dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 20 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Behavior

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Northern mockingbirds communicate primarily using song. They can perform at least 39 different songs as well as 50 other call notes. They also have the ability to mimic certain sounds such as dogs barking, pianos, sirens and squeaky gates. Song is also an essential part in mating. Males use their song to attract mates and to mark their territory. They sing often, both during the night and day.

Northern mockingbirds also use visual cues to communicate. For example, males perform a “flight display” to attract and court a mate (see Reproduction: Mating Systems). This display integrates auditory and visual methods of communication.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Other Communication Modes: mimicry

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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Northern mockingbird populations are extensive and are not currently of conservation concern. There are an estimated 45,000,000 northern mockingbirds worldwide. This species is protected by the US Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Northern mockingbirds are often thought of as a nuisance because of their nocturnal singing, which may keep people up at night. Gardeners and farmers may also dislike these birds which often feed on fruits and vegetables, potentially damaging their crops.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Northern mockingbirds eat insects that humans often consider to be pests. These include beetles, ants, wasps and grasshoppers. They also disperse the seeds of many plants. Humans often study their unique behaviors and vast vocal repertoire.

Positive Impacts: research and education; controls pest population

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Northern mockingbirds play an important role as seed dispersers. They also impact populations of the insects they eat. Northern mockingbirds host several ectoparasites, including blowfly larvae (family Calliphoridae), fleas and mites. Finally, three cowbird species (genus Molothrus) brood parasitize northern mockingbirds. This means that these cowbird species lay eggs in the nests of northern mockingbirds that then raise the cowbird chicks.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Northern mockingbirds are omnivores. Their primary food sources are insects, berries and seeds. Insects they eat include beetles (order Coleoptera), ants (order Hymenoptera), grasshoppers (order Orthoptera) and spiders (order Araneae). Plants that are included in their diets are: holly, mulberries, raspberries, dogwood, brambles, grapes and figs. They also eat earthworms, and occasionally small crustaceans and small lizards.

Northern mockingbirds usually forage on the ground or while perched in a tree or shrub. They obtain water by drinking from puddles, river and lake edges and dew and rain droplets that collect on vegetation.

Animal Foods: reptiles; insects; terrestrial worms; aquatic crustaceans

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Northern mockingbirds are distributed throughout North America, including Canada and Mexico. In fact, sightings have been reported as far off the coast as Hawaii (where they were introduced). However, northern mockingbirds are most commonly found in the southern regions of the United States and are most often sighted in Texas and Southern Florida. They breed from northern California, eastern Nebraska, southern Ontario and Atlantic Canada southward to southern Mexico.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); oceanic islands (Introduced )

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Northern mockingbirds prefer open areas and forest edges. They are commonly found in residential areas, farmlands, roadsides, city parks, open grassy areas with thickets and brushy deserts. They require a tree or higher perch from which they can defend their territories. Northern mockingbirds occupy similar habitat year-round.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural

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bibliographic citation
Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Northern mockingbirds have been known to live up to 8 years in the wild. Captive northern mockingbirds have lived up to 20 years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
8 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
20 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
178 months.

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Northern mockingbirds are medium-sized birds with long legs and tails, and short, rounded wings. Males are larger than females, ranging from about 22 to 25.5 cm in length and averaging 51 g. Females range from 20.8 to 23.5 cm long and weigh an average of 47 g. Northern mockingbirds have gray-brown upperparts, with a large white patch on each wing and white outer retrices that are conspicuous in flight. Their black bills are long and somewhat decurved. Males and females are similar in appearance, with the exception of difference in size and slightly darker tail feathers on females. Juveniles are similar to adults, but have brown spots on their underparts.

Range mass: 47 to 51 g.

Range length: 20.8 to 25.5 cm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Adult northern mockingbirds are vulnerable to predation by sharp-shinned hawks, screech owls, scrub jays and great horned owls. Incubating females are also occasionally killed by snakes.

Northern mockingbird eggs and chicks are vulnerable to predation by blue jays, fish crows, American crows, snakes and squirrels.

When predators approach the nest, adults give alarm calls. Adults often also mob predators that enter a territory, sometimes striking them.

Known Predators:

  • sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus)
  • eastern screech owls (Otus asio)
  • scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescense)
  • great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)
  • blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata)
  • fish crows (Corvus ossifragus)
  • American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
  • squirrels (Sciruidae)
  • snakes (Serpentes)
  • American alligators (Alligator mississipiensis)
  • birds of prey (Falconiformes)
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Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Northern mockingbirds are generally monogamous. Polygyny and bigamy seem to occur only rarely in this species. Breeding pairs remain together for the length of a breeding season, occasionally for life.

Males establish a territory and attempt to attract a female using courtship displays. They may chase the female through the territory while calling, or run along shrub and tree branches, showing her potential nest sites. Males also perform a flight display, which shows off their white wing patches. In the flight display, males sing continuously while flying a few meters into the air and then parachuting slowly back down.

Mating System: monogamous

Northern mockingbirds breed in spring and early summer. Their nests are bulky and cup-like and are made of twigs, cotton, dry leaves, stems, paper, grass and other organic material. Nests are built in shrubs and trees anywhere from one to fifty feet off of the ground. After mating, the female lays two to six eggs (average 4 eggs), which are approximately 24 by 18 mm in size. The eggs are usually a blue to greenish color and may have several brown or reddish spots. Female mockingbirds are the sole incubators of the eggs. The eggs hatch after 11 to 14 days. Though the chicks are altricial at hatching, they leave the nest after 10 to 12 days. When the young fledge, the female usually begins to build a new nest, and the male is active in teaching the young to fly as well as continuing to feed them. The fledglings are independent in 10 to 15 days and reach sexual maturity in one year. Northern mockingbirds can raise 2 to 4 broods a year.

Breeding interval: Northern mockingbirds can have 2 to 4 broods a year.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in the spring and early summer.

Range eggs per season: 2 to 6.

Range time to hatching: 11 to 14 days.

Range fledging age: 10 to 12 days.

Range time to independence: 10 to 15 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous

Average eggs per season: 4.

Females incubate the eggs, males do not. However, when the eggs hatch, the female and male are both active in feeding and protecting the altricial young. After the chicks fledge, the female begins to build a new nest for a second brood. During this time, the males teach the young to fly and continue to feed them.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Male)

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bibliographic citation
Breitmeyer, E. 2004. "Mimus polyglottos" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html
author
Eve Breitmeyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
The Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) is a gray, long-tailed bird with white outer tail feathers and white wing patches that flash conspicuously in flight. This widely distributed North American species breeds from California, Colorado, Iowa, and Ontario south to the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and southern Mexico. They have also been introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Kauai eastward) and in Bermuda. Northern Mockingbirds are found in a variety of open and semi-open situations, especially in scrub, thickets, and gardens and in towns and cities and around cultivated areas. Northern Mockingbirds sing a mix of original and imitative phrases, each repeated several times. They may imitate the songs of a wide variety of other birds' songs and calls, sometimes in rapid succession, as well as other sounds. They often sing at night as well as during the day. Both sexes sing in fall as they claim feeding territories. The often heard call is a loud, sharp check. The diet of the Northern Mockingbird consists mostly of insects and berries. The annual diet is around half insects and other arthropods and half berries and other fruits, but the diet is heavy on insects in late spring and summer and in fruits in fall and winter. Nesting begins early in the year, by late winter in the southern United States. The male sings to defend his territory and attract a mate, often leaping a meter in the air and flapping his wings while singing. Early courtship involves the male and female chasing each other around the male's territory. The nest is placed in a dense tree or shrub, typically one to three meters above the ground, but sometimes lower or higher (rarely up to 18 m). The nest has a bulky foundation of twigs supporting an open cup of weeds, grass, and leaves lined with fine material such as rootlets, moss, animal hair, and plant down. The male builds most of the foundation and the female adds most of the lining. Typical clutch size is 3 to 4 eggs (sometimes as few as 2 or as many as 6). Egg color ranges from greenish to bluish gray, with blotches of brown usually concentrated at the larger end. Eggs are incubated (by the female alone) for 12 to 13 days. Both parents feed the nestlings, which leave the nest around 12 days after hatching but are not able to fly well for another week or so. Northern Mockingbirds may produce two to three clutches per year. Northern Mockingbirds were often captured for sale as pets from the late 1700s to the early 1900s and possibly as a result became scarce along much of the northern edge of their range. With the end of the cagebird trade, the Northern Mockingbird became more common in many areas. In recent decades, this species has expanded its range northward, especially in the northeast, possibly as a consequence of the widespread planting of multiflora rose (an excellent source of both food and nesting sites) and a changing climate. (Kaufman 1996; AOU 1998; Dunn and Alderfer 2011)
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Mimus polyglottos ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Mimus polyglottos ye un ave paseriforme nativa d'América del Norte, América Central y parte d'América del Sur. Los exemplares adultos son grises pela parte cimera del cuerpu, con güeyos d'un mariellu pálido y picu negru mínimamente curvu. La cola ye de color escuru colos cantos blancos, y les pates llargues y negres. Les nales amuesen fines llinies blanques, y mientres el vuelu dexen ver llurdios, tamién blanques nes nales y dos franxes blanques llonxitudinales na cola. Carauterízase por asonsañar soníos d'otros animales.

Los sos hábitats de reproducción son les zones onde s'entemecen árees abiertes y parrotales trupos, dende'l sur de Canadá hasta Méxicu y Cuba. N'otres antillas, tales como Puertu Ricu, conozse como ruiseñor. Constrúin niales de cañes en parrotales o árboles de gran xamasca, que defenden agresivamente del ataque d'otres aves o animales, incluyendo a los humanos. Cuando un depredador ye bien persistente, los cenzontles de territorios cercanos axuntar per aciu una llamada distintiva, y xuntos ataquen al agresor. Otres aves xuntar pa reparar cómo estos páxaros fadien al intrusu. Polo xeneral los sinsontes son residentes permanentes; sicasí les aves del norte emigren al sur mientres la dómina de clima aspru. N'Europa esisten como una rareza estrema.

Comen principalmente inseutos y bayes, y mientres lo faen estienden frecuentemente les nales nun movimientu de dos etapes p'amosar los sos llurdios blancos, lo que sirve como una exhibición territorial. Aliméntense tantu nel suelu como na vexetación; y tamién vuelen en picada pa prindar la so comida.

Comportamientu

Soníu

Esti tipu d'ave asonsaña les llamaes d'otres aves, soníos animales ya inclusive ruios de máquines. Alcuéntrase frecuentemente n'árees urbanes. Llamen frecuentemente mientres les nueches y pueden siguir a lo llargo de too l'añu sacante la estación de pelechar a fines del branu. Los cenzontles de normal canten más fuerte nel tapecer de la mañana cuando'l Sol ta sobre l'horizonte. Cuando empecipien un cantar nuna percha alta vuelen dellos metros en forma circular coles sos nales estendíes p'amosar los sos llurdios blancos, depués aterricen na percha ensin romper la nota. Lo cual sirve como una exhibición territorial.

Los cenzontles tienen una fuerte preferencia por ciertos árboles, tales como'l pládanu, el liquidambar, y el plataneru (Platanus). Polo xeneral eviten árboles de pinu. N'árees urbanes, los cenzontles raramente baxen a la tierra, a diferencia de la mayoría d'otros páxaros. Tamién, tienen una preferencia por llugares altos, tales como les cañes más altes de los árboles y los visos de los postes del teléfonu.

El cenzontle en Méxicu

 src=
Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)
California

La pallabra cenzontle vien del náhuatl Centzontototl, formáu de Centzontli ("Cuatrocientos") y Tototl ("Páxaru, ave"), Ave de les cuatrocientes voces. Esto debe al cantar de l'ave en cuestión. De fechu los machos esperimentaos tienen repertorios de 50 a 200 cantares; y razón pola cual, el so nome científicu ye Mimus polyglottos, porque polyglottos, en griegu significa "munches llingües".

L'Emperador Netzahualcóyotl, conocíu como tlatoani de Texcoco, Nezahualcóyotl fixo'l siguiente poema onde fala sobre la guapura del cenzontle:

Nehuatl nictlazotla in centzontototl icuicauh, :nehuatl

nictlazotla in chalchihuitl Itlapaliz

ihuan in ahuiacmeh xochimeh;
zan oc cenca noicniuhtzin in tlacatl, :Nehuatl

nictlazotla

Amo'l cantar del cenzontle, :páxaru de cuatrocientes

voces;

amo'l color del jade y el enervante arume :de les

flores;

pero amo más al mio hermanu :l'home..


Esti poema apaez nos billetes de $100 pesos mexicanos.

Nel últimu discu d'Alejandro Sanz (La Música Nun Se Toca, (c) 2012), la corte númberu 9 "Camín A Casa" cita un poema de Mardonio Carballo, que diz en llinguaxe nativu (nahuatl) lo siguiente: "Zenzotltotol mo tlajtlania kan ki chantis i yolotl patlani uan i kuikatl ki nankilia kan ti nejnemi kan mitz tlazojtlan kan tij tokak mo ixik, (ki ijlia i yolotl)" Esto ye, pretendidamente según el discu: "El cenzontle preguntar d'ónde ye. El cielu ábrese y la respuesta ta nel so cantar: unu ye los caminos percorríos, los llugares del amor, el llugar onde soterró'l so embelicu."

El cenzontle en Cuba

La carauterística "políglota" del cenzontle (o sinsonte) llamó l'atención del cantautor cubanu Silvio Rodríguez, quien lo noma nel empiezu del so cantar La Maza, incluyida nel álbum Unicorniu, de 1982.

Apaez na primer estrofa de la tema "guajiro" de Orishas. "Yo nací nuna riviera allá nel mediu del monte Y te canto la mio guajira, como la canta'l sinsonte".

El cenzontle en Nicaragua

Ye bien conocíu y referenciáu en distintos cantares y poemes d'esti país centroamericanu.

Apaez nel famosu cantar "El zenzontle pregunta por Arlen", de Carlos Mejía Godoy, dedicada a la guerrillera sandinista Arlen Siu, cayida en combate en 1975, nun diálogu con otra ave, el guardabarranco, nel que falen sobre'l pasu de la guerrillera pol monte y el monte.

Referencies

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Mimus polyglottos: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Mimus polyglottos Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Mimus polyglottos ye un ave paseriforme nativa d'América del Norte, América Central y parte d'América del Sur. Los exemplares adultos son grises pela parte cimera del cuerpu, con güeyos d'un mariellu pálido y picu negru mínimamente curvu. La cola ye de color escuru colos cantos blancos, y les pates llargues y negres. Les nales amuesen fines llinies blanques, y mientres el vuelu dexen ver llurdios, tamién blanques nes nales y dos franxes blanques llonxitudinales na cola. Carauterízase por asonsañar soníos d'otros animales.

Los sos hábitats de reproducción son les zones onde s'entemecen árees abiertes y parrotales trupos, dende'l sur de Canadá hasta Méxicu y Cuba. N'otres antillas, tales como Puertu Ricu, conozse como ruiseñor. Constrúin niales de cañes en parrotales o árboles de gran xamasca, que defenden agresivamente del ataque d'otres aves o animales, incluyendo a los humanos. Cuando un depredador ye bien persistente, los cenzontles de territorios cercanos axuntar per aciu una llamada distintiva, y xuntos ataquen al agresor. Otres aves xuntar pa reparar cómo estos páxaros fadien al intrusu. Polo xeneral los sinsontes son residentes permanentes; sicasí les aves del norte emigren al sur mientres la dómina de clima aspru. N'Europa esisten como una rareza estrema.

