Northern short-tailed shrews, especially males, exude a musky odor from scent glands on their belly and sides. They may use this to mark their territories with scent, though some researchers think this is unlikely because Northern short-tailed shrews have a poor sense of smell. This musky secretion may instead be used to deter predators because of its foul taste.
Northern short-tailed shrews also have poor vision, perhaps only being able to detect light and dark. They use a form of echolocation, similar to what bats and whales use, to detect and distinguish among objects in the environment. They send out a series of ultrasonic (outside of the human hearing range) clicks and then listen for the returning echoes. By decoding these echoes they can perceive their environment without sight. Northern short-tailed shrews utter a variety of sounds (chirps, buzzes, twitters) in their aggressive interactions with other individuals, and a clicking sound is used during courtship.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Northern short-tailed shrews are aggressive and will threaten and physically drive away any intruders. They escape predation by remaining hidden in the cover of vegetation or under the soil or snow during foraging expeditions from their nest. They may also make themselves distasteful by exuding a musky odor from glands on their belly and sides. Many mammal predators, such as weasels and foxes, may refuse to eat northern short-tailed shrews because of their foul taste.
Known Predators:
Head and body length is 75-105 mm, tail length is 17-30 mm. Males are slightly larger than females, especially in the skulls. The fur is velvety and soft, and the color almost uniformly slate gray, with the underparts being only slightly paler. Summer pelage is a shade paler than winter.
Blarina brevicauda is a robust-looking shrew, nearly the size of a meadow mouse; the snout is shorter and heavier than that of other shrews, the tail is short, the eyes small, and the ears are almost completely hidden by the fur.
Range mass: 18.0 to 30.0 g.
Average mass: 21.63 g.
Range length: 75.0 to 105.0 mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.344 W.
Northern short-tailed shrews can live as long as 3 years, but most probably die in their first year or before they reach adulthood.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 3.0 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 2.5 years.
Northern short-tailed shrews are found in nearly all terrestrial habitats. However, their populations are most dense in damp brushy woodlands, bushy bogs and marshes, and weedy and bushy borders of fields. These shrews are also common in cultivated fields, in flower and vegetable gardens, fence rows, and beside country roads. In the winter, they often retreat into barns, cellars and sheds. They need only sufficient vegetation to provide cover. They are slow to rehabit areas of forest burns. Northern short-tailed shrews construct elaborate runways under leaves, dirt, and snow and construct theirnests in tunnels or under logs and rocks.
Habitat Regions: temperate
Terrestrial Biomes: chaparral ; forest ; scrub forest
Wetlands: marsh ; swamp ; bog
Northern short-tailed shrews are only native in the Nearctic region. They inhabit most of east central North America from southern Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia in Canada to central Nebraska and Georgia in the United States.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Short-tailed shrews are voracious eaters and must feed frequently, commonly in the early and late afternoon. It is estimated that they consume and metabolize as much as three times their weight in food per day. The diet of Blarina brevicauda consists mainly of invertebrates, small vertebrates, and plant material. B. brevicauda stores food for winter, including snails and beetles, and in captivity puts nutmeats, sunflower seeds, and other edibles into storage.
The submaxillary salivary glands of Blarina brevicauda produce a toxic material which is effective in subduing its prey. This enables it to prey upon animals much larger than itself, including salamanders, frogs, snakes, mice, birds, and other shrews.
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods)
Northern short-tailed shrews are highly abundant in many of the habitats in which they live. Because of this and the fact that they eat large quantities of invertebrates, they have a profound effect on invertebrate abundance. They are also an important prey species, especially for owls.
Due to its insectivorous nature and ravenous appetite, Blarina brevicauda often serves as an important check on insect crop pests, especially the larch sawfly. It also destroys snails and mice that damage crops and are pests to humans.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
The poison secreted from the submaxillary glands of Blarina brevicauda can cause pain that lasts for several days in a human who is bitten. However, bites are rare, and usually occur when someone attempts to handle a shrew.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)
Blarina brevicauda is common through much of its range, especially in the areas surrounding the Great Lakes. As with many small mammals, its populations undergoes frequent fluctuations, the causes and effects of which are not well understood.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Elaborate mating nests, 150-250 mm long by 150-150 mm wide, are built out of shredded grass or leaves and placed in tunnels or under logs and rocks. The breeding season extends from early spring to early fall (March-September), although some scattered reproductive activity may occur throughout the entire year. Females may have up to 3 litters per year, although 2 is more usual. Gestation is 21-22 days and litter size is 3-10, although 5-7 pups is most common. The young leave the nest when 18-20 days old and are weaned several days later. Females reach sexual maturity at 6 weeks, while males mature at 12 weeks. The life span can be as long as 3 years, but it is usually much more brief.
