Prairie Falcon

Meksika qızılquşu (lat. Falco mexicanus) - qızılquş cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

Quş ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.

El falcó de la praderia^[1] (Falco mexicanus) és una espècie d'ocell rapinyaire de la família dels falcònids (Falconidae) que habita praderies, planures àrides i penya-segats d'Amèrica del Nord, des de la Colúmbia Britànica, Alberta, Saskatchewan i Dakota del Nord, cap al sud pel centre i oest dels Estats Units, fins Baixa Califòrnia, Arizona, Nou Mèxic, Coahuila i oest i de Texas.

Referències

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Hebog paith (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: hebogiaid paith) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Falco mexicanus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Prairie falcon. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae) sydd yn urdd y Falconiformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn F. mexicanus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r hebog paith yn perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

Gweler hefyd

• Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

Der Präriefalke (Falco mexicanus) ist eine mittelgroße Falkenart, die im westlichen Nordamerika beheimatet ist.

Erscheinungsbild

Präriefalken gleichen in ihrer Körpergröße einem Wanderfalken oder einer Krähe. Sie erreichen durchschnittlich eine Körperlänge von 40 Zentimeter und haben eine Flügelspannweite von einem Meter. Ihr Gewicht beträgt etwa 700 Gramm. Wie bei Falken üblich ist das Weibchen deutlich größer als das Männchen.

Das Körpergefieder ausgewachsener Vögel ist auf der Oberseite grau-braun. An der Körperunterseite ist das Gefieder heller und zeigt mehr oder weniger dunkle Flecken. Am dunkelsten sind die Handschwingen, am hellsten die äußeren Schwanzfedern. Am Kopf befindet sich eine weiße Linie oberhalb der Augen. Vom Wanderfalken unterscheiden sich Präriefalken unter anderem durch den Schwanz, der bei ihnen proportional zum Körper deutlich länger ist. Ihr Flug wirkt etwas weniger elegant und wendig.

Verbreitungsgebiet

Präriefalken brüten vom südlichen Saskatchewan und Alberta bis nach British Columbia und im westlichen Teil der USA. Sie sind außerdem Brutvögel Mexikos. Anders als bei anderen nordamerikanischen Falken ist ihr Zugverhalten weniger stark ausgeprägt. Lediglich die nördlichsten Brutvögel verlassen ihre Brutgebiete und überwintern in den Wüsten und Küstengebieten von Kalifornien bis nach Baja California.

Lebensraum

Präriefalken sind Vögel, die vor allem in offenen Landschaften leben. Sie bevorzugen dabei aride Gebiete, die von alpinen Tundren bis zu kurzgrasigen Präriegebieten und ausgesprochenen Wüstenarealen reichen. Während ihrer Brutzeit halten sie sich in der Nähe von Felsregionen auf, wo sie an Felsabhängen nisten. Außerhalb dieser Zeiten sind sie weniger anspruchsvoll bezüglich ihres Lebensraums und werden gelegentlich sogar in Städten beobachtet.

Bestand

Die Anzahl der nordamerikanischen Vögel wird auf etwa 5.000 Brutpaare geschätzt.

Literatur

• Pete Dunne, David Sibley, Clay Sutton: Hawks in Flight. 1989, ISBN 0-395-51022-8.
• Steve N. G. Howell, Sophie Webb: A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. 1994, ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
• David Sibley: The Sibley Guide to Birds. 2000, ISBN 0-679-45122-6.

Weblinks

– Sammlung von Bildern

• Falco mexicanus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2016. Eingestellt von: BirdLife International, 2016. Abgerufen am 12. September 2021.
• Videos, Fotos und Tonaufnahmen zu Falco mexicanus in der Internet Bird Collection

A prairie falcon in Arizona

The prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus) is a medium-large sized falcon of western North America. It is about the size of a peregrine falcon or a crow, with an average length of 40 cm (16 in), wingspan of approximately 1 meter (40 in), and average weight of 720 g (1.6 lb). As in all falcons, females are noticeably bigger than males. Though a separate species from the peregrine, the prairie falcon is basically an arid environment divergence of the early peregrine falcon lineage, able to subsist on less food than the peregrine,^[2] and generally lighter in weight than a peregrine of similar wing span. Having evolved in a harsh desert environment with low prey density, the prairie falcon has developed into an aggressive and opportunistic hunter of a wide range of both mammal and bird prey.^[3] It will regularly take prey from the size of sparrows to approximately its own weight, and occasionally much larger. It is the only larger falcon native only to North America. It is resident from southern Canada, through western United States, and into northern Mexico. The prairie falcon is popular as a falconry bird, where with proper training it is regarded as being as effective as the more well known peregrine falcon.

Description

Appearance

Adults

soaring

Male prairie falcons are usually 37 to 38 cm in length (~15 inches) and weigh 500 to 635g (1.1 to 1.4 lbs). Females are about 45 cm in length (17.7 inches) and weigh 762 to 970g (1.7 to 2.1 lbs).^[4] A large female can be nearly twice the size of a small male, with wingspan reaching to 1.1 meters (3.5 feet), and tends to hunt significantly larger prey.

Plumage is warm gray-brown (sometimes called "sandy") above and pale with more or less dark mottling below. The darkest part of the upper side is the primary wing feathers; the lightest is the rump and tail, particularly the outer tail feathers. The head has a "moustache" mark like a peregrine falcon's but narrower, and a white line over the eye. A conspicuous character is that the axillars ("wingpits") and underwing coverts are black, except along the leading edge of the wing. This creates an effect of "struts" from the body along each wing.

