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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 29.5 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Behavior

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Canvasbacks are generally quiet ducks, although they do use a variety of distress calls and emit a variety of coos and rattles as part of courtship behaviors. They use visual signals in courtship, through their displays.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Conservation Status

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Canvasbacks are protected as migratory gamebirds in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. They are not considered threatened or endangered currently. Populations are affected by hunting pressure, habitat degradation, pollution, and collisions with cars or stationary objects. Hunting pressure is most intense during fall migration. In 1999 approximately 87,000 canvasbacks were taken by U.S. hunters. Because canvasbacks eat vegetation in aquatic sediments, they are susceptible to the toxins that accumulate in those sediments. This is particularly true in areas of high industrial activity, such as the Detroit River.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Benefits

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There are no adverse effects of canvasbacks on humans.

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Canvasbacks are important members of healthy, aquatic ecosystems. They are also an important game species and are one of the best studied duck species.

Positive Impacts: food ; research and education

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Associations

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Canvasbacks form large foraging groups in the non-breeding season, these large numbers of animals feeding on aquatic plants and animals can have a substantial effect on local aquatic ecosystems. Canvasbacks are infected by a variety of diseases and parasites, including renal coccidia (Eimeria truncata), malaria (Plasmodium circumflexum), blood parasites (Leucocytozoon simondi and Haemoproteus nettionis), parasitic trematodes (Typhlocoelum cucumerinum), bird fleas (Ceratophyllus), bird lice (Austromenopon leucoxanthum), and ticks (Ixodidae and Argasidae). In some areas canvasbacks are also parasitized by leeches (Hirudinea).

Canvasback females may lay their eggs in the nests of other canvasback females, making them intra-specific nest parasites. Canvasbacks are also subject to nest parasitism by redheads (Aythya americana) and ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis). Male canvasbacks are important in protecting new nests from nest parasitism, they drive away other species aggressively. Because redheads often lay their eggs in canvasback nests about 1 week after incubation begins, aggressive encounters between canvasbacks and nest parasites at the nest often result in egg loss through breakage. Canvasback eggs are about five times as likely to crack as redhead eggs. Parasitized nests are more likely to be abandoned and ducklings from parasitized nests have lower survival rates than those from non-parasitized nests.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • renal coccidia (Eimeria truncata)
  • malaria (Plasmodium circumflexum)
  • blood parasite (Leucocytozoon simondi)
  • blood parasite (Haemoproteus nettionis)
  • parasitic trematodes (Typhlocoelum cucumerinum)
  • bird fleas (Ceratophyllus)
  • bird lice (Austromenopon leucoxanthum)
  • ticks (Ixodidae)
  • ticks (Argasidae)
  • leeches (Hirudinea)
  • redheads (Aythya americana)
  • ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis)
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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Canvasbacks are omnivorous and opportunistic. In winter and migration they mainly eat aquatic vegetation, including buds, roots, tubers, and rhizomes. They may also take small snails and clams during this time. In the breeding season canvasbacks eat aquatic plants and animals, including seeds, buds, leaves, rhizomes, tubers, and roots and snails, caddisfly larvae (Tricoptera), damselfly and dragonfly nymphs (Odonata), mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera), and midge larvae (Chironomidae). Outside of the breeding season canvasbacks forage in small to very large groups (over 1000 individuals) and mainly in the morning and evening. These diving ducks can dive to more than 5 meters depth for 10 to 20 seconds, although they usually dive from 0.5 to 2 meters deep. They take food in a variety of ways, including diving, stripping plants with their feet or beaks, and grabbing prey from the water surface or air. In a dive they use their robust, cone-shaped heads to probe and excavate submerged plants.

The scientific name of canvasbacks comes from their favorite winter food, the aquatic plant Vallisneria americana, or wild celery.

Animal Foods: insects; mollusks

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Canvasbacks breed in the prairie pothole region of central North America, including the United States from Colorado and Nevada north through British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and central Alaska. Breeding populations seems to be moving farther northward in recent years. The winter range is from the coastal Pacific Northwest across central prairie states to the southern Great Lakes and south to Florida, Mexico, and Baja California. Largest winter concentrations of canvasbacks are found in Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River and eastern Lake Erie, Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, the Mississippi River delta, the Chesapeake Bay and Currituck and Pamlico sounds in North Carolina.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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In the breeding season canvasbacks are found in areas with small ponds, slow moving rivers, and dense vegetation. Most breeding occurs in the aspen parklands of central Canada, characterized by aspen woodlands, grasslands, and potholes. Canvasbacks prefer breeding in small lakes and ponds or marshes with dense emergent vegetation, such as cattails (Typha), bulrush (Scirpus acutus), reeds (Phragmites communis), and rivergrass (Scholochloa festucacea). During spring and fall migration and winter canvasbacks are found in aquatic areas with high densities of food availability, including estuaries, large freshwater lakes, coastal bays and harbors, and large river deltas. During migration they may also use flooded fields, farm ponds, and wetlands.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water

Wetlands: marsh

Other Habitat Features: estuarine

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Life Expectancy

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The oldest wild canvasback captured was 22 years and 7 months old, the next longest recorded lifespan in a wild canvasback was 16 years 11 months. Annual survival rates for adults have been estimated at 82% for males and 69% for females. Canvasback mortality is documented as a result of hunting, collisions, toxin ingestion, and exposure during cold weather.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
22.6 (high) years.

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Morphology

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Canvasbacks are sometimes called the "aristocrat of ducks" for their elegant appearance. Canvasbacks are the largest diving duck (Aythya) species. Males are slightly larger, from 51 to 56 cm in body length and 863 to 1,589 g mass. Females are from 48 to 52 cm in body length and 908 to 1,543 g in mass. Canvasbacks are distinguished by their large size and characteristic long, sloping profile and wedge-shaped head that is held erect on their long necks. Canvasback breeding plumage, which they keep for most of the year, is striking. Males have rich, reddish-brown heads and necks, black breasts, and white wings, sides, and belly. The rump and tail feathers are black. The feet and legs are dark grey and the bill is black. Female breeding plumage is much more subdued, but similar to males; the head and neck are brownish, the wings, sides, and belly are white or gray, and the tail and breast are dark brown. Non-breeding males and females, and immature individuals, are generally brownish overall. Canvasbacks are sometimes confused with their close relatives: redheads, greater scaup and lesser scaup.

Range mass: 863 to 1589 g.

Range length: 48 to 56 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Associations

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Canvasback eggs and young are preyed on by a variety of nest predators, including raccoons, striped skunks, red foxes, mink, ermine, American crows, black-billed magpies, common ravens, and California gulls. Adults and fledglings are preyed on by raptors as well as large terrestrial and aquatic predators, including: mink, coyotes, great black-backed gulls, bald eagles, great horned owls, black-crowned night herons, snapping turtles, and northern pike.

When a female notices a predator near her nest, she silently swims away to distract attention. If the young are hatched, the female uses a warning call so that the young swim into thick vegetation. Outside of the breeding season canvasbacks form large groups to help protect against predation. Predation accounts for up to 60% of duckling mortality.

Known Predators:

  • raccoons (Procyon lotor)
  • striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • mink (Neovison vison)
  • ermine (Mustela erminea)
  • American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
  • black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia)
  • common ravens (Corvus corax)
  • California gulls (Larus californicus)
  • coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus)
  • bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
  • great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)
  • black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax)
  • snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina)
  • northern pike (Esox lucius)
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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Canvasbacks are seasonally monogamous. Courtship begins during the spring migration and continues on the breeding grounds. Males and females generally remain with a partner during the season, although occasional males have extra pair copulations or abandon a first mate for a second. Females use courtship displays to assess male quality, especially male ability to compete for food and space. During the height of courtship, receptive females are periodically surrounded by 3 to 8 males in "courting parties." There are a variety of courtship displays: the neck-stretch, incite behavior, a male sneak approach, kinked-neck, head-throw, and turning the back of the head. All are used to start and enforce the pair bond.

Mating System: monogamous

Females choose the same home ranges for their nesting sites each year. Nests are started as early as late April, but nesting peaks in mid to late May and may continue into June. Pairs lay one brood per year, although they will re-nest if the first brood is destroyed. Nests are built in emergent vegetation above water, although they will occasionally build nests on land as long as it is in a protected area. They prefer medium to large sized, shallow wetlands with extensive emergent vegetation for breeding. Females lay from 5 to 11 smooth, elliptical, greenish drab eggs. Average reported clutch sizes vary regionally, but range from 6.6 to 8.3 eggs per nest. Clutch sizes may be affected by nest parasitism, with parasitized nests having smaller clutches. One egg is laid per day and the female begins to incubate the eggs a few days before the last egg is laid. Eggs are incubated for 24 to 29 days. Young are able to swim and forage soon after hatching. Young fledge at 56 to 68 days after hatching. In late August or September young canvasbacks form groups in preparation for migration. Canvasbacks are capable of breeding in the year after hatching.

Females choose the same home ranges for their nesting sites each year. Nests are started as early as late April, but nesting peaks in mid to late May and may continue into June. Pairs lay one brood per year, although they will re-nest if the first brood is destroyed. Nests are built in emergent vegetation above water, although they will occasionally build nests on land as long as it is in a protected area. They prefer medium to large sized, shallow wetlands with extensive emergent vegetation for breeding. Females lay from 5 to 11 smooth, elliptical, greenish drab eggs. Average reported clutch sizes vary regionally, but range from 6.6 to 8.3 eggs per nest. Clutch sizes may be affected by nest parasitism, with parasitized nests having smaller clutches. One egg is laid per day and the female begins to incubate the eggs a few days before the last egg is laid. Eggs are incubated for 24 to 29 days. Young are able to swim and forage soon after hatching. Young fledge at 56 to 68 days after hatching. In late August or September young canvasbacks form groups in preparation for migration. Canvasbacks are capable of breeding in the year after hatching.

