Spinacopia sandix Kornicker 1995

“Spinacopia sandix, new species

Figures 35-37

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Greek sandix (vermilion).

HOLOTYPE.—Partly dissected ovigerous female in alcohol in collection of the Museum of Victoria.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Slope 22, 37°0.60'S, 150°20.70'E, New South Wales, off Eden, depth 363 m.

PARATYPES.—Slope 1: USNM 193940, adult female on slide and in alcohol. Slope 22: USNM 194032, adult male on slide and in alcohol; adult female (with female choniostomatid copepod in marsupium) on slide and in alcohol.

DISTRIBUTION.—Slope 1, 204 m. Slope 22, 363 m.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE.— Carapace elongate in lateral view with straight posterior margin dorsal to posteriorly projecting caudal process; incisur indicated by minute indentation in anterior margin of carapace dorsal to midheight but not by indentation in valve edge. Caudal process projecting posteriorly and not ventrally, with pointed tip. Posterodorsal part of shell with large bulge. Surface without gel-like coating.

Ornamentation: Surface with abundant small round fossae and 4 or 5 indistinct narrow low radial riblets extending outward from adductor muscle attachment area: 3 towards anterior margin of valve, none or 1 towards caudal process, and 1 onto posterodorsal bulge. Valve appearing smooth but actually with abundant minute spines visible best along edges at high magnification (xl5 ocular, x20 objective). A row of short and long bristles on inner side of anterior and ventral margins (long bristles longest along anteroventral margin; some long bristles stouter in proximal ½ or 2/3); very few short and long bristles (some with stout triangular basal part) on outer surface of valve.

Infold: Anteroventral infold with small bristle near inner margin. Infold of caudal process with row of 9 spinous bristles on ridge anterior to pocket, 1-3 bristles in pocket close to ventral end of ridge, and several small bristles along inner margin of infold.

Selvage: Wide lamellar prolongation with smooth outer edge along anterior, ventral, and posterior margins.

Central Adductor Muscle Attachments: Comprising 17-21 attachments.

Carapace Size (mm): Slope 1: USNM 193940, length including caudal process 1.03, length excluding caudal process 0.97, height 0.75 (73% of length). Slope 22: holotype, length including caudal proces 0.95, length excluding caudal process 0.89, height 0.54 (69% of length); paratype with choniostomatid, length including caudal proces 0.98, length excluding caudal process 0.91, height 0.68 (69% of length).

First Antenna: 1st joint bare. 2nd joint with long spines on ventral margin, longer spines on dorsal margin, and dorsal bristle with short marginal spines. 3rd and 4th joint fused; 3rd joint with 2 long spinous bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal); long 4th joint with dorsal spines and 2 long spinous bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal). Long 5th joint with long ventral bristle with 2 minute indistinct filaments (not shown), and spine at tip. 6th joint fused to 5th, with small spinous medial bristle. 7th joint: a-bristle spinous, about half length of bristle of 5th joint, oriented dorsally on both limbs of USNM 193940; b-bristle about 1/4 longer than a-bristle; c-bristle slightly longer than bristle of 5th joint, bare except for spine at tip. 8th joint: d-and e-bristles longer than b-bristle, bare with blunt tips; f-bristle slightly longer than e-bristle, bare except for spine at tip; g-bristle about same length as bristle of 5th joint, with 1 minute distal filament (not shown) and spine at tip. Marginal spines on bristles of joints 2-4 and 6 indistinct, but visible at high magnification (xl5 ocular, x 100 objective).

Second Antenna: Protopodite with few medial spines near endopodite. Endopodite 2-jointed: 1st joint with 2 slender spinous proximal bristles; 2nd joint small with long spinous terminal bristle. Exopodite: joint 1 with small recurved medial bristle; bristles of joints 2-8 with stout proximal ventral spines, a few proximal dorsal hairs, and distal natatory hairs; 9th joint with 2 bristles (ventral long with very slender proximal ventral marginal spines and distal natatory hairs, dorsal short with few small hairs); joints 2-8 with row of minute spines along distal edges.