Comen principalmente inseutos y bayes, y mientres lo faen estienden frecuentemente les nales nun movimientu de dos etapes p'amosar los sos llurdios blancos, lo que sirve como una exhibición territorial. Aliméntense tantu nel suelu como na vexetación; y tamién vuelen en picada pa prindar la so comida.

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Risweer stourmidik ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Ar risweer stourmidik a zo ur spesad evned, Mimus polyglottos an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

Ar spesad a gaver an tri isspesad anezhañ[1][2]:

Rummatadur

Diouzh an evnoniourien e vez renket ar risweer stourmidik er c'herentiad Mimidae pe Sturnidae.

Lennadurezh

Eus ar risweer stourmidik ez eus kaoz e titl ar romant hollvrudet To Kill a Mockingbird gant Harper Lee.

Notennoù ha daveennoù

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Risweer stourmidik: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar risweer stourmidik a zo ur spesad evned, Mimus polyglottos an anv skiantel anezhañ.

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Mimus polyglottos ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El Mimus polyglottos és un ocell de la família dels mímids (Mimidae) que habita arbusts, matolls i terres de conreu de Mèxic, Antilles, Bahames, Estats Units i zona limítrofa del sud de Canadà. Ocasionalment ha arribat fins a Europa occidental, però no pas als Països Catalans.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Mimus polyglottos Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Mimus polyglottos: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El Mimus polyglottos és un ocell de la família dels mímids (Mimidae) que habita arbusts, matolls i terres de conreu de Mèxic, Antilles, Bahames, Estats Units i zona limítrofa del sud de Canadà. Ocasionalment ha arribat fins a Europa occidental, però no pas als Països Catalans.

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Gwatwarwr y Gogledd ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Gwatwarwr y Gogledd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: gwatwarwyr y Gogledd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Mimus polyglottos; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Northern mockingbird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Gwatwarwyr (Lladin: Mimidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1] Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn M. polyglottos, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r gwatwarwr y Gogledd yn perthyn i deulu'r Gwatwarwyr (Lladin: Mimidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cathaderyn du Melanoptila glabrirostris Cathaderyn llwyd Dumetella carolinensis
Dumetella carolinensis -Brendan T. Byrne State Forest, New Jersey, USA-8.jpg
Crynwr brown Cinclocerthia ruficauda
Cinclocerthia ruficauda - Guadeloupe.JPG
Gwatwarwr cefnwinau Mimus dorsalis
Mimus dorsalis 1847.jpg
Gwatwarwr glas Melanotis caerulescens
Blue Mockingbird.jpg
Gwatwarwr y Gogledd Mimus polyglottos
Mimus polyglottos -Krendle Woods, Cary, North Carolina, USA-8.jpg
Gwatwarwr y paith Mimus patagonicus
CalandriaAr.jpg
Tresglen Cozumel Toxostoma guttatum
Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.128765 1 - Toxostoma guttatum (Ridgway, 1885) - Mimidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg
Tresglen grymbig Toxostoma curvirostre
Curve-billed Thrasher.jpg
Tresglen gynffonhir Toxostoma rufum
Toxostoma rufum -Garland, Texas, USA-8.jpg
Tresglen hirbig Toxostoma longirostre
Toxostoma longirostre -Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Texas, USA-8.jpg
Tresglen saets Oreoscoptes montanus
Oreoscoptes montanus Sandy Hook NJ.jpg
Tresglen Sorocco Mimus graysoni
Mimus graysoni (Museum de Genève).jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Gwatwarwr y Gogledd: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Gwatwarwr y Gogledd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: gwatwarwyr y Gogledd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Mimus polyglottos; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Northern mockingbird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Gwatwarwyr (Lladin: Mimidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes. Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn M. polyglottos, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Drozdec mnohohlasý ( Czech )

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Drozdec mnohohlasý (Mimus polyglottos) je pták z řádu pěvců žijící v Severní Americe, kde je ho možné zahlédnout na jihovýchodě Kanady, ve Spojených státech amerických, v severním Mexiku, na Bahamách, Kajmanských ostrovech a na Velkých Antilách.

Poprvé jej popsal Carl Linné ve svém díle Systema naturae v roce 1758.

Odraz v kultuře

Ve Spojených státech amerických jej státy Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee a Texas považují za „státního ptáka“.

Drozdec je součástí původního názvu známé novely Jako zabít ptáčka, kde je zároveň použit jako příklad nevinnosti, které nemá být ubližováno: On sám neubližuje lidem, neničí úrodu, ale naopak je potěšuje svým zpěvem, a proto je hřích ho zabít.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Northern Mockingbird na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Drozdec mnohohlasý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Drozdec mnohohlasý (Mimus polyglottos) je pták z řádu pěvců žijící v Severní Americe, kde je ho možné zahlédnout na jihovýchodě Kanady, ve Spojených státech amerických, v severním Mexiku, na Bahamách, Kajmanských ostrovech a na Velkých Antilách.

Poprvé jej popsal Carl Linné ve svém díle Systema naturae v roce 1758.

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Nordlig spottedrossel ( Danish )

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Nordlig spottedrossel (latin: Mimus polyglottos) er en spurvefugl, der lever i USA og nordlige Mellemamerika.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Stub
Denne artikel om fugle er kun påbegyndt. Hvis du ved mere om emnet, kan du hjælpe Wikipedia ved at udvide den.
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Nordlig spottedrossel: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Nordlig spottedrossel (latin: Mimus polyglottos) er en spurvefugl, der lever i USA og nordlige Mellemamerika.

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Gartenspottdrossel ( German )

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 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet, gelb: im Sommer, grün: ganzjährig
 src=
Ei, Sammlung Museum Wiesbaden
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Gartenspottdrossel in Brooklyn

Die Gartenspottdrossel oder Amerikanische Spottdrossel (Mimus polyglottos) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel.

Merkmale

Die 25 cm lange Gartenspottdrossel hat einen grauen Rücken, dunklere Flügel mit weißen Flügelstreifen und einen langen schwarzen Schwanz mit weißen Außenfedern. Der schlanke schwarze Schnabel ist leicht nach unten gebogen.

Vorkommen

Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich vom Süden Kanadas über die USA bis Mexiko und in die Karibik; am häufigsten ist der Vogel jedoch im Gebiet von Florida bis Texas. Die Gartenspottdrossel lebt in verschiedenen Lebensräumen, wie offenen Grasflächen, Halbwüsten, Waldregionen, Feldern und besiedelten Gebieten.

Verhalten

Der lang anhaltende, komplexe und laute Gesang der Gartenspottdrossel, die auch Rufe und Laute anderer Tiere sowie Umweltgeräusche nachahmt, ist den ganzen Tag bis in die Nacht hinein zu hören. Das Gesangsrepertoire des Männchens besteht aus 50 bis 200 Liedern.

Mit seinen langen Beinen sucht der Vogel am Boden nach Nahrung, zu der Wirbellose, Samen und andere Früchte gehören. Bei der Futtersuche spreizt er häufig seine Flügel und zeigt die weißen Flügelflecken. Dieses Verhalten dient entweder der Revierverteidigung oder dem Aufschrecken von Beutetieren.

Der Vogel gilt als furchtlos und aggressiv. Er verteidigt vehement Brut- und Winterrevier. Manchmal holt die Spottdrossel mit einem speziellen Ruf Artgenossen zur Hilfe, um größere Räuber gemeinsam zu vertreiben.

Gesang einer Gartenspottdrossel

Fortpflanzung

Die Gartenspottdrossel baut ein schalenförmiges Nest aus Zweigen auf einem niedrigen Ast im dichten Gebüsch in einer offenen Landschaft. Zwei bis sechs Eier werden 12 bis 13 Tage vom Weibchen alleine bebrütet. Mit neun bis zwölf Tagen werden die Jungvögel flügge.

Sonstiges

Die Gartenspottdrossel (engl. Mockingbird) ist der Staatsvogel von Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee und Texas. Sie gilt als besonders typisch für die Südstaaten der USA und erscheint auch im Titel von Harper Lees Südstaaten-Bestseller To Kill a Mockingbird, der auf Deutsch unter dem adaptiv übersetzten Titel Wer die Nachtigall stört erschien. In Ambrose Bierces Prosasammlung Mitten im Leben sind wir vom Tod umfangen (engl. Tales of Soldiers and Civilians) nutzt der Autor in der Geschichte Die Spottdrossel den Vogel als zynisch verbindendes Element zwischen den Zwillingen Grayrock – einem Süd- und einem Nordstaatler.

In der ersten Strophe des Schlafliedes Hush little Baby wird dem Baby eine Spottdrossel versprochen. Die Melodie wurde von Eminem als Sample verwendet und er benannte das Lied Mockingbird nach dem Vogel. Weiterhin gibt es von Rob Thomas, Barclay James Harvest sowie von Carly Simon, James Taylor und Tom Waits entsprechende Titel.

Die erste Soundkarte der Welt von 1983 hieß Mockingboard.

Die Spottdrossel darf nicht mit dem fiktiven Spotttölpel (Mockingjay) aus den Die-Tribute-von-Panem-Filmen verwechselt werden, der im Film das Symbol für die Hoffnung und den Widerstand ist.[1]

In der Serie Game of Thrones ziert die Spottdrossel den Anstecker von Petyr Baelish, einem Mitglied des Rates des Königs.

In der Sitcom The Big Bang Theory ist eine Spottdrossel am Ende der Folge 17 der Staffel 5 im Klang eines Windspiels zu hören. Sheldon beschimpft sie mit den Worten: „Die Noten sind C, G, E und A! Nimm eine davon oder ich werde deinen Baum fällen!“ Er glaubt, dass sie den Klang des Windspiels absichtlich falsch singt, um ihn zu ärgern.[2]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Is the Mockingjay from The Hunger Games Real? 16. März 2012, abgerufen am 5. Mai 2019 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  2. Season 5, Episode 17: The Rothman Disintegration, siehe die Website der Serie.
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Gartenspottdrossel: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Verbreitungsgebiet, gelb: im Sommer, grün: ganzjährig  src= Ei, Sammlung Museum Wiesbaden  src= Gartenspottdrossel in Brooklyn

Die Gartenspottdrossel oder Amerikanische Spottdrossel (Mimus polyglottos) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel.

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Centzontlahtoleh ( Nahuatl )

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In Centzontlahtōleh, ahmo huēyac iuhcāyōtl centzontleh, nō centzontōtōtl (Mimus polyglottos) cē paseriforme tōtotl, inin tōtōmeh nemih īpan huitztlāmpa Canada īxquichca mochi Mēxihco. In centzontlahtōleh nextic in īmihhuiyo, cōzauhqui in īīxtelohtli, tlīltic in īntōtōtēnhuitz. In īcuitlapil pahpaltic īca iztāc tēntli in īxxopitzac huēyac. In īmahtlapal piya canactic iztāc tlīlcuahuitl, ihcuac in ehuaznequi nēxiltih tlacihuiztli nō iztāc. Inīn tōtōmeh tozcanehnehuilih occēquintin tōtōmeh īntlahtōl.

 src=
Centzontlahtōleh

Nō xiquitta

In Centzontōtōtl

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Centzontlahtoleh: Brief Summary ( Nahuatl )

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In Centzontlahtōleh, ahmo huēyac iuhcāyōtl centzontleh, nō centzontōtōtl (Mimus polyglottos) cē paseriforme tōtotl, inin tōtōmeh nemih īpan huitztlāmpa Canada īxquichca mochi Mēxihco. In centzontlahtōleh nextic in īmihhuiyo, cōzauhqui in īīxtelohtli, tlīltic in īntōtōtēnhuitz. In īcuitlapil pahpaltic īca iztāc tēntli in īxxopitzac huēyac. In īmahtlapal piya canactic iztāc tlīlcuahuitl, ihcuac in ehuaznequi nēxiltih tlacihuiztli nō iztāc. Inīn tōtōmeh tozcanehnehuilih occēquintin tōtōmeh īntlahtōl.

 src= Centzontlahtōleh
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Chincha chawkatu ( Quechua )

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Chincha chawkatu (Mimus polyglottos) nisqaqa Chinchay Awya Yalapi, Mishikupipas kawsaq chawkatu pisqum. Huk pisqukunap takinankunatam qatichikun.

Hawa t'inkikuna

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Chincha chawkatu: Brief Summary ( Quechua )

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Chincha chawkatu (Mimus polyglottos) nisqaqa Chinchay Awya Yalapi, Mishikupipas kawsaq chawkatu pisqum. Huk pisqukunap takinankunatam qatichikun.

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Mimus polyglottos ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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D'Mimus polyglottos ass e Vull aus der Gattung Mimus an der Famill vun de Mimidae. Se liewen a Kanada, an den USA, a Mexiko an an de Karibesche Länner[1].

De Vull ass 21 bis 26 cm laang an huet eng Fligelspanwäit vun 31 bis 35 cm. D'Gewiicht ass 45–58 g. D'Weibche leet 2–6 Eeër[2].

D'Mimus polyglottos ass de Staatsvull vun den US-Bundesstaaten Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee an Texas[3].

Um Spaweck

Commons: Mimus polyglottos – Biller, Videoen oder Audiodateien

Referenzen

  1. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22711026/0
  2. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Mockingbird/lifehistory
  3. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/tbn01
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Mimus polyglottos: Brief Summary ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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D'Mimus polyglottos ass e Vull aus der Gattung Mimus an der Famill vun de Mimidae. Se liewen a Kanada, an den USA, a Mexiko an an de Karibesche Länner.

De Vull ass 21 bis 26 cm laang an huet eng Fligelspanwäit vun 31 bis 35 cm. D'Gewiicht ass 45–58 g. D'Weibche leet 2–6 Eeër.

D'Mimus polyglottos ass de Staatsvull vun den US-Bundesstaaten Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee an Texas.

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Háestôhe'šeméhe

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Háestôhe'šeméhe ve'kêseho-éve.

 src=
Háestôhe'šeméhe
He-némeotsevótse
He-némeotsevótse (3 minutes)
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Háestôhe'šeméhe
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Mónevátâhesono, vé'kêséhesono.
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Háestôhe'šeméheo'o.
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Northern mockingbird

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The northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) is a mockingbird commonly found in North America. This bird is mainly a permanent resident, but northern birds may move south during harsh weather. This species has rarely been observed in Europe. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Turdus polyglottos. The northern mockingbird is known for its mimicking ability, as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name, "many-tongued thrush". The northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly. Its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight.[2]

The northern mockingbird is an omnivore, eating both insects and fruits. It is often found in open areas and forest edges but forages in grassy land. The northern mockingbird breeds in southeastern Canada, the United States, northern Mexico, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and the Greater Antilles. It is replaced further south by its closest living relative, the tropical mockingbird. The Socorro mockingbird, an endangered species, is also closely related, contrary to previous opinion. The northern mockingbird is listed as of least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The northern mockingbird is known for its intelligence. A 2009 study showed that the bird was able to recognize individual humans, particularly noting those who had previously been intruders or threats.[3] Also birds recognize their breeding spots and return to areas in which they had greatest success in previous years. Urban birds are more likely to demonstrate this behavior.