Juveniles

There are several ways to distinguish juvenile (first year) Prairie Falcons from adult (second year or older) Prairie Falcons. Each of these methods vary between individuals and several appearance factors may need to be considered as a whole. 1. Vertical dark streaking especially on the upper breast tends to be more prevalent in adults. 2. Exposed portions of shoulder and back feathers tend to be more uniformly colored in juveniles and barred with light and dark horizontal stripes in adults. 3. Skin around eyes, above beak (cere) and on legs and talons tends to be more yellow and sometimes with tinges of orange or green in adults. Skin tends to be gray in juveniles. Factor one can be mistakenly observed because a Prairie Falcon's crop expands and distends upon feeding exposing the white under feathers of the upper breast so that a juvenile Prairie Falcon which just fed can appear from a distance to have a very bright white upper breast like an adult. Also, factor 3 varies so that sometimes a Prairie Falcon's feet begin to turn yellow while juvenile and some individuals have gray skin as adults. It's thought that these fluctuations are caused by diet and resulting hormonal fluctuations between individuals. Of the three factors, factor 2 is probably the most reliable. However, all three factors should be used in conjunction. Interestingly, sometimes one can ascertain whether a Prairie Falcon is exactly in its second year. Some Prairie Falcon individuals molt into adult plumage back and wing feathers that have a more gray tinge than their brown juvenile feathers. First year molts tend to be usually incomplete particularly in the "shoulder" region. If the individual's back and wing feathers have a gray tinge and there are several feathers on the upper wings (shoulder) with a subtle but distinctly different brown tinge, then the bird is a second year bird because it didn't fully molt.

Call

Calls, heard mostly near the nest, are described as repetitive kree kree kree…, kik kik kik…, and the like, similar to the peregrine's but higher-pitched.^[5]

Similar birds

Experts can separate a distant prairie falcon from a peregrine (generally the only similar species in its range) by its shape and flight style. The prairie falcon has a longer tail in proportion to its size; a more tubular, less stocky body; and the wing joint is farther from the body. Its wingbeats are described as strong and shallow like the peregrine's and having the same quick cadence, but stiffer and more mechanical.^[6]

Systematics and evolution

Outward resemblance

The prairie falcon outwardly resembles the peregrine as well as the Old World "hierofalcons", especially the saker falcon.

Previous categorisation

It was previously often considered the only New World member of the hierofalcon subgenus, but in recent decades this assumption has been disproven by genetic analysis. DNA studies beginning in the 1980s have shown the prairie falcon to be closer to the peregrine than to the hierofalcons.^[7][8]

Current classification and convergent evolution

It now is considered an early aridland offshoot of the peregrine falcon lineage, much as the hierofalcons represent a later^[9] separate divergence that similarly adapted to arid habitat. Thus, the similarities between the prairie falcon and the hierofalcons are a good example of convergent evolution, with the prairie falcon and similar looking and behaving Old World forms such as the saker and lanner falcons not being the closest of related species, but instead ecological equivalents.^[10] However, "closely related" is a relative term here, since most or all the members of the genus falco are closely enough related that they can produce hybrid offspring via artificial insemination. But, only the most closely related of these species will produce fertile or partially fertile offspring.

Relationship to Peregrine falcon

The karyological data of Schmutz and Oliphant^[11] provided early scientific evidence of the unexpectedly close relationship between the peregrine and prairie falcons. Wink and Sauer-Gürth^[12] later estimated using molecular systematics that the prairie falcon diverged about 3 to 5 million years ago from an archaic peregrine ancestor, assuming a molecular clock calibration of 2% sequence divergence per 1 million years. The prairie falcon then evolved from its peregrine stock forebears in a process of parapatric speciation based on partially separated environments where different selective pressures lead to separate genetic drift and eventually to separate species. This process has led to the prairie falcon having enhanced survivability in the sparse arid environment that dominates the interior of the American west. This enhanced competitiveness in this environment is based on superior energy efficiency (being no larger than the prey base and competition with other raptors requires), and versatility in the utilization of a wider range of prey. Moderately lower weight than the muscular peregrine for similar wingspan not only allows lower food and energy requirements by the simple expedient of less muscle to support, but also allows a lighter wing loading (weight per square unit of wing area) that allows more distance to be covered per calorie consumed when hunting over prey sparse terrain.^[13] The lighter wing loading also allows greater maneuverability, which is valuable in the pursuit of agile lightly wing loaded prey and rapidly dodging ground prey. When the prairie falcon locates needed prey, it is relentless in its pursuit. Quoting from the book The Prairie Falcon, "Because they evolved in the harsh western environment, prairie falcons have the stamina to out-fly the strongest quarry. They have the spirit to crash through dense cover when attacking prey, something peregrines seldom attempt."^[14] In the longer distance lower prey density American west, the prairie falcon also has evolved eyes that are proportionally larger relative to head size than the already large eyes of other falcons.^[15] The specialization of the prairie falcon to this particular environment is also reflected by the fact that there are no subspecies of the prairie falcon evolved to fit other environments, and that it seldom strays far outside the native range to which it is most suited and within which it has competitive advantages over the peregrine falcon.

Though they are separate species after several million years of mostly separate evolution, prairie falcons are known to still occasionally interbreed with peregrines in the wild.^[16] The male offspring of these crossings may be fertile, and provide an avenue for at least some gene flow to possibly still occur between the species. Such gene flow in the past may have contributed to the continuing genetic closeness of the two species today.^[7]

Ecology, behavior, and reproduction

Habitat and distribution

The natural habitat of the prairie falcon is open country, especially arid, in summer including alpine tundra to shortgrass prairie and high desert. In winter it is more widespread, ranging to low deserts and occasionally to towns. It breeds from southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and south-central British Columbia south through the western United States–roughly between the eastern edge of the Mountain Time Zone and the Cascade Mountains, as well as the Central Valley of California–to the Mexican states of Baja California, Durango, and northern San Luis Potosí. It is much less migratory than the other North American falcons, but in winter it does withdraw somewhat from the northernmost and highest-elevation parts of its breeding range and spreads west to the deserts and Pacific coast of California, east to about the 100th meridian, and south to Baja California Sur, Jalisco, and Hidalgo.