Mandible: Coxale and basale similar to those of S. crux, except lateral side of basale with 2 bristles near ventral margin instead of 2 or 3. Minute lateral spine on distal edge of basale near dorsal margin might represent exopodite. 1st endopodial joint: dorsal margin with several slender terminal spines; ventral margin with several minute spines at midlength, 3 small spines at distal 1/4 and 2 larger spines just proximal to stout terminal claw (claw with indistinct proximal minute spines on dorsal edge); medial surface with row of slender spines on distal edge near dorsal margin, 1 small unringed spine-like bristle at base of ventral claw, and slender spines in distal ventral corner. 2nd endopodial joint: dorsal margin with 2 fairly long unringed spine-like subterminal bristles; ventral margin with long terminal claw; medial surface with small spines near ventral margin. 3rd endopodial joint with long terminal claw, 1 or 2 short unringed ventral bristles, and 1 minute, subterminal, unringed, spine-like dorsal bristle.

Maxilla: Coxale with short dorsal bristle and dorsal fringe. Endites I and HI each with 6 bristles; endite II with 4 or 5 bristles. Basale with short bristle near exopodite. Exopodite small with 2 bristles (1 about half length of other, long bristle with spines). Endopodite similar to that of S. crux.

Fifth Limb: With 30 epipodial bristles. Endite with 1 long spinous bristle. Exopodite similar to that of S. crux.

Sixth Limb: Endite I with 3 or 4 short spinous bristles; endite II with 2 bristles. End joint with 12 slender bristles (either bare or with short spines) followed by 2 broad plumose posterior bristles.

Seventh Limb: Proximal group with 2 bristles either on same segment (segment 6 counting from segment proximal to terminus), or 1 on segment 6 and other on segment 7 or 8,1 on each side, each with 4 bells; terminal group with 6 bristles, 3 on each side, each with 2-5 bells. Terminus with opposing combs, each with 2 or 3 weak elongate teeth.

Furca: Each lamella with 6 or 7 claws; claw 1 nonarticulated; claw 3 about 2/3 length of claw 4; all claws with teeth along posterior edges, a few teeth longer and stouter than others; right lamella anterior to left by about 3A width of base of claw 1, and with small distal spines along anterior edge. (Right lamella of furca of paratype from Slope 22 with only 5 claws, all decreasing in length and width posteriorly along lamella, and interpreted to be aberrancy.)

Bellonci Organ: Elongate with 3 indistinct sutures at midlength and rounded tip.

Eyes: Lateral eye small with 4 ommatidia. Medial eye larger than lateral eye, bare, with brown pigment.

Upper Lip: Single hirsute lobe.

Genitalia: Oval structure on each side of body anterior to furca, without attached spermatophore.

Posterior of Body: Evenly rounded, bare.

Y-Sclerite: With ventral branch and very long dorsal branch.

Number of Eggs: Slope 1: USNM 193940 with large unextruded eggs. Slope 22: holotype with 1 egg in marsupium, length of egg including velum 0.29 mm, length excluding velum 0.25 mm.

Parasites: Female paratype from Slope 22 with female choniostomatid copepod in marsupium.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE.—Carapace with very slight concavitity along anteroventral margin and small projecting caudal process. Surface without gel-like coating.

Ornamentation: Surface with abundant round fossae similar to those of adult female, but without indistinct radial riblets of the female. Surface appaearing smooth but with abundant minute spines similar to those of adult female. Long bristles along anterior and anteroventral margin, sparse elsewhere.

Infold: Anteroventral margin with minute bristle near inner margin. Infold of caudal process with row of 8 or 9 spinous bristles on ridge anterior to pocket, 1 small bristle near ventral end of pocket, several small bristles along inner edge of infold, and 4 small bristles along posterior edge of process.

Selvage: Similar to that of adult female.

Carapace Size (length, height in mm): USNM 194032, 0.85, 0.77.

First Antenna: 1st joint bare. 2nd joint with dorsal spines and 1 dorsal bristle (bristle broken off on both limbs of USNM 194032 but empty socket present). 3rd and 4th joints fused, each with 1 dorsal bristle. 5th joint wedged ventrally between 4th and 6th joints; bristle with stout proximal process with abundant thin filaments and long stem with several marginal filaments (tip broken on both limbs of USNM 194032, with 4 filaments on remaining part). 6th joint with small medial bristle. 7th joint: a-bristle about same length or slightly longer than dorsal margin of 6th joint; b-bristle about 3 times length of a-bristle, with 2 short marginal filaments; c-bristle almost 4 times length of a-bristle, with 6 short marginal filaments. 8th joint: d- and e-bristles long bare with blunt tips (not shown); f-bristle slightly shorter than b-bristle, with 5 short marginal filaments; g-bristle almost as long as c-bristle, with 6 short marginal filaments.