The mockingbird is influential in United States culture, being the state bird of five states, appearing in book titles, songs and lullabies, and making other appearances in popular culture.

Taxonomy

Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus first described this species in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Turdus polyglottos.[4] Its current genus name, Mimus is Latin for "mimic" and the specific polyglottos, is from Ancient Greek poluglottos, "harmonious", from polus, "many", and glossa, "tongue",[5] representing its outstanding ability to mimic various sounds.[6] The northern mockingbird is considered to be conspecific with the tropical mockingbird (Mimus gilvus).[7]

This species is categorized as the northern mockingbird as the closest living relative to M. gilvus.[8][9]

Subspecies

There are three recognized subspecies for the northern mockingbird.[10][11] There have been proposed races from the Bahamas and Haiti placed under the orpheus section.[11]

Description

Fledgling mockingbird in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

The northern mockingbird is a medium-sized mimid that has long legs and tail.[12] Males and females look alike.[13] Its upper parts are colored gray, while its underparts have a white or whitish-gray color.[14] It has parallel wing bars on the half of the wings connected near the white patch giving it a distinctive appearance in flight.[14] The black central rectrices and typical white lateral rectrices are also noticeable in flight.[14] The iris is usually a light green-yellow or a yellow, but there have been instances of an orange color.[10] The bill is black with a brownish black appearance at the base.[10] The juvenile appearance is marked by its streaks on its back, distinguished spots and streaks on its chest, and a gray or grayish-green iris.[10]

Northern mockingbirds measure from 20.5 to 28 cm (8.1 to 11.0 in) including a tail almost as long as its body. The wingspan can range from 31–38 cm (12–15 in) and body mass is from 40–58 g (1.4–2.0 oz). Males tend to be slightly larger than females.[15][16] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in), the tail is 10 to 13.4 cm (3.9 to 5.3 in), the culmen is 1.6 to 1.9 cm (0.63 to 0.75 in) and the tarsus is 2.9 to 3.4 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in).[10]

The northern mockingbird's lifespan is observed to be up to 8 years, but captive birds can live up to 20 years.[17]

Distribution and habitat

The mockingbird's breeding range is from Maritime provinces of Canada westwards to British Columbia, practically the entire Continental United States south of the northern Plains states and Pacific northwest, the Greater Antilles, and the majority of Mexico to eastern Oaxaca and Veracruz.[10] The mockingbird is generally a year-round resident of its range, but the birds that live in the northern portion of its range have been noted further south during the winter season.[14] Sightings of the mockingbird have also been recorded in Hawaii (where it was introduced in the 1920s),[18] southeastern Alaska,[19] and three times as transatlantic vagrants in Britain,[14] most recently in Exmouth, Devon, UK in February and March 2021.[20] The mockingbird is thought to be at least partly migratory in the northern portions of its range, but the migratory behavior is not well understood.[18]

In the 19th century, the range of the mockingbird expanded northward towards provinces such as Nova Scotia and Ontario and states such as Massachusetts, although the sightings were sporadic. Within the first five decades of the 20th century, regions that received an influx of mockingbirds were Maine, Vermont, Ohio, Iowa, and New York.[18] In western states such as California, the population was restricted to the Lower Sonoran regions but by the 1970s the mockingbird was residential in most counties.[18] Islands that saw introductions of the mockingbird include Bermuda (in which it failed), Barbados, St. Helena, Socorro Island, the Cayman Islands and Tahiti.[18][21]

The mockingbird's habitat varies by location, but it prefers open areas with sparse vegetation. In the eastern regions, suburban and urban areas such as parks and gardens are frequent residential areas. It has an affinity for mowed lawns with shrubs within proximity for shade and nesting.[14][18] In western regions, desert scrub and chaparral are among its preferred habitats. When foraging for food, it prefers short grass.[14] This bird does not nest in densely forested areas,[10][22] and generally resides in the same habitats year round.[18]

Behavior

Diet

The northern mockingbird is an omnivore. The birds' diet consists of arthropods (such as spiders, grasshoppers, ants, beetles, and caterpillars),[23][24] earthworms, berries, fruits, seeds, and occasionally small crustaceans[24] and lizards.[10] Mockingbirds can drink from puddles, river and lake edges, or dew and rain droplets that amass onto plants.[14] Adult mockingbirds also have been seen drinking sap from the cuts on recently pruned trees.[14] Its diet heavily consists of animal prey during the breeding season, but takes a drastic shift to fruits during the fall and winter.[14] The drive for fruits amid winter has been noted for the geographic expansion of the mockingbird, and in particular, the fruit of Rosa multiflora, a favorite of the birds, is a possible link.[10][14] Mockingbirds also eat garden fruits such as tomatoes, apples, and berries (like blackberries, raspberries, other bramble fruits, holly berries, mulberries, and dogwood), as well as grapes and figs.[25][26][23][24]

Displaying

These birds forage on the ground or in vegetation; they also fly down from a perch to capture food.[14] While foraging, they frequently spread their wings in a peculiar two-step motion to display the white patches. There is disagreement among ornithologists over the purpose of this behavior, with hypotheses ranging from deceleration to intimidation of predators or prey.[27][28]

Breeding

A boundary dance between two mockingbirds

Both the male and female of the species reach sexual maturity after one year of life. The breeding season occurs in the spring and early summer.[12] The males arrive before the beginning of the season to establish their territories. They may demonstrate or contest the edges of a territory using a boundary dance in which males, typically on the ground, face each other and hop side to side, sometimes fighting, until one flies away.[29][30] The males use a series of courtship displays to attract the females to their sites.[12] They run around the area either to showcase their territory to the females or to pursue the females. The males also engage in flight to showcase their wings.[12] They sing and call as they perform all of these displays. The species can remain monogamous for many years, but incidents of polygyny and bigamy have been reported to occur during a single bird's lifetime.[31][32]

Both the male and female are involved in the nest building.[33] The male does most of the work, while the female perches on the shrub or tree where the nest is being built to watch for predators. The nest is built approximately three to ten feet above the ground.[33] The outer part of the nest is composed of twigs, while the inner part is lined with grasses, dead leaves, moss, or artificial fibers. The eggs are a light blue or greenish color and speckled with dots.[15] The female lays three to five eggs, and she incubates them for nearly two weeks. Once the eggs are hatched, both the male and female will feed the chicks.[33]

The birds aggressively defend their nests and surrounding areas against other birds and animals.[33] When a predator is persistent, mockingbirds from neighboring territories may be summoned by distinct calls to join the defense. Other birds may gather to watch as the mockingbirds drive away the intruder. In addition to harassing domestic cats and dogs that they consider a threat,[12] mockingbirds will at times target humans. The birds are bold, and will attack much larger birds, even hawks. One incident in Tulsa, Oklahoma involving a postal carrier resulted in the distribution of a warning letter to residents.[34]

The northern mockingbird pairs hatch about two to four broods a year. In one breeding attempt, the northern mockingbird lays an average of four eggs.[12] They are pale blue or greenish white with red or brown blotches, and measure about 25 by 18 millimetres (0.98 by 0.71 in).They hatch after about 11 to 14 days of incubation by the female.[35] After about 10 to 15 days of life, the offspring become independent.[12]

Sexual selection

Adult mockingbirds have solid pale grey or buff breasts, juveniles mottled

Northern mockingbirds are famous for their song repertoires. Studies have shown that males sing songs at the beginning of breeding season to attract females.[36] Unmated males sing songs in more directions and sing more bouts than mated males. In addition, unmated males perform more flight displays than mated males.[14] The mockingbirds usually nest several times during one breeding season.[37] Depending on the stage of breeding and the mating status, a male mockingbird will vary his song production. The unmated male keeps close track of this change. He sings in one direction when he perceives a chance to lure a female from the nest of the mated male.[36] Unmated males are also more likely to use elevated perches to make their songs audible farther away.[36] Though the mockingbirds are socially monogamous, mated males have been known to sing to attract additional mates.[31]

An observational study by Logan demonstrates that the female is continuously evaluating the quality of the male and his territory.[38] The assessment is usually triggered by the arrival of a new male in a neighboring territory at the beginning of a new breeding season. In those cases, the mated female is constantly seen flying over both the original and the new male's territory, evaluating the qualities of both territories and exchanging calls with both males.[38] The social mate displays aggressive behaviors towards the female, while the new male shows less aggression and sings softer songs.[38] At the same time, both the mated male and the new male will fly over other territories to attract other females as well. Divorce, mate switching and extra-pair matings do occur in northern mockingbirds.[14][38]

Sex allocation

Northern mockingbirds adjust the sex ratio of their offspring according to the food availability and population density. Male offspring usually require more parental investment. There is therefore a bias for bearing the costlier sex at the beginning of a breeding season when the food is abundant.[39] Local resource competition predicts that the parents have to share the resources with offspring that remain at the natal site after maturation. In passerine birds, like the northern mockingbird, females are more likely to disperse than males.[40] Hence, it is adaptive to produce more dispersive sex than philopatric sex when the population density is high and the competition for local resources is intense. Since northern mockingbirds are abundant in urban environments, it is possible that the pollution and contamination in cities might affect sexual hormones and therefore play a role in offspring sex ratio.[41]

Mating

Northern mockingbirds are socially monogamous. The sexes look alike except that the male is slightly larger than the female. Mutual mate choice is exhibited in northern mockingbirds.[42] Both males and females prefer mates that are more aggressive towards intruders, and so exhibit greater parental investment. However, males are more defensive of their nests than females. In a population where male breeding adults outnumber female breeding adults, females have more freedom in choosing their mates.[42] In these cases, these female breeders have the option of changing mates within a breeding season if the first male does not provide a high level of parental care, which includes feeding and nest defense.[43] High nesting success is associated with highly aggressive males attacking intruders in the territory, and so these males are preferred by females.[43]

Parental care

Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

Northern mockingbirds are altricial, meaning that, when hatched, they are born relatively immobile and defenseless and therefore require nourishment for a certain duration from their parents. The young have a survival bottleneck at the nestling stage because there are higher levels of nestling predation than egg predation. The levels of belligerence exhibited by parents therefore increase once eggs hatch but there is no increase during the egg stage.[42]

Eggs in a nest

A recent study shows that both food availability and temperature affect the parental incubation of the eggs in northern mockingbirds. Increasing food availability provides the females with more time to care for the nest and perform self-maintenance. Increasing temperature, however, reduces the time the females spend at the nest and there is increased energy cost to cool the eggs. The incubation behavior is a trade-off among various environmental factors.[44]

Mockingbird nests are also often parasitized by cowbirds. The parents are found to reject parasitic eggs at an intermediate rate.[45] A recent study has shown that foreign eggs are more likely to be rejected from a nest later in the breeding season than from earlier in a breeding season. Early nesting hosts may not have learned the pattern and coloration of their first clutch yet, so are less likely to reject foreign eggs. There is also a seasonal threshold in terms of the overlap between the breeding seasons of the northern mockingbirds and their parasites. If the breeding season of the parasites starts later, there is less likelihood of parasitism. Hence, it pays the hosts to have relatively lower sensitivity to parasitic eggs.[46]

Ontogeny

A laboratory observation of 38 mockingbird nestlings and fledglings (thirty-five and three, respectively) recorded the behavioral development of young mockingbirds. Notable milestones, including the eyes opening, soft vocalizations, begging, and preening, began within the first six days of life. Variation in begging and more compact movements such as perching, fear crouching, and stretching appeared by the ninth day. Wing-flashing, bathing, flight, and leaving the nest happened within seventeen days (nest leaving occurred within 11 to 13 days). Improvements of flight, walking and self-feeding took place within forty days. Agonistic behavior increased during the juvenile stages, to the extent that one of two siblings living in the same area was likely killed by the other.[47]

Song and calls

Songs and calls
Calling during spring

Although many species of bird imitate the vocalizations of other birds, the northern mockingbird is the best known in North America for doing so. Among the species and vocalizations imitated are Carolina wren, northern cardinal, tufted titmouse, eastern towhee, house sparrow, wood thrush and eastern bluebird songs, calls of the northern flicker and great crested flycatcher, jeers and pumphandles of the blue jay, and alarm, chups, and chirrs of the American robin.[48][49] It imitates not only birds, but also other animals such as cats, dogs, frogs, crickets and sounds from artificial items such as unoiled wheels and even car alarms. As convincing as these imitations may be to humans, they often fail to fool other birds, such as the Florida scrub-jay.[50]

The northern mockingbird's mimicry is likely to serve as a form of sexual selection through which competition between males and female choice influence a bird's song repertoire size.[50] A 2013 study attempted to determine model selection in vocal mimics, and the data suggested that mimicry in the mockingbird resulted from the bird being genetically predisposed to learning vocalizations with acoustic characteristics such as an enlarged auditory template.[48]

Both male and female mockingbirds sing, with the latter being generally quieter and less vocal. Male commencement of singing is in late January to February and continues into the summer and the establishing of territory into the fall. Frequency in female singing is more sporadic, as it sings less often in the summer and fall, and only sings when the male is away from the territory.[14] The mockingbird also possesses a large song repertoire that ranges from 43 to 203 song types and the size varies by region. Repertoire sizes ranged from 14 to 150 types in Texas, and two studies of mockingbirds in Florida rounded estimates to 134 and 200, approximately.[14] It continually expands its repertoire during its life,[14] though it pales in comparison to mimids such as the brown thrasher.[51]

There are four recognized calls for the mockingbird: the nest relief call, hew call, chat or chatburst, and the begging call.[14] The hew call is mainly used by both sexes for potential nest predators, conspecific chasing, and various interactions between mates. The differences between chats and chatbursts are frequency of use, as chats are year-round, and chatbursts occur in the fall.[14] Another difference is that chatbursts appear to be used in territorial defense in the fall, and the chats are used by either sex when disturbed.[14] The nest relief and begging calls are only used by the males.[14]

Predation and threats

Riding a red-tailed hawk

Adult mockingbirds can fall victim to birds of prey such as the great horned owl, screech owl and sharp-shinned hawk, though their tenacious behavior makes them less likely to be captured. Scrub-jays also have killed and eaten mockingbirds. Snakes rarely capture incubating females. Fledgelings have been prey to domestic cats, red-tailed hawks, and crows. Eggs and nestlings are consumed by blue jays, fish crows and American crows, red-tailed hawks, swallow-tailed kites, snakes, squirrels, and cats. Blowfly larvae and Haemoproteus have been found in Florida and Arizona populations, respectively.[18]

Winter storms limit the expansion of mockingbirds in their range. The storms have played a role in the declining of the populations in Ohio (where it has since recovered), Michigan, Minnesota and likely in Quebec. Dry seasons also affect the mockingbird populations in Arizona.[18]

Intelligence

In a paper published in 2009, researchers found that mockingbirds were able to recall an individual human who, earlier in the study, had approached and threatened the mockingbirds' nest. Researchers had one participant stand near a mockingbird nest and touch it, while others avoided the nest. Later, the mockingbirds recognized the intruder and exhibited defensive behavior, while ignoring the other individuals.[52]

Adaptation to urban habitats

A northern mockingbird on top of a Duke University Hospital sign reading
In the urban habitat at Durham, North Carolina

The northern mockingbird is a species that is found in both urban and rural habitats. There are now more northern mockingbirds living in urban habitats than non-urban environments, so they are consequently known as an urban-positive species.[53] Biologists have long questioned how northern mockingbirds adapt to a novel environment in cities, and whether they fall into the typical ecological traps that are common for urban-dwelling birds.[53] A comparative study between an urban dwelling population and a rural dwelling one shows that the apparent survival is higher for individuals in the urban habitats. Lower food availability and travel costs may account for the higher mortality rate in rural habitats.[54] Urban birds are more likely to return to the nest where they had successfully bred the previous year and avoid those where breeding success was low. One explanation for this phenomenon is that urban environments are more predictable than non-urban ones, as the site fidelity among urban birds prevents them from falling into ecological traps.[54] Mockingbirds are also able to utilize artificial lighting in order to feed nestlings in urban areas such as residential neighborhoods into the night, in contrast to those that do not nest near those areas.[55] The adaptation of the mockingbird in urban habitats has led it to become more susceptible to lead poisoning in Baltimore and Washington, D.C. populations.[18]

In culture

Painting by John James Audubon

This bird features in the title and central metaphor of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. In that novel, mockingbirds are portrayed as innocent and generous, and two of the major characters, Atticus Finch and Miss Maudie, say it is a sin to kill a mockingbird because "they don't do one thing for us but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people's gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us."[56]

The song of the northern mockingbird inspired many American folk songs of the mid-19th century, such as "Listen to the Mocking Bird".[57]

Thomas Jefferson had several pet mockingbirds, including a bird named "Dick".[58][59]

In the fictional Neighborhood of Make-Believe on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, one of King Friday's "pets" is a wooden northern mockingbird on a stick, which he refers to by the scientific name Mimus polyglottos.[60][61]

1951: Patti Page, a popular vocalist, recorded "Mockin' Bird Hill". Sold in 10" 78 RPM format. The song reached #2 on Billboard ranking and reflected gentle postwar values of the period.