Diet

The prairie falcon eats mostly small mammals (especially in summer) and small to medium-sized birds caught in flight, though as an opportunistic predator it will occasionally take larger birds. Though accounts of the prairie falcon taking prey as large as geese are verifiable (a prey that may be over 5 times heavier than a large female prairie falcon), it usually takes prey smaller than itself that it may safely subdue and which can be carried to the nest or to a safe perch to consume. The majority of prey is 150g or less, a weight that even the smaller tiercel (male) can carry long distances back to the nest.^[17] Most prey is thus 30% or less of the weight of the tiercel, which is a common prey size fraction across numerous species of falcons where the males do the majority of the hunting during the nesting season. However, over shorter distances wildlife biologists have documented prairie falcons carrying up to about 60-70% of their body weight.^[18] Common mammalian prey for prairie falcons includes squirrels, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, chipmunks, gophers, and rabbits of various species. Reptiles are also sometimes taken. Bird prey commonly includes sparrows, starlings, grackles, doves, quail, meadow larks, pigeons, coots, teal, and mallards—virtually any bird of up to approximately the falcon's own size and occasionally significantly larger. However, the need to feed their young focuses them on prey they can carry during nesting season, and the reproductive success of the prairie falcon depends upon such smaller prey being available.^[17]

Flying methods

In keeping with the needs of a predator living in a prey-sparse desert environment, the prairie falcon has developed a wide range of hunting and flight styles.^[19] Like the Merlin, it often hunts by flying fast and low, at a height of only a few meters or so, hoping to find surprised prey as it comes over the terrain or around bushes. Its cruising speed is estimated at 72 km/h (45 mph) and it accelerates in the chase. A variation on this method is for the falcon to stoop down from altitude and then level out near the ground, initially traveling at more than 100 mph at altitudes of a meter or two, sometimes gliding for more than a kilometer this way.^[20] If the rapidly approaching falcon flushes bird prey, the falcon has the speed advantage and may rapidly close with the prey. Another variation on these low attacks is using terrain as cover to approach beneath a flock of birds, then using its speed to perform a rapid climbing surprise attack into the flock.^[21] It also pursues prey sighted from a perch in the manner of the short-winged accipiter hawks, again often flying low and using its speed to close with the prey in a tail-chase. Prairie falcons may even deliberately emulate the flight style of other birds in order to deceive potential prey and allow a surprise attack by the falcon.^[22] The dramatic high speed diving stoop from high altitude in the manner of the peregrine falcon, allowing overtaking the swiftest of birds or delivering a knock-out blow to large prey, is also a very natural part of the hunting repertoire of the prairie falcon.^[23] At impact the prey is hit with a closed foot or feet, or swiped with an open foot armed with talons. High-speed films have shown that this second method is the more common, with the toes closed into a “fist” immediately after striking. The claw on the hind toe, or hallux, is particularly effective and deadly in raking the prey.^[24] When the closed foot strike is used it is typically directed against the head or wing of the prey, and if it does not outright kill, the prey is often rendered unconscious or unable to fly. These strikes are often accompanied by an explosion of feathers and an audible impact that may be heard from the ground hundreds of feet away. They have been known to be so forceful they can literally separate the head from the body of the prey.^[25]

Territory

Territories of mated pairs in nesting season range from under 200 to over 400 square kilometers. Smaller territories where prey does not have to be carried as far enhances reproductive success.^[26]

Nesting

Nest

This species nests on cliff ledges, so breeding adults are local during the breeding season.

Eggs

The clutch averages four eggs, which are subelliptical and pinkish with brown, reddish-brown, and purplish dots. As part of their adaptation to hotter and lower humidity desert climates, the eggs of the prairie falcon are less porous and retain water better than those of their peregrine falcon cousins,^[27] leading to a higher hatching rate under these conditions.

Incubation

The incubation period is 31 days, beginning with the 2nd to last or last egg laid. Incubation becomes more intense after later eggs are laid, somewhat evening out hatching times.

Splitting of work

As is typical for falcons, the female does most of the incubating and brooding, and the male brings most of the food, with the female also hunting after the young are 12 to 14 days old.

Chicks

The young fledge (first fly) from 36 to 41 days after hatching. They continue to be supported by their parents while learning to fly and hunt, with the parents gradually winding down the amount of food they provide as the youngsters' hunting skills improve. At approximately 65 days of age they are ready to be self-sufficient, and disperse from their natal area.^[28]

Competition

In its range the prairie falcon must compete for food and space with other often larger raptors including the peregrine falcon, red tailed hawk, Harris's hawk, ferruginous hawk, great horned owl, and golden eagle. The large, powerful, and surprisingly agile golden eagle is the apex avian predator in this range, and is generally willing and able to attack and kill any of these other raptors. Under the right circumstances all these species are capable of sometimes displacing and occasionally killing the prairie falcon. However, the prairie falcon will aggressively defend its territory against any of them, with male and female often mounting a coordinated attack, and often turns the tables on these larger raptors. Wildlife biologists report numerous observations of prairie falcons successfully driving away and sometimes killing raptors larger than themselves.^[29] When a prairie falcon kills a larger raptor, it usually does so in a diving stoop with striking methods similar to what it uses against prey much larger than itself. It may use a foot with talons clinched like a fist to make a high energy strike against the head or wing of its opponent, or use an extended talon in a rapier like thrust to create a fatal wound. However, it is not a given that prairie falcons will always be in conflict with nearby raptors. In years when food is plentiful, prairie falcons have been known to nest within a few hundred meters of great horned owls, peregrine falcons, red-tailed hawks, and golden eagles, with both sets of parents successfully rearing their young.^[30]