Second Antenna: Protopodite bare. Endopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint short with 2 small bristles and indistinct rows of medial spines; 2nd joint elongate with 3 bristles (1 short, 2 long), and indistinct medial row of proximal spines; 3rd joint elongate with terminal ridges and 2 small terminal bristles. Exopodite: 1st joint with minute medial terminal bristle; bristles of joints 2-5 with proximal hairs followed by few ventral spines and distal natatory hairs; bristles of joints 6-8 with natatory hairs, no spines; 9th joint with 3 bristles (1 long and 1 short with natatory hairs, 1 small bare); joints 2-8 with row of small spines along distal edges.

Mandible: Coxale endite minute, bifurcate. Basale with 4 bare ringed medial bristles near ventral margin, 1 long spinous ringed ventral bristle, and 2 spinous ringed lateral bristles near ventral margin; dorsal margin with 3 bare ringed bristles (1 at midlength, 2 subterminal). Exopodite small with short ringed terminal bristle. 1st endopodial joint: dorsal margin with proximal indentation and row of terminal spines; ventral margin with few weak spines at midlength and 2 ringed subterminal bristles (1 long, 1 minute medial); medial surface with few small distal spines. 2nd endopodial joint: dorsal margin with 3 bare ringed bristles (2 long, 1 short) near midlength; terminal edge with 2 long bristles at ventral end (ventral of these with proximal 2/3 claw-like unringed and distal 1/3 ringed bristle-like, and ringed with indistinct ventral hairs; other bristle bare, ringed, bristle-like). 3rd endopodial joint with 2 claws (1 long lateral, 1 short medial), 1 minute ringed medial bristle near dorsal margin, and 1 long ringed bristle (with indistinct ventral spines) near ventral margin. Tips of bristles unringed, sharply pointed.

Maxilla: Limb minute. Coxale with ringed dorsal bristle. Exopodite with 2 long ringed bristles. Bristles of endites and endopodite indistinct and difficult to resolve.

Fifth Limb: Exopodite minute. (Bristles difficult to resolve and some bristles may be missing (xl5 ocular, xlOO objective).)

Sixth Limb: Endites less well defined than on adult female. Endite I with 2 or 3 small bristles; remaining endites and end joint with total of 16 or 17 spinous and hirsute bristles.

Seventh Limb: Limb well developed with 47 segments including terminus, but without proximal bristles and terminal comb. Terminal group with 4 bristles, 2 on each side, each with 4 bells.

Furca: Each lamella with 6 claws; claw 3 shorter and slenderer than claw 4; all claws with teeth along posterior edges (not shown); a few teeth longer and stouter than others; right lamella anterior to left by about width of base of claw 1, and with few minute spines along anterior edge.

Bellonci Organ, Eyes, Posterior of Body, and Y-Sclerite: Similar to those of adult female.

Upper Lip: Broadly rounded in lateral view.

Genitalia: 3 lobes on each side of body: 2 short lobes with several small bristles, 1 long lobe with sclerotized hook-like tip with triangular tooth and several bristles at midlength; tip of hook with indistinct transparent velum.

COMPARISONS.—The female S. sandix is very close to the female S. crux. They differ mainly in the carapace. The carapace of S. sandix is more elongate (height 69%-73% of length compared to 86% for S. crux) and the caudal process projects posteriorly and has a pointed tip; whereas, the caudal process of S. crux projects posteroventrally and has a more rounded tip. The protopodite of the 2nd antenna of S. sandix has a few short medial spines near the endopodite; whereas, that of S. crux has many long hairs. Also, the 1st endopodial joint of the 2nd antenna of the S. sandix is bare, whereas it bears rows of short spines on S. crux. Spinacopia sandix is also close to S. trox but is much smaller (carapace length 0.89-1.03 mm compared to 1.51 -1.52 mm for S. trox), and the shape of S. Trox is closer to S. crux than it is to S. sandix. The 2nd joints of the 1st antennae of both S. crux and S. trox bear hairs that are longer on the ventral margin than on the dorsal; whereas, on the 2nd joint of S. sandix the hairs are longer on the dorsal margin.”

(Kornicker, 1995, pp. 57-62)

Spinacopia sandix

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Greek sandix (vermilion).

HOLOTYPE.—Partly dissected ovigerous female in alcohol in collection of the Museum of Victoria.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Slope 22, 37°0.60′S, 150°20.70′E, New South Wales, off Eden, depth 363 m.

PARATYPES.—Slope 1: USNM 193940, adult female on slide and in alcohol. Slope 22: USNM 194032, adult male on slide and in alcohol; adult female (with female choniostomatid copepod in marsupium) on slide and in alcohol.