Breeding interval: Canvasbacks breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Canvasbacks nest from April to June, with a peak in mid to late May.

Range eggs per season: 5 to 11.

Range time to hatching: 24 to 29 days.

Average time to hatching: 25 days.

Range fledging age: 56 to 68 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Females build nests and continue to line them with plants and down feathers throughout the nest-building and incubation period. Male canvasbacks are protective of their mate and the nest, especially in the first week after incubation starts. After that time they begin to spend less time defending the nesting area from predators, other canvasbacks, and redheads. During incubation males abandon their mates and nests. Young are precocial at hatching and are able to swim as soon as their feathers dry. Females brood the young when the weather is cold, however. Within a day after hatching the female and her brood abandon the nest and move into larger bodies of water with abundant emergent vegetation. Females remain with their broods until close to migration. For broods that hatch late in the year, though, that may be at only 2 to 3 weeks old. Females do not feed their young, but they do protect them.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Female)

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Dewey, T. 2008. "Aythya valisineria" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aythya_valisineria.html
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Aythya valisineria

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

Although this duck’s rufous-red is one of its most striking field marks, the male Canvasback is not the only duck in North America with this pattern of coloration. In many parts of its range, this species occurs side by side with the closely-related Redhead (Aythya americana), and a couple field marks must be noted in order to distinguish the two. The Canvasback is slightly larger (20-24 inches), has a longer bill, and is much lighter on the back and flanks. Males have a red head and white body (resembling a sheet of blank canvas from a distance), while females are mostly light grayish-brown. The Canvasback breeds primarily in the northern Great Plains, the northern Rockies, western Canada, and Alaska. Most Canvasback populations migrate south in winter to the southern two-thirds of the United States and into Mexico. In its wintering range, this species is more common inland than the Redhead. Canvasbacks breed in lakes, ponds, marshes and bays. In winter, this species utilizes similar habitats as it does during the breeding season. In summer, Canvasbacks eat both aquatic plants and animals, such as small insects and mollusks; in winter, they feed primarily on plant matter, particularly the wild celery plant (Vallisneria americana) from which this species derives its scientific name. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Redheads may be observed submerging themselves to feed on aquatic plant matter. In winter, they may also be observed in large flocks on coastal bays and lagoons. This species is primarily active during the day.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Reid Rumelt

Aythya valisineria

provided by EOL authors

Although this duck’s rufous-red is one of its most striking field marks, the male Canvasback is not the only duck in North America with this pattern of coloration. In many parts of its range, this species occurs side by side with the closely-related Redhead (Aythya americana), and a couple field marks must be noted in order to distinguish the two. The Canvasback is slightly larger (20-24 inches), has a longer bill, and is much lighter on the back and flanks. Males have a red head and white body (resembling a sheet of blank canvas from a distance), while females are mostly light grayish-brown. The Canvasback breeds primarily in the northern Great Plains, the northern Rockies, western Canada, and Alaska. Most Canvasback populations migrate south in winter to the southern two-thirds of the United States and into Mexico. In its wintering range, this species is more common inland than the Redhead. Canvasbacks breed in lakes, ponds, marshes and bays. In winter, this species utilizes similar habitats as it does during the breeding season. In summer, Canvasbacks eat both aquatic plants and animals, such as small insects and mollusks; in winter, they feed primarily on plant matter, particularly the wild celery plant (Vallisneria americana) from which this species derives its scientific name. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Redheads may be observed submerging themselves to feed on aquatic plant matter. In winter, they may also be observed in large flocks on coastal bays and lagoons. This species is primarily active during the day.

References

  • Aythya valisineria. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Canvasback (Aythya valisineria). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Mowbray, Thomas B. 2002. Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/659
  • eBird Range Map - Canvasback. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Rumelt, Reid B. Aythya valisineria. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aythya valisineria. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Robert Costello (kearins)
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Associated Plant Communities

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, fresh

Canvasbacks are found on marshes or large lakes scattered throughout
boreal forests, on mixed prairies, and on the drier shortgrass prairies
[1]. Within these plant associations, canvasbacks often inhabit shallow
prairie marshes surrounded by bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), cattails (Typha
spp.), sedges (Carex spp.), reeds (Phragmites spp.), and other similar
emergent vegetation [1,8].

Canvasback nests are often located in pure stands of hardstem bulrush
(Scirpus acutus) or in hardstem bulrush mixed with cattail, burreed
(Sanguisorba spp.), or sedges [1,7]. In prairie pothole areas, cattails
are commonly used for nesting cover. At Lousana, Alberta, 29 percent of
canvasback nests were among flooded willows (Salix spp.); at Redvers,
Saskatchewan, 9 percent were among willows. On the Saskatchewan Delta,
most nests were located in reed [1].

During winter, beds of wild celery (Vallesniria spp.) in fresh water
habitats are heavily utilized by canvasbacks as are pondweeds
(Potamogeton spp.), widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima), and eelgrass
(Zostera marina) in more brackish areas. In the interior of the
continent, lakes and marshes with heavy growths of pondweeds and wild
celery provide major concentration points for canvasbacks [8].


REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

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canvasback
canvas-backed duck
can
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Canvasback is noted in the Audobon Society's Blue List as a species of
special concern [20].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements

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More info for the term: cover

Canvasbacks select stands of emergent vegetation for nesting cover [7].
Canvasback broods seek the most open, the largest, and the deepest
potholes for their development [1].
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Canvasbacks breed from central Alaska and northern Yukon to western
Ontario and south to southeastern Alaska; and locally in inland areas to
northeastern California across to northern Utah, central New Mexico,
northernwestern Iowa, and southern Ontario. They winter from along the
Pacific Coast from the central Aleutians and southeastern Alaska south
to Baja California; from Arizona and New Mexico to the Great Lakes; and,
along the Atlantic Coast from New England south to the Gulf Coast and
Mexico [3,8]. Canvasbacks also occasionally winter in Cuba, Bermuda,
and Guatemala [12].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Canvasbacks dive in shallow water, usually 3 to 12 feet (0.9-3.6 m)
deep, for food. Their diet generally consists of about 80 percent
vegetative matter [3]. In the northeastern United States, canvasbacks
prefer seeds and vegetative parts of wild celery; in the Southeast and
the West they primarily consume pondweeds. They also feed on bulrush
seeds, widgeongrass, eelgrass, arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.) and coontail
(Ceratophyllum demersum). Animal matter consumed by canvasbacks mostly
consists of mollusks, insects, fish, and mud crabs [1,3,10].

Management of food resources on canvasback staging areas must emphasize
wild celery and other plants that produce tubers, such as arrowhead and
pondweeds [10].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, marsh

Fire can remove canvasback nesting cover [5]. Large-scale autumn
burning may have a detrimental effect upon marshes by reducing the
retention of drifting snow, which adds heavily to spring run-off. The
ability of marsh vegetation to catch and hold snow is vital to marsh
survival [17].

Fire can also improve the habitat for canvasbacks. Fire often removes
excessive accumulations of fast-growing hydrophytes, permitting better
waterfowl access and growth of more desirable duck foods [16].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

95 Black willow
106 Mangrove
222 Black cottonwood - willow
235 Cottonwood - willow
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: bog

K047 Fescue - oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K072 Sea oats prairie
K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem - sacahuista prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K079 Palmetto prairie
K080 Marl - everglades
K088 Fayette prairie
K092 Everglades
K094 Conifer bog
K105 Mangrove
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations

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More info for the term: series

Of all the extensively distributed game ducks in North America, the
canvasback is the least abundant [1]. The canvasback population has
decreased due to habitat loss and overhunting [8]. In the 1930's the
population decreased after a series of drought years prevented any
reasonable breeding success. During the 1960's and 1970's the extensive
drainage of prairie marshes resulted in a decline in canvasbacks to an
estimated 500,000 individuals by the mid 1970's; a 50 percent reduction
of numbers estimated 20 years earlier. Canvasbacks have also been lost
due to oil spills in key wintering areas [12]. Current population
numbers were not found in the literature.

Desertion of canvasback nests is a far greater problem than in most
other waterfowl species. Hens desert their nest because of flooding or
brood parasitism by redheads and other canvasbacks. Heavy rains on
small potholes or wind tides on large marshes often raise the water
faster than the hens are able to build up the nest platforms [1].


REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA

HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD

MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ

NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC

SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY





AB
BC
MB
NB
NF
NT
NS
ON
PE
PQ

SK
YT













MEXICO


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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators

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More info for the terms: cover, marsh

The heaviest nest destruction by predators commonly occurs during the
egg-laying period when the hen is off the nest [7]. Raccoons are the
most common predators of canvasback nests. In 1973 one study reported
that this predator was responsible for 60 percent of all canvasback
nests destroyed in the Minnesota potholes in Manitoba [1]. Skunks are
the second most important mammalian predator of canvasback nests in the
prairie breeding grounds. They are especially destructive in years when
water recedes from marginal marsh cover, leaving nests stranded on dry
ground, or when low water at the beginning of the nesting season
necessitates placing nests out of the water. Coyotes, foxes, minks,
weasels, crows, and magpies also prey upon canvasback nests [1].
Additionally coyotes, foxes, minks, and weasels prey on ducklings and
adults.
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat

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More info for the term: marsh

Breeding/nesting habitat - Canvasbacks breed and nest on large marshes,
ponds, sloughs, and potholes [1]. Pairs occupy the larger, deeper ponds
for feeding, resting, and courting but use the smaller, shallower ponds
for nesting. These ponds are usually less than an acre and are
encircled by bands of cattails and bulrushes. Brood ponds are
intermediate in size between those used for feeding and for nesting but
contain considerable marsh vegetation [1].