State bird

The northern mockingbird is the state bird of Arkansas,[62] Florida,[63] Mississippi,[64] Tennessee,[65] and Texas,[66] and previously the state bird of South Carolina.[67]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Northern Mockingbird". All About Birds.
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  41. ^ Erikstad, K.E.; Bustnes, J.O.; Lorentsen, S.; Reiertsen, T.K. (2009). "Sex ratio in Lesser Black-backed Gull in relation to environmental pollutants" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 63 (6): 931–938. doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0736-3. S2CID 8976406. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
  42. ^ a b c Breitwisch, R. (1988). "Sex differences in defense of eggs and nestlings by Northern Mockingbirds, Mimus polyglottos". Animal Behaviour. 36: 62–72. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80250-1. S2CID 53202943.
  43. ^ a b Breitwisch, R. (1986). "Parental Investment by the Northern Mockingbird: Male and Female Roles in Feeding Nestlings". The Auk. 103 (1): 152–159. doi:10.1093/auk/103.1.152. JSTOR 4086973.
  44. ^ Londoño, G.A.; Levey, D.J.; Robinson, S.K. (2008). "Effects of temperature and food on incubation behavior of the northern mocking bird, Mimus polyglottos". Animal Behaviour. 76 (3): 669–677. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.002. S2CID 54355652.
  45. ^ Peer, B.D.; Ellison, K.S.; Sealy, S.G. (2002). "Intermediate frequencies of egg ejection by Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) sympatric with two cowbird species". The Auk. 3. 119 (3): 855–858. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0855:IFOEEB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4089988. S2CID 85905220.
  46. ^ Quinn, J.; Tolson, K.M. (2009). "Proximate mechanisms of parasite egg rejection by northern mockingbirds". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 1. 121: 180–183. doi:10.1676/08-015.1. S2CID 86395217.
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  48. ^ a b Gammon, David E. (2013). "How is model selection determined in a vocal mimic?: Tests of five hypotheses". Behaviour. 150 (12): 1375–1397. doi:10.1163/1568539X-00003101.
  49. ^ Gammon, David E.; Altizer, Carly E. (2011). "Northern Mockingbirds produce syntactical patterns of vocal mimicry that reflect taxonomy of imitated species". Journal of Field Ornithology. 82 (2): 158–164. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00318.x. JSTOR 23011224.
  50. ^ a b Owen-Ashley, N. T.; Schoech, S. J.; Mumme, R. L. (2002). "Context-specific response of Florida scrub-jay pairs to Northern Mockingbird vocal mimicry". The Condor. 104 (4): 858–865. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0858:CSROFS]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1370710. S2CID 85635349.
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Northern mockingbird: Brief Summary

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The northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) is a mockingbird commonly found in North America. This bird is mainly a permanent resident, but northern birds may move south during harsh weather. This species has rarely been observed in Europe. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Turdus polyglottos. The northern mockingbird is known for its mimicking ability, as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name, "many-tongued thrush". The northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly. Its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight.

The northern mockingbird is an omnivore, eating both insects and fruits. It is often found in open areas and forest edges but forages in grassy land. The northern mockingbird breeds in southeastern Canada, the United States, northern Mexico, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and the Greater Antilles. It is replaced further south by its closest living relative, the tropical mockingbird. The Socorro mockingbird, an endangered species, is also closely related, contrary to previous opinion. The northern mockingbird is listed as of least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The northern mockingbird is known for its intelligence. A 2009 study showed that the bird was able to recognize individual humans, particularly noting those who had previously been intruders or threats. Also birds recognize their breeding spots and return to areas in which they had greatest success in previous years. Urban birds are more likely to demonstrate this behavior.

The mockingbird is influential in United States culture, being the state bird of five states, appearing in book titles, songs and lullabies, and making other appearances in popular culture.

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Norda mokbirdo ( Esperanto )

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Kiel legi la taksonomion
Norda mokbirdo Norda mokbirdo
Norda mokbirdo

La Mokbirdo (Mimus polyglottos) estas birdo de la familio de Mimedoj (Mimidae) el la ordo de la Paseroformaj birdoj. Ĝi estas tre konata en Nordameriko kaj la ununura komuna disvastigata mokbirdo.

Rekoniloj

La 25 centimetrojn longa mokbirdo havas grizan dorson, blankajn subajn partojn, pli malhelajn flugilojn kun blankaj flugilmakuloj tre rimarkindaj dumfluge kaj dum montroceremonioj, longan nigran voston kun blankaj eksteraj plumoj. La svelta, nigra beko estas iome kurbeca malsupren.

Disvastiĝo

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Vivejo de la mokbirdo, flave nur vintre

La reprodukta teritorio etendiĝas de la sudoriento de Kanado tra Usono ĝis norda Meksiko kaj Bahamoj, Kajmanoj kaj Grandaj Antiloj en Karibio; la plej ofta estas la birdo en la regiono de Florido ĝis Teksaso. Ĝi estas anstataŭata pli sude de sia plej proksima vivanta parenco, nome la Tropika mokbirdo. Ankaŭ la Sokora mokbirdo, nome endanĝerita specio, estas tre rilata, male al iama opinio.[1][2]

Ankaŭ en Germanio (Bremeno) kaj en la regiono de Ruhr (Recklinghausen) oni ekvidis ĝin iam kiel vagantoj. La mokbirdo vivas en diversaj habitatoj, kiel malfermaj pampoareoj, duondezertoj, arbarregionoj, kampoj kaj loĝataj regionoj. Tiuj birdoj estas ĉefe konstantaj loĝantaj birdoj, sed nordaj birdoj povas moviĝi suden dum akra vetero.

Konduto

La longe persista, kompleksa kantado de la mokbirdo, kiu eĉ imitas vokojn kaj sonojn de aliaj bestoj samkiel medibruojn, la tutan tagon ĝis en la nokto estas aŭdebla. La kantrepertuaro de la masklo konsistas el 50-200 kantoj. Tiu kutimo estas kialo de la nomoj kaj en Esperanto kaj en la latina scienca nomo kie Mimus enhavas la saman radikon kiu signifas “imitado” kaj polyglottos el la grekaj vortoj “poly” kaj “gloto” signifas “kiu parolas multajn lingvojn”. Pri ties nomoj oni diru, ke tiu specio estis unuafoje priskribita de Linnaeus en Systema naturae en 1758 kiel Turdus polyglottos.[3]

Per siaj longaj kruroj la birdo sur la grundo aŭ ekflugante el ripozejo serĉas je nutraĵo, al kiu apartenas senvertebruloj, semoj kaj aliaj fruktoj. Dum la nutraĵserĉado tiu Mokbirdo disetendas siajn flugilojn kaj montras la blankajn flugilmakulojn. Tiu sinteno aŭ servas por la distriktprotektado aŭ por ekfuĝigi predobestetojn.

La birdo estas konata kiel sentima kaj agresema; ĝi defendas impete la kov- kaj la vintroregionon. Kelkfoje la mokbirdo alvokas per specifa voko samspeciulon por helpo, por komune fuĝigi rabiston. Mokbirdoj ofte nestas ĉe homaj loĝejoj, kaj pro tio, ties laŭta kaj nokta kanto kaj ties teritoria defendado ofte ĝenas homojn. John van der Linden, aŭtoro de Eastern Birding Central FAQ, informis ke 25 al 50 % de la elektronikaj demandoj de li ricevitaj koncernis elturniĝon kun ĝenantaj mokbirdoj.

Mokbirdoj sentas fortan preferon por specifaj arboj kiaj acero, likvidambaro kaj platano. Ili ĝenerale evitas pinojn post kiam la aliaj arboj jam kreskigis siajn foliojn. Krome ili sentas specialan preferon por altaj lokoj, kiel pintaj branĉoj de arboj. Mokbirdoj troviĝas ofte en urbaj kaj ĉeurbaj areoj, kie ili ripozas sur telefonfostoj, stratolampoj aŭ altaj punktoj en konstruaĵoj. Dum kantado sur alta ripozejo tiu birdo ofte saltas iom malfermante siajn flugilojn por montri la blankajn subflugilajn makulojn, poste alteriĝas sur la ripozejon sen ĉesi kantadon. Tiu ago utilas kiel teritoria montroceremonio.

Kanto kaj alvokoj

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Atakanta kontraŭ Ruĝaŝultra akcipitro

Kvankam multaj specioj de birdoj imitas aliajn birdojn, la Norda mokbirdo estas la plej bone konata en Nordameriko kiu faras tion. Ili imitas ne nur birdojn, sed ankaŭ aliajn animalojn kaj meĥanikajn sonojn kiel aŭtalarmoj. Per tiu imitado ili povos moki homojn, sed ofte malsukcesas moki aliajn birdojn, kiaj la Florida makisgarolo.

La kantimitado de la Norda mokbirdo utilas kiel metodo pligrandigi la muzikan repertuaron kiu ŝajne uzeblas por allogi inojn. La mokbirdo tamen limigiĝas je imitado de mallongajn sonunuojn, kiuj ripetiĝas kelkajn fojojn antaŭ movi al nova sono. Kiel rezulto, la mokbirdo sukcesas multe plie antaŭ homa orelo per imitado de kelkaj precizaj specioj. Specioj havantaj ripetajn kantojn, kiaj tiu de la Karolina troglodito, estas efike kopiitaj, sed specioj kun longaj, komplikaj kantoj, kiaj tiu de la Kantopasero, ne povas tiom efike esti imitata de mokbirdoj.

La Norda mokbirdo, krom ties bona imitado, estas ankaŭ unu el la plej laŭtaj kaj plej konstante voĉemaj birdoj. Ili ofte kantas nokte, ĉefe la nepariĝintaj maskloj, aŭ dum plena luno. Ili kantas la tutan jaron escepte foje somerfine dum la plumoŝanĝa sezono. Individuaj maskloj havas repertuaron de 50 ĝis 200 kantoj; ankaŭ inoj kantas, sed pli silentece kaj malpli ofte ol maskloj. Mokbirdoj kutime kantas plej laŭte dum mateniĝo.

Krom ties konata kanto, la Norda mokbirdo uzas varion de alvokoj por komuniki specifan informon. Kiel ĉe la kanto, tiuj alvokoj estas inter la plej laŭtaj sonoj produktitaj de birdoj de tiu grando. Mokbirdoj faras akran, raspan bruon dum forpelado de aliaj birdoj for de sia teritorio. Simila sed distinga alvoko estas uzata por defendiĝi kontraŭ predantoj kiel akcipitro aŭ falko. Aliaj alvokoj inkludas anhelantan bruon kaj tre orelpenetranta serio de altaj notoj ripete dufoje.

Reproduktado

La mokbirdo konstruas pelvetoforman neston el tigoj kaj branĉeroj sur malalta branĉo en densa arbustaro en malferma pejzaĝo. Du ĝis ses ovojn la ino sola dum 12 gis 13 tagoj kovas. Post naŭ ĝis dek du tagoj la junbirdoj ekflugas kaj okazas elnestiĝo.

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Ovoj
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Ido

Maskloj de Norda mokbirdo starigas nestoteritorion frufebruare. Se ino eniras sian teritorion, la masklo persekutas la inon per dekomence agresecaj alvokoj kaj, se ŝi iĝas malinteresa, per pli mildaj alvokoj. Kiam la paro jam setlis, ties kanto iĝas pli afabla. Nordaj mokbirdoj tendencas esti monogamaj, kaj la ino povas reveni al la sama masklo de la pasinta sezono.

Kaj la masklo kaj la ino de Nordaj mokbirdoj kunkonstruas la neston. La masklo faras plej parton de la tasko, dum la ino ripozas sur arbusto aŭ arbo kie oni konstruas la neston por atentigi pro eventuala predanto. La ekstera parto de la nesto estas komponita el bastonetoj dum la interna parto estas kovrata el herberoj, mortintaj folioj, musko aŭ artefaritaj fibroj. La ovoj estas helbluaj aŭ verdecaj kaj makulitaj per punktoj.[4] La ino demetas 3 al 5 ovojn, kiujn ŝi kovas dum preskaŭ 2 semajnoj. Poste ambaŭ gepatroj manĝigas la idojn.