DISTRIBUTION.—Slope 1, 204 m. Slope 22, 363 m.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures 35, 36).—Carapace elongate in lateral view with straight posterior margin dorsal to posteriorly projecting caudal process (Figure 35a,b): incisur indicated by minute indentation in anterior margin of carapace dorsal to midheight but not by indentation in valve edge (Figure 35d). Caudal process projecting posteriorly and not ventrally, with pointed tip. Posterodorsal part of shell with large bulge (Figure 35a–c). Surface without gel-like coating.

Ornamentation: Surface with abundant small round fossae and 4 or 5 indistinct narrow low radial riblets extending outward from adductor muscle attachment area: 3 towards anterior margin of valve, none or 1 towards caudal process, and 1 onto posterodorsal bulge (Figure 35a,b). Valve appearing smooth but actually with abundant minute spines visible best along edges at high magnification (×15 ocular, ×20 objective) (Figure 35d,e). A row of short and long bristles on inner side of anterior and ventral margins (long bristles longest along anteroventral margin; some long bristles stouter in proximal or ); very few short and long bristles (some with stout triangular basal part) on outer surface of valve.

Infold: Anteroventral infold with small bristle near inner margin (Figure 35d). Infold of caudal process with row of 9 spinous bristles on ridge anterior to pocket, 1–3 bristles in pocket close to ventral end of ridge, and several small bristles along inner margin of infold (Figure 35e).

Selvage: Wide lamellar prolongation with smooth outer edge along anterior, ventral, and posterior margins.

Central Adductor Muscle Attachments (Figure 35f): Comprising 17–21 attachments.

Carapace Size (mm): Slope 1: USNM 193940, length including caudal process 1.03, length excluding caudal process 0.97, height 0.75 (73% of length). Slope 22: holotype, length including caudal proces 0.95, length excluding caudal process 0.89, height 0.54 (69% of length); paratype with choniostomatid, matid, length including caudal proces 0.98, length excluding caudal process 0.91, height 0.68 (69% of length).

First Antenna (Figure 36a): 1st joint bare. 2nd joint with long spines on ventral margin, longer spines on dorsal margin, and dorsal bristle with short marginal spines. 3rd and 4th joint fused; 3rd joint with 2 long spinous bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal); long 4th joint with dorsal spines and 2 long spinous bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal). Long 5th joint with long ventral bristle with 2 minute indistinct filaments (not shown), and spine at tip. 6th joint fused to 5th, with small spinous medial bristle. 7th joint: a-bristle spinous, about half length of bristle of 5th joint, oriented dorsally on both limbs of USNM 193940; b-bristle about longer than a-bristle; c-bristle slightly longer than bristle of 5th joint, bare except for spine at tip. 8th joint: d-and e-bristles longer than b-bristle, bare with blunt tips; f-bristle slightly longer than e-bristle, bare except for spine at tip; g-bristle about same length as bristle of 5th joint, with 1 minute distal filament (not shown) and spine at tip. Marginal spines on bristles of joints 2–4 and 6 indistinct, but visible at high magnification (×15 ocular, ×100 objective).

Second Antenna: Protopodite with few medial spines near endopodite (Figure 35g). Endopodite 2-jointed (Figure 35g): 1st joint with 2 slender spinous proximal bristles; 2nd joint small with long spinous terminal bristle. Exopodite: joint 1 with small recurved medial bristle; bristles of joints 2–8 with stout proximal ventral spines, a few proximal dorsal hairs, and distal natatory hairs; 9th joint with 2 bristles (ventral long with very slender proximal ventral marginal spines and distal natatory hairs, dorsal short with few small hairs); joints 2–8 with row of minute spines along distal edges.

Mandible (Figure 36b): Coxale and basale similar to those of S. crux, except lateral side of basale with 2 bristles near ventral margin instead of 2 or 3. Minute lateral spine on distal edge of basale near dorsal margin might represent exopodite. 1st endopodial joint: dorsal margin with several slender terminal spines; ventral margin with several minute spines at midlength, 3 small spines at distal , and 2 larger spines just proximal to stout terminal claw (claw with indistinct proximal minute spines on dorsal edge); medial surface with row of slender spines on distal edge near dorsal margin, 1 small unringed spine-like bristle at base of ventral claw, and slender spines in distal ventral corner. 2nd endopodial joint: dorsal margin with 2 fairly long unringed spine-like subterminal bristles; ventral margin with long terminal claw; medial surface with small spines near ventral margin. 3rd endopodial joint with long terminal claw, 1 or 2 short unringed ventral bristles, and 1 minute, subterminal, unringed, spine-like dorsal bristle.