Breeding interval: Female northern short-tailed shrews may have multiple litters throughout the warm months of the year, depending on food availability.
Breeding season: The breeding season lasts from March through September.
Range number of offspring: 3.0 to 10.0.
Average number of offspring: 6.0.
Range gestation period: 22.0 (high) days.
Range weaning age: 20.0 (low) days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; induced ovulation ; fertilization ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 1.34 g.
Average number of offspring: 6.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 65 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 46 days.
Females care for their young in the nest for 18 to 20 days. After weaning, at 25 days old, the young leave their mother's nest and all parental care ends.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care
La musaranya cuacurta septentrional (Blarina brevicauda) és una espècie de mamífer pertanyent a la família de les musaranyes (Soricidae).[2]
És depredat per Strigiformes, Serpentes, Accipitridae, Mustela, Vulpes vulpes i Canis latrans.[28]
Es troba a la major part de Nord-amèrica: des del sud de Saskatchewan i Nova Escòcia fins a Nebraska i Geòrgia.[29]
La musaranya cuacurta septentrional (Blarina brevicauda) és una espècie de mamífer pertanyent a la família de les musaranyes (Soricidae).
The northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) is the largest shrew in the genus Blarina,[3] and occurs in the northeastern region of North America.[4] It is a semifossorial, highly active, and voracious insectivore and is present in a variety of habitats like broadleaved and pine forests among shrubs and hedges as well as grassy river banks.[5] It is notable in that it is one of the few venomous mammals. The specific epithet, brevicauda, is a combination of the Latin brevis and cauda, meaning "short tail".[3]
B. brevicauda is a red-toothed shrew, one of three or four species (depending on the authority)[3] in the genus Blarina. It was formerly considered to be a sister subspecies of the southern short-tailed shrew (B. carolinensis).[3] The species has been divided into 11 subspecies based on morphological characteristics, which are grouped into two semispecies: B. b. brevicauda and B. b. talpoides; these groupings were mirrored by a molecular systematics study of the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence.[6] The two groups of subspecies are thought to have been kept isolated from each other by Pleistocene glaciers.[6]
This shrew has a total length of 108 to 140 mm (4.3 to 5.5 in), of which 18 to 32 mm (0.71 to 1.26 in) is tail; and weighs 15 to 30 g (0.53 to 1.06 oz).[5] The species exhibits slight sexual dimorphism in size, with the male being slightly larger than the female.[3][4] The dorsal fur is thick and velvety, and can be black, brownish black, or silvery gray, with the ventral fur being a bit lighter and grayer.[5] The shrew molts from a summer coat which is shorter and paler than the winter pelage in October and November, and back again sometime in February through July.[3] The tail is quite short, amounting to less than 25% of the total length.[5] The dental formula is I 3-3/1-1, C 1-1/1-1, P 3-3/1-1, M 3-3/3-3 = 16/16 = 32.[3] Three well-developed scent glands are present, one on each side of the animal and one ventral; the scent may be used for marking territories, though the shrew's sense of smell is thought to be poor.[3]
Most records of B. brevicauda are from the Pleistocene,[7] though one record from the late Pliocene (Blancan land mammal age) is tentatively attributed to this species.[8] Another source indicates the earliest record of the genus Blarina is a specimen of B. b. talpoides, from the Blancan (early Pleistocene) in Kansas. The species is thought to have arisen in the middle or late Pliocene.[3] The B. b. brevicauda subspecies appeared later.[3]
This shrew is found throughout central and eastern North America, from southern Saskatchewan to Atlantic Canada and south to northern Arkansas and Georgia.[4][9] It is probably the most common shrew in the Great Lakes region.[3][5] Population densities usually range from five to 30 shrews per hectare (two to 12 per acre), but rarely exceed 200/ha (80/ac).[5] The typical home range of a shrew is 2.5 ha, and may overlap slightly with the ranges of other shrews.[3]
Both disturbed and undisturbed habitats are used by the northern short-tailed shrew, including grasslands, old fields, fencerows, marshy areas, deciduous and coniferous forests, and household gardens,[3][4][5] though the preferred habitats are those which are moist with leaf litter or thick plant cover.[3][5] Burned-over forests are not quickly recolonized by B. brevicauda,[4] and shrews quickly depart clear-cuts.[3]
This shrew consumes up to three times its weight in food each day.[4] It eats small quantities of subterranean fungi and seeds, though it is mostly carnivorous.[5] It prefers insects, earthworms, voles, snails, and other shrews for the bulk of its diet, though salamanders and mice are also eaten.[5] This shrew consumes vertebrates more often than other shrews do.[5] The shrew mostly forages within a few hours after sunset, though it is also active during cloudy days.[5] High evaporative water loss requires the shrew to have access to a source of water, though it does obtain water from its food, as well.[3] The shrew often hoards food, especially in the fall and winter, or during a time of prey abundance;[3] one study found it caches 87% of the prey it catches, while 9% is eaten immediately and 4% is left where it was killed.[10]
