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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 23.3 years (captivity)
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Benefits

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Hapalemur griseus is hunted by humans throughout their geographic range and is also collected for the local pet trade.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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John Hibbs, Augsburg College
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Behavior

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Hapalemur griseus has scent glands that assist in olfactory communication with group members and rivals. Many forms of communication occur on or with papyrus plants, including substrate marking. When substrate marking, individuals scratch papyrus leaves with their teeth and either rub the piece of papyrus on its scent glands or urinate on it. Hapalemur griseus also performs scent marking with its tail by rubbing the forearm scent glands along the length of the tail while watching staring at a rival. Other forms of communication include running around a patch of vegetation in circles to identify ones location, by confronting individuals, by chasing away individuals, and by staring. Tactile communication is largely restricted to social grooming. Vocal communication of H. griseus is accomplished through a variety of grunts, clicks, screeches, trembles, teeth grinding, and purrs. Infants often purr when licked by their mother and perform a high-pitched distress call when separated from its mother. When reunited with their young, mothers create a grunt-like sound. Hapalemur griseus also performs mating calls, low-intensity alarm calls, high-intensity alarm calls, intimidation calls, and calls that are used to identify the location of conspecifics.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Conservation Status

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Hapalemur griseus is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species. Although it is currently recognized as common, populations are decreasing due to hunting and the pet trade. In addition, habitat loss due the clearing of bamboo stands and slash-and-burn agriculture have had a negative impact on the range and abundance of this species. CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) lists H. griseus under Appendix I and it occurs in a number of national parks and habitat reserves.

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of Hapalemur griseus on humans. Questions have been raised about the potential transmission of zoonotic diseases from lemurs to humans and domestic animals.

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Associations

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Other than their role as prey for a number of Malagasy predators, little is known of the potential impact of Hapalemur griseus on their local environment. Major predators of H. griseus include Malagasy tree boas as well as other boas, ring-tailed mongooses, humans, fossas, owls, and Madagascar serpent eagles. There is no information available regarding parasites of this species.

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Trophic Strategy

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The primary forage of Hapalemur griseus is bamboo. There are over 40 species of bamboo, but the main species consumed by H. griseus is giant bamboo. Although bamboo is considered toxic due to high concentrations of cyanide found throughout the plant, bamboo lemurs do not experience cyanide poinsoning. The mechanism of how this is accomplished is still unknown. A typical diet for this species is 72% bamboo, 16% grasses, 5% fruits, 4% leaves (usually from various lianas), and 3% from other sources. Hapalemur griseus eats the bases and the inner walls of young bamboo shoots. It feeds through one side of its mouth and chews the bamboo on the other side. Around 70% of its time is spent feeding on bamboo. Food preferences are contingent on time of year and resource availability. Females tend to eat more than the males because of the physiological stress induced by gestation and lactation.

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore , Lignivore)

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Distribution

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Hapalemur griseus is the endemic to Madagascar. It is the most widespread of all bamboo lemurs. Each of the 4 subspecies occupies a slightly different zone with Hapalemur griseus griseus being the most widely distributed subspecies. Hapalemur griseus griseus is found throughout the eastern rainforest zone except for the far southern portion. Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis is only found around Lac Alaotra, living in reedbeds and floating reed islands. Hapalemur griseus occidentalis is found in small rainforest region in northwestern Madagascar. Hapalemur griseus meridionalis is only found near the Fort Dauphin area of extreme southeast Madagascar.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Habitat

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Hapalemur griseus is endemic to Madagascar. Average air temperature of this area is 21°C, but varies from 4°C to 30°C. The environment is typically very humid. It is commonly found in areas containing bamboo, marshlands, lowlands, and forests and primarily inhabits primary and secondary forests. Four different sub-species of Hapalemur griseus have been documented (H. g. griseus, H. g. alaotrensis, H. g. occidentalis, and H. g. meridonalis), all of which occupy slightly unique habitats at different elevations throughout the species' geographic range. The overall range for the species occur from sea level to 2050 meters.

