokoliki;
  • lepsza termoregulacja (zachowanie ciepłoty ciała).

Potwierdzeniem tej ostatniej tezy jest fakt przebywania południowoafrykańskich sokolików czerwonookich w gniazdach tkaczy także zimą, już poza sezonem lęgowym. W gniazdach tkaczy zachowana jest lepsza izolacja termiczna[9].

Przypisy

  1. Polihierax semitorquatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b African Pygmy Falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 12 stycznia 2011].
  3. BirdLife International 2016, Polihierax semitorquatus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 [online], wersja 2016-3 [dostęp 2017-01-26] (ang.).
  4. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: P. Mielczarek, M. Kuziemko: Plemię: Falconini Leach, 1820 (Wersja: 2015-09-06). W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2017-01-26].
  5. F. Gill, D. Donsker (red.): Falcons (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 6.4. [dostęp 2017-01-26].
  6. Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A.; and Pearson, David J.: Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press, 1999, s. 90–91, 110–111, 309. ISBN 0-691-01022-6. [dostęp 2007-07-26].
  7. Polihierax semitorquatus. BirdLife International, 2004. 49486. IUCN2006 - Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.
  8. Covas, Rita; Huyser, Onno; and Doutrelant, Claire: Pygmy Falcon predation of nestlings of their obligate host, the Sociable Weaver. T. 75. Cz. 4. Ostrich, 2004, s. 325–326. ISSN 0030-6525.
  9. Spottiswoode, Claire; Herrmann, Eric; Rasa, O. Anne E.; and Sapsford, Colin W.: Co-operative breeding in the Pygmy Falcon Polihierax semitorquatus. T. 75. Cz. 4. Ostrich, 2004, s. 322–324. ISSN 0030-6525.
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Sokolik czerwonooki: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Sokolik czerwonooki (Polihierax semitorquatus) – gatunek małego ptaka drapieżnego z rodziny sokołowatych (Falconidae) zamieszkującego wschodnią i południową Afrykę. To najmniejszy drapieżny ptak Czarnego Kontynentu.

To mały sokół mający jedynie 19–20 cm długości. Jego ofiarami padają owady, małe gady, a nawet niewielkie ssaki.

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Afrikansk pygméfalk ( Swedish )

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Afrikansk pygméfalk[2] (Polihierax semitorquatus) är en fågel i familjen falkar inom ordningen falkfåglar.[3] Fågeln förekommer i törnbuskmark med akacia i två skilda områden i nordöstra respektive södra Afrika.[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Polihierax semitorquatus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-08-11

Externa länkar

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Afrikansk pygméfalk: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Afrikansk pygméfalk (Polihierax semitorquatus) är en fågel i familjen falkar inom ordningen falkfåglar. Fågeln förekommer i törnbuskmark med akacia i två skilda områden i nordöstra respektive södra Afrika. IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.

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Afrika cüce doğanı ( Turkish )

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Afrika cüce doğanı (Polihierax semitorquatus), gündüz yırtıcı kuşları (Falconiformes) takımının doğangiller (Falconidae) familyasından bir kuş türüdür. Afrika'nın doğusunda ve güneyinde yaşar.[1] Afrika kıtasının en küçük yırtıcı kuşudur. Boyu 19 ila 20 cm.'dir. Böcekleri, küçük sürüngenleri ve hatta küçük memelileri avlanarak beslenir. Ergin kuşların üst tüyleri gri, alt tüyleri ve yüzü beyazdır. Dişilerin sırtı kestane rengindedir. Genç kuşların sırtı dişilerden daha soluk bir kahverengidir ve göğüslerinde pas rengi lekeler bulunur.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN. 2011. Erişim tarihi: 13 Kasım 2011.
Stub icon Gündüz yırtıcı kuşları ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Afrika cüce doğanı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Afrika cüce doğanı (Polihierax semitorquatus), gündüz yırtıcı kuşları (Falconiformes) takımının doğangiller (Falconidae) familyasından bir kuş türüdür. Afrika'nın doğusunda ve güneyinde yaşar. Afrika kıtasının en küçük yırtıcı kuşudur. Boyu 19 ila 20 cm.'dir. Böcekleri, küçük sürüngenleri ve hatta küçük memelileri avlanarak beslenir. Ergin kuşların üst tüyleri gri, alt tüyleri ve yüzü beyazdır. Dişilerin sırtı kestane rengindedir. Genç kuşların sırtı dişilerden daha soluk bir kahverengidir ve göğüslerinde pas rengi lekeler bulunur.

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Polihierax semitorquatus ( Vietnamese )

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Polihierax semitorquatus là một loài chim trong họ Falconidae.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Polihierax semitorquatus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến chim này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Polihierax semitorquatus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Polihierax semitorquatus là một loài chim trong họ Falconidae.

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非洲侏隼 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Polihierax semitorquatus
Smith, 1836

非洲侏隼是一种生活在非洲东部和南部的猛禽。作为一个小隼,非洲侏隼只有19 〜20厘米长,它捕食昆虫,小型爬行动物,小型哺乳动物。

描述

成年非洲侏隼的脸白色下方是白色,上方是灰色,雌的有灰色的背部。颈部看上去像有白色的眼睛。未成年个体有一个褐色的背部,比成年雌性的暗淡,翅膀的飞羽是黑色和白色,尾部不是黑色和白色。

它飞得较低且有起伏。在飞行习惯等方面与一些伯劳有点像。[1][2]

肯尼亚非洲侏隼的叫声是高昂的kikiKIK声[1] 南非个体的叫声是'chip-chip'及'kik-kik-kik-kik'" .[2]

范围,栖息地和数量

非洲侏隼住在灌木丛中。castanonotus栖息在在南苏丹和索马里南部及乌干达和坦桑尼亚。 semitorquatus栖息在安哥拉南非北部。这个范围估计有270万平方公里,总数量估计在10万到100万之间。 [3]

 src=
一对在坦桑尼亚隼,雄性在右侧雌性在左侧。

在肯尼亚,非洲侏隼在white-headed buffalo weaver筑巢,和两只鸟的生活范围一致。在非洲南部,它们都在red-billed buffalo weaver筑巢。侏儒猎鹰非洲侏隼很大程度上是独自生活的。 [4]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A.; and Pearson, David J. Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press. 1999: 90–91, 110–111, 309 [2007-07-26]. ISBN 0-691-01022-6.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; and Tarboton, Warwick. Birds of Southern Africa. Princeton University Press. 2002: 116, 132 [2007-07-26]. ISBN 0-691-09682-1.
  3. ^ BirdLife International (2012).
  4. ^ Covas, Rita; Huyser, Onno; and Doutrelant, Claire. Pygmy Falcon predation of nestlings of their obligate host, the Sociable Weaver. Ostrich. 2004, 75 (4): 325–326. ISSN 0030-6525. doi:10.2989/00306520409485463.
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非洲侏隼: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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非洲侏隼是一种生活在非洲东部和南部的猛禽。作为一个小隼,非洲侏隼只有19 〜20厘米长,它捕食昆虫,小型爬行动物,小型哺乳动物。

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