The saliva of the northern short-tailed shrew contains a kallikrein-like protease, used to paralyze and subdue its prey.[11] The toxin is strong enough to kill small animals, up to sizes somewhat larger than the shrew itself, and results in painful bites to humans who attempt to handle the shrew.[3] The venomous saliva is secreted from submaxillary glands, through a duct which opens at the base of the lower incisors, where the saliva flows along the groove formed by the two incisors, and into the prey.[3][5] The toxin is very similar in structure to the one produced by the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) which independently developed its toxin from the same precursor protein.[12]
Their sense of smell is thought to be poor, and their eyes are degenerated and vision is thought to be limited to the detection of light,[3] but the shrew compensates by using echolocation and a fine sense of touch.[4][5]
Its ability to consume almost anything it can catch allows the northern short-tailed shrew to survive the cold winters of temperate regions.[3] The thermoneutral zone of this species is from 25 to 33 °C,[3] meaning no extra energy must be expended by the animal to maintain its body temperature (which averages 38.0–38.5 °C[3]) when the ambient temperature is within this range. Food consumption is 43% higher in winter than in summer,[3] as the shrew must increase its metabolic rate to maintain its body temperature under the cold conditions. Temperatures at or above 35 °C are lethal for this shrew.[3] A study of captive shrews found, though they were primarily nocturnal, the degree of nocturnality changed with the season; that is, during the colder winter, the shrews exhibited more out-of-burrow activity earlier in the evening, but were active later in the night during the summer.[13] This seasonal pattern was due to solar radiation and changing daily temperatures, and it allows the shrews to minimize the energy needed for thermoregulation.[13] Other winter adaptations include the creation of a lined nest which aids the shrew in conserving heat, the caching of food in case of prey shortages, foraging below the leaf litter or snow where the temperature is milder, and decreasing activity levels during cold periods.[14] Along with these behavioral adaptations, the northern short-tailed shrew increases its ability to generate body heat during the winter by nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue.[14]
Other shrews spend more time above ground than does the northern short-tailed shrew, which prefers to tunnel along below ground, through the leaf litter, or at the snow/ground interface.[3][5] Bouts of frenzied activity, lasting around five minutes, are followed by longer periods of resting, with the total active time amounting to only 16% of a 24-hour day.[3] This animal is capable of digging at a rate of 2.5 cm/min, in between resting.[3]
The shrew constructs a nest up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter underground or underneath a log, and lines it with leaves or the fur of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus).[3][5] This nest is kept clean, with wastes deposited outside the nest in a latrine area.[3][5] Other parts of the burrow system are used for food storage.[5]
Typically solitary,[4] B. brevicauda exhibits several aggressive displays and vocalizations to ward off other members of the species when encounters occur.[15] Pairs of shrews which were introduced to a cage simultaneously coexisted for less than four months before one killed the other, and a new shrew placed in a cage containing an already established shrew will be killed within a few hours.[16]
Mating occurs from March through September, though most births occur early or late in that period.[5] Male shrews in captivity were observed to make clicking sounds while courting a female.[15] During copulation, the male and female are locked together, and the female drags the male along with her.[3] Gestation lasts 21–24 days, and after birth, the six to eight young are suckled for up to 25 days before the babies are weaned.[3][5] Two litters per season are typical, though three are possible.[4] The female strengthens the nest when the young are nursing, and is more active to support her increased nutritional needs.[3] The young, which were born hairless and blind and weighing less than a gram, may become sexually mature in as soon as 2–3 months; those born in the spring mature more quickly than those born late in the season, and may themselves reproduce in the same year they were born.[3][5] The juvenile pelage is pale and quite similar to the adults' summer fur, and is molted when the young reaches adult size.[3]
The northern short-tailed shrew has a high mortality rate, though it attempts to escape predation by remaining hidden under vegetation, soil, leaf litter, or snow;[4] only 6% of a marked group of shrews survived to the next year,[5] and winter mortality of 90% has been recorded, probably due to cold stress.[3] This shrew is consumed by many predators: trout, snakes, raptors, canids, cats, mustelids, skunks, raccoons, and opossums,[3][5] though mammalian carnivores appear to be deterred by the musky odor produced by the shrew's scent glands.[5]
The northern short-tailed shrew is considered a species of least concern in the IUCN Red List, as it is widespread, abundant, and its population is not declining.[2]
Northern short-tailed shrews cannot be domesticated.[17]
The northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) is the largest shrew in the genus Blarina, and occurs in the northeastern region of North America. It is a semifossorial, highly active, and voracious insectivore and is present in a variety of habitats like broadleaved and pine forests among shrubs and hedges as well as grassy river banks. It is notable in that it is one of the few venomous mammals. The specific epithet, brevicauda, is a combination of the Latin brevis and cauda, meaning "short tail".