Range elevation: 0 to 2050 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

Wetlands: marsh

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Life Expectancy

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There is no information available regarding the lifespan of Hapalemur griseus in the wild. In captivity, records indicate a maximum age of 23 years. The primary cause of death in the wild is predation.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
23 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity:
17.1 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity:
12.8 years.

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Morphology

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Hapalemur griseus is a small to medium-sized lemur, with an average length of 66 cm and an average weight of 0.935 kg. Males tend to be slightly larger than females. In general, H. griseus has grey fur; however, four different subspecies have been documented, all of which exhibit subtle variations in physical appearance. It has a non-prehensile tail, its forearms are shorter than its hindlimbs, it has sweat glands on its forearms and near its armpits, and it has a dental formula of 2:1:3:3. Hapalemur griseus griseus is mostly gray with olive tones, a dark gray tail and lighter gray fur along the venter. It has large ears, which are mostly hidden in the fur, and its tail is longer than the head and body combined. Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis is darker than H. g. griseus, is slightly larger, and its large ears are also relatively hidden by its fur. Its tail is generally the same length as the head and body combined. Hapalemur griseus occidentalis is lighter than that of Hapalemur griseus griseus and its large ears are relatively less hidden. Its tail is longer than its head and body combined. Hapalemur griseus meridionalis is dark gray or beige. Its ears extend out noticeably from its fur, but to a lesser extent than that of Hapalemur griseus occidentalis and its tail is equal to or slightly longer than the head and body combined.

Average mass: 0.935 kg.

Average length: 66 cm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 1347.5 g.

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Associations

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Known predators include Malagasy tree boas as well as other boas, ring-tailed mongooses, humans, fossas, owls, and Madagascar serpent eagles. Other potential predators include other raptors, lemurs, dogs, and cats. Visual monitoring and vocal communication are the primary means of evading predation by H. griseus. In addition, their arboreal nature likely reduces risk of predation as well.

Known Predators:

  • Malagasy tree boas, (Sanzinia madagascariensis)
  • boas, (Boidae)
  • ring-tailed mongoose, (Galidia elegans)
  • humans, (Homo sapiens)
  • fossas, (Cryptoprocta ferox)
  • owls, (Strigiformes)
  • Madagascar serpent eagles, (Eutriorchis astur)
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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Reproduction

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Hapalemur griseus primarily lives in groups. Studies have shown that 42% of groups have one adult male and one adult female. Around 27% of groups have multiple adults of each gender, 19% have two adult females and 1 adult male, and 12% have two adult males and one adult female. Most groups have more reproducing males than females. Although most breeding relationships are monogamous, they can also be polygynous. Polygynous groups tend to have more offspring. Many groups also include sub-adults. Mating season runs from June to July, with births occurring in October and November. Females have on average one baby per year and they usually once annually. Intragroup females are often related; however, males tend to be unrelated. Mating occurs almost exclusively within group. One study found that only 8.5% of births had extra-group paternity. The sub-species H. g. alaotrensis has a longer breeding season than other sub-species of H. griseus.

Mating System: monogamous ; polygynous

H. griseus comes into estrus once a year. It typically gives birth to only one offspring, and rarely has twins. Breeding season occurs during the dry season (i.e., summer or fall) and birthing typically occurs during the rainy season, during which time bamboo, their primary forge, is abundant. Gestation lasts roughly 140 days and most young are completely weaned by 20 weeks of age. Most females are reproductively mature by 2 years old, and most males are reproductively mature by 3 years old.

Breeding interval: Hapalemur griseus breeds once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding season in Hapalemur griseus occurs during the dry season, from June-August.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 140 days.

Average weaning age: 20 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 45.2 g.

Average gestation period: 140 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.2.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
880 days.

Average birth weight for Hapalemur griseus is 45.2 g. The mother carries the infant in her mouth for about two weeks until young are strong enough to hold