Maxilla (Figure 36c,d): Coxale with short dorsal bristle and dorsal fringe. Endites I and III each with 6 bristles (Figure 36c,d); endite II with 4 or 5 bristles. Basale with short bristle near exopodite. Exopodite small with 2 bristles (1 about half length of other; long bristle with spines) (Figure 36d). Endopodite similar to that of S. crux.

Fifth Limb (Figure 35h): With 30 epipodial bristles. Endite with 1 long spinous bristle. Exopodite similar to that of S. crux.

Sixth Limb (Figure 36e): Endite I with 3 or 4 short spinous bristles; endite II with 2 bristles. End joint with 12 slender bristles (either bare or with short spines) followed by 2 broad plumose posterior bristles.

Seventh Limb: Proximal group with 2 bristles either on same segment (segment 6 counting from segment proximal to terminus), or 1 on segment 6 and other on segment 7 or 8, 1 on each side, each with 4 bells; terminal group with 6 bristles, 3 on each side, each with 2–5 bells. Terminus with opposing combs, each with 2 or 3 weak elongate teeth (Figure 35i).

Furca (Figure 36f): Each lamella with 6 or 7 claws; claw 1 nonarticulated; claw 3 about length of claw 4; all claws with teeth along posterior edges, a few teeth longer and stouter than others; right lamella anterior to left by about width of base of claw 1, and with small distal spines along anterior edge. (Right lamella of furca of paratype from Slope 22 with only 5 claws, all decreasing in length and width posteriorly along lamella, and interpreted to be aberrancy.)

Bellonci Organ (Figure 36a): Elongate with 3 indistinct sutures at midlength and rounded tip.

Eyes: Lateral eye small with 4 ommatidia (Figure 36a). Medial eye larger than lateral eye, bare, with brown pigment (Figure 36a).

Upper Lip (Figure 36a): Single hirsute lobe.

Genitalia (Figure 36g,i): Oval structure on each side of body anterior to furca, without attached spermatophore.

Posterior of Body (Figure 36g): Evenly rounded, bare.

Y -Sclerite (Figure 36g,h): With ventral branch and very long dorsal branch.

Number of Eggs: Slope 1: USNM 193940 with large unextruded eggs (outline of 1 egg shown in Figure 35b). Slope 22: holotype with 1 egg in marsupium, length of egg including velum 0.29 mm, length excluding velum 0.25 mm (outline of egg in place shown in Figure 35a).

Parasites: Female paratype from Slope 22 with female choniostomatid copepod in marsupium.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figure 37).—Carapace with very slight concavitity along anteroventral margin and small projecting caudal process (Figure 37a–c). Surface without gel-like coating.

Ornamentation: Surface with abundant round fossae similar to those of adult female (Figure 37a), but without indistinct radial riblets of the female. Surface appaearing smooth but with abundant minute spines similar to those of adult female. Long bristles along anterior and anteroventral margin, sparse elsewhere (Figure 37b,c).

Infold: Anteroventral margin with minute bristle near inner margin (Figure 37b). Infold of caudal process with row of 8 or 9 spinous bristles on ridge anterior to pocket, 1 small bristle near ventral end of pocket, several small bristles along inner edge of infold, and 4 small bristles along posterior edge of process (Figure 37c).

Selvage: Similar to that of adult female.

Carapace Size (length, height in mm): USNM 194032, 0.85, 0.77.

First Antenna (Figure 37d): 1st joint bare. 2nd joint with dorsal spines and 1 dorsal bristle (bristle broken off on both limbs of USNM 194032 but empty socket present). 3rd and 4th joints fused, each with 1 dorsal bristle. 5th joint wedged ventrally between 4th and 6th joints; bristle with stout proximal process with abundant thin filaments and long stem with several marginal filaments (tip broken on both limbs of USNM 194032, with 4 filaments on remaining part). 6th joint with small medial bristle. 7th joint: a-bristle about same length or slightly longer than dorsal margin of 6th joint; b-bristle about 3 times length of a-bristle, with 2 short marginal filaments; c-bristle almost 4 times length of a-bristle, with 6 short marginal filaments. 8th joint: d- and e-bristles long bare with blunt tips (not shown); f-bristle slightly shorter than b-bristle, with 5 short marginal filaments; g-bristle almost as long as c-bristle, with 6 short marginal filaments.