Blarina brevicauda Blarina generoko animalia da. Lehen Insectivora edo Soricomorpha deitzen zen taldearen barruan daude. Gaur egun Lipotyphla deitzen den taldearen barruko Soricinae azpifamilia eta Soricidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Blarina brevicauda Blarina generoko animalia da. Lehen Insectivora edo Soricomorpha deitzen zen taldearen barruan daude. Gaur egun Lipotyphla deitzen den taldearen barruko Soricinae azpifamilia eta Soricidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Lyhythäntäpäästäinen (Blarina brevicauda) on Pohjois-Amerikan itäosista kotoisin oleva pieni nisäkäslaji, joka kuuluu päästäisten heimoon ja Blarina-sukuun. Se on yksi harvoista myrkyllisistä nisäkäslajeista maailmassa.[2] Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi "amerikanisopäästäistä".[5]
Lyhythäntäpäästäisellä on lyhyempi kuono ja raskaampi ruumiinrakenne kuin useimmilla muilla päästäislajeilla. Täysikasvuinen yksilö painaa 18–30 grammaa, ja sen pään ja kehon yhteispituus on 7,5–10 senttimetriä; häntä on vain 1,7–3 senttimetrin pituinen. Uroksen keho ja erityisesti kallo ovat hieman suurempia kuin naaraalla. Silmät ovat pienet samoin kuin korvat, joita ei yleensä edes erota karvapeitteen alta. Turkki on samettisen pehmeä ja kauttaaltaan tasaisen siniharmaa paitsi vatsassa, jossa se on hivenen vaaleampi.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäinen on kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikan itäosista, missä sen levinneisyysalue ulottuu luoteessa Etelä-Saskatchewaniin, koillisessa Nova Scotiaan, kaakossa Georgiaan ja lounaassa Keski-Nebraskaan.[2]
Virginiassa elävää suolyhythäntäpäästäistä (Blarina brevicauda telmalestes) pidettiin aiemmin erillisenä lajina Blarina telmalestes, mutta nykyisin sen katsotaan olevan yksi lyhythäntäpäästäisen alalajeista.[3][4]
Lyhythäntäpäästäistä tavataan lähes kaikissa luontotyypeissä, joissa on riittävästi suojaavaa aluskasvillisuutta. Parhaiten se viihtyy kosteissa ja ryteikköisissä metsissä, pensaikkoa kasvavilla soilla ja marskimailla sekä rikkaruohojen ja pensaiden valtaamilla pellonlaidoilla. Asutuksen lähellä sitä esiintyy pelloilla, puutarhoissa, aidanvieruksilla ja maalaisteiden varsilla. Talvella se voi hakeutua suojaan latoihin, kellareihin ja vajoihin.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäinen on yksineläjä, joka ei siedä muita päästäisiä omalla reviirillään paitsi paritteluaikana.[2] Reviirin koko on keskimäärin 2,5 hehtaaria mutta vaihtelee ravintotilanteen mukaan – useimmilla muilla päästäislajeilla elinpiiri on vain puolet tästä.[2][1] Päästäinen merkitsee reviirinsä rajat jättämällä pahanhajuisia hajumerkkejä vatsassaan ja kyljissään olevista rauhasista.[2]
Mikään muu amerikkalainen päästäislaji ei kaiva käytäviä yhtä ahkerasti kuin lyhythäntäpäästäinen. Se käyttää kaivamisessa apunaan vahvoja käpäliään ja rustoista kuonoaan ja rakentaa laajan käytäväverkon lehtikasoihin, maahan tai lumeen. Pesäontelonsa se tekee johonkin kohtaan käytäväverkkoa tai kaatuneen puun tai kivikasan alle. Pesä on 15–25 senttimetriä pitkä ja 15 senttimetriä leveä ja vuorattu ruohosilpulla ja lehdillä.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäinen on aktiivinen kaikkina vuorokaudenaikoina ja vuodenaikoina. Sillä on huono haju- ja näköaisti, mutta se pystyy suunnistamaan kaikuluotauksen avulla lepakoiden ja valaiden tapaan. Se lähettää ympäristöönsä ultraääniä, joita ihmiskorva ei kuule, ja arvioi etäisyyksiä kaiun perusteella.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäiset voivat paritella ympäri vuoden, mutta varsinainen parittelukausi kestää maaliskuusta syyskuuhun. Naarailla on yleensä kaksi, joskus kolmekin poikuetta vuodessa. Kantoaika kestää 21 tai 22 päivää ja poikueessa on useimmiten 5–7 poikasta. Poikaset pysyttelevät pesässä ensimmäiset 25 elinpäiväänsä, minkä jälkeen ne vieroittuvat emosta ja jättävät pesän. Naaraista tulee sukukypsiä 6 viikon ikäisinä ja koiraista 12 viikon ikäisinä. Lyhythäntäpäästäinen voi elää jopa 3 vuotta mutta kuolee yleensä jo ensimmäisen ikävuotensa aikana.