Canvasbacks usually nest over water 6 to 24 inches (15-60 cm) deep
[1,3]. They sometimes build their nests on muskrat houses and rarely on
dry ground. They attach the nest to surrounding plants or build it on a
mat of floating dead plants, generally 3 to 60 feet (0.9-18.3 m) from
the edge of open water [3,7].

Migration and winter habitat - Large lakes of 150 acres (61 ha) or more,
marshes, and rivers with submerged beds of pondweed are favored during
migration. Canvasbacks winter primarily on estuaries, sheltered bays,
coastal lagoons, and sometimes on deep freshwater lakes [3,8].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The currently recognized scientific name for the canvasback is Aythya
valisineria (Wilson). There are no recognized subspecies [1,3,8,19].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events

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Pair bonding - Canvasback pair bonding takes place in late winter. Most
canvasbacks arrive on their breeding grounds already paired [12].

Nesting - Canvasbacks begin to nest in late April or early May [1].
Even in the subarctic, canvasbacks nest almost as early as in the
northern prairies [1]. The nesting season generally lasts from April to
June [1,12].

Clutch size/incubation - Determining the clutch size in canvasback nests
is complicated by the effect of redhead (Aythya americana) parasitism on
the number of host eggs. When redheads lay in canvasback nests, host
clutches are reduced in size. Clutches usually consist of 7 to 12 eggs
and average 9 1/2 in nonparasitized nests. Clutches are somewhat
smaller in parasitized nests [1,8]. Female canvasbacks seldom lay eggs
in the nests of other species but commonly parasitize the nests of other
canvasback hens [1].

The incubation period normally lasts about 24 days but sometimes as long
as 29 days [7,8]. The inclusion of eggs laid by other females sometimes
results in several unhatched eggs being left in the nest at the time of
general hatching [8].

Fledging - Fledging requires about 56 to 68 days [8].

Age at sexual maturity - Canvasbacks become sexually mature their first
winter [7,8].

Molting - Drakes begin to gather on molting grounds shortly after
females start incubation. Most have completed their prenuptual molt by
mid-October or early November. Hens begin to molt after leaving their
broods in the fall [7].

Migration/Fall - Canvasbacks begin to migrate into the Northern Great
Plains in early September. Numbers slowly build up to late October,
followed by rapid departures in early November. Canvasbacks in the east
arrive in the Great Lakes States in early October, reach peak numbers by
early November, and decline rapidly to wintering numbers by the end of
the month. Canvasbacks arrive on their winter grounds adjacent to the
central Gulf Coast in late November. Farther south on the lower Texas
coast, however, they arrive almost a month earlier [1]. They arrive on
winter grounds in central California in late October, and numbers
steadily increase through November and December. On winter grounds in
southern California, canvasbacks do not appear until late November and
rapidly increase in numbers through December [1].

Migration/spring - Canvasbacks begin departing many of their winter
areas in early February. On most winter areas, there is a steady
departure lasting almost to mid-April. On lakes midway to their
breeding grounds, canvasbacks appear in small numbers in late February,
with populations rapidly increasing through March. Canvasbacks begin to
arrive on the southern margins of their breeding grounds in the Great
Plains in early April [1].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, fire regime

Fire can be used to remove fast-growing, undesirable species and
increase desirable canvasback foods such as pondweed [15]. Controlled
burning can also be used to create nesting edge for ducks. Removal of
dense vegetation and woody encroachment is vital if prairie marshes are
to remain in this successional state [17]. According to Ward [17],
spring burning in marshlands is primarily done to remove vegetation and
create more nesting edge. Summer fires are used to create more
permanent changes in the plant community.

Burning should be completed well before or after the nesting season to
avoid destroying nesting cover and nests of canvasbacks [17]. Land
managers who burn during the nesting season should consider partial
burns. Partial burns will probably have less impact on total vegetation
changes but should result in higher recruitment of waterfowl than would
complete burning [18].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Aythya valisineria. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Morilhon kein gwenn ( Breton )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar morilhon kein gwenn (Aythya valisineria) a zo un evn palvezek eus kerentiad an Anatidae. Ar spesad brasañ eus genad Aythya eo.

Doareoù pennañ

Un barez gant he reoù vihan.

Annez

Bevañ a ra al labous en hanternoz Norzhamerika[1].

Liammoù diavaez

Daveennoù

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Morilhon kein gwenn: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar morilhon kein gwenn (Aythya valisineria) a zo un evn palvezek eus kerentiad an Anatidae. Ar spesad brasañ eus genad Aythya eo.

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Morell dorsiblanc ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El morell dorsiblanc (Aythya valisineria) és un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae) que cria en aiguamolls, estanys, llacs i rius des del centre d'Alaska fins a la meitat nord-occidental dels Estats Units. En hivern migren cap al sud, habitant llacs, rius i badies costaneres a la llarga d'ambdues costes dels Estats Units i gran part de Mèxic.

Referències


 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Morell dorsiblanc Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Morell dorsiblanc: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El morell dorsiblanc (Aythya valisineria) és un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae) que cria en aiguamolls, estanys, llacs i rius des del centre d'Alaska fins a la meitat nord-occidental dels Estats Units. En hivern migren cap al sud, habitant llacs, rius i badies costaneres a la llarga d'ambdues costes dels Estats Units i gran part de Mèxic.

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Hwyaden bengoch fawr ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Hwyaden bengoch fawr (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: hwyaid pengoch mawr) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Aythya valisineria; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Canvasback. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae) sydd yn urdd y Anseriformes.[1] Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. valisineria, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

Teulu

Mae'r hwyaden bengoch fawr yn perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Alarch gyddfddu Cygnus melancoryphus Alarch utganol Cygnus buccinator
Trumpeter Swan Sasata.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Hwyaden bengoch fawr: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Hwyaden bengoch fawr (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: hwyaid pengoch mawr) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Aythya valisineria; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Canvasback. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae) sydd yn urdd y Anseriformes. Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. valisineria, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

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Stor taffeland ( Danish )

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Stor taffeland (latin: Aythya valisineria) er en dykand, der lever i Alaska, Kanada og det nordvestlige USA.

Noter

Stub
Denne artikel om fugle er kun påbegyndt. Hvis du ved mere om emnet, kan du hjælpe Wikipedia ved at udvide den.
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Stor taffeland: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Stor taffeland (latin: Aythya valisineria) er en dykand, der lever i Alaska, Kanada og det nordvestlige USA.

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Riesentafelente ( German )

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 src=
Weibchen der Riesentafelente
 src=
Riesentafelente, Paar
 src=
Weibchen mit Küken

Die Riesentafelente (Aythya valisineria) ist eine nordamerikanische Tauchente und wird auch Vallisneriaente genannt. Sie ähnelt in ihrem Federkleid der Rotkopf- und der Tafelente. Unter den Tauchenten ist sie die größte Art.

Die Bestände der Riesentafelente nahmen zwischen 1955 und 1993 jährlich um 0,6 Prozent ab. 1996 kam es jedoch zu einer sehr starken Vermehrung. Für dieses Jahr wurde die Population auf 770.600 Individuen geschätzt. Noch in den 1980er Jahren betrug die Populationszahl durchschnittlich 510.000 Individuen.[1] Die Gründe für diese Populationsschwankungen sind bislang nicht ausreichend wissenschaftlich untersucht. Zum Populationsrückgang tragen Habitatverluste, eine geringe Verpaarungsrate und eine hohe Mortalität während des ersten Lebensjahres bei. Die Zunahme, die in den 1990er Jahren plötzlich zu verzeichnen war, hängt möglicherweise mit einer deutlich verbesserten Wasserqualität an wichtigen Rastplätzen zusammen.[2]

In Mitteleuropa werden Riesentafelenten gelegentlich beobachtet. Dabei handelt es sich in den überwiegenden Fällen um Gefangenschaftsflüchtlinge. Als Wildvogel dagegen gilt ein Männchen, das von Januar bis März 2003 in den Niederlanden beobachtet wurde.[3]

Merkmale

Die 48 bis 60 cm lange und bis 1270 g schwere Riesentafelente weist einen ausgeprägten Sexualdimorphismus auf. Während das Männchen am Kopf und Nacken rostrot, an den Flanken hellgrau und an der Burst und am Bürzel schwarz gefärbt ist, ist das grau gesprenkelte Weibchen an Kopf, Nacken und Bürzel braun gefärbt.

Auffällig ist ihr Kopfprofil: Der Schnabelfirst setzt sehr weit oben an der Stirn an, so dass der Kopf in der Seitenansicht fast keilförmig wirkt. Von der Rotkopfente ist sie vor allem anhand dieses Kopfprofils zu unterscheiden.

Verbreitung

Die Riesentafelente brütet von Alaska bis nach Nebraska und Minnesota und überwintert von British Columbia, dem Große-Seen-Gebiet und Massachusetts bis südlich nach Florida, Texas und Mexiko. Der Vogel lebt an Seen, Flüssen, Meeresarmen und Buchten.