Tiu birdo agreseme defendas sian neston kaj ĉirkaŭan areon kontraŭ aliaj birdoj kaj animaloj. Kiam predanto persistas, mokbirdoj el najbaraj teritorioj, allogitaj de specifa alvoko, povas aliĝi al la atako. Aliaj birdoj povas ariĝi por rigardi kiel la mokbirdoj ĉikanas la entrudulon. Krom ĉikanado de hejmaj katoj[5] kaj hundoj kiujn ili konsideras minacon, oni scias, ke mokbirdoj atakas ankaŭ homojn. Ili estas absolute sentimaj kaj atakas multe pli grandajn birdojn, eĉ akcipitrojn. Fama okazaĵo en Tulsa, Oklahomo pri poŝtisto kaŭzis distribuadon de averta letero al la loĝantaro.[6]

Aliaĵoj

 src=
Norda mokbirdoj estas komuna kortovizitanto en granda parto de Usono kaj ĝi estas tre alkutimiĝinta al homoj.
  • La mokbirdo (angle „Mockingbird“) estas la ŝtata emblembirdo de Arkansaso, Florido, Misisipio, Tenesio kaj Teksaso.
  • La mokbirdo aperas en la titolo kaj centra metaforo de la romano To Kill a Mockingbird, de Harper Lee. En tiu romano, mokbirdoj estas bildigitaj kiel senkulpaj kaj malavaraj, kaj unu el la plej gravaj roluloj (Atticus Finch) diras, ke estas peko mortigi mokbirdon. La legado kaj tradukado de tiu romano al eŭropaj lingvoj kie tiu birdospecio ne estas konata prezentas malfacilaĵon. En kelkaj lingvoj oni preferis traduki al najtingalo, kiu estas laŭtkantanto, sed tute alia birdo; en aliaj lingoj oni lasis mokbirdon, se kutime legantoj ne scias pri kio temas.
  • La mokbirdo aperas en multaj kantoj kiel lulkanto "Hush Little Baby", "Mockingbird" de Barclay James Harvest, "Mockin' Bird Hill" kaj "Listen to the Mockingbird" kaj finfine la poeto Walt Whitman en sia poemo Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking priskribas la sentojn de la parolanto inspirita de paro de mokbirdoj en Long Island, tro norde. La dua verso diras "Out of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle" (For de la mokbirda gorĝo, la muzika rekantaĵo).
  • Prezidanto Thomas Jefferson kaj multaj aliaj personoj havis mokbirdon kiel maskoto.

Bildaro

Notoj

  1. (2001) “Molecular systematics and biogeography of Antillean thrashers, tremblers, and mockingbirds (Aves: Mimidae)”, Auk 118 (no. 1), p. 35. doi:[[doi:10.1642%2F0004-8038%282001%29118%5B0035%3AMSABOA%5D2.0.CO%3B2|10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0035:MSABOA]2.0.CO;2]]. Alirita 2007-07-28..
  2. (2004) “Systematic position of the Socorro mockingbird Mimodes graysoni”, Journal of Avian Biology 35 (no. 3), p. 195. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03233.x. Alirita 2007-07-28..
  3. Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii)., p. 169. “T. obscure cinereus, subtus pallide cinereus, macula alarum albida”.
  4. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Northern_Mockingbird_dtl.html#food
  5. Earth Journal: Gray Catbird Story and illustration by Gary Pendleton Bay Weekly: The Chesapeake's Independent Newspaper Online Volume 12, Issue 23, June 3–9, 2004. Elŝutita la 10an de aprilo de 2008
  6. Wild bird warning: Mockingbird stalks mail carrier De Michael Overall 6/22/2007 el Tulsa World. Elsutita la 10an de aprilo de 2008

Literaturo

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Norda mokbirdo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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Kiel legi la taksonomionNorda mokbirdo Norda mokbirdo
Norda mokbirdo

La Mokbirdo (Mimus polyglottos) estas birdo de la familio de Mimedoj (Mimidae) el la ordo de la Paseroformaj birdoj. Ĝi estas tre konata en Nordameriko kaj la ununura komuna disvastigata mokbirdo.

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Mimus polyglottos ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El cenzontle común o sinsonte norteño (Mimus polyglottos) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Mimidae nativa de América del Norte, América Central y el Caribe. Los ejemplares adultos son grises por la parte superior del cuerpo, con ojos de un amarillo pálido y pico negro mínimamente curvo. La cola es de color oscuro con los bordes blancos, y las patas largas y negras. Las alas muestran finas líneas blancas, y durante el vuelo dejan ver manchas, también blancas en las alas y dos franjas blancas longitudinales en la cola. Se caracterizan por imitar sonidos de otros animales.

Sus hábitats de reproducción son las zonas donde se mezclan áreas abiertas y arbustos densos, desde el sur de Canadá hasta México y Cuba. En Puerto Rico se le conoce como ruiseñor. Construyen nidos de ramas en arbustos o árboles de gran follaje, que defienden agresivamente del ataque de otras aves o animales, incluyendo a los humanos. Cuando un depredador es muy persistente, los cenzontles de territorios cercanos se reúnen mediante una llamada distintiva, y juntos atacan al agresor. Otras aves se juntan para observar cómo estos pájaros molestan al intruso. Por lo general los sinsontes son residentes permanentes; sin embargo las aves del norte emigran al sur durante la época de clima áspero. En Europa existe como una rareza extrema.

Comen principalmente insectos y bayas, y mientras lo hacen extienden frecuentemente las alas en un movimiento de dos etapas para mostrar sus manchas blancas, lo que sirve como una exhibición territorial. Se alimentan tanto en el suelo como en la vegetación; y también vuelan en picado para capturar su comida.

Comportamiento

Sonido

Este tipo de ave imita las llamadas de otras aves, sonidos animales e incluso ruidos de máquinas. Se encuentra frecuentemente en áreas urbanas. Llaman frecuentemente durante las noches y pueden continuar a lo largo de todo el año con excepción a la estación de la muda, a fines del verano. Los cenzontles normalmente cantan más fuerte en el crepúsculo de la mañana cuando el Sol está sobre el horizonte. Cuando inician un canto en una percha alta vuelan varios metros en forma circular con sus alas extendidas para mostrar sus manchas blancas, luego aterrizan en la percha sin romper la nota. Lo cual sirve como una exhibición territorial.

Los cenzontles tienen una fuerte preferencia por ciertos árboles, tales como el arce, el liquidambar y el platanero (Platanus). Por lo general evitan árboles de pino. En áreas urbanas, los cenzontles raramente bajan a la tierra, a diferencia de la mayoría de otros pájaros. También, tienen una preferencia por lugares altos, tales como las ramas más altas de los árboles y las cimas de los postes del teléfono.

 src=
Mimus polyglottos
California

Véase también

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Mimus polyglottos». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 18 de marzo de 2016.

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Mimus polyglottos: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El cenzontle común o sinsonte norteño (Mimus polyglottos) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Mimidae nativa de América del Norte, América Central y el Caribe. Los ejemplares adultos son grises por la parte superior del cuerpo, con ojos de un amarillo pálido y pico negro mínimamente curvo. La cola es de color oscuro con los bordes blancos, y las patas largas y negras. Las alas muestran finas líneas blancas, y durante el vuelo dejan ver manchas, también blancas en las alas y dos franjas blancas longitudinales en la cola. Se caracterizan por imitar sonidos de otros animales.

Sus hábitats de reproducción son las zonas donde se mezclan áreas abiertas y arbustos densos, desde el sur de Canadá hasta México y Cuba. En Puerto Rico se le conoce como ruiseñor. Construyen nidos de ramas en arbustos o árboles de gran follaje, que defienden agresivamente del ataque de otras aves o animales, incluyendo a los humanos. Cuando un depredador es muy persistente, los cenzontles de territorios cercanos se reúnen mediante una llamada distintiva, y juntos atacan al agresor. Otras aves se juntan para observar cómo estos pájaros molestan al intruso. Por lo general los sinsontes son residentes permanentes; sin embargo las aves del norte emigran al sur durante la época de clima áspero. En Europa existe como una rareza extrema.

Comen principalmente insectos y bayas, y mientras lo hacen extienden frecuentemente las alas en un movimiento de dos etapas para mostrar sus manchas blancas, lo que sirve como una exhibición territorial. Se alimentan tanto en el suelo como en la vegetación; y también vuelan en picado para capturar su comida.

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Mimus polyglottos ( Basque )

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Mimus polyglottos Mimus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Mimidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Mimus polyglottos Mimus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Mimidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Taiturimatkija ( Finnish )

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Taiturimatkija (Mimus polyglottos) on matkijoiden sukuun kuuluva lintulaji. Sitä tavataan pääasiassa Pohjois-Amerikassa. Taiturimatkija on viiden Yhdysvaltojen osavaltion osavaltiolintu: Arkansasin, Floridan, Mississippin, Tennesseen ja Texasin.[2] Englanniksi laji tunnetaan Northern Mockingbirdinä tai yleisesti pelkästään Mockingbirdinä.

Lähteet

  1. Mimus polyglottos IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD Handbook of Texas Online. Viitattu 8.10.2010. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä lintuihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Taiturimatkija (Mimus polyglottos) on matkijoiden sukuun kuuluva lintulaji. Sitä tavataan pääasiassa Pohjois-Amerikassa. Taiturimatkija on viiden Yhdysvaltojen osavaltion osavaltiolintu: Arkansasin, Floridan, Mississippin, Tennesseen ja Texasin. Englanniksi laji tunnetaan Northern Mockingbirdinä tai yleisesti pelkästään Mockingbirdinä.

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Moqueur polyglotte ( French )

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Mimus polyglottos

Le Moqueur polyglotte (Mimus polyglottos) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Mimidae. Il est présent sur une grande partie des États-Unis et du Mexique, ainsi que sur certaines îles de l'espace Caraïbe.

Morphologie

Le plumage est gris sur le dessus, presque blanc sur le dessous. Il présente des barres alaires blanches, particulièrement visibles en vol, de même que les bordures blanches des plumes noires de la queue.

Comportement

Locomotion

Cet oiseau réalise plusieurs mouvements caractéristiques, tels que des mouvements nerveux de la queue d'un côté et de l'autre, ou lorsqu'il est au sol, de brusques séries d'ouverture et fermeture des ailes, supposées effrayer les insectes dissimulés et les forcer à bouger[1].

Comportement social

Chant de Mimus polyglottos.

Le chant est constitué de longues phrases répétées, un peu gargouillantes ou flutées. Cet oiseau est connu pour sa capacité à imiter le chant des autres oiseaux avec néanmoins quelques variations : le chant imité est plus rapide et de volume sonore plus élevé. Il est aussi capable d'imiter des sirènes d'alarme, de bruits de voiture et autres sons. Les cris d'appel sont variés, souvent un tchock un peu âpre[1].

Les moqueurs polyglottes défendent courageusement leur nid. Pour cela, le mâle et la femelle adoptent différentes stratégies. Ils attaquent ou feignent d'attaquer leurs ennemis en effectuant des vols agressifs en piqué ; ils émettent des vocalises agressives et enfin ils peuvent faire semblant d'être blessés au sol afin d'attirer les prédateurs loin du nid et des oisillons[réf. nécessaire].

Reproduction

Lors de la saison de reproduction, le comportement des mâles devient exubérant : performances aériennes, chants en vol et nombreux déplacements d'un perchoir à un autre visent à attirer l'attention des femelles[1].

Répartition et habitat

 src=
  • Nicheur sédentaire
  • Nicheur estivant
  • Hivernant

Bien que vivant principalement dans les zones boisées broussailleuses, cet oiseau peut aussi se rencontrer dans les maquis arides des zones désertiques ou dans des parcs et jardins de banlieue[1].

Sa répartition couvre une grande partie des États-Unis et tout le Mexique, ainsi que les Bahamas, les Grandes Antilles et les îles Vierges (voir carte de répartition).

Systématique

Sous-espèces

3 sous-espèces sont distinguées, de répartitions géographiques différentes[2] :

Galerie

Référence dans la culture

  • Le musicien français Olivier Messiaen s'est inspiré de son chant pour une des pièces de son Des canyons aux étoiles..., écrit entre 1971 et 1974, et également dans l'une des pièces de ses Oiseaux exotiques, écrites entre 1955 et 1956[3]
  • Dans le roman Ne tirez pas sur l'oiseau moqueur (titre original : To Kill a Mockingbird) de la romancière américaine Harper Lee, le moqueur est décrit comme un oiseau qui ne fait de mal à personne ("They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.") et qu'il ne faut pas tuer ("it's a sin to kill a mockingbird"), une allusion directe à deux des personnages du roman, Tom Robinson et Boo Radley, tous deux injustement soupçonnés d'un crime.

Voir aussi

Notes et références
  1. a b c et d (en) MacMahon J.A. (1997) Deserts p 601, National Audubon Society Nature Guides, Knopf A.A. Inc, (ISBN 0-394-73139-5)
  2. Moqueur polyglotte sur Oiseaux.net
  3. Notice de Oiseaux exotiques d'Olivier Messiaen sur le site de l'IRCAM

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Mimus polyglottos

Le Moqueur polyglotte (Mimus polyglottos) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Mimidae. Il est présent sur une grande partie des États-Unis et du Mexique, ainsi que sur certaines îles de l'espace Caraïbe.

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Mimus polyglottos ( Italian )

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Il mimo settentrionale (Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus, 1758)) detto volgarmente tordo beffeggiatore è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Mimidi, diffuso in America Settentrionale e Centrale.[2] Il nomignolo di tordo beffeggiatore deriva dalle notevolissime capacità vocali del maschio che gli permettono di imitare sia canti di altri uccelli, sia versi di altri animali, sia molti dei suoni che sente. Le imitazioni non sono perfette, ma sono ben riconoscibili. Oltre ciò emette sempre nuovi versi originali, come funzione di richiamo sessuale, anche se continua ad imitare molti dei suoni che sente anche quando è accoppiato, perché la femmina non smette di valutare, ascoltando il canto, sia lo stato di salute e di capacità del maschio sia il di esso territorio. Se infatti è un uccello tendenzialmente monogamo, sono possibili sia il divorzio, sia la poligamia.

Distribuzione e habitat

Si trova nel Canada sud-orientale, negli Stati Uniti, in Messico settentrionale, nelle Bahamas, nelle Isole Cayman e nelle Grandi Antille. Occasionale nei Paesi Bassi e nel Regno Unito.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International, 2012, Mimus polyglottos, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Mimidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 21 luglio 2014.

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Mimus polyglottos: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il mimo settentrionale (Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus, 1758)) detto volgarmente tordo beffeggiatore è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Mimidi, diffuso in America Settentrionale e Centrale. Il nomignolo di tordo beffeggiatore deriva dalle notevolissime capacità vocali del maschio che gli permettono di imitare sia canti di altri uccelli, sia versi di altri animali, sia molti dei suoni che sente. Le imitazioni non sono perfette, ma sono ben riconoscibili. Oltre ciò emette sempre nuovi versi originali, come funzione di richiamo sessuale, anche se continua ad imitare molti dei suoni che sente anche quando è accoppiato, perché la femmina non smette di valutare, ascoltando il canto, sia lo stato di salute e di capacità del maschio sia il di esso territorio. Se infatti è un uccello tendenzialmente monogamo, sono possibili sia il divorzio, sia la poligamia.

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Spotlijster ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De spotlijster (Mimus polyglottos) is een zangvogel uit de familie spotlijsters (Mimidae).

Kenmerken

Het verenkleed is lichtgrijs met een lange staart. De vleugels zijn donkerbruin met witte vlekken en strepen. Het zijn zeer goede imitators. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 23 tot 28 cm.[2]

Voortplanting

De komvormige nesten worden gebouwd in bomen of struiken. Daarin worden twee tot vijf eieren gelegd, die door het vrouwtje worden uitgebroed. De vogels zijn erg territoriaal en verdedigen hun territorium dan ook fel tegen indringers, waarbij ze zelfs roofdieren aanvallen en pikken, als ze bedreigd worden.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika en telt twee ondersoorten:

Gezang

Deze vogel staat bekend om zijn nachtelijke zang bij volle maan. Het lied van de spotlijster is in feite een mengeling van roepen van vele andere vogels. Elke imitatie wordt twee of drie keer herhaald, waarna een ander nummer wordt ingezet, steeds in snelle opeenvolging. Het vocale repertoire van een mannelijke vogel kan bestaan van 50-200 wijsjes. De spotlijster doet ook andere geluiden na, zoals kreten van dieren en andere geluiden die hoorbaar zijn in de omgeving.