Population size

As of 2006, the population of prairie falcons was estimated to be stable or increasing at over 5,000 pairs,^[31] with perhaps 200 pairs breeding at the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in Idaho.^[32] By contrast, in the years before DDT contamination extirpated the eastern U.S. peregrine falcon population in the 1950s and 1960s, the number of eastern peregrines in the United States had already dropped to about 350 pairs.^[33] It is thought the prairie falcon mostly avoided the population loss suffered by the peregrine from DDT induced egg shell thinning due to its more remote environment partly insulating it from pesticide contamination.^[34] The loss of peregrine population allowed the expansion of prairie falcon range to cliff nesting sites in areas formerly occupied by peregrines moderately outside historic prairie falcon territory. The successful reintroduction of peregrines to eastern and central United States brought peregrine and prairie falcons back into competition in these areas. The reintroduction program led by the Peregrine Fund bred and released more than 4,000 peregrine falcons from 1974 to 1997. The program necessarily made use of available captive bred peregrine stock with a strong genetic influence from larger bodied peregrine subspecies. The created strain of mixed subspecies peregrine tends to be heavier and stronger than the prairie falcon, and where they conflict over nesting sites they often displace prairie falcons.^[35] However, these reintroduced peregrines are little threat to prairie falcon populations within their natural range, as the prairie falcon with its greater heat tolerance, lower daily food requirement, and wider prey base has the survival advantage in the harsh high desert environment in which it has evolved to prosper.

Use in falconry

This species is often used in falconry. It is the most popular falcon captured from the wild for falconry purposes in the United States, due to its abundance and relative ease to acquire. It is valued for its aggressiveness, agility, and determination to bring down game. Although some falconers considered the prairie falcon hard to train and unpredictable, others note that with proper training taking into account its impatient nature it may be as effective as the peregrine falcon. In his book The Hunting Falcon, biologist and falconer Bruce Haak states "In the field, the prairie falcon leaves no doubt that it can hold its own against the peregrine as a stylish and dedicated hunting companion."^[36]

The smaller and more agile males are particularly effective in the taking of small game birds such as dove, quail, and smaller ducks, while the larger and more powerful females reliably take larger game up through the size of large ducks and even pheasants.^[37] Some prairie falcons will strike still larger game such as geese and greater sage-grouse, but their willingness to do so runs the risk of injury to the falcon.^[38][39] The sage-grouse in particular is difficult game, with the males weighing as much as 8 lbs, and being so hard-muscled that inexperienced falcons can easily be injured in striking them in a high-speed stoop. It takes a skilled falcon that knows how to forcefully but carefully and accurately strike them in the head or wing to bring them down cleanly. For this difficult prey experienced falconers usually prefer larger peregrine females, gyrfalcons, or gyr-peregrine hybrids,^[40] though some female prairie falcons do master the art of bringing down larger game.^[38]

Proper training for prairie falcons includes providing abundant food when raising them (to avoid them developing the habit of screaming for food), and extensive "manning" (close contact and handling) when training them.^[41] Unlike the peregrine, they do not respond well to training with the swung lure, as missing the lure brings out their impatience. Teaching prairie falcons to climb and “wait on” to stoop on game is best accomplished by a reward system of flushing game or serving live birds such as pigeons for the falcon to chase when the falcon has assumed the proper position several hundred feet or more above the falconer. The prairie falcon's eagerness to hunt and chase requires that it be patiently taught that when it assumes the proper waiting on position the falconer can be trusted to reliably flush game.^[42] As the falcon comes to understand this, it learns to hunt as an effective team with the falconer.

The availability of commercially bred falcons has in recent years reduced the need to capture falcons from the wild for use in falconry.^[43] The prairie falcon along with the peregrine and gyrfalcon is now often available via captive breeding. The prairie falcon is also sometimes hybridized with the peregrine falcon or gyrfalcon to create a falcon combining the aggressiveness and heat tolerance of the prairie falcon with the easier trainability and slightly greater strength of the larger peregrine subspecies, or the greater horizontal speed and significantly larger size and strength of the gyrfalcon.

Conservation and status

Due to this species' large range and apparently increasing population, it has been classified by the IUCN as least concern.^[1] However, it has experienced some local declines in Texas, California, British Columbia and Alberta as grasslands are developed for agriculture, cities, and other human uses. Such a decline could result in an inability for birds to find mates or suitable habitats.^[44]

Mortality and causes

A major contributor to mortality has been the Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) but to a lesser extent, it has been observed that infestations of Haematosiphon inodorus and in some cases Oeciacus vicarius may be a cause of fledgling morbidity.^[45]

Gallery

• 

  Prairie falcon - gyrfalcon hybrid at Avian Conservation Center, near Charleston, South Carolina, USA

Footnotes

References

• Sibley, David Allen (2000): The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-679-45122-6
• Dunne, Pete, Sibley, David Allen & Sutton, Clay (1989): Hawks in Flight. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-51022-8
• Griffiths, Carole S. (1999): Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data. Auk 116(1): 116–130. PDF fulltext
• Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D. & Wink, Michael (1994): Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene. In: Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Raptor conservation today: 593–599. PDF fulltext
• Howell, Steven N. G. & Webb, Sophie (1995): A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. ISBN 0-19-854012-4
• Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael & Gamauf, A. (2005): Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biarmicus and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43(4): 321–331. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x PDF fulltext
• Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): Raptors at Risk: 135–147. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine. PDF fulltext
• Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29–48. Adenex & WWGBP. PDF fulltext
• Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi; Ellis, David & Kenward, Robert (2004): Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon). In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.): Raptors Worldwide: 499–504. WWGBP, Berlin. PDF fulltext

La Meksika falko aŭ Prerifalko (Falco mexicanus) estas mezgranda rabobirdo en ordo de falkoformaj (Falconiformes), en familio Falkedoj (Falconidae). Ĝi estas birdo de okcidenta Nordameriko.

Ĝi estas similgranda al Migra falko (sed pli hela) aŭ korvo, kun averaĝa longo de 40 cm (el 38 al 45 cm) kaj enverguro de 1 m, dum la pezo estas de 720 ĝis 750 g. Kiel ĉe ĉiuj falkoj, inoj estas rimarkinde pli grandaj ol maskloj.