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäinen on ahne petoeläin, joka voi syödä jopa kolme kertaa painonsa verran ravintoa vuorokaudessa. Sen ruokavalio koostuu enimmäkseen pienistä selkärangattomista ja selkärankaisista sekä kasvinosista. Se kerää talven varalle ruokavarastoja etanoista ja kovakuoriaisista.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäisen sylkirauhasista erittyy lamauttavaa myrkkyä, jonka ansiosta se voi pyydystää itseään suurempia eläimiä, kuten pyrstösammakoita, sammakoita, käärmeitä, hiiriä, lintuja ja toisia päästäisiä. Sen purema voi olla hyvin kivulias myös ihmiselle.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäinen on elinvoimainen laji, jonka kannat ovat yleensä hyvin suuria – erityisesti Suurten järvien ympäristössä. Kantojen koko kuitenkin vaihtelee ajoittain voimakkaasti samaan tapaan kuin muillakin piennisäkkäillä.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäistä saalistavat varsinkin pöllöt. Sen sijaan monet nisäkkäät, kuten kärpät ja ketut, pitävät sitä pahanmakuisena.[2]
Lyhythäntäpäästäinen (Blarina brevicauda) on Pohjois-Amerikan itäosista kotoisin oleva pieni nisäkäslaji, joka kuuluu päästäisten heimoon ja Blarina-sukuun. Se on yksi harvoista myrkyllisistä nisäkäslajeista maailmassa. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi "amerikanisopäästäistä".
La Grande musaraigne[1],[2] (Blarina brevicauda), appelée aussi parfois plus précisément Grande musaraigne à queue courte[2] est une espèce d'insectivores de la famille des soricidés. On la retrouve en Amérique du Nord. C'est la plus grande musaraigne de l'est du Canada[3]. Elle est grise.
La Grande musaraigne est de couleur grise[3]. Elle a une longueur totale de 9,5 à 14,4 cm incluant une queue de 1,7 à 3,3 cm de long[3]. Ses pieds mesurent entre 12 et 18 mm[3]. Les individus adultes ont un poids se situant entre 12 et 28 g tandis que les nouveau-nés ont un poids entre 0,8 et 1 g[3]. Les mâles et les femelles ont sensiblement la même taille[3]. On la distingue des autres musaraignes par sa grande taille et sa courte queue[3]. Ses glandes sous maxillaires sécrètent un venin qui est transmis par la salive qui peut paralyser et tuer une proie de la taille d'une souris[3]. Elle se déplace par écholocalisation grâce aux ultrasons qu'elle émet en mouvement[3].
Elle a une longévité de 18 mois en milieu naturel[3]. Certaines Grandes musaraignes ont atteint l'âge de 33 mois en captivité[3].
La Grande musaraigne est active à l'année longue et vit surtout de façon nocturne[3]. Elle est active environ quatre heures par jour avec seulement de courtes périodes d'activités alternant avec des périodes de repos[3].
C'est un animal très agressif qui n'hésite pas à attaquer des animaux plus grand qu'elle comme une couleuvre ou un jeune lièvre[3]. Elle vit de manière solitaire sur un territoire assez restreint qu'elle délimite avec des marques odorantes et des tas de matière fécale[3]. La taille de son territoire dépend de la disponibilité de la nourriture sur celui-ci[3].
Les femelles ont jusqu'à trois portées de trois à dix petits, généralement cinq ou six, entre le mois de mars et celui de septembre après une période de gestation de 20 à 22 jours[3]. Les nouveau-nés sont nus et aveugles[3]. Leur sevrage s'effectue au bout de 25 jours[3]. Les femelles atteignent leur maturité sexuelle à l'âge de 6 à 8 semaines tandis que les mâles l'atteignent à 2 ou 3 mois[3]. Néanmoins, la plupart des femelles ne se reproduisent pas avant le début de leur second été[3].
L'alimentation de la Grande musaraigne est surtout composée de grands insectes, d'araignées, d'escargots, de grenouilles et de vers[3]. Elle se nourrit aussi de champignons du genre Endogone[3]. Il lui arrive d'accumuler des réserves de nourriture[3].
Les principaux prédateurs de la Grande musaraigne sont les rapaces comme le grand-duc et la chouette rayée[3]. Certains mustélidés, les coyotes, les renards roux et les lynx roux font aussi partie de la liste de ses prédateurs[3]. La Grande musaraigne est aussi victime des chats et des chiens domestiques[3].
L'aire de répartition de la Grande musaraigne est située au Canada depuis l'est de la Saskatchewan jusqu'aux Maritimes et dans la partie septentrionale du centre et de l'est des États-Unis[3].
On retrouve la Grande musaraigne dans les endroits humides et dont le sol est recouvert d'humus des forêts de conifères et de feuillus, des marécages et des zones broussailleuses[3]. Elle se fabrique un nid de forme sphérique ayant un diamètre atteignant 20 cm avec des herbes et des feuilles situé sous une bûche ou dans l'humus[3]. Elle creuse des galeries souterraines dans l'humus[3].
La Blarina brevicauda a onze sous-espèces reconnues selon MSW [22 mars 2010][4] :
La morsure de la Grande musaraigne est inoffensive pour l'homme, mais provoque une enflure en plus d'une sensation de brûlure[3].
La Blarina bervicauda est classée au statut « préoccupation mineure » selon l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la natureUICN.
La Grande musaraigne, (Blarina brevicauda), appelée aussi parfois plus précisément Grande musaraigne à queue courte est une espèce d'insectivores de la famille des soricidés. On la retrouve en Amérique du Nord. C'est la plus grande musaraigne de l'est du Canada. Elle est grise.
Il toporagno settentrionale dalla coda corta (Blarina brevicauda Say, 1823) è un mammifero soricomorfo appartenente alla famiglia Soricidae, diffuso in America Settentrionale.[2]
Lungo tra i 12 e i 14 cm, cui si aggiunge una breve coda di 3 cm (a cui deve il nome), questo toporagno non differisce molto dagli altri, a causa della pelliccia grigiastra, gli occhi piccoli e le orecchie celate. Una caratteristica peculiare è invece la piccola coda pelosa.[3]
Questo animale prevalentemente solitario[3] è attivo di notte, e usa olfatto e tatto per trovare le prede.
Si nutre per lo più di insetti e vermi, ma a differenza degli altri toporagni, ha la capacità di cacciare anche piccoli mammiferi come le arvicole o i topi, che immobilizza grazie al suo morso velenoso (caso raro tra i mammiferi). Non disdegna inoltre nutrirsi di foglie.[3]
La gestazione dura dai 17 ai 22 giorni, al termine dei quali la femmina partorisce da 3 a 7 piccoli.
Vive in Nord America, dal Canada meridionale agli USA settentrionali e orientali.
Vive nelle foreste decidue e di conifere, nelle paludi e nelle praterie.
La IUCN Red List classifica B. brevicauda come specie a rischio minimo (Least Concern)[1].
Il toporagno settentrionale dalla coda corta (Blarina brevicauda Say, 1823) è un mammifero soricomorfo appartenente alla famiglia Soricidae, diffuso in America Settentrionale.
De kortstaartspitsmuis (Blarina brevicauda) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de spitsmuizen (Soricidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Say in 1823.
Deze soort heeft een pover gezichtsvermogen, maar een prima ontwikkelde geur- en tastzin. De ogen liggen verborgen in de vacht. De kleur van de vacht is grijszwart. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 12 tot 14 cm, de staartlengte 3 cm en het gewicht 20 gram.
Zijn voedsel bestaat vooral uit ongewervelde bodemdiertjes, maar ook muizen, wat ongebruikelijk is voor spitsmuizen, maar ook plantaardig voedsel staat op zijn menu. Zijn beet is giftig door toxisch speeksel. Hij rust en eet doorgaans onder de grond op een diepte van 10 tot 50 cm, in oude gangen van mollen en woelmuizen, waar ook de voedselvoorraden worden aangelegd als reserve voor de winter.
Deze soort komt algemeen voor in zuidelijk Canada en het noordoosten van de VS.
Deze soort bewoont gematigde bossen, bosachtige terreinen, maar ook naaldbossen en open habitats.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
De kortstaartspitsmuis (Blarina brevicauda) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de spitsmuizen (Soricidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Say in 1823.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Blarina krótkoogonowa[3], ryjówka krótkoogoniasta (Blarina brevicauda) – gatunek owadożernego ssaka z rodziny ryjówkowatych (Soricidae).
Jest mniejsza od ryjówka domowego (Suncus murinus). Osiąga długość 6,5 – 12 cm bez ogona, a jej ogon osiąga długość do 2,5 cm[4]. Brak widocznych małżowin usznych, które są ekstremalnie małe i ukryte w sierści.
Zdobywa pożywienie paraliżując ofiarę swoją śliną, a związkiem paraliżującym jest sorycydyna, która blokuje przewodzenie impulsów nerwowych. Udowodniono, że sorycydyna ma działanie przeciwnowotworowe (blokuje kanały wapniowe, co powoduje autodestrukcję komórek raka) w przypadku raka piersi, prostaty i jajnika[5].
Z wyglądu przypomina kreta. Waży 30-35 g. Występuje w Ameryce Północnej.
Wyróżniono jedenaście podgatunków B. brevicauda[3][6]:
Blarina krótkoogonowa, ryjówka krótkoogoniasta (Blarina brevicauda) – gatunek owadożernego ssaka z rodziny ryjówkowatych (Soricidae).
Jest mniejsza od ryjówka domowego (Suncus murinus). Osiąga długość 6,5 – 12 cm bez ogona, a jej ogon osiąga długość do 2,5 cm. Brak widocznych małżowin usznych, które są ekstremalnie małe i ukryte w sierści.
Zdobywa pożywienie paraliżując ofiarę swoją śliną, a związkiem paraliżującym jest sorycydyna, która blokuje przewodzenie impulsów nerwowych. Udowodniono, że sorycydyna ma działanie przeciwnowotworowe (blokuje kanały wapniowe, co powoduje autodestrukcję komórek raka) w przypadku raka piersi, prostaty i jajnika.
Z wyglądu przypomina kreta. Waży 30-35 g. Występuje w Ameryce Północnej.
Blarina brevicauda[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Thomas Say 1823. Blarina brevicauda ingår i släktet Blarina, och familjen näbbmöss.[9][10] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Arten blir 75 till 105 mm lång (huvud och bål), har en 17 till 30 mm lång svans och väger 18 till 30 g. Allmänt är honor lite mindre än hannar.[11] På ovansidan förekommer mörkgrå till svartaktig päls som kan ha brun skugga på grund av ljusare hårspetsar. Buken är täckt av något ljusare päls. Hos Blarina brevicauda är nosen spetsig men den är lite kortare än hos andra näbbmöss. Artens korta yttre öron är helt gömda i pälsen. Hos honor förekommer tre par spenar. Individernas tandemalj är rödbrun på grund av hög järnandel. I övre käken finns på varje sida bredvid framtanden fem enkla tänder med en spets istället för en hörntand. Tandformeln är därför I 1/1 (enkla tänder) 5/1 P 1/1 M 3/3, alltså 32 tänder. Den femte av de enkla tänderna finns bara rudimentär och den är nästan helt gömd bakom den premolara tanden. Blarina brevicauda byter under våren och hösten päls. Det finns nästan inga ytliga skillnader mellan hannar och honor. Under parningstiden är hannarnas körtlar på kroppssidan större och hos honor som ger di är spenarna tydlig synliga.[12]
Artens giftiga saliv kan bedöva mindre ryggradsdjur och olika ryggradslösa djur. Det är inte helt utrett om näbbmusen producerar hela tiden giftig saliv. Människor som blev biten kände ingenting alls eller hade en brinnande känsla.[12]
Denna näbbmus förekommer i Nordamerika från Saskatchewan till New Brunswick i Kanada och söderut till centrala Arkansas och Georgia i USA. Arten vistas i tempererade och mera torra skogar.[1]
Individerna gräver tunnlar eller använder tunnlar som skapades av andra djur. Individerna lever främst ensamma i ganska stora revir som kan vara 2,5 hektar stort. Dessa revir överlappar varandra. Fortplantningen sker mellan februari och september. Honor kan ha tre eller fler kullar per år. Dräktigheten varar cirka tre veckor och sedan föds 3 till 10 ungar. Ungarna diar sin mor cirka 25 dagar. Efter två månader blir de könsmogna.[1]
Blarina brevicauda äter olika ryggradslösa djur som insekter och deras larver eller daggmaskar. Ibland fångar den en smågnagare.[1] Födan kompletteras med kadaver. Hos arten förekommer i motsats till några andra näbbmöss ingen kannibalism. Den dricker varje dag vatten när det är tillgängligt.[12]
Blarina brevicauda har olika klickande, kvittrande och skrikande läten. Den använder ultraljud för orienteringen.[12]
Arten delas in i följande underarter:[9]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Blarina brevicauda.
Wikispecies har information om Blarina brevicauda.
Blarina brevicauda är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Thomas Say 1823. Blarina brevicauda ingår i släktet Blarina, och familjen näbbmöss. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Країни поширення: Канада, США. Найбільш поширений у листяних лісах з глибоким листяним покривом і достатком їжі.
Має загальну довжину від 108 до 140 мм, з яких від 18 до 32 мм хвіст, вага від 15 до 30 грамів. Має невеликий статевий диморфізм у розмірах, самці трохи більші. Спинне хутро густе й бархатисте, може бути чорним, коричнево-чорним або сріблясто-сірим, черевне хутро трохи світліше й сіріше.
Гнізда робить під колодами, пнями або під землею. Розмножується в основному з початку лютого або березня по вересень. Вагітність триває три тижні, а розмір приплоду становить від 3 до 10, середня 4—6. Молодь ссе молоко 25 днів, стає статевозрілою протягом одного-двох місяців.
Blarina brevicauda là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Chuột chù, bộ Soricomorpha. Loài này được Say mô tả năm 1823.[2]
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Phương tiện liên quan tới Blarina brevicauda tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Chuột chù này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Blarina brevicauda là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Chuột chù, bộ Soricomorpha. Loài này được Say mô tả năm 1823.
Blarina brevicauda (Say, 1823)
Ареал
Обыкновенная короткохвостая бурозубка (лат. Blarina brevicauda) — мелкое млекопитающее семейства землеройковых (Soricidae), обитающее в Северной Америке.
Вид распространён в Канаде и США. Обитает в лиственных лесах с глубоким лиственным покровом и обилием пищи.
Длина тела от 108 до 140 мм, из которых от 18 до 32 мм хвост, вес от 15 до 30 граммов. Имеет небольшой половой диморфизм в размерах, самцы немного больше. Мех сверху густой и бархатистый, может быть чёрным, коричнево-чёрным или серебристо-серым, мех на брюшной стороне немного светлее и более серый.
Гнёзда устраивает под брёвнами, пнями или под землёй. Размножается в основном с начала февраля или марта по сентябрь. Беременность длится три недели, а размер помёта составляет от 3 до 10, в среднем 4—6 детёнышей. Потомство сосёт молоко 25 дней, становится половозрелым в течение одного-двух месяцев.
Обыкновенная короткохвостая бурозубка относится к очень немногочисленным видам ядовитых млекопитающих. Подчелюстные слюнные железы вырабатывают ядовитую слюну, которая выходит в основании нижних передних резцов. Резцы снабжены канавками. Укус смертелен для животных размером приблизительно с бурозубку и более мелких, для человека болезнен. Токсин очень похож на токсин мексиканского ядозуба.
Обыкновенная короткохвостая бурозубка (лат. Blarina brevicauda) — мелкое млекопитающее семейства землеройковых (Soricidae), обитающее в Северной Америке.
Вид распространён в Канаде и США. Обитает в лиственных лесах с глубоким лиственным покровом и обилием пищи.
Длина тела от 108 до 140 мм, из которых от 18 до 32 мм хвост, вес от 15 до 30 граммов. Имеет небольшой половой диморфизм в размерах, самцы немного больше. Мех сверху густой и бархатистый, может быть чёрным, коричнево-чёрным или серебристо-серым, мех на брюшной стороне немного светлее и более серый.
Гнёзда устраивает под брёвнами, пнями или под землёй. Размножается в основном с начала февраля или марта по сентябрь. Беременность длится три недели, а размер помёта составляет от 3 до 10, в среднем 4—6 детёнышей. Потомство сосёт молоко 25 дней, становится половозрелым в течение одного-двух месяцев.
북부짧은꼬리땃쥐(Blarina brevicauda)는 짧은꼬리땃쥐속에 속하는 가장 큰 땃쥐류로,[2][3] 북아메리카 동북부 지역에서 볼 수 있다.[4] 굴을 파는 성질을 갖고 있으나 강하지는 않고, 매우 활동적이며 식충성을 띠며, 다양한 서식지에서 산다.[5] 독 포유류의 일종이다. 학명 "브레비카우다"(brevicauda)는 "짧은 꼬리"를 의미하는 라틴어 "브레비스"(brevis)와 "카우다"(cauda)의 합성어이다.[2]
11종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[3]
북부짧은꼬리땃쥐(Blarina brevicauda)는 짧은꼬리땃쥐속에 속하는 가장 큰 땃쥐류로, 북아메리카 동북부 지역에서 볼 수 있다. 굴을 파는 성질을 갖고 있으나 강하지는 않고, 매우 활동적이며 식충성을 띠며, 다양한 서식지에서 산다. 독 포유류의 일종이다. 학명 "브레비카우다"(brevicauda)는 "짧은 꼬리"를 의미하는 라틴어 "브레비스"(brevis)와 "카우다"(cauda)의 합성어이다.