Second Antenna: Protopodite bare. Endopodite 3-jointed (Figure 37e): 1st joint short with 2 small bristles and indistinct rows of medial spines; 2nd joint elongate with 3 bristles (1 short, 2 long), and indistinct medial row of proximal spines; 3rd joint elongate with terminal ridges and 2 small terminal bristles. Exopodite: 1st joint with minute medial terminal bristle; bristles of joints 2–5 with proximal hairs followed by few ventral spines and distal natatory hairs; bristles of joints 6–8 with natatory hairs, no spines; 9th joint with 3 bristles (1 long and 1 short with natatory hairs, 1 small bare); joints 2–8 with row of small spines along distal edges.

Mandible (Figure 37f): Coxale endite minute, bifurcate. Basale with 4 bare ringed medial bristles near ventral margin, 1 long spinous ringed ventral bristle, and 2 spinous ringed lateral bristles near ventral margin; dorsal margin with 3 bare ringed bristles (1 at midlength, 2 subterminal). Exopodite small with short ringed terminal bristle. 1st endopodial joint: dorsal margin with proximal indentation and row of terminal spines; ventral margin with few weak spines at midlength and 2 ringed subterminal bristles (1 long, 1 minute medial); medial surface with few small distal spines. 2nd endopodial joint: dorsal margin with 3 bare ringed bristles (2 long, 1 short) near midlength; terminal edge with 2 long bristles at ventral end (ventral of these with proximal claw-like unringed and distal ringed bristle-like, and ringed with indistinct ventral hairs; other bristle bare, ringed, bristle-like). 3rd endopodial joint with 2 claws (1 long lateral, 1 short medial), 1 minute ringed medial bristle near dorsal margin, and 1 long ringed bristle (with indistinct ventral spines) near ventral margin. Tips of bristles unringed, sharply pointed.

Maxilla: Limb minute. Coxale with ringed dorsal bristle. Exopodite with 2 long ringed bristles. Bristles of endites and endopodite indistinct and difficult to resolve.

Fifth Limb (Figure 37g): Exopodite minute. (Bristles difficult to resolve and some bristles may be missing in Figure 37g, which was drawn under oil immersion (×15 ocular, ×100 objective).)

Sixth Limb (Figure 37h): Endites less well defined than on adult female. Endite I with 2 or 3 small bristles; remaining endites and end joint with total of 16 or 17 spinous and hirsute bristles.

Seventh Limb (Figure 37i): Limb well developed with 47 segments including terminus, but without proximal bristles and terminal comb. Terminal group with 4 bristles, 2 on each side, each with 4 bells.

Furca (Figure 37l): Each lamella with 6 claws; claw 3 shorter and slenderer than claw 4; all claws with teeth along posterior edges (not shown); a few teeth longer and stouter than others; right lamella anterior to left by about width of base of claw 1, and with few minute spines along anterior edge.

Bellonci Organ (Figure 37j,k), Eyes (Figure 37j,k), Posterior of Body (Figure 37l), and Y-Sclerite (Figure 37l,m): Similar to those of adult female.

Upper Lip (Figure 37j,k): Broadly rounded in lateral view.

Genitalia (Figure 37l,m): 3 lobes on each side of body: 2 short lobes with several small bristles, 1 long lobe with sclerotized hook-like tip with triangular tooth and several bristles at midlength; tip of hook with indistinct transparent velum.

COMPARISONS.—The female S. sandix is very close to the female S. crux. They differ mainly in the carapace. The carapace of S. sandix is more elongate (height 69%–73% of length compared to 86% for S. crux) and the caudal process projects posteriorly and has a pointed tip; whereas, the caudal process of S. crux projects posteroventrally and has a more rounded tip. The protopodite of the 2nd antenna of S. sandix has a few short medial spines near the endopodite; whereas, that of S. crux has many long hairs. Also, the 1st endopodial joint of the 2nd antenna of the S. sandix is bare, whereas it bears rows of short spines on S. crux. Spinacopia sandix is also close to S. trox but is much smaller (carapace length 0.89–1.03 mm compared to 1.51–1.52 mm for S. trox), and the shape of S. trox is closer to S. crux than it is to S. sandix. The 2nd joints of the 1st antennae of both S. crux and S. trox bear hairs that are longer on the ventral margin than on the dorsal; whereas, on the 2nd joint of S. sandix the hairs are longer on the dorsal margin.