Distribuado

Ili reproduktiĝas el suda Kanado nome suda Manitobo, Saskaĉevano, Alberto kaj sudcentra Brita Kolumbio suden tra okcidenta Usono –iom el la orienta bordo de la Roka Montaro al la Kaskada Montaro, same kiel ĝis la Kalifornia Centra Valo– al la nordaj subŝtatoj de Meksiko de Baja California, Durango, kaj nordo de San Luis Potosí. Ĝi estas multe malpli migranta ol la aliaj nordamerikaj falkoj, sed vintre ili iome retiriĝas el plej nordaj kaj el plej altaj partoj de siaj reproduktejoj kaj etendas okcidenten al la dezertoj kaj marbordoj de la Pacifiko en Kalifornio, orienten al ĉirkaŭ la 100a meridiano, kaj suden al la Baja California Sur, Jalisco, kaj Hidalgo, kaj terenoj de centra Meksikio, kie ĝi alvenas ĝis la subŝtato de Oaxaca, kvakam kelkaj markas ties limojn norde de Meksikurbo.

Ĝi estas dokumentata ĝis 2,300 m super marnivelo.

Aspekto

Ties plumaro estas tre grizbruna (iome nomata "sableca") supre kaj pala kun pli malpli malhela makuleteco sube. La plej malhelaj parto de supraĵo estas la unuarangaj flugilplumoj; la plej helaj estas la pugo kaj la vosto, ĉefe la eksteraj vostoplumoj. La kapo havas "mustaĉan" markon kiel tiu de la Migra falko sed pli mallarĝan, kaj blankan linion super la okulo. Rimarkinda karaktero estas ke la akseloj kaj subflugiloj estas nigraj, escepte laŭlonge de la bordo de la flugilo. Junuloj similas al plenkreskuloj escepte ke ili havas malhelajn striojn en brusto kaj en ventro kaj pli malhelaj, malpli grizecajn suprajn partojn.

Alvokoj, aŭdataj ĉefe ĉe la nesto, estas priskribitaj kiel ripetaj krii krii krii…, kik kik kik…, kaj iom simile, simila al tiu de la Migra falko, sed pli altatona.

Espertoj povas separi malproksiman Meksikan falkon el Migra (ĝenerale la ununura simila specio en ties teritorio) pro la formo kaj flugmaniero. La Meksika falko havas pli longan voston proporcie al grando; pli tuboforman, malpli fortikan korpon; kaj la akselareo pli for el la korpo. Ties flugilfrapoj estas priskribitaj kiel fortaj kaj profundaj kiel tiuj de la Migra kaj havas la saman rapidan ritmon, sed pli rigida kaj pli mekanika.

Oni ne konas subspeciojn de tiu specio.^[1]

Sistematiko

La Meksika falko elstare similas al la Migra falko same kiel la "hierofalkoj" de la Malnova Mondo, ĉefe la Tartarfalko. Ĝi estis ofte konsiderata la unika amerika membro de tiu lasta grupo. Tamen tio estas neakceptebla pro tialoj de biogeografio, kaj pli ĵuse, Falco mexicanus estis konsiderata frua posteularo de aridaj teroj el la stirpo de la Migra falko, multe kiel la hierofalkoj reprezentas pli malfruan^[2] diverĝon ol simila adapto al arida habitato. Tiele la simileco inter la Prerifalko kaj la hierofalkoj estas bona ekzemplo de konverĝa evoluo, dum la nuna specio kaj la malnovmondaj formoj kiaj la Tartarfalko kaj la Ĉasfalko ne estas tiom proksime parencoj sed ekologiaj ekvivalentoj.^[3]

Ekologio kaj reproduktado

La habitato estas malferma kamparo, ĉefe arida, en somero inklude alpan tundron al malalta prerio kaj altaherba dezerto. Vintre ĝi estas pli disvastigata kun habitatoj el malaltaherbaj dezertoj kaj foje ĝis urboj.

La Meksika falko manĝas ĉefe malgrandajn mamulojn kiaj kunikloj (ĉefe somere) kaj mezgrandajn birdojn kaptitajn dumfluge. Kiel ĉe la Alaŭdfalko, ĝi ofte ĉasas per rapida kaj malalta flugo, je alto de nur unu metro ĉirkaŭe, espere surprizi predon dum ĝi superflugas la grundon aŭ el arbusto. Ties averaĝa rapido estas ĉirkaŭkalkulata je 72 km/h kaj ĝi akcelas se necese kaj la alto povas supreniri ĝis 15 al 90 m. Ĝi persekutas ankaŭ predojn vidatajn el ripozejo, denove ofte flugante tre malalte. Ĝi tipe kaptas birdojn per malalta persekutado kaj posta kapto, kaj nur malpli ofte per frapo el supre per spectakla plonĝo kiel ĉe la Migra falko.

Tiu specio nestas en klifokornicoj, tiele ke la reproduktaj plenkreskuloj estas surloke dum la reprodukta sezono; kelkaj revenas al sama loko. Ili ne konstruas neston, sed uzas fendon aŭ nur grunderon sen aldono de materialo. La ovaro averaĝas kvar ovojn (sed ĝis ses), kiuj estas subelipsaj kaj rozkolorecaj kun brunaj, ruĝecbrunaj kaj purpurecaj punktoj. La kovado daŭras 31 tagojn, komence kun la unua ovo. Kovado iĝas pli intensa post demetado de la lastaj ovoj, preskaŭ ĉe komenca eloviĝo. Kiel tipe ĉe falkoj, la ino faras plej la kovadon kaj la idozorgadon, kaj la masklo alportas plej manĝon, dum la ino ĉasas nur post kiam la idoj estas 12 al 14 tagojn aĝaj. La elnestiĝo okazas post 36 al 41 tagoj post eloviĝo kaj la idoj restas kun la familio dum mallonge antaŭ disiĝi.