Symbool

De spotlijster heeft de cultuur van de Verenigde Staten op meerdere manieren beïnvloed. De vogel is het officiële symbool van vijf staten, en wordt onder andere genoemd in boektitels en allerlei liedjes. Zie ook mockingbird.

Voetnoten

  1. (en) Spotlijster op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008) - Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5

Literatuur

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Mimus polyglottos op Wikimedia Commons.

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Spotlijster: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De spotlijster (Mimus polyglottos) is een zangvogel uit de familie spotlijsters (Mimidae).

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Songspottefugl ( Norwegian )

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Songspottefugl (Mimus polyglottos, engelsk 'Mockingbird') er ein fugl i spottefuglfamilien og den einaste spottefuglarten som vanlegvis finst i Nord-Amerika. Han er hovudsakleg ein standfugl, men fuglar i nord kan røre seg sørover i vinterstid. Songspottefugl er kjent for evna til å herme, noko som blir reflektert av det vitskaplege namnet som tyder «etterliknar mange tunger». Songspottefugl har grå til brun overside og ein bleikare buk. Halen og vengene har kvite flekker som er synlege i flukt.

Skildring

 src=
Ein songspottefugl syner fram dei iaugefallande kvite vengeflekkene
Foto: Manjith Kainickara

Songspottefugl er ein mellomstor medlem i spottefuglfamilien, og syner ein nokså typisk utsjånad for slekta Mimus med lange bein og lang hale.[1] Kjønna er like. Oversida er gråfarga, medan undersida har lys eller kvitaktig gråfarge. To smale parallelle kvite vengband endar opp i ein større kvit flekk som gjev ein særeigen utsjånad i flukt. Dei svarte sentrale halefjørene og typiske kvite sidehalefjører er også synlege i flukt.[2] Irisen er vanlegvis lys grøngul eller gul, men det finst tilfelle av fuglar med oransje farge.[3] Nebbet er svart med ein brunsvart farge på basen.[3] Ungfuglar er prega av striper på ryggen, framståande flekker og striper på brystet, og ei grå eller grågrøn regnbogehinne.[3]

Kroppslengda kan variere i området 23 til 28 centimeter, inkludert halen som nær har same lengda som sjølve kroppen. Kroppsvekta ligg i området 36-56 gram, med gjennomsnitt på 48,5. Hannar har ein tendens til å vere litt større enn hoene.[4][5]

Songspottefuglar i det fri har hatt observert levetid på opp til 8 år, men fuglar i fangenskap kan leve opp til 20 år.[6]

Utbreiing og habitat

Arten har hekkeområde frå sørlegaste Quebec og Ontario i Canada vestover til sørlegaste British Columbia, praktisk talt heile det kontinentale USA, mykje av Mexico sør til delstaten Oaxaca og Veracruz.[3] Dessutan i Dei store antillane i Karibia, Bahamas, Jomfruøyane og Caymanøyane. Arten lever òg på øyar utanfor stillehavskysten, så langt vest som på Socorro-øya i Revillagigedo-arkipelaget, ca. 600 km vest for det mexikanske fastlandet.[4] Fuglar som hekkar lengst nord i utbreiingsområdet kan trekke sørover vinterstid, og elles er det sesongmessige rørsler mellom fleire habitat.[4] Det finst observasjonar av einskildindivid på streif i Storbritannia.[2]

Utover 1900-talet utvida arten utbreiinga si mot nord og inn i Canada, både på vest- og i austsida av kontinentet.[4]

Habitata varierer frå stad til stad, men han føretrekker opne område med sparsam vegetasjon. I dei austlege regionane, forstadene og urbane områda er parkar og hagar mykje brukte habitat. I dei vestlege regionane, kan dei bruke ørkenkratt. Dei vil ikkje hekke i tett skog.[3]

Åtferd

Songspottefugl er ein altetar. Dietten er sett saman av leddyr, meitemark, bær, frukt, frø, og sjeldan, øgler.[3] I hekketida er føda mest animalsk, men tar drastisk skifte til frukt i løpet av hausten og vinteren.[2]

Desse fuglane beitar på bakken eller i vegetasjon; dei kan sitte stille på ei grein for å flyge ned på bakken etter mat som kjem til syne.[2] Medan dei beitar kan dei ofte spreie vengene sine i ei særeiga rørsla for å vise kvite flekker på oversida av vengene. Det er usemje blant ornitologar om føremålet med denne åtferda, med hypotesar som spenner frå retardasjon til skremming av rovdyr eller byttedyr.[7][8]

Populasjonen er ikkje estimert og var trudd å vere stabil over dei 40 siste åra fram til 2007. Arten er klassifisert som globalt livskraftig.[9]

I kulturen

Spottefuglnemninga er brukt i tittelen og er ein sentral metafor i Harper Lee sin bestseljarroman To Kill a Mockingbird, som er omsett til bokmål med tittelen Drep ikke en sangfugl. I denne romanen blir spottefuglar skildra som uskyldige og sjenerøse, og to av dei store karakterane, Atticus Finch og Miss Maudie, seier dei «.. gjør ikke annet her på jorden enn å lage musikk som vi gleder oss over. De eter ikke opp hagene til folk, de bygger ikke reir i kornbingen, de gjør ikke en ting annet enn å synge for oss, av hjertens lyst. Det er derfor det er synd å drepe en sangfugl.»[10]

«Hush, Little Baby» er ein tradisjonell voggesong, trudd å ha opphav frå det sørlege USA. Frå dei sentrale, første linjene, "Hysj, vesle barnet, ikkje sei eit ord, mamma skal kjøpe deg ein spottefugl. Og viss ikkje den spottefuglen syng, skal mamma kjøpe deg ein diamantring."

Songen av dei nordlege songspottefugl inspirerte mange klassiske amerikanske folkesongar i midten av 1800-talet, til dømes «Listen to the Mocking Bird».

«Mockin' Bird Hill» er ein populær song best kjent gjennom frå innspeling av Patti Page, Donna Fargo, og av Les Paul og Mary Ford i 1951.

Eminem gav ut ein song «Mockingbird» i 2004 som var adressert dottera.

Eit av dei første lydkorta for personlege datamaskinar (Apple II) fekk namnet «Mockingboard».[11]

Kjelder

Referansar
  1. Breitmeyer, E. (2007). «Mimus Polyglottos». Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Henta 21 mars 2017.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Derrickson, K.C.; Breitwisch, R. (1992). «Northern Mockingbird» (PDF). The Birds of North America 7: 1–26. doi:10.2173/bna.7.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Brewer, D. (2001). Wrens, Dippers and Thrashers. London: Christopher Helm. s. 231–232. ISBN 978-1-8734-0395-2.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Cody, M. (2017) Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Henta den 22. mars 2017
  5. «Northern Mockingbird». The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. All About Birds. Henta 22. mars 2017.
  6. «Northern Mockingbird». Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. Henta 11 December 2012.
  7. Horwich, R.H. (1965). «An Ontogeny of Wing-flashing in the Mockingbird with Reference to Other Behaviors» (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 3 77: 264–281. Henta 22. mars 2017.
  8. Dhondt, André A.; Kaylan M. Kemink (2008). «Wing-flashing in Northern mockingbirds: anti-predator defense?». Journal of Ethology 26 (3): 361–365. doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0070-z.
  9. BirdLife International (2017) Species factsheet: Mimus polyglottos. Henta frå http://www.birdlife.org den 22. mars 2017
  10. Oppslag i romanen Drep ikke en sangfugl hos Nasjonalbiblioteket, side 89
  11. «13-Peripherals». Apple II History. 28. juni 2010. Henta 18. mars 2017.

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Songspottefugl
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Songspottefugl: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Songspottefugl (Mimus polyglottos, engelsk 'Mockingbird') er ein fugl i spottefuglfamilien og den einaste spottefuglarten som vanlegvis finst i Nord-Amerika. Han er hovudsakleg ein standfugl, men fuglar i nord kan røre seg sørover i vinterstid. Songspottefugl er kjent for evna til å herme, noko som blir reflektert av det vitskaplege namnet som tyder «etterliknar mange tunger». Songspottefugl har grå til brun overside og ein bleikare buk. Halen og vengene har kvite flekker som er synlege i flukt.

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Przedrzeźniacz północny ( Polish )

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Przedrzeźniacz północny (Mimus polyglottos) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny przedrzeźniaczy (Mimidae). Jest to jedyny przedstawiciel przedrzeźniaczy w Ameryce Północnej.

Przedrzeźniacz północny gniazduje w południowo-wschodniej Kanadzie, Stanach Zjednoczonych, północnym Meksyku, Wyspach Bahama, Kajmanach oraz Wielkich Antylach. Dalej na południe zastępuje go jego bliski krewniak przedrzeźniacz siwy (Mimus gilvus).

Systematyka

Wyróżniono dwa podgatunki M. polyglottos[4]:

  • Mimus polyglottos polyglottos – południowa Kanada przez USA do południowego Meksyku.
  • Mimus polyglottos orpheus– Bahamy do Wielkich Antyli, Kajmany i Wyspy Dziewicze.

Środowisko

Pierwotnie przedrzeźniacz północny występował w krzewiastych i zalesionych dolinach. Dziś można go spotkać też w parkach miejskich i ogrodach. Tutaj znajduje się wszystko, czego potrzebuje do życia: otwarte tereny, na których szuka pożywienia, wysokie drzewa, na których przesiaduje i śpiewa oraz gęste zarośla na odpoczynek, sen i budowę gniazda. Bliskość ludzi raczej mu nie przeszkadza.

Rozmnażanie

Pora lęgowa zaczyna się wczesną wiosną. Przedrzeźniacz północny tworzy dość stałe związki – jedna para zazwyczaj gniazduje wspólnie przez kilka lat. Pora ta jest dla ptaków okresem zwiększonej aktywności. Po krótkich tokach, przy których przedrzeźniacze prezentują białe plamy na skrzydłach i umiejętności lotnicze, następuje parzenie. Gniazdo przedrzeźniacza znajduje się zazwyczaj w gęstym krzewie na wysokości ok. 1 m nad ziemią. Budują je oboje partnerzy. W ciągu 2–3 dni przygotowują gniazdo z gałęzi, splecione trawą i młodymi pędami i wysłane miękkim materiałem. Samiczka znosi 3–6 jaj, które przez większość czasu wysiaduje sama, a samiec czasem ją zastępuje, kiedy partnerka odlatuje, by znaleźć pożywienie. Pisklęta wykluwają się po 9–12 dniach. Oboje rodzice karmią je przez ok. 2 tygodnie, potem ptaki same mogą się już o siebie zatroszczyć. Odchowanie jednej grupy piskląt trwa zatem ok. miesiąca, co oznacza, że para przedrzeźniaczy może w ciągu roku gniazdować kilkakrotnie.

Pożywienie

Przedrzeźniacz północny ma bardzo bogaty jadłospis. Na ziemi szuka głównie owadów, ale nie gardzi też ślimakami, pająkami lub małymi gadami. Kiedy szybko porusza ogonem lub gwałtownie macha skrzydłami oznacza to, że próbuje wypłoszyć schowane owady. Dużą część jego jadłospisu stanowią owoce leśne, ale lubi też winogrona i pomarańcze. Dlatego właściciele winnic i sadów nie lubią go i często przeganiają.

Obrona

Przedrzeźniacz północny broni swego terytorium głównie śpiewem. Śpiewa przez cały rok, nie tylko w porze gniazdowania, jak wiele innych ptaków. Kiedy pora lęgowa się skończy, partnerzy rozstają się i żyją na różnych terytoriach. Kiedy przedrzeźniacz ujrzy intruza, przyjmuje specjalną pozę: unosi pióra ogonowe, rozpościera je jak wachlarz i wydaje przenikliwe, ostrzegawcze tony. Broniąc swego terytorium, poczyna sobie bardzo odważnie i potrafi się przeciwstawiać silniejszym intruzom. Niekiedy atakuje nawet koty i psy.

Specjalne przystosowanie

Śpiew przedrzeźniacza północnego składa się ze zmiennych lub wciąż powtarzających się melodii. Ulubione pasaże powtarzane są czasami tak długo, aż znudzą się ptakowi, dlatego na zawsze wyrzuca je ze swego repertuaru. Samce śpiewają o każdej porze. Śpiew przedrzeźniacza północnego zawiera, obok własnych melodii także przejęte dźwięki, zazwyczaj odgłosy innych ptaków, najczęściej z najbliższego sąsiedztwa, które potrafi naśladować po mistrzowsku. Obca pieśń, przejęta do repertuaru przedrzeźniacza brzmi identycznie jak wykonanie pierwotne.

Czy wiesz, że...

  • Nazwa naukowa przedrzeźniacza również oznacza "wielogłosy imitator".
  • Naśladowanie obcych głosów i dźwięków nie jest cechą wyłącznie przedrzeźniacza, umiejętność tę posiada wiele innych ptaków, np. szpak, trzcinniczek, australijskie altanniki i papugi.
  • Przedrzeźniacz z Galapagos ma dłuższe nogi i bardziej płaski dziób, niż jego kontynentalni krewni.
  • W roku 1893 przedrzeźniacza północnego osiedlono na Bermudach, ale w ciągu 25 lat cała populacja wyginęła.
  • Samczyk przedrzeźniacza śpiewa w dzień i w nocy.

Ostatnie badania dowiodły[5] [6], że zagrożony przedrzeźniacz płowy (Mimodes graysoni) jest również blisko spokrewniony z przedrzeźniaczem północnym.

Przypisy

  1. Mimus polyglottos, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2012-11-05].
  3. Mimus polyglottos. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Frank Gill, David Donsker: Family Mimidae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2012-11-04].
  5. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200101/ai_n8930531 Bermingham, Eldredge; Ricklefs, Robert E.; 2001 Molecular systematics and biogeography of Antillean thrashers, tremblers, and mockingbirds (Aves: Mimidae) Auk
  6. Barber, Brian R.; Martínez-Gómez, Juan E.; Peterson, A. Townsen; 2004; Systematic position of the Socorro mockingbird Mimodes graysoni Journal of Avian Biology
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Przedrzeźniacz północny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Przedrzeźniacz północny (Mimus polyglottos) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny przedrzeźniaczy (Mimidae). Jest to jedyny przedstawiciel przedrzeźniaczy w Ameryce Północnej.

Przedrzeźniacz północny gniazduje w południowo-wschodniej Kanadzie, Stanach Zjednoczonych, północnym Meksyku, Wyspach Bahama, Kajmanach oraz Wielkich Antylach. Dalej na południe zastępuje go jego bliski krewniak przedrzeźniacz siwy (Mimus gilvus).