Ziehende Riesentafelenten erreichen auf ihrem Zug gelegentlich auch Europa. Als seltener Irrgast sind sie auf Island, in Großbritannien, Deutschland, Hawaii und den Marshallinseln belegt.[4]

Verhalten

Die Riesentafelente ertaucht sich den größten Teil ihrer Nahrung, die hauptsächlich aus Wasserpflanzen, aber auch aus Weichtieren, Wasserinsekten und kleinen Fischen besteht. Ihre Vorliebe für den sogenannten "Wilden Sellerie" Vallisneria americana gab der Art ihren wissenschaftlichen Namen. Im Herbst macht diese Pflanze bis zu 43 Prozent ihrer Nahrung aus.[5] Wie bei vielen anderen Entenarten ist jedoch das Angebot entscheidend für die Nahrungszusammensetzung. Auf einigen Rastplätzen während des Zuges fressen Riesentafelenten fast ausschließlich tierische Kost. Dies kann auf ein reduziertes Nahrungsangebot an den Rastplätzen zurückzuführen sein. So veränderten sich die Nahrungsgewohnheiten der Riesentafelente, die in der Chesapeake Bay überwintern, von einer überwiegend pflanzlichen Kost auf eine, die fast ausschließlich aus Wirbellosen und kleinen Fischen besteht. Parallel zu dieser Nahrungsumstellung ging in der Chesapeake Bay die Unterwasservegetation stark zurück. Die Anzahl der überwinternden Riesentafelenten in dieser nordamerikanischen Bucht sank gleichfalls, stattdessen überwinterte eine größere Zahl an Riesentafelenten im Brackwasser an der Küste North Carolinas.[6]

Die Riesentafelente ist mit Rotkopf- und Veilchenenten häufig vergesellschaftet. Den größten Teil des Tages verbringt sie schlafend oder auf offenen Wasserflächen ruhend. Ihre Futterplätze an den seichten Gewässerstellen sucht sie morgens und abends auf. Der größte Teil ihrer Nahrungssuche findet tauchend statt. Sie erreicht dabei regelmäßig Gewässertiefen bis zu vier Metern.[7] Durch ihre Größe kann sie tiefer tauchen als andere Tauchentenarten. Sie kann jedoch auch dabei beobachtet werden, wie sie in flacheren Gewässern gründelt.

Fortpflanzung

Die Riesentafelente sucht sich jedes Jahr einen neuen Partner und paart sich im Spätwinter. Sie nistet häufig an kleinen Binnengewässern zwischen Schilf und ähnlichen Pflanzen auf dem Boden oder auf einem treibenden Floß aus Pflanzenmaterial in Ufernähe. Riesentafelenten sind keine territorialen Enten. Die Nester dieser Art stehen häufig nahe beieinander.[8] Rund 10 Eier werden vom Weibchen allein 24 – 29 Tage bebrütet. Das Männchen hält sich bis zum Brutbeginn in der Nähe des Weibchens auf und zieht dann an die Mauserplätze. Die gut entwickelten Jungen können schon bald nach dem Schlüpfen der Mutter zur Nahrungssuche ins Wasser folgen, sind aber erst nach 56 bis 77 Tagen flügge.

Die Rotkopfente ist ein Brutschmarotzer der Riesentafelente. Die meisten Nester der Riesentafelente enthalten mindestens ein Ei dieser Entenart.[9]

Belege

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Kear, S. 640
  2. Kear, S. 643
  3. Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel und Wolfgang Fiedler (Hrsg.): Das Kompendium der Vögel Mitteleuropas: Alles über Biologie, Gefährdung und Schutz. Band 1: Nonpasseriformes – Nichtsperlingsvögel, Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-647-2, S. 114
  4. Kear, S. 640
  5. Kear, S. 641
  6. Kear, S. 641 und S. 642
  7. Gooders und Boyer, S. 82
  8. Gooders und Boyer, S. 82
  9. Gooders und Boyer, S. 82

Weblinks

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Riesentafelente: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Weibchen der Riesentafelente  src= Riesentafelente, Paar  src= Weibchen mit Küken

Die Riesentafelente (Aythya valisineria) ist eine nordamerikanische Tauchente und wird auch Vallisneriaente genannt. Sie ähnelt in ihrem Federkleid der Rotkopf- und der Tafelente. Unter den Tauchenten ist sie die größte Art.

Die Bestände der Riesentafelente nahmen zwischen 1955 und 1993 jährlich um 0,6 Prozent ab. 1996 kam es jedoch zu einer sehr starken Vermehrung. Für dieses Jahr wurde die Population auf 770.600 Individuen geschätzt. Noch in den 1980er Jahren betrug die Populationszahl durchschnittlich 510.000 Individuen. Die Gründe für diese Populationsschwankungen sind bislang nicht ausreichend wissenschaftlich untersucht. Zum Populationsrückgang tragen Habitatverluste, eine geringe Verpaarungsrate und eine hohe Mortalität während des ersten Lebensjahres bei. Die Zunahme, die in den 1990er Jahren plötzlich zu verzeichnen war, hängt möglicherweise mit einer deutlich verbesserten Wasserqualität an wichtigen Rastplätzen zusammen.

In Mitteleuropa werden Riesentafelenten gelegentlich beobachtet. Dabei handelt es sich in den überwiegenden Fällen um Gefangenschaftsflüchtlinge. Als Wildvogel dagegen gilt ein Männchen, das von Januar bis März 2003 in den Niederlanden beobachtet wurde.

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Canvasback

provided by wikipedia EN

The canvasback (Aythya valisineria) is a species of diving duck, the largest found in North America.

Taxonomy

Scottish-American naturalist Alexander Wilson described the canvasback in 1814. The genus name is derived from Greek aithuia, an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors, including Hesychius and Aristotle.[2] The species name valisineria comes from the wild celery Vallisneria americana, whose winter buds and rhizomes are the canvasback's preferred food during the nonbreeding period.[3] The celery genus is itself named for seventeenth century Italian botanist Antonio Vallisneri.[2]

The duck's common name is based on early European inhabitants of North America's assertion that its back was a canvas-like color.[4] In other languages it is just a white-backed duck; for example in French, morillon à dos blanc, or Spanish, pato lomo blanco.[5] In Mexico it is called pato coacoxtle.[6]

Description

It ranges from 48–56 cm (19–22 in) in length and weighs 862–1,600 g (1.900–3.527 lb), with a wingspan of 79–89 cm (31–35 in). It is the largest species in the genus Aythya, being similar in size to a mallard but with a heavier and more compact build than it. 191 males wintering in western New York averaged 1,252 g (2.760 lb) and 54 females there averaged 1,154 g (2.544 lb).[7] The canvasback has a distinctive wedge-shaped head and long graceful neck. The adult male (drake) has a black bill, a chestnut red head and neck, a black breast, a grayish back, black rump, and a blackish brown tail. The drake's sides, back, and belly are white with fine vermiculation resembling the weave of a canvas, which gave rise to the bird's common name.[8] The bill is blackish and the legs and feet are bluish-gray. The iris is bright red in the spring, but duller in the winter. The adult female (hen) also has a black bill, a light brown head and neck, grading into a darker brown chest and foreback. The sides, flanks, and back are grayish brown. The bill is blackish and the legs and feet are bluish-gray. Its sloping profile distinguishes it from other ducks.[8]

Breeding

The breeding habitat of the canvasback is in North American prairie potholes. The bulky nest is built from vegetation in a marsh and lined with down. Loss of nesting habitat has caused populations to decline. The canvasback usually takes a new mate each year, pairing in late winter on ocean bays.[3] It prefers to nest over water on permanent prairie marshes surrounded by emergent vegetation, such as cattails and bulrushes, which provide protective cover. Other important breeding areas are the subarctic river deltas in Saskatchewan and the interior of Alaska.[8]

It has a clutch size of approximately 5–11 eggs, which are greenish drab. The chicks are covered in down at hatching and able to leave the nest soon after.[3] The canvasback sometimes lays its eggs in other canvasback nests and redheads often parasitize canvasback nests.[8]

Drake canvasback stretching wings

Migration

The canvasback migrates through the Mississippi Flyway to wintering grounds in the mid-Atlantic United States and the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV), or the Pacific Flyway to wintering grounds along the coast of California. Historically, the Chesapeake Bay wintered the majority of canvasbacks, but with the recent loss of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the bay, their range has shifted south towards the LMAV. Brackish estuarine bays and marshes with abundant submergent vegetation and invertebrates are ideal wintering habitat for canvasbacks.[8] A small number of birds are also known to have crossed the Atlantic, with several sightings being recorded in the United Kingdom. In December 1996, a canvasback was observed in a quarry in Kent, which was followed by an additional sighting in Norfolk in January 1997. At least five more sightings have since been confirmed in England.[9]

Diet

Tubers of Sago Pondweed (Stuckenia pectinata), a favorite food of the canvasback

The canvasback feeds mainly by diving, sometimes dabbling, mostly eating seeds, buds, leaves, tubers, roots, snails, and insect larvae.[3] Besides its namesake, wild celery, the canvasback shows a preference for the tubers of sago pondweed, which can make up 100% of its diet at times.[10] The canvasback has large webbed feet adapted for diving and its bill helps it dig tubers from the substrate. In the late 1930s, studies showed that four-fifths of the food eaten by canvasbacks was plant material.[11]

Canvasback duck diving

In the early 1950s it was estimated that there were 225,000 canvasbacks wintering in the Chesapeake Bay; this represented one-half of the entire North American population. By 1985, there were only 50,000 ducks wintering there, or one-tenth of the population. Canvasbacks were extensively hunted around the start of the 20th century, but federal hunting regulations now restrict their harvest, so hunting is ruled out as a cause for the decline. Scientists have now concluded that the decline in duck populations was due to the decline in SAV acreage. Today the population has stabilized and is even increasing slightly, although it is nowhere near previous levels. Studies have now shown that by the 1970s four-fifths of the ducks' diet was made up of Baltic Clams, which are very common in the Chesapeake Bay: the ducks have been able to adapt to the decline in SAV by changing their diet. Redheads, which also feed on SAV tubers, have not been able to adapt, and their population remains low.[11] Canvasbacks are omnivores, eating everything from seeds to plant tubers and from mussels to insects. During the breeding season they eat both plant and animal foods, but during migration and winter they primarily eat rhizomes and tubers from aquatic plants. Canvasbacks dive straight down to depths of around 7 feet to extract pieces of aquatic plants with their bill. Other food is taken from or just below the surface of the water.

Cuisine

Canvasback ducks were a particularly prestigious game dish in mid-19th-century America. They were rarely found on everyday menus, and often featured at banquets. They were generally sourced from Maryland and Chesapeake Bay, and their flavor was attributed to their diet of wild celery. By the end of the century, though, they had become "scarce, expensive, or unobtainable".[12]

Edith Wharton refers to canvasback with blackcurrant sauce as an especially luxurious dinner served in New York City in the 1870s. Canvasback duck was a canonical element, along with Terrapin à la Maryland, of the elegant "Maryland Feast" menu, an "elite standard... that lasted for decades".[13]

Conservation

Populations have fluctuated widely. Low levels in the 1980s put the canvasback on lists of special concern, but numbers increased greatly in the 1990s.[14] The canvasback is particularly vulnerable to drought and wetland drainage on the prairies of North America.[8]

Many species of ducks, including the canvasback, are highly migratory, but are effectively conserved by protecting the places where they nest, even though they may be hunted away from their breeding grounds.[1] Protecting key feeding and breeding grounds is key for conserving many types of migratory birds.

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Aythya valisineria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680364A92858752. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680364A92858752.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 64, 398. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. ^ a b c d "Canvasback". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
  4. ^ "Canvasback". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  5. ^ "Aythya valisineria". Avibase.
  6. ^ "Pato Coacoxtle". 15 December 2015.
  7. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Canvasback". Ducks Unlimited. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  9. ^ Larkin, Paul; Mercer. They can also be seen in Singapore. David (March 2004). "Canvasback in Kent: new to Britain". British Birds. 97: 139–144. ISSN 0007-0335.
  10. ^ Flora of North America: Stuckenia pectinata
  11. ^ a b SAV… It’s What’s for Dinner, Developed by Martha Shaum, Aquatic Resources Education Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources Archived April 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Paul Freedman, "American Restaurants and Cuisine in the Mid-Nineteenth Century", The New England Quarterly 84:1:5-59 (March 2011), doi:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00066, pp. 36, 39
  13. ^ Paul Freedman, "Terrapin Monster", p. 51-64 of Dina Khapaeva, ed., Man-Eating Monsters: Anthropocentrism and Popular Culture, ISBN 9781787695283, p. 59
  14. ^ Mowbray, T. B. (2002). "Canvasback (Aythya valisineria)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). The Birds of North America. Vol. 17. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America, Inc.

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Canvasback: Brief Summary

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The canvasback (Aythya valisineria) is a species of diving duck, the largest found in North America.

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Blankadorsa anaso ( Esperanto )

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La Blankadorsa anaso (Aythya valisineria) estas la plej granda birdospecio el la nordamerikaj membroj de la grupo de la merganasoj, kiu loĝas en Usono.

Aspekto

 src=
Masklo de Blankadorsa anaso etendante flugilojn

Tiu specio gamas el 48 – 56 cm longa kaj pezas proksimume 862 – 1588 g, kun enverguro de 79 – 89 cm. La Blankadorsa anaso havas distingan kojnforman kapon kaj longan gracian kolon. La maskla plenkreskulo havas nigran bekon, ruĝecbrunajn (brikruĝajn) kapon kaj kolon (pli malhele aŭ pli malhebrune ĉe frunto kaj krono), nigran bruston, grizecan dorson, nigran pugon, kaj nigrecbrunan voston. La masklaj flankoj, dorso kaj ventro estas blankaj kun tre fajna vermikulado simila al tiu de veltolo (“canvas”), kio estas tialo por la komuna nomo de la birdo en angla nome “canvasback”.[1] La beko estas nigreca kaj kruroj kaj piedoj estas bluecgrizaj. La irisoj estas brilruĝaj printempe, sed pli senkoloraj vintre.

Temas pri specio kun seksa duformismo. La ina plenkreskulo havas ankaŭ nigran bekon, helbrunajn kapon kaj kolon, grade al pli malhebrunaj brusto kaj nuko. La flankoj kaj dorso estas grizecbrunaj. La beko estas nigreca kaj la kruroj kaj piedoj estas bluecgrizaj. Ties dekliva konturo distingas ĝin el aliaj anasoj.[1]

Etimologio

La specia nomo valisineria devenas el Vallisneria americana, la scienca nomo de la natura celerio, kies vintraj burĝonoj kaj rizomoj estas la preferata manĝo de la Blankadorsa anaso for de la reprodukta sezono.[2] La nomo de la anaso en angla nome “canvasback” devenas de aserto de eŭropaj praloĝantoj de Nordameriko ke la birda dorso estis de koloro kiel tiu de “canvas” (velotolo.[3] En aliaj lingvoj kiaj Esperanto la nomo estas ĝuste Blankadorsa anaso; ekzemple en franca, morillon à dos blanc, aŭ hispana, pato lomo blanco.[4] En Meksiko ĝi estas nomata pato coacoxtle nome anaso koakostle.

Reproduktado

La reprodukta habitato de la Blankadorsa anaso estas en Nordameriko lagetoj en prerioj. La diketa nesto estas konstruata el vegetaĵaro en marĉo kaj kovrita el lanugo. Perdo de nestohabitato kaŭzis la populaciajn malpliiĝojn. La Blankadorsa anaso kutime pariĝas al nova partnero ĉiujare, pariĝante fine de vintro en oceanaj golfetoj.[2] Ili preferas nestumi ĉe akvo en konstantaj preirimarĉoj ĉirkaŭataj de emerĝa vegetaĵaro, kiaj tifaoj kaj skonoplektoj, kiuj havigas protektan kovron. Aliaj gravaj reproduktaj areoj estas la ĉearktaj riverdeltoj en Saskaĉevano kaj interno de Alasko.[1]

La ino demetas kutime proksimume 5-11 ovojn kun verdeca nuanco. La frumaturaj idoj estas kovrataj el lanugo kaj tuj post eloviĝo pretas por elnestiĝo.[2] La Blankadorsa anasino foje demetas la ovojn en la nesto de alia Blankadorsa anaso kaj la Blubeka merganaso ofte parazitas la nestojn de la Blankadorsa anaso.[1]

Migrado

La Blankadorsa anaso migras tra la migrovojo de Misisipio al la vintrejoj en mezatlantikaj usonaj ŝtatoj kaj ĉe la valo de malsupra Misisipo, aŭ laŭ la migrovojo de Pacifiko al vintrejoj laŭlonge de la marbordo de Kalifornio. Historie ĉe la Golfo Chesapeake vintrumis majoritato de Blankadorsaj anasoj, sed pro ĵusa perdo de submerĝa akva vegetaĵaro en la golfo, tiu teritorio ŝanĝis suden al malsupra Misisipo. Saletaj estuaraj golfoj kaj marĉoj kun abunda submerĝa vegetaĵaro kaj senvertebruloj estas ideala vintra habitato por Blankadorsaj anasoj.[1]

Dieto

 src=
Tuberoj de Stuckenia pectinata, dezirata manĝo de la Blankadorsa anaso

La Blankadorsa anaso manĝas per plonĝado, foje plaŭdado, ĉefe manĝante semojn, burĝonojn, foliojn, tuberojn, radikojn, helikojn kaj insektajn larvojn.[2] La Blankadorsa anaso montras preferon por la tuberoj de Stuckenia pectinata, kiu povas konsistigi 100% el ties dieto foje.[5] La Blankadorsa anaso havas grandajn retecajn piedojn adaptitajn al plonĝado, kaj ties beko helpas ĝin elfosi tuberojn el substrato. Fine de la 1930-aj jaroj, studoj montris ke kvar kvinonoj de la manĝo de la Blankadorsa anaso estis plantomaterialo.[6]

Komence de la 1950-aj jaroj oni ĉirkaŭkalkulis ke estas 225,000 Blankadorsaj anasoj vintrantaj en la Golfo Chesapeake; tio reprezentas duonon de la tuta populacio de Nordameriko. Je 1985, estis jam nur 50,000 anasoj vintrumante tie, tio estas unu dekono de la populacio. La Blankadorsaj anasoj estis ekstensive ĉasataj je la ŝanĝo de jarcento, sed federalaj ĉasreguloj limigis tiun kolekton, tiele ĉasado estis forigita el kaŭzoj de malpliiĝo. Sciencistoj konkludis, ke tiu malpliiĝo de anasaj populacioj ŝuldas al malpliiĝo de etendo de submerĝa akva vegataĵaro. Nune la populacio stabiliĝis kaj estas eĉ pliiĝanta iomete, kvankam ĝi ne estas ankoraŭ ĉe la iamaj niveloj. Studoj nun montris, ke ĉe la 1970-aj jaroj kvar kvinonoj de la anasa dieto estis formata de Macoma balthica, kiu estis tre komuna en la Golfo Chesapeake: tiele la anasoj devis adaptiĝi al malpliiĝo de etendo de submerĝa akva vegataĵaro ŝanĝante sian dieton. La Blubeka merganaso, kiu manĝas ankaŭ tuberojn de submerĝa akva vegataĵaro, ne kapablis adaptiĝi, kaj ties populacio restas malalta.[6]

Konservado

Populacioj fluktuis amplekse. Malaltaj niveloj de la 1980-aj jaroj metis la Blankadorsan anason en listoj de speciala zorgo, sed la nombroj ege pliiĝis en la 1990-aj jaroj.[7] La Blankadorsa anaso suferas ĉefe pro trosekeco kaj drenado de humidejoj ĉe la prerioj de Nordameriko.[1]

Multaj specioj de anasoj, inklude la Blankadorsan anason, estas tre migrantaj, sed estas efike konservata danke al protektado de la lokoj kie ili nestumas, eĉ kvankam ili povus esti ĉasataj for el siaj reproduktejoj.[8] Protekti la ŝlosilajn manĝejojn kaj reproduktejojn estas ege necesa por konservi multajn tipojn de migrantaj birdoj.

Referencoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Canvasback Facts, Figures, Description, and Photos, Ducks Unlimited
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, All About Birds
  3. Definition of Canvasback
  4. avibase 1929E1E16E073570 Aythya valisineria.
  5. Flora of North America: Stuckenia pectinata
  6. 6,0 6,1 SAV… It’s What’s for Dinner, Developed by Martha Shaum, Aquatic Resources Education Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources
  7. Mowbray, T. B. 2002. Canvasback (Aythya valisineria). In The Birds of North America, No. 659 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
  8. BirdLife International, Malplej Zorgiga la 5an de majo 2006

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Blankadorsa anaso: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Blankadorsa anaso (Aythya valisineria) estas la plej granda birdospecio el la nordamerikaj membroj de la grupo de la merganasoj, kiu loĝas en Usono.

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Aythya valisineria ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El porrón coacoxtle (Aythya valisineria),[2]​ también denominado porrón de lomo cruzado, pato lomiblanco y porrón picudo,[3]​es una especie de ave anseriforme de la familia Anatidae propia de Norteamérica. Es la especie de pato buceador más abundante de América del Norte.

Descripción

 src=
Macho (izq.) y hembra (dcha.).

El porrón coacoxtle mide entre 48 y 56 cm y pesa entre los 862–1600 g, con una envergadura alar de 79–89 cm. Es la especie de mayor tamaño del género Aythya, siendo de un tamaño similar a un ánade real pero con una constitución más robusta y compacta. En un estudio realizado con ciento noventa y un machos que invernaban en al oeste de Nueva York la media de peso fue 1252 g, y de 1154 g para cincuenta y cuatro hembras.[4]​ Se caracteriza por su largo cuello y perfil alargado, con la cabeza en forma de cuña, de frente inclinada y largo pico ligeramente curvado.[5]​ El macho tiene la cabeza y el cuello de color castaño rojizo, el pecho y la parte superior del manto negros, como la zona caudal. Su alas son de color gris claro y el resto de su plumaje es blanco con un fino vermiculado que le da cierto tono grisáceo en la espalda y los flancos.[5]​ Su pico es negruzco y sus patas son de color gris azulado. El iris de sus ojos es rojo en primavera y si torna de tonos más apagados en invierno. La hembra también tiene el pico negruzco y las patas grises azuladas, pero su cabeza y cuello son de color marrón claro que se va haciendo gradualmente más oscuro en pecho y manto. El resto del plumaje de su cuerpo es pardo grisáceo. El iris de la hembra es negruzco. Las patas de ambos sexos son fuertes y situadas en posición trasera apropiadas para la natación bajo el agua.

Taxonomía y etimología

 src=
Estos patos buceadores son principalmente fitófago, aunque complementan su dieta con pequeños animales acuáticos.

El porrón coacoxtle fue descrito científicamente por el naturalista estadounidense Alexander Wilson en 1814.[6]​ Posteriormente fue trasladado al género Aythya, creado en 1822 por Friedrich Boie.[7]​ La etimología del nombre de su género, Aythya, procede del término griego αἴθυια (aithuia), un ave marina sin identificar citada por Aristóteles.[8]​ Su nombre específico, valisineria, procede de la planta Vallisneria americana, cuyos brotes y rizomas son uno de sus alimentos preferidos durante el invierno.[9]

Es una especie monotípica, es decir, no se reconocen subespecies diferenciadas.[10]

Distribución y hábitat

El porrón coacoxtle es un ave migratoria que cría en el oeste de Canadá, Alaska y la región noroeste de los Estados Unidos, y que migra hacia el sur para pasar el invierno en la mitad sur de Estados Unidos y México, además de las zonas costeras algo más septentrionales.

Es un pato buceador de aguas abiertas de lagos, ríos, estuarios y costas.

 src=
Las hembras se encargan en solitario de la incubación y cuidado de las crías.

Comportamiento

 src=
Macho desplegando las alas.

Esta especie es común y sociable, y forma grandes bandadas en invierno. Las bandadas tienen un vuelo potente, formando frecuentemente líneas sesgadas. Anida en el interior, sobre pequeñas masas de agua, tales como las lagunas de las praderas y marjales, y emigra después de criar hacia los estuarios y el mar.

Alimentación

 src=
Los tubérculos de Stuckenia pectinata son su alimento preferido.
 src=
Hembra con sus crías.

El porrón coacoxtle bucea para alimentarse, generalmente a profundidades de alrededor de dos metros, pero en ocasiones puede llegar hasta los nueve metros de profundidad.[11]​ El porrón coacoxtle se alimenta principalmente de materia vegetal (hojas, brotes, raíces y tubérculos) suponiendo cuatro quintas partes de su dieta.[12]​ aunque también se alimenta de insectos y caracoles.[9]​ A pesar de su nombre científico su alimento favorito son los tubérculos de piste, que pueden suponer la totalidad de su dieta en algunos periodos.[13]​ El porrón coacoxtle tiene unos grandes pies palmeados para bucear y su pico alargado le ayuda a desenterrar los tubérculos.

Reproducción

El hábitat reproductivo del porrón coacoxtle en las lagunas y pantanos del noroeste de Norteamérica. Generalmente eligen una nueva pareja cada año, y el emparejamiento suele producirse a finales del invierno.[9]​ Prefiere anidar en pantanos de pradera permanentes rodeados por vegetación emergente como espadañas y juncos, que les proporcione protección. La hembra construye un nido voluminoso amontonando vegetación, escondido en la vegetación palustre, y con su interior forrado con su plumón. Otra importante zona de cría son los deltas de los ríos subárticos de Saskatchewan y del interior de Alaska.[5]

Su puesta consta de cinco a once huevos, de un color verdoso apagado. Los polluelos al nacer están totalmente recubiertos de plumón pardo por encima y amarillo en las partes inferiores, y pueden dejar el nido enseguida.[9]​ Las hembras de porrón coacoxtle a veces ponen sus huevos en los nidos de otras hembras de su especie, y con frecuencia los nidos de porrón coacoxtle son parasitados por las hembras de porrón americano.[5]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Aythya valisineria». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2013.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de enero de 2015.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1994). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Primera parte: Struthioniformes-Anseriformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 41 (1): 79-89. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 20 de enero de 2015.
  3. Ficha en Avibase
  4. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2ª Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  5. a b c d «Canvasback Facts, Figures, Description, and Photos». http://www.ducks.org/. Ducks Unlimited.
  6. Peterson, A. P. Zoonomen. Zoological Nomenclature Resource - Anseriformes
  7. Tageb.ReiseNorwegen p.308,351
  8. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  9. a b c d Ficha de la especie en All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
  10. Frank Gill y David Donsker. Screamers, ducks, geese & swans. IOC World Bird List versión 5.1.
  11. Mowbray, T.B. (2002) Canvasback (Aythya valisineria). En: Poole, A. (Ed.) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.
  12. SAV… It’s What’s for Dinner, Developed by Martha Shaum, Aquatic Resources Education Program,Maryland Department of Natural Resources Archivado el 19 de abril de 2011 en Wayback Machine.
  13. Flora of North America: Stuckenia pectinata

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Aythya valisineria: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El porrón coacoxtle (Aythya valisineria),​ también denominado porrón de lomo cruzado, pato lomiblanco y porrón picudo,​es una especie de ave anseriforme de la familia Anatidae propia de Norteamérica. Es la especie de pato buceador más abundante de América del Norte.

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Aythya valisineria ( Basque )

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Aythya valisineria Aythya generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Anatidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Aythya valisineria: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Aythya valisineria Aythya generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Anatidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Isopunasotka ( Finnish )

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Isopunasotka (Aythya valisineria)[2] on sorsalintu.

 src=
Naaras ja poikasia.

Levinneisyys

Isopunasotkaa tavataan pesivänä Pohjois-Amerikan pohjoisosissa ja talvehtivana etelämpänä Yhdysvalloissa ja Meksikossa. Lajin populaatio on suuri, mutta sen kannankehitys on laskeva. Isopunasotkan ei kuitenkaan uskota olevan vaarassa, ja se on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.[1]

Elintavat

Isopunasotka elää järvissä ja lammissa. Se rakentaa kelluvan pesänsä veteen, ja munii 5–11 munaa. Ravinnokseen se käyttää siemeniä, kasvinosia, etanoita ja hyönteisten toukkia. Se etsii ravintonsa sukeltamalla.[3]

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Aythya valisineria IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 3.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Väisänen, R. A.; Högmander, H.; Björklund, H.; Hänninen, L.; Lammin-Soila, M.; Lokki, J. & Rauste, V.: Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet. 2., uudistettu painos. Helsinki: BirdLife Suomi ry, 2006. Teoksen verkkoversio.
  3. Canvasback All about birds. Viitattu 13.10.2013. (englanniksi)
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Isopunasotka: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Isopunasotka (Aythya valisineria) on sorsalintu.