Rilato kun homoj

Tiu specio estas ofte uzata en falkado. Kvankam ĝi estas konsiderata malfacile trejnebla kaj neantaŭvidebla, ĝi estas la plej populara falko en Usono, pro ties abundo kaj relative facila akiro. Ĝi estas valora ankaŭ pro ties agresemo (observantoj de naturaj birdoj kaj veterinarioj kunsentas, kun falkadistoj ke ĝi estas unu el plej agresemaj rabobirdoj). Ĝi estis foje hibridata kun la Migra falko kaj kun la Ĉasfalko.

La populacio estis ĉirkaŭkalkulata kiel stabila aŭ pliiĝanta je ĉirkaŭ 5000 paroj, kun eble 200 paroj reproduktantaj je la Rabobirda Konservejo de Rivero Serpento en Idaho.

Notoj

1. ↑ Clements, J. F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th Edition. Cornell University Press. Elŝutebla el Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio
2. ↑ Pli fruaj rezultoj kiuj sugestis, ke hierofalkoj estas la plej malnova grupo de vivantaj falkoj (Helbig et al. 1994, Wink et al. 1998) baze sur analizoj de DNA estis eraraj pro esto de genotranspaso ĉe la hierofalkoj (Wink & Sauer-Gürth 2000).
3. ↑ Helbig et al. (1994), Wink et al. (1998), Griffiths (1999), Wink & Sauer-Gürth (2000), Wink et al. (2004), Nittinger et al. (2005)

Referencoj

• BirdLife International (2008). Falco mexicanus. En: IUCN 2008. IUCN Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj. Elŝutita en 31a de decembro de 2008.
• BirdLife International (2004). Falco mexicanus. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 12a Majo 2006. Kriterioj por klasigo kiel Malplej Zorgiga.
• David Allen Sibley (2000): The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-679-45122-6
• Pete Dunne, David Allen Sibley & Sutton, Clay (1989): Hawks in Flight. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-51022-8
• Griffiths, Carole S. (1999): Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data. Auk 116(1): 116–130. PDF plena teksto
• Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D. & Wink, Michael (1994): Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene. In: Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Raptor conservation today: 593-599. PDF plena teksto
• Howell, Steven N. G. & Webb, Sophie (1995): A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. ISBN 0-19-854012-4
• Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael & Gamauf, A. (2005): Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biarmicus and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43(4): 321-331. COI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x PDF fulltext
• Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): Raptors at Risk: 135-147. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine. PDF plena teksto
• Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29-48. Adenex & WWGBP. PDF plena teksto
• Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi; Ellis, David & Kenward, Robert (2004): Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon). In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.): Raptors Worldwide: 499-504. WWGBP, Berlin. PDF plena teksto

El halcón mexicano^[2]​ o halcón pálido^[3]​ (Falco mexicanus) es una especie de ave falconiforme de la familia Falconidae natural de América del Norte. Su ubicación comprende desde las provincias occidentales del Canadá hasta México.

Distribución

Anida al sur de Canadá, Estados Unidos y norte de México. Inverna desde las zonas donde anida hasta el centro de México. Se le considera común, pero sus números están disminuyendo.^{[cita requerida]} No se conocen subespecies.^[4]​

En Canadá anida al sur de las provincias de la Columbia Británica, Alberta y Saskatchewan. En los Estados Unidos anida en los estados del occidente. En México llega hasta el estado de Oaxaca, aunque algunos autores describen sus límites al norte de Ciudad de México. También se encuentra presente en Baja California, donde anida al norte.

Características

Muy similar en apariencia al halcón peregrino. Se distingue al ser su plumaje más claro. De longitud logra entre 38 y 45 cm; alas hasta 1 m de envergadura, y 750 g de peso.

Historia natural

Habita en regiones semiáridas, tal vez áridas, y lugares donde la vegetación no es muy alta o densa. Se le documenta hasta los 2300 msnm.

Anida en las montañas en las salientes de las rocas, en las grietas en las rocas, en las cuevas y en otros lugares donde encuentre protección. Deposita los huevos en el fondo o suelo del lugar seleccionado sin añadirle ningún material. La nidada consiste de tres a cuatro huevos, pueden ser hasta seis. Algunos regresan a anidar en la misma localidad del año anterior.

Se alimenta de mamíferos pequeños; así como conejos. Complementa su dieta con aves medianas. Caza volando a una altura de 15 a 90 m.

Referencias

• Dunne, Pete, David Allen Sibley, & Clay Sutton (1989). Hawks in Flight. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-51022-8.
• Howell, Steve N. G., and Sophie Webb (1994). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
• Sibley, David (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.

Falco mexicanus Falco generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Falconidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

• World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

• Falco
• Falconidae

Preeriahaukka (Falco mexicanus) on pohjoisamerikkalainen jalohaukka.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Linnun pituus on 37–47 cm, siipien kärkiväli 90–113 cm ja paino 420–1 100 g, keskimäärin 686 g. Naaras on hieman koirasta kookkaampi. Se on kookas, melko vaalea jalohaukka, selkäpuolelta ruskehtava tai harmahtava ja vatsapuolelta lähes valkoinen. Lennossa erottuvat tummat kainalohöyhenet. Laji on suosittu haukkametsästäjien keskuudessa.

Esiintyminen

Preeriahaukat elävät läntisessä Pohjois-Amerikassa Kanadan eteläosista Yhdysvaltain länsiosiin ja Meksikossa Durangon osavaltioon saakka. Lajin elinympäristön ala on noin 3,8 miljoonaa neliökilometriä ja maailman populaation koko on 10 000–100 000 yksilöä.

Elinympäristö

Pesimäympäristönä ovat avoimet, kuivat ruohomaat eli preeria, missä on kallioharjanteita ja -jyrkänteitä. Muuttoaikoina sitä tavataan myös metsäseuduilla ja autiomaissa, usein melko korkealla vuoristossa.