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Mimus polyglottos ( Portuguese )

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A Tordo-imitador[3] (nome científico: Mimus polyglottos) é uma espécie de ave, sendo a única cotovia comumente encontrada na América do Norte. Este pássaro é principalmente um residente permanente, mas as cotovias- do-norte podem se mover para o sul durante o clima severo. Esta espécie raramente foi observada na Europa.

A Tordo-imitador é onívora, comendo insetos e frutas. É frequentemente encontrada em áreas abertas e bordas da floresta, mas forrageia em áreas gramadas.[4]

Taxonomia

O zoólogo sueco, Carl Linnaeus, descreveu pela primeira vez esta espécie em seu Systema Naturae em 1758 como Turdus polyglottos.[2]

Descrição

A Tordo-imitador é uma cotovia de tamanho médio, com pernas e cauda longas.[5] O dimorfismo sexual é pouco acentuado.[6] A expectativa de vida da espécie é de até 8 anos, mas aves em cativeiro podem viver até 20 anos.[7]

As cotovias do norte defendem agressivamente seus ninhos e áreas adjacentes contra outros pássaros e animais. Quando um predador é persistente, pássaros de territórios vizinhos podem ser convocados através de chamados distintos para se juntar à defesa. Outros pássaros podem se reunir para assistir enquanto os pássaros expulsam do intruso. Além de perseguir gatos e cães domésticos que consideram uma ameaça, a cotovia do norte às vezes têm como alvo os seres humanos. Os pássaros são ousados e atacam pássaros muito maiores, até mesmo os falcões.[5]

Subespécies

Existem três subespécies reconhecidas para a Tordo-imitador.[8][9]

  • M. p. polyglottos Linnaeus, 1758[8][9]
  • M. p. leucopterus Vigors, 1839[8][9]
  • M. p. orpheus Linnaeus, 1758[9]

Cultura popular

Este pássaro aparece no título e na metáfora central do romance To Kill a Mockingbird, de Harper Lee.[10]

Referências

  1. BirdLife International (2017). Mimus polyglottos (versão alterada da avaliação de 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22711026A111233524.en
  2. a b Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. (em latim). [S.l.]: Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 169. T. obscure cinereus, subtus pallide cinereus, macula alarum albida
  3. Paixão, Paulo (Verão de 2021). «Os Nomes Portugueses das Aves de Todo o Mundo» (PDF) 2.ª ed. A Folha — Boletim da língua portuguesa nas instituições europeias. p. 275. ISSN 1830-7809. Consultado em 13 de janeiro de 2022. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 23 de abril de 2022
  4. «Northern Mockingbird». All About Birds
  5. a b Breitmeyer, E. (2007). «Mimus Polyglottos». Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
  6. «Northern Mockingbird – Mimus polyglottos». Nature Works
  7. «Northern Mockingbird». Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation
  8. a b c Brewer, D. (2001). Wrens, Dippers and Thrashers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-1-8734-0395-2
  9. a b c d «Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Internet Bird Collection
  10. Lee, H. (1960). To Kill a Mockingbird 50th Anniversary (2010) ed. [S.l.]: HarperCollins. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-06-174352-8
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Mimus polyglottos: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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A Tordo-imitador (nome científico: Mimus polyglottos) é uma espécie de ave, sendo a única cotovia comumente encontrada na América do Norte. Este pássaro é principalmente um residente permanente, mas as cotovias- do-norte podem se mover para o sul durante o clima severo. Esta espécie raramente foi observada na Europa.

A Tordo-imitador é onívora, comendo insetos e frutas. É frequentemente encontrada em áreas abertas e bordas da floresta, mas forrageia em áreas gramadas.

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Nordhärmtrast ( Swedish )

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Nordhärmtrast[2] (Mimus polyglottos) är en nordamerikansk vanlig och välkänd tätting i familjen härmtrastar.[3]

Utseende

Nordhärmtrasten är en påfallande långstjärtad fågel med en kroppslängd på cirka 25 centimeter. Ovansidan är blekgrå, undersidan vitaktig och i ansiktet har den ett tunt, mörkt ögonstreck. I flykten syns iögonfallande vita stjärtsidor samt stora vita vingfläckar på de mörka vingarna.[4]

 src=
Individ som vingar sig och visar upp den karaktäristiska vingteckningen.

Ungfågeln är streckad på ryggen samt fläckad och streckad på bröstet. Irusen är grå eller grågrön till skillnad från den adulta fågelns gröngula eller gula iris.[5]

 src=
I flykten.

Läte

Nordhärmtrastens sång är en serie varierande som upprepas två till sex gånger.[4] Den är vida känd för att härma, framför allt andra fågelarter som karolinagärdsmyg, röd kardinal, östgråmes, brunsidig busksparv, gråsparv, fläckskogstrast, blåskrika, östsialia, guldspett, större topptyrann samt vandringstrast.[6][7] Den kan också härma djur som katt, hund, grodor och syrsor, och till och med gnisslande cykelhjul och bilalarm, så pass bra att även andra fåglar, som floridasnårskrikan, blir lurade.[8]

Utbredning och systematik

Nordhärmtrasten delas in i tre underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

  • Mimus polyglottos polyglottos – förekommer från sydöstra Kanada till centrala, östra och sydöstra USA
  • Mimus polyglottos leucopterus – förekommer från sydvästra USA till södra Baja California och Oaxaca i södra Mexiko; större än polyglottos med något kortare stjärt och beige anstrykning både ovan och under.[5]
  • Mimus polyglottos orpheus – förekommer i Bahamas och på Stora Antillerna; något mindre än polyglottos, något blekare på ryggen och i princip inget beige inslag under.[5]

Underarten leucopterus inkluderas ofta i nominatformen.[9]

Nordhärmtrasten är generellt stannfågel, men individer i norra delen av utbredningsområdet har noterats röra sig söderut under vintern.[10] Det råder dock lite kunskap om dess flyttningsbeteende.[11]

Nordhärmtrasten i Europa

Arten är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa med tre fynd av individer: 30 augusti 1982 i engelska Cornwall, 17 maj 1988 i Essex, även det i England, och i Nederländerna 16 oktober 1988.[12]

Levnadssätt

Habitat

Nordhärmtrastens levnadsmiljö varierar geografiskt, men generellt föredrar den öppna områden med begränsad växtlighet och undviker täta skogsområden.[5][13] I östra Nordamerika används ofta urbana områden som parker och trädgårdar, framförallt gräsmattor med buskar i närheten för skugga och häckning.[10][11] I väst ses den däremot mest i chaparral och ökenbuskmarker. Den undviker alltså täta skogsområden.

Föda

Nordhärmtrasten är en allätare som intar allt från leddjur och maskar till bär, frukt och frön,[5] säsongsmässigt varierande med mest animalisk föda sommartid och vegetabilisk under vintern.[10] Fågeln födosöker på marken, i vegetationen eller gör utfall från en hög sittplats.[10] Under födosöket sprider den vingarna i en märklig tvåstegsrörelse för att visa upp de vita vingfläckarna, möjligen för att skrämma upp insekter.[14][15] Nordhärmtrasten försvarar aggressivt fruktträd och bärbuskar från andra fåglar.[4]

Häckning

Nordhärmtrasten häckar på våren och i början av sommaren.[16] Hanen anländer före honan för att etablera revir. Den uppvaktar anländande honan genom att springa runt och visa upp reviret, jaga henne eller visa upp vingfläckarna i flykten. Varje hane kan vara monogam i ett antal år, men studier visar att det även finns inslag av bigami och polygyni.[17][18]

Både hanen och honan bygger boet,[19] även om hanen gör det mesta arbetet medan honan sitter i en buske eller träd i närheten och håller utkik för predatorer. Boet placeras mellan en och tre meter ovan mark.[19] Honan lägger tre till fem ljusblå eller grönaktiga fläckiga ägg som ruvas i nästan två veckor. Efter kläckning turas båda könen om att mata ungarna.[20][19]

 src=
Nordhärmtrastens ägg
 src=
Juvenil

Fåglarna försvarar aggressivt boet och reviret mot predatorer,[19] ibland efter rop på hjälp assisterade av nordhärmtrastar i grannrevir. Den kan attackera både hundar, katter, stora rovfåglar och till och med människor.[16] Nordhärmtrasten hotas också av boparasiterande kostarar och försvarar sig genom att försöka kasta ut kostarens ägg.[21] En studie visar att nordhärmtrasten har större benägenhet att avvisa kostareägg som läggs senare under säsongen.[22]

Intelligens

2009 publicerades en studie som visade att nordhärmtrastar kan känna igen människoindivider.[23]

Nordhärmtrasten och människan

Anpassing till urbana miljöer

 src=
Nordhärmtrast i stadsmijö i Durham, North Carolina.

Idag är det fler nordhärmtrastar som lever i stadsmiljöer än på landsbygden.[24] Överlevnaden är också högre i stan, troligen på grund av större födotillgång och mindre rörelsekostnader..[25] Stadslevande fåglar har också större benägenhet att återvända till föregående års bo.[25] Det finns dock nackdelar, till exempel ökad grad av blyförgiftning, bland annat i Baltimore och Washington, D.C..[11]

I kulturen

Nordhärmtrasten är en välkänd fågel i Nordamerika och förekommer både i litteratur och musik. Den kanske mest kända är boken Dödssynden av Harper Lee, på engelska To kill a Mockingbird, "att döda en härmtrast". I boken skildras härmtrastar som oskyldiga och generösa. Två av bokens huvudpersoner, Atticus Finch och Miss Maudie, säger att det är en synd att döda en härmtrast eftersom "det enda de gör är att skapa musik för oss att njuta av. De äter inte upp människors trädgårdar, häckar inte i majsfält, det enda de gör är sjunga med sitt hjärtas fröjd för oss."[26] Den finns även i vaggvisor, folkmusik och i sången Mockin' Bid Hill, på svenska Adress Rosenhill. Fem amerikanska delstater har nordhärmtrasten som officiell delstatsfågel: Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee och Texas,[27] tidigare även South Carolina.

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Mimus polyglottos Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ [a b c] Sibley, David Allen (2003). The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. sid. 320. ISBN 0-679-45120-X
  5. ^ [a b c d e] Brewer, D. (2001). Wrens, Dippers and Thrashers. London: Christopher Helm. sid. 231–232. ISBN 978-1-8734-0395-2
  6. ^ Gammon, David E. (2013). ”How is model selection determined in a vocal mimic?: Tests of five hypotheses”. Behaviour 150 (12): sid. 1375–1397. doi:10.1163/1568539X-00003101.
  7. ^ Gammon, David E.; Altizer, Carly E. (2011). ”Northern Mockingbirds produce syntactical patterns of vocal mimicry that reflect taxonomy of imitated species”. Journal of Field Ornithology 82 (2): sid. 158–164. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00318.x.
  8. ^ Owen-Ashley, N. T.; Schoech, S. J.; Mumme, R. L. (2002). ”Context-specific response of Florida scrub-jay pairs to Northern Mockingbird vocal mimicry”. The Condor 104 (4): sid. 858–865. doi:10.2307/1370710.
  9. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2018. IOC World Bird List (v 8.1). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.8.1.
  10. ^ [a b c d] Derrickson, K.C.; Breitwisch, R. (1992). ”Northern Mockingbird”. The Birds of North America 7: sid. 1–26. doi:10.2173/bna.7. http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/4030/1/Derrickson1992.pdf.
  11. ^ [a b c] ”The Birds of North America Online: Northern Mockingbird”. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/007/articles/introduction.
  12. ^ [hhttp://www.tarsiger.com/news/index.php?sp=find&lang=eng&species=76390&sel=2&place=&country=&day=0&month=0&year=0&find_button=Search Tarsiger.com] Fynd av nordlig härmtrast i västpalearktis
  13. ^ Corman, T. E.; Wise-Gervais, C. (2005). Arizona Breeding Bird Atlas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. sid. 444–447. ISBN 0-8263-3379-6
  14. ^ Horwich, R.H. (1965). ”An Ontogeny of Wing-flashing in the Mockingbird with Reference to Other Behaviors” (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 3 77: sid. 264–281. http://64.106.42.23/sora/Wilson/v077n03/p0264-p0281.pdf. Läst 4 december 2012.
  15. ^ Dhondt, André A.; Kaylan M. Kemink (2008). ”Wing-flashing in Northern mockingbirds: anti-predator defense?”. Journal of Ethology 26 (3): sid. 361–365. doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0070-z.
  16. ^ [a b] Breitmeyer, E. (2007). Mimus Polyglottos. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mimus_polyglottos.html. Läst 23 juli 2012.
  17. ^ Derrickson, Kim C. (1989). ”Bigamy In Northern Mockingbirds: Circumventing Female-Female Aggression'”. The Condor 91 (3): sid. 728–732. doi:10.2307/1368130. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6144/1/DerricksonK1989.pdf.
  18. ^ Breitwisch, Randall; Ritter, Ronald C.; Julia Zaias (1986). ”Parental Behavior of a Bigamous Male Northern Mockingbird”. Auk: sid. 424–427. http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n02/p0424-p0427.pdf.
  19. ^ [a b c d] Mobley, Jason A. (2009). Birds of the World. Marshall Cavendish. sid. 426–7. ISBN 978-0-7614-7775-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=gccfdvSUTg4C&pg=PA427. Läst 21 december 2012
  20. ^ ”Northern Mockingbird”. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. All About Birds. http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Mockingbird/lifehistory. Läst 3 december 2012.
  21. ^ Peer, B.D.; Ellison, K.S.; Sealy, S.G. (2002). ”Intermediate frequencies of egg ejection by Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) sympatric with two cowbird species”. The Auk. 3 119: sid. 855–858.
  22. ^ Quinn, J.; Tolson, K.M. (2009). ”Proximate mechanisms of parasite egg rejection by northern mockingbirds”. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 1 121: sid. 180–183. doi:10.1676/08-015.1.
  23. ^ Levey, D.J.; Londoño, G. A.; Ungvari-Martin, J.; Hiersoux, M.R.; Jankowski, J.E.; Poulsen, J.R.; Stracy, C.M.; Robison, S.K. (2009). ”Urban mockingbirds quickly learn to identify individual humans”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 22 106 (22): sid. 8959–8962. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811422106. PMID 19451622.
  24. ^ Stracy, C.M.; Robinson, S.K. (2012). ”Are urban habitats ecological traps for a native songbird? Season-long productivity, apparent survival, and site fidelity in urban and rural habitats”. Journal of Avian Biology 43: sid. 50–60. doi:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05520.x.
  25. ^ [a b] Chamberlain, D.E.; Cannon, A.R.; Toms, M.P.; Leech, D.I.; Hatchwell, B.J.; Gaston, K.J. (2009). ”Avian productivity in urban landscape: a review and meta-analysis”. Ibis 151: sid. 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00899.x.
  26. ^ Lee, H. (1960). To Kill a Mockingbird (50th Anniversary (2010)). HarperCollins. sid. 148. ISBN 0-06-174352-6
  27. ^ "Northern mockingbird." Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on March 13, 2010.

Externa länkar

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Nordhärmtrast: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Nordhärmtrast (Mimus polyglottos) är en nordamerikansk vanlig och välkänd tätting i familjen härmtrastar.