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Fuligule à dos blanc ( French )

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Aythya valisineria

Le Fuligule à dos blanc (Aythya valisineria), également appelé milouin aux yeux rouges, est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Anatidae.

Description

Ce oiseau mesure de 48 à 56 cm pour un poids allant de 862 à 1 588 g, et une envergure de 79 à 89 cm.

Le mâle a le bec, la poitrine et le croupion noirs, la tête et le cou rouge-châtain. Le reste du corps est blanc, avec de fines lignes plus sombres. La femelle a le reste du corps crème à marron, et une teinte moins soutenue sur la tête et le cou[1].

Reproduction

Les parades nuptiales débutent durant la migration printanière. Ils sont généralement monogames pour la saison, même si les mâles peuvent occasionnellement changer de partenaire.

Les femelles choisissent le même site de nidification chaque année. Les nids sont généralement construits sur de la végétation dans des étendues d'eau peu profondes. Les couples ont une couvée par an, mais peuvent en avoir une seconde si la première est détruite. Les pontes peuvent avoir de 5 à 11 œufs, qui sont incubés durant 24 à 29 jours.

Les petits quittent le nid entre 56 et 68 jours après leur naissance, et peuvent se reproduire l'année suivante[2].

Répartition

Répartition de Aythya valisineria selon les saisons
Répartition :
  • zone de nidification
  • présence permanente
  • voie migratoire
  • aire d'hivernage

Cet oiseau vit en Amérique du Nord.

Durant la reproduction il migre dans la moitié nord-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord (de l'Alaska au Colorado).

Durant l'hiver il occupe quasiment toute la moitié sud des États-Unis et une large part du Mexique[2].

Étymologie

Le nom binomial de cet oiseau commémore le naturaliste italien Antonio Vallisneri (1661-1730).

Galerie

Notes et références

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Fuligule à dos blanc: Brief Summary ( French )

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Aythya valisineria

Le Fuligule à dos blanc (Aythya valisineria), également appelé milouin aux yeux rouges, est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Anatidae.

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Prugastoleđa patka ( Croatian )

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Prugastoleđa patka (lat. Aythya valisineria) je velika sjevernoamerička patka ronilica. Duga je 48-56 cm, a ima raspon krila 79-79 cm. Teška je 862-1588 grama.

Odrasli mužjak ima crni kljun, kestenjasto crvenu glavu i vrat, crna prsa, sivkasta leđa i crnkasto-smeđi rep. Noge i stopala su plavkasto-sivi. Trbuh je bijel, a krila su sivkasta. Šarenica je svijetlocrvena u proljeće, a zimi je malo blijeđa.

Ženka ima svjetlosmeđu glavu i vrat, a ta boja prema prsima pretvara se u tamnosmeđu. Leđa su sivkasto-smeđa. Kljun je crnkast, a noge su plavkasto-sive. U kosom profilu razlikuje se od drugih vrsta pataka.

Latinski naziv Aythya valisineria dobila je po biljci Vallisneria americana, čijim se pupoljcima i gomoljom hrani izvan sezone parenja.


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Dúkönd ( Icelandic )

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Dúkönd (fræðiheiti Aythya valisineria) er fugl af andaætt. Dúkönd er sjaldgæfur flækingsfugl á Íslandi.

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Aythya valisineria ( Italian )

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Il moriglione dorsotelato (Aythya valisineria) è una grande anatra tuffatrice, lunga 48–60 cm e pesante 1270 g.

Il maschio adulto ha il becco nero, la testa e il collo rossi, il petto nero, gli occhi rossi e il corpo biancastro. La femmina adulta ha la testa e il corpo bruni e il becco nero.

Il loro habitat di nidificazione sono gli acquitrini delle praterie nordamericane. Il nido voluminoso viene costruito con vegetazione in una palude e foderato di piumino. La perdita dell'habitat di nidificazione ha causato il declino della popolazione. I moriglioni dorsotelato si accoppiano solitamente con un nuovo compagno ogni anno, formando la coppia alla fine dell'inverno.

I moriglioni dorsotelato sono grandi migratori e trascorrono l'inverno sulle coste degli Stati Uniti, sui Grandi Laghi e in Columbia Britannica in baie d'acqua salata, estuari o laghi. Questa specie è un raro visitatore dell'Europa occidentale.

I moriglioni dorsotelato si nutrono soprattutto immergendosi, a volte stando in superficie, cibandosi per la maggior parte di piante acquatiche e di alcuni molluschi, insetti acquatici e piccoli pesci. Il sedano selvatico, Valisneria americana, è il loro cibo preferito ed è all'origine del nome specifico di questa specie.

I moriglioni dorsotelato qualche volta depongono le uova nei nidi di altri moriglioni dorsotelato.

Bibliografia

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Aythya valisineria: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il moriglione dorsotelato (Aythya valisineria) è una grande anatra tuffatrice, lunga 48–60 cm e pesante 1270 g.

Il maschio adulto ha il becco nero, la testa e il collo rossi, il petto nero, gli occhi rossi e il corpo biancastro. La femmina adulta ha la testa e il corpo bruni e il becco nero.

Il loro habitat di nidificazione sono gli acquitrini delle praterie nordamericane. Il nido voluminoso viene costruito con vegetazione in una palude e foderato di piumino. La perdita dell'habitat di nidificazione ha causato il declino della popolazione. I moriglioni dorsotelato si accoppiano solitamente con un nuovo compagno ogni anno, formando la coppia alla fine dell'inverno.

I moriglioni dorsotelato sono grandi migratori e trascorrono l'inverno sulle coste degli Stati Uniti, sui Grandi Laghi e in Columbia Britannica in baie d'acqua salata, estuari o laghi. Questa specie è un raro visitatore dell'Europa occidentale.

I moriglioni dorsotelato si nutrono soprattutto immergendosi, a volte stando in superficie, cibandosi per la maggior parte di piante acquatiche e di alcuni molluschi, insetti acquatici e piccoli pesci. Il sedano selvatico, Valisneria americana, è il loro cibo preferito ed è all'origine del nome specifico di questa specie.

I moriglioni dorsotelato qualche volta depongono le uova nei nidi di altri moriglioni dorsotelato.

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Grote tafeleend ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De grote tafeleend (Aythya valisineria), in het Nederlands ook vaak Canvasback genoemd, is de grote neef van de Europese tafeleend. Het zijn vriendelijke eenden die het goed doen in gemengde collecties. Juist omdat ze verwant zijn aan de Europese tafeleend zult u deze gescheiden van elkaar moeten houden. Dat geldt overigens ook voor de roodkopeend.

Verspreiding en leefwijze

Ze broeden op de moerassen van Noord-Amerika in een nest van plantendelen. Grote tafeleenden zijn niet hun leven bij elkaar maar zoeken elke winter nieuwe partners.

Kenmerken

Het opvallende gekleurde mannetje heeft een rode kop, nek en ogen en een zwarte borst; grijs-witte rug en zijkanten. Met de witte buik en zwarte staart is het mannetje erg opvallend. Het vrouwtje is wat minder opvallend gekleurd: Bruine ogen en witachtige rug en zijkanten, bruin hoofd en nek en een witte buik. Met een lengte van 48 tot 60 centimeter is het een grote eend.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Grote tafeleend: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De grote tafeleend (Aythya valisineria), in het Nederlands ook vaak Canvasback genoemd, is de grote neef van de Europese tafeleend. Het zijn vriendelijke eenden die het goed doen in gemengde collecties. Juist omdat ze verwant zijn aan de Europese tafeleend zult u deze gescheiden van elkaar moeten houden. Dat geldt overigens ook voor de roodkopeend.

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Kanvasand ( Norwegian )

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Denne artikkelen mangler kildehenvisninger, og opplysningene i den kan dermed være vanskelige å verifisere. Kildeløst materiale kan bli fjernet. Helt uten kilder. (10. okt. 2015)

Kanvasand (Aythya valisineria) er en stor dykkand, en fugl i andefamilien.

Beskrivelse

Kanvasanden er 48–60 cm lang, og kan veie i overkant av 1200 g. Den voksne andrikken har sort nebb, rødbrunt hode og hals, sort bryst, røde øyne og hvitaktig kropp. Hunnen har brunt hode og kropp og sort nebb.

Atferd

Kanvasanda finner mat ved å beite under vann, iblant fra overflata, men hovedsakelig ved å dykke. Den lever for det meste av vannplanter, og iblant bløtdyr, vanninsekter og småfisk. En favorittrett er Kjempevallisneria, som gir arten sitt vitenskapelige navn.

Eksterne lenker

ornitologistubbDenne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Kanvasand: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Kanvasand (Aythya valisineria) er en stor dykkand, en fugl i andefamilien.

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Głowienka długodzioba ( Polish )

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Głowienka długodzioba (Aythya valisineria) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae).

Morfologia

Długość ciała 48-61 cm[5], rozpiętość skrzydeł 71-91 cm, masa ciała 1270 g[6]. Tułów popielaty, czarny ogon, pokrywy podskrzydłowe i pierś. Głowa wraz z szyją miedzianoczerwone. Tęczówki czerwone. Dziób czarny. Samica oraz młode mają brązową głowę i szyję, rozpoznać je można po jasnym tułowiu i wklęśnięciu na dziobie.

Zasięg, środowisko

Duże jeziora śródlądowe oraz słodkowodne zatoki morskie Ameryki Północnej.

Przypisy

  1. Aythya valisineria, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Carboneras 1992 ↓, s. 615.
  3. a b c Denis Lapage: Głowienka dlugodzioba (Aythya valisineria) (Wilson,A, 1814). Avibase. [dostęp 2013-12-08].
  4. Aythya valisineria. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  5. E. Keller, prof. dr. J. H. Reichholf, G. Steinbach i inni: Leksykon zwierząt: Ptaki. Cz. 1. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2003. ISBN 83-7227-891-1.
  6. Canvasback Aythya valisineria (ang.). WhatBird. [dostęp 2013-12-15].

Bibliografia

  1. Andrew Gosler: Atlas Ptaków Świata. Warszawa: MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.
  2. Carles Carboneras: Family Anatidae (Ducks, geese and Swans). W: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal: Handbook of the Birds of the World. Cz. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 1992. ISBN 84-87334-10-5. (ang.)
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Głowienka długodzioba: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Głowienka długodzioba (Aythya valisineria) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae).

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Svartnäbbad brunand ( Swedish )

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Svartnäbbad brunand[2] (Aythya valisineria) är en nordamerikansk andfågel i familjen änder.[3]

Utseende

Svartnäbbad brunand är lik den europeiska brunanden med hanens rödbruna huvud och grå kropp, men är tydligt större (49–65 centimeter jämfört med brunandens 42-49), har mycket ljusare sidenvit kropp samt en mycket längre, mer utdragen helsvart näbb med smal spets. Vidare är hanen mer svartmuskig i ansiktet. Honan är än mer lik brunanden men skiljer sig förutom på storlek samt näbbens färg och form på att huvudet är mer jämnfärgat brungrått.[4]

Utbredning

Svartnäbbad brunand förekommer i Nordamerika, där den häckar i Kanada och USA och övervintrar så långt söderut som Mexiko.[3] Den är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa, med ett tiotal fynd från Storbritannien, men också från Island, Irland och Frankrike.[5] Den har även påträffats i Japan och Sydkorea.[1]

Ekologi

Svartnäbbad brunand häckar i våtmarker på den nordamerikanska prärien. Det voluminösa boet placeras över vatten i en våtmark omgiven av vegation som kaveldun och säv. Den häckar också i subarktiska floddeltan i kanadensiska Saskatchewan och Alaskas inland.[6] Honan lägger fem till elva grönaktiga ägg.[7] Ibland kan den lägga ägg i andra arters bon och amerikansk brunand kan å andra sidan lägga ägg i svartnäbbade brunandens bon.[6]

 src=
Tubers of Borstnate (Stuckenia pectinata), svartnäbbade brunandens favoritföda.

Fågeln födosöker främst genom att dyka och livnär sig huvudsakligen av frön, knoppar, löv, rötter, sniglar och insaktslarver.[7] Förutom dybladsväxten Vallisneria americana som gett arten dess vetenskapliga namn är dess favoritföda borstnate som i vissa perioder kan utgöra 100% av dess föda.[8]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Bilder

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2012 Aythya valisineria Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ Svensson, Lars; Peter J. Grant, Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström (2009). Fågelguiden: Europas och Medelhavsområdets fåglar i fält (andra upplagan). Stockholm: Bonnier Fakta. sid. 46. ISBN 978-91-7424-039-9
  5. ^ Tarsiger.com Fynd av svartnäbbad brunand i Västpalearktis
  6. ^ [a b] ”Canvasback”. Ducks Unlimited. http://www.ducks.org/hunting/waterfowl-id/canvasback. Läst 23 november 2009.
  7. ^ [a b] Canvasback Faktablad om svartnäbbad brunand på allaboutbird.org
  8. ^ Flora of North America: Stuckenia pectinata

Externa länkar

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Svartnäbbad brunand: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Svartnäbbad brunand (Aythya valisineria) är en nordamerikansk andfågel i familjen änder.

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Попелюх довгодзьобий ( Ukrainian )

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Назва

Видова назва A. valisineria походить від назви водної рослини Vallisneria americana, кореневища і пагони якої є улюбленою їжею попелюха довгодзьобого.

Поширення

Птах гніздиться на північному заході Північної Америки. Зимує на півдні США та у Мексиці.

Опис

Тіло завдовжки 48-56 см, вага — від 860 до 1600 г. Зовні ця качка схожа на попелюха, але має витягнутішу форму голови і довший та пряміший чорний дзьоб.

Спосіб життя

Гніздиться на озерах і болотах в преріях і віддає перевагу місцям з багатою прибережною рослинністю, влаштовуючи гнізда в заростях злаків або осок. Пари у цих качок зазвичай утворюються під час весняних міграцій, але після того, як самиця приступає до насиджування яєць, яке триває близько 24 днів, самець залишає її і приєднується до зграй інших самців. У кладці попелюха довгодзьобого буває від 5 до 11 яєць. Пташенята вилуплюються покриті коричневим пухом і незабаром здатні слідувати за матір'ю. У віці від 63-77 днів вони вже здатні до польоту, а статевої зрілості досягають через 1 рік. По закінченні сезону розмноження самиці разом з підрослими пташенятами починають збиратися у великі зграї чисельністю до тисячі птахів і готуються до міграції. До місць зимівлі вони прилітають в кінці листопада.

Харчування

Їжу видобуває майже виключно шляхом пірнання, причому пірнає на глибину до 2 метрів і залишається під водою 10-20 секунд (проте, здатний пірнути і на глибину до 9 метрів). Зрідка попелюхи годуються з поверхні води або опускають в воду голову і шию. Раціон попелюха довгодзьобого включає в себе листя, пагони, кореневища і насіння водних рослин, комах, ракоподібних, молюсків і дрібну рибу. Особливо нирки люблять валліснерію. Ця багаторічна рослина з довгим кореневищем, на якому восени розвиваються кореневі потовщення, часом становить до 100 % його дієти.

Примітки

  1. BirdLife International (2012). Aythya valisineria: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 26 November 2013
  2. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.

Посилання

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Vịt lặn vai buồm ( Vietnamese )

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Vịt lặn vai buồm, tên khoa học Aythya valisineria, là một loài chim trong họ Vịt.[2] Đây là là một loài vịt lặn lớn nhất được tìm thấy ở Bắc Mỹ. Loài vịt này có chiều dài từ 48–56 cm (19–22 in) và nặng 862–1.600 g (1.900–3.527 lb), với sải cánh dài 79–89 cm (31–35 in). Nó là loài lớn nhất trong chi Aythya, có kích thước tương tự như một con vịt trời nhưng với một cấu trúc nặng hơn và nhỏ gọn hơn nó. 191 cá thể vịt trống trú dông ở miền tây New York cân nặng trung bình 1.252 g (2.760 lb) và 54 con vịt mái có cân nặng trung bình 1.154 g (2.544 lb).

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Aythya valisineria. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và tài liệu về:  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Vịt lặn vai buồm


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến chim này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Vịt lặn vai buồm: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Vịt lặn vai buồm, tên khoa học Aythya valisineria, là một loài chim trong họ Vịt. Đây là là một loài vịt lặn lớn nhất được tìm thấy ở Bắc Mỹ. Loài vịt này có chiều dài từ 48–56 cm (19–22 in) và nặng 862–1.600 g (1.900–3.527 lb), với sải cánh dài 79–89 cm (31–35 in). Nó là loài lớn nhất trong chi Aythya, có kích thước tương tự như một con vịt trời nhưng với một cấu trúc nặng hơn và nhỏ gọn hơn nó. 191 cá thể vịt trống trú dông ở miền tây New York cân nặng trung bình 1.252 g (2.760 lb) và 54 con vịt mái có cân nặng trung bình 1.154 g (2.544 lb).

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帆背潛鴨 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

帆背潛鴨学名Aythya valisineria),又名美洲磯雁,为雁鴨科潛鴨屬下的一个种。

参考文献

扩展阅读


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帆背潛鴨: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

帆背潛鴨(学名:Aythya valisineria),又名美洲磯雁,为雁鴨科潛鴨屬下的一个种。

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オオホシハジロ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
オオホシハジロ オオホシハジロ 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : カモ目 Anseriformes : カモ科 Anatidae : ハジロ属 Aythya : オオホシハジロ
A. valisineria 学名 Aythya valisineria 和名 オオホシハジロ 英名 Snow Duck

オオホシハジロ(大星羽白、学名:Aythya valisineria)は、カモ目カモ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。

分布[編集]

アラスカからカナダ、北アメリカ中西部で繁殖し、冬季はアメリカ南部からメキシコに渡り越冬する。一部の地域では留鳥として周年見られる。

日本ではまれな冬鳥として、北海道本州で時々記録されている。通常は他のカモ類の群れに混じって1-2羽が観察される。

形態[編集]

体長約55cm。旧北区ユーラシア大陸)に生息するホシハジロに似ているが、一回り大型である。嘴が黒く大きこと、後頭部がやや出っ張っていること、頸が太く長めであることで区別できる。

生態[編集]

湖沼、河川、内湾に生息する。

食性は主に植物食。水草などを食するが、特にセロリを好むという。種小名の『valisineria』は、セロリのことである。

繁殖形態は卵生。水面の水草の中に営巣し、1腹8-10個の卵を産む。抱卵期間は24-25日である。

「ウィック ウィック」「クルルルル」と鳴く。

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
カモ下目 Anserides
カモ亜科 Anatinae
カモ族 Anatini

参考文献[編集]

  • 真木広造他 『日本の野鳥590』 平凡社
  • 『日本の鳥 550 水辺の鳥』、文一総合出版
  • 『世界の動物|分類と飼育 ガンカモ目』、財団法人東京動物園協会、1980年、71頁

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、オオホシハジロに関連するメディアがあります。
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wikipedia 日本語

オオホシハジロ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

オオホシハジロ(大星羽白、学名:Aythya valisineria)は、カモ目カモ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
North America; Northern Cape Cod and extending south into the Gulf of Mexico

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
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Kennedy, Mary [email]