Lisääntyminen

Pariutuminen tapahtuu muuttomatkalta palattua. Reviirin koko on 59–315 neliökilometriä. Pesä on tavallisesti kalliojyrkänteen ulkonemalla eikä siinä ole muuta kuin kuoppa, johon naaras munii 2–6, keskimäärin viisi munaa. Muninta tapahtuu kahden päivän välein ja naaras hautoo 29–31 päivää. Koiras voi joskus osallistua haudontaan, mutta pääasiassa se hankkii perheelle ruoan. Poikaset jättävät pesän lentokykyisinä keskimäärin 38 päivää vanhoina ja itsenäistyvät keskimäärin 65 päivän kuluttua. Emot ovat pesällä erittäin aggressiivisia ja häätävät pesän lähistöltä niin maakotkat, kaliforniankondorit, amerikanhuuhkajat kuin amerikanhiirihaukat sekä maapedot.

Ravinto

Pesimäajan pääravintona ovat oravien heimoon kuuluvat siiselit ja suslikit (Spermophilus). Muuta ravintoa edustavat pienet ja keskikokoiset linnut sekä matelijat.

Lähteet

• ADW (englanniksi)

Falco mexicanus

Le Faucon des prairies (Falco mexicanus) est une espèce de rapaces diurnes appartenant à la famille des Falconidae.

Il falco di prateria (Falco mexicanus Schlegel, 1850) è un uccello falconiforme della famiglia dei Falconidi. Di medie dimensioni, questo falco è originario delle regioni occidentali del Nordamerica.

Descrizione

Ha all'incirca le stesse dimensioni di un falco pellegrino o di un corvo, con una lunghezza media di 40 cm, un'apertura alare di un metro e un peso di 720 g. Come in tutti i falchi, le femmine sono notevolmente più grandi dei maschi.

Il piumaggio è marrone-grigio chiaro (tonalità indicata spesso come «color sabbia») sul dorso e chiaro con chiazze più o meno scure sul ventre. Le zone più scure della regione dorsale sono le copritrici primarie; quelle più chiare il groppone e la coda, in special modo la faccia esterna delle penne caudali. Sulla testa vi sono dei «baffi» simili a quelli del falco pellegrino, ma più sottili, e una linea bianca sopra gli occhi. Una particolare caratteristica di questa specie è il colore nero delle copritrici ascellari («fossette alari») e del sottoala, tranne che lungo il margine dell'ala. Questa colorazione crea un effetto di «rottura» tra il corpo e le ali.

I giovani ricordano gli adulti, ma presentano una serie di striature scure sul petto e sul ventre e le regioni dorsali più scure e dai toni meno grigiastri.

I richiami di questa specie, udibili soprattutto nelle vicinanze del nido, sono descritti come ripetitivi kree kree kree... o kik kik kik... simili a quelli emessi dal falco pellegrino, ma di tonalità più elevata.

Gli esperti riescono a distinguere il falco di prateria dal falco pellegrino (generalmente l'unica specie simile presente all'interno del suo areale) dalla forma del corpo e dallo stile di volo. Il falco di prateria ha una coda più lunga in proporzione al corpo; corpo più tubolare e meno tozzo e attaccatura delle ali più distante dal corpo. Il suo battito d'ali è stato descritto come forte e poco profondo, come quello del falco pellegrino, con la stessa cadenza veloce, ma più rigido e meccanico.

Sistematica

Nella morfologia il falco di prateria somiglia sia al falco pellegrino che alle specie del sottogenere Hierofalco del Vecchio Mondo, specialmente al falco sacro. Spesso è stato considerato come l'unica specie del Nuovo Mondo del sottogenere Hierofalco. Tuttavia, per motivi biogeografici, una collocazione in questo gruppo risulta impossibile e, più di recente, Falco mexicanus è stato considerato come una specie discendente dalla stessa linea evolutiva del falco pellegrino, dalla quale, come le specie di Hierofalco, si è successivamente separata^[2] sviluppando adattamenti alla vita in regioni aride. Così, le similitudini tra il falco di prateria e le specie di Hierofalco costituiscono un buon esempio di evoluzione convergente, dato che la prima specie e alcune forme del Vecchio Mondo come il falco sacro e il lanario non sono parenti stretti, ma occupano semplicemente la stessa nicchia ecologica^[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

Nidifica dalle regioni meridionali di Manitoba, Saskatchewan e Alberta e da quelle centro-meridionali della Columbia Britannica, attraverso gli Stati Uniti occidentali - all'incirca tra il margine orientale del fuso orario montano (UTC-7) e la Catena delle Cascate, così come nella Valle Centrale della California -, agli Stati messicani di Bassa California, Durango e San Luis Potosí settentrionale. Ha abitudini meno migratorie degli altri falchi nordamericani, ma in inverno abbandona le regioni più settentrionali e più elevate del suo areale di nidificazione e si dirige ad ovest verso i deserti e la costa pacifica della California, fino alla longitudine del 100º meridiano, o a sud, verso la Bassa California del Sud, il Jalisco e l'Hidalgo.

Gli habitat prediletti da questa specie durante l'estate sono le distese aperte, in special mondo quelle aride, dalle tundre alpine alle praterie di erba bassa e ai deserti d'altitudine. In inverno, invece, la gamma degli habitat occupati è più vasta, estendendosi ai deserti del bassopiano e, occasionalmente, alle città.

Biologia

Il falco di prateria si nutre soprattutto di piccoli mammiferi (specialmente in estate) e di uccelli catturati in volo. Come lo smeriglio, caccia volando velocemente a bassa quota, spesso a solo un metro dal suolo o giù di lì, cercando di cogliere di sorpresa le prede sorvolando il terreno o girando attorno a un cespuglio. La sua velocità di crociera è stata stimata sui 72 km/h, ma durante l'inseguimento aumenta notevolmente. Talvolta insegue anche prede avvistate da un posatoio, dirigendosi verso di esse sempre volando molto basso. Generalmente cattura le prede inseguendole in volo e afferrandole con gli artigli; solo raramente si tuffa in picchiata come il falco pellegrino.