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Пересмішник багатоголосий ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Опис

Тіло завдовжки до 28 см, розмах крил — 31-38 см, вага — 40-58 г. Основне забарвлення сіре, крила темні з білими смугами, хвіст довгий та чорний. Дзьоб тонкий, чорний, ледь зігнутий донизу. У підвидів забарвлення дещо відрізняється від номінального.[4][5][6]

Поширення

Вид зустрічається на півдні Канади, по всьому США, у Мексиці, країнах Центральної Америки, на островах Карибського моря. Населяє різноманітні біотопи: степи, ліси, міста та села.[7]

Спосіб життя

Цікавий птах тим, що самець у своєму шлюбному співі копіює різноманітні звуки. Це може бути спів інших птахів, голоси звірів та людей, шум автостради, удар молотка тощо. У природі живе до 8 років, в неволі — до 20 років.[8]

Живлення

Живиться на землі. В раціон входять різні безхребетні, дрібні плазуни, насіння, ягоди.[9][10]

Розмноження

Гнізда будує серед чагарників. В кладці 2-6 яєць, висиджує 12-13 днів. Сміливо захищає своє гніздо від хижаків, інколи закликаючи на допомогу своїх родичів.[11]

Примітки

  1. IUCN Redlist Rev.23/02/2013
  2. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.
  3. American Ornithologists' Union, changes since 2005
  4. Breitmeyer, E. (2007). Mimus Polyglottos. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Процитовано 23 July 2012.
  5. Northern Mockingbird – Mimus polyglottos. Nature Works. Процитовано 11 December 2012.
  6. Derrickson, K.C.; Breitwisch, R. (1992). Northern Mockingbird. The Birds of North America 7: 1–26. doi:10.2173/bna.7.
  7. The AOU Check-list of North American Birds, 7th Edition:Incertae Sedis – Mimidae. The Auk 7: 416–522. 1998.
  8. Northern Mockingbird. Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. Процитовано 11 December 2012.
  9. Horwich, R.H. (1965). An Ontogeny of Wing-flashing in the Mockingbird with Reference to Other Behaviors (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 3 77: 264–281. Процитовано 4 December 2012.
  10. Dhondt, André A.; Kaylan M. Kemink (2008). Wing-flashing in Northern mockingbirds: anti-predator defense?. Journal of Ethology 26 (3): 361–365. doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0070-z.
  11. Overall, M. (22 July 2007). Wild bird warning:Mockingbird stalks mail carrier. Tulsa World. Процитовано 3 December 2012.


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Mimus polyglottos ( Vietnamese )

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Mimus polyglottos là một loài chim trong họ Mimidae.[2] Loài chim này được tìm thấy phổ biến ở Bắc Mỹ. Chúng phân bố trên một khu vực từ phía bắc nước Mỹ tới Brasil. Tại Hoa Kỳ, loài chim nhại này chủ yếu sinh sống ở các khu vực đô thị. Chiều dài trung bình của chúng là 27 cm. Chúng hót suốt ngày đêm và sẵn sàng liều chết để bảo vệ tổ. Loài chim nhại Bắc Mỹ này có khả năng bắt chước tiếng hót của hơn 20 loài chim khác. Với mỗi kiểu giọng mới, chúng chỉ cần 10 phút để nhại lại. Các nhà khoa học thuộc Đại học Florida phát hiện ra rằng chim nhại ở đô thị có thể phân biệt mặt người và sẵn sàng tấn công những cá nhân mà chúng cho là nguy hiểm. Loài chim nhại này là một loài ăn tạp. Chúng ăn cả côn trùng và trái cây. Chúng thường được tìm thấy trong các khu vực mở và cạnh bìa rừng nhưng kiếm thức ăn thô trong vùng đất đồng cỏ. Chúng sinh sản ở đông nam Canada, Hoa Kỳ, phía bắc México, Bahamas, quần đảo CaymanGreater Antilles. Loài này được thay thế xa hơn về phía nam bởi loài bà con đang tồn tại gần nhất của nó, chim nhại nhiệt đới. Chim nhại Socorro, loài nguy cấp, cũng liên quan chặt chẽ, trái với quan điểm trước. Chim nhại Bắc Mỹ được liệt kê vào nhóm loài ít quan tâm theo Liên minh Quốc tế Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên (IUCN).

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Mimus polyglottos. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2012.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Đọc thêm

Sách

  • Derrickson, K. C. and R. Breitwisch. 1992. Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). In The Birds of North America, No. 7 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, và F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

Bài viết

  • Acosta M & Mugica L. (1989). Reproductive Ecology of miền bắc Mockingbird Mimus-Poliglottos-Orpheus in the Coastal Thorny Thicket of the National Botanical Garden. Revista del Jardin Botanico Nacional. vol 9, no 2. p. 109-114.
  • Arnold JR. (1980). Distribution of the Mockingbird Mimus-Polyglottos in California USA. miền tây Birds. vol 11, no 2. p. 97-102.
  • Baker MC. (1968). Feeding Perching Behavior in the Mockingbird Mimus-Polyglottos Ecology. Condor. vol 70, no 3.
  • Balat F & De Las Pozas G. (1981). The Breeding of Mimus-Polyglottos and Zenaida-Macroura in a Peripheral Part of Havana Cuba. Folia Zoologica. vol 30, no 4. p. 339-352.
  • Balat F & Delaspozas G. (1981). DATA ON THE BREEDING OF MIMUS-POLYGLOTTOS AND ZENAIDA-MACROURA IN A PERIPHERAL PART OF HAVANA. Folia Zoologica. vol 30, no 4. p. 339-352.
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Mimus polyglottos: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Mimus polyglottos là một loài chim trong họ Mimidae. Loài chim này được tìm thấy phổ biến ở Bắc Mỹ. Chúng phân bố trên một khu vực từ phía bắc nước Mỹ tới Brasil. Tại Hoa Kỳ, loài chim nhại này chủ yếu sinh sống ở các khu vực đô thị. Chiều dài trung bình của chúng là 27 cm. Chúng hót suốt ngày đêm và sẵn sàng liều chết để bảo vệ tổ. Loài chim nhại Bắc Mỹ này có khả năng bắt chước tiếng hót của hơn 20 loài chim khác. Với mỗi kiểu giọng mới, chúng chỉ cần 10 phút để nhại lại. Các nhà khoa học thuộc Đại học Florida phát hiện ra rằng chim nhại ở đô thị có thể phân biệt mặt người và sẵn sàng tấn công những cá nhân mà chúng cho là nguy hiểm. Loài chim nhại này là một loài ăn tạp. Chúng ăn cả côn trùng và trái cây. Chúng thường được tìm thấy trong các khu vực mở và cạnh bìa rừng nhưng kiếm thức ăn thô trong vùng đất đồng cỏ. Chúng sinh sản ở đông nam Canada, Hoa Kỳ, phía bắc México, Bahamas, quần đảo CaymanGreater Antilles. Loài này được thay thế xa hơn về phía nam bởi loài bà con đang tồn tại gần nhất của nó, chim nhại nhiệt đới. Chim nhại Socorro, loài nguy cấp, cũng liên quan chặt chẽ, trái với quan điểm trước. Chim nhại Bắc Mỹ được liệt kê vào nhóm loài ít quan tâm theo Liên minh Quốc tế Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên (IUCN).

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Многоголосый пересмешник ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Научная классификация
промежуточные ранги
Домен: Эукариоты
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Инфраотряд: Passerida
Надсемейство: Muscicapoidea
Семейство: Пересмешниковые
Вид: Многоголосый пересмешник
Международное научное название

Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 178620NCBI 60713EOL 1050704FW 368741
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Песня многоголосого пересмешника
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Многоголо́сый пересме́шник[1], или североамерика́нский пе́вчий пересме́шник[1] (лат. Mimus polyglottos) — певчая птица семейства пересмешниковых (лат. Mimidae).

Описание

Многоголосый пересмешник длиной 25 см. Оперение спины серое, тёмные крылья с белыми полосами, длинный чёрный хвост с белыми внешними перьями. Тонкий, чёрный клюв слегка изогнут вниз.

Распространение

Область распространения простирается с юга Канады через США до Мексики и Карибского моря, но наиболее часто вид встречается на территории от Флориды до Техаса. Вид живёт в разных жизненных пространствах, таких как открытые поляны, полупустыни, леса, поля и культурные ландшафты.

Образ жизни

Долгое, сложное и громкое пение многоголосого пересмешника, который подражает также голосам и звукам других животных, а также искусственным шумам, можно слышать целый день до ночи. В репертуаре самца от 50 до 200 песен.

Свою пищу, к которой принадлежат беспозвоночные, семена и другие плоды, он ищет на земле. В поисках корма птица часто широко расставляет свои крылья, показывая белые пятна на них. Такое поведение служит либо для защиты территории, либо для вспугивания добычи.

Птица считается смелой и агрессивной. Она бурно защищает гнездовой участок, иногда специальным призывом призывая сородичей на помощь, чтобы сообща прогнать крупных хищников.

Размножение

Многоголосый пересмешник строит из веток чашеобразное гнездо на нижних ветвях в густом кустарнике в открытом ландшафте. Кладку из 2—6 яиц высиживает только самка 12—13 дней. В возрасте от 9 до 12 дней молодые птицы становятся самостоятельными.

В культуре

Многоголосый пересмешник является национальной птицей Арканзаса, Флориды, Миссисипи, Теннесси и Техаса. Эта типичная для южных штатов США птица появилась в заголовке романа американской писательницы Харпер Ли «Убить пересмешника».

В колыбельной песне «Hush little Baby» первое, что обещают подарить ребёнку, — это многоголосого пересмешника. Американский рэпер Эминем использовал эту мелодию в качестве семпла для песни, которую он назвал «Mockingbird» (английское название птицы). У британской рок-группы Barclay James Harvest также есть песня с названием Mockingbird.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 298. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Многоголосый пересмешник: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Многоголо́сый пересме́шник, или североамерика́нский пе́вчий пересме́шник (лат. Mimus polyglottos) — певчая птица семейства пересмешниковых (лат. Mimidae).

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小嘲鶇 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
Disambig gray.svg 本文介紹的是鳥類。關於美國歌手阿姆單曲,請見反舌鳥 (阿姆單曲)英语Mockingbird (Eminem song)
二名法 Mimus polyglottos
(Linnaeus, 1758)  全年分布 夏季分布
全年分布
夏季分布

小嘲鶇学名Mimus polyglottos),或稱反舌鳥模仿鳥,是一種善於模仿各種聲音的鳥,主要活動於美國南半部,以及加拿大加勒比海區域。

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Mimus polyglottos. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2004. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
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维基百科作者和编辑

小嘲鶇: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

小嘲鶇(学名:Mimus polyglottos),或稱反舌鳥、模仿鳥,是一種善於模仿各種聲音的鳥,主要活動於美國南半部,以及加拿大加勒比海區域。

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维基百科作者和编辑

マネシツグミ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
マネシツグミ マネシツグミ 保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : マネシツグミ科 Mimidae : マネシツグミ属 Mimus : マネシツグミ
M. polyglottos 学名 Mimus polyglottos
(Smith, 1829) 和名 マネシツグミ 英名 Northern Mockingbird

マネシツグミ(学名:Mimus polyglottos)は、スズメ目マネシツグミ科に分類される鳥類の一種。中米南米に生息するマネシツグミの仲間のうち、北米で繁殖する唯一の種である。

形態[編集]

全長は23~28cm[2]。頭部と背中が淡い灰色、腹部が白か灰色を帯びた白の羽毛で覆われている。翼の色は体と比べて濃く、全体的に黒色で初列風切羽の根元に白い部分がある[3]。尾は長くて黒く外側が白い羽となっている。

くちばしは細くて短い。顔はくちばしから目に向かって黒の筋が横切ったような模様をしている。

生態[編集]

農地や公園などの住宅があるところや草木の生い茂った草原や砂漠の低木林など木が生えている場所に生息する[3]。食性は雑食でバッタ、アリ、クモ、甲虫などの無脊椎動物やトカゲなどの小型の脊椎動物といった動物性のものと果実やベリー系の植物性のものを食べる[3]。鳴き声を発するのは主にオスのマネシツグミで他のオスから自分の縄張りを守るための警告や繁殖期に交尾相手を誘うために鳴く。さえずりの合間には様々な鳴きまねを散りばめ、鳴きまねは別の種類の鳥の鳴き声や犬の鳴き声、ピアノの音や車のクラクションまでまねることができる[4]

繁殖期は春から夏の間で、マネシツグミのつがいはオス・メス共に相手に忠実で生涯にわたりつがいの関係を保ち続ける場合が多い[3]。巣は地上15mほどの高さのある樹木に小枝や草だけでなく人口の素材を使って作られる。交尾後、メスは茶色か赤みを帯びた青または緑色の卵2~6個(平均は4個)産む[4]。卵は11~14日間の抱卵期間を経て雛鳥が孵化し、卵から孵って2週間のうちに巣から離れられるようになる[4]。繁殖期間中は攻撃的な性格になり、自分の巣に近づくものがいれば動物であっても人間であっても襲いかかってくる[3]

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国メキシコ全域で見られる。また、北はカナダ南部、南は大アンティル諸島バハマ諸島にまで生息している[5]

人間との関係性[編集]

1960年に出版されたハーパー・リーの小説『アラバマ物語』の原題はTo Kill a Mockingbird(ものまね鳥を殺すには)とマネシツグミの名が使われている。この本の中でマネシツグミは無力な個人に対する迫害の象徴として扱われた。また1950年代初めには当時のCIA長官アレン・ダレスによってモッキンバード作戦 (en:Operation Mockingbird)と呼ばれる情報統制活動が行われた。名前はマネシツグミが様々な音を鳴き真似する特性から、CIAの望むことをそのままモノマネをするかのように叫んでくれるメディアをつくろうという意味を持つと言われている[6]

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
ヒタキ上科 Muscicapoidea

ギャラリー[編集]

  •  src=

    マネシツグミ

  •  src=

    翼を広げたマネシツグミ。翼の先端部分の羽の根元に白い箇所が見られる。

注釈[編集]

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2004). Mimus polyglottos. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. - リンク先のデータベースに本種がleast concernと判断された理由の記述がある。
  2. ^ 小宮輝之 『学研の図鑑 LIVE 5巻 鳥』学研教育出版、2014年、195頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e Eve Breitmeyer. “ADW: Mimus polyglottos: INFORMATION”. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. ^ a b c Eve Breitmeyer. “BioKIDS - Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species, Mimus polyglottos northern mockingbird:INFORMATION”. Animal Diversity Web. ^ Mimus polyglottos (Species Factsheet by BirdLife International)
  4. ^ ケント・ギルバード 『やっと自虐史観のアホらしさに気づいた日本人』2017年。

関連項目[編集]

  • アラバマ物語  原題が"To Kill a Mockingbird"(マネシツグミを殺すこと)

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、マネシツグミに関連するメディアがあります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
 title=
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
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wikipedia 日本語

マネシツグミ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

マネシツグミ(学名:Mimus polyglottos)は、スズメ目マネシツグミ科に分類される鳥類の一種。中米南米に生息するマネシツグミの仲間のうち、北米で繁殖する唯一の種である。

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語