Durante la stagione della nidificazione gli esemplari in età riproduttiva divengono sedentari e nidificano su cornici rocciose. Ogni covata comprende in media quattro uova, di forma subellittica e di colore rosato con puntini marroni, marrone-rossastri e violacei. L'incubazione dura 31 giorni a partire dalla deposizione del primo uovo. Essa si fa più intensa dopo la deposizione dell'ultimo uovo, ma si attenua verso il periodo della schiusa. Come in tutti i falchi, è la femmina che si occupa maggiormente della cova; il maschio si occupa di procurare cibo per tutta la famiglia; la femmina torna a cacciare quando i piccoli hanno 12-14 giorni di età. Questi ultimi si involano 36-41 giorni dopo la schiusa, ma rimangono con i genitori ancora per un po' di tempo prima di allontanarsi.

Rapporti con l'uomo

Il falco di prateria viene spesso utilizzato in falconeria. Nonostante sia considerato difficile da addestrare e dotato di un carattere imprevedibile, è la specie di falco più popolare negli Stati Uniti, data la sua abbondanza e la facilità con cui si può ottenere un esemplare. È molto apprezzato anche per la sua aggressività (sia i naturalisti che i veterinari ritengono che questo falco sia uno dei rapaci più aggressivi). Talvolta viene fatto incrociare con falchi pellegrini e girfalchi.

La popolazione, ritenuta stabile o perfino in crescita, è costituita da più di 5000 coppie; una tra le più numerose, quella dell'Area di Conservazione Nazionale degli Uccelli da Preda di Snake River, nell'Idaho, è costituita da 200 coppie nidificanti.

Note

Bibliografia

• Sibley, David Allen (2000): The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-679-45122-6
• Dunne, Pete, Sibley, David Allen & Sutton, Clay (1989): Hawks in Flight. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-51022-8
• Griffiths, Carole S. (1999): Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data. Auk 116(1): 116–130. PDF fulltext
• Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D. & Wink, Michael (1994): Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene. In: Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Raptor conservation today: 593-599. PDF fulltext
• Howell, Steven N. G. & Webb, Sophie (1995): A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. ISBN 0-19-854012-4
• Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael & Gamauf, A. (2005): Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biarmicus and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43(4): 321-331. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x PDF fulltext
• Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): Raptors at Risk: 135-147. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine. PDF fulltext
• Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29-48. Adenex & WWGBP. PDF fulltext
• Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi; Ellis, David & Kenward, Robert (2004): Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon). In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.): Raptors Worldwide: 499-504. WWGBP, Berlin. PDF fulltext

De prairievalk (Falco mexicanus) is een roofvogel uit de familie der valken (Falconidae).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in het westen van Noord-Amerika, met name Canada, de Verenigde Staten en Mexico.

Externe link

• Avibase

Sokół preriowy (Falco mexicanus) – gatunek ptaka drapieżnego z rodziny sokołowatych (Falconidae). Poluje z zasiadki lub z niskiego, szybkiego lotu. Ofiarę chwyta tuż nad ziemią lub bezpośrednio na niej.

Wygląd

Długość ciała 35–45 cm. W locie widać charakterystyczny ciemny spód skrzydeł. Dorosłe ptaki z wierzchu ciała piaskowobrązowe, spód ciała płowy do kremowego z brązowymi plamkami na piersi, brzuchu oraz zarośniętych częściowo nogach. Obie płci podobne. Młode ptaki są ciemniejsze z wierzchu i od spodu, mają więcej plamek.

Zasięg, środowisko

pustynie w Ameryce Północnej

Przypisy

Bibliografia

1. Andrew Gosler: Atlas Ptaków Świata. Warszawa: MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.

Präriefalk^[2] (Falco mexicanus) är en nordamerikansk fågel i familjen falkar inom ordningen falkfåglar.^[3] Den förekommer i torra områden från British Columbia till norra Mexiko).^[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.^[1] Den är i gemonsnitt 40 cm lång och har ett vingspann på en meter. Fågeln är vanligen använd i falkenering.

Bilder

• I fågenskap i Charleston, South Carolina i bevaringssyfte.

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Noter

1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Falco mexicanus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör präriefalk.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Falco mexicanus.
  Artförteckning

Kır doğanı (Falco mexicanus), doğan cinsinin bir üyesidir. Kuzey Amerika'da Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta ve Britanya Kolombiyası'nda görülür. Boyutları bayağı doğan kadardır. Ortalama uzunluğu 40 cm'dir. Kanat açıklığı 1 m olabilir. Ağırlığı 720 gr kadardır. Diğer tüm doğanlarda olduğu gibi dişiler erkeklerden daha büyüktür. Hızları saatte 72 km'yi geçer.

Cắt thảo nguyên (danh pháp hai phần: Falco mexicanus) là một loài chim lá thuộc chi Cắt trong họ Falconidae.^[1]. Loài này phân bố ở tây Bắc Mỹ.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Falco mexicanus tại Wikispecies

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Gennaia mexicana
Hierofalco mexicanus

ソウゲンハヤブサ（草原隼、学名：Falco mexicanus）は、タカ目ハヤブサ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

分布[編集]

• 北アメリカ

形態[編集]

全長約40cm、翼開長約1m。ほっそりとした体形で、背面は褐色をしており、下面は白地に黒い斑点模様が散りばめられている。

生態[編集]

草原、プレーリー、砂漠、山地の疎林などに生息する。

食性は動物食で、哺乳類、鳥類、トカゲ、昆虫類などを捕食する。

Sibley分類体系での位置[編集]

参考文献[編集]

• バードライフ・インターナショナル総監修 山岸哲日本語版総監修　『世界鳥類大図鑑』　ネコ・パブリッシング、2009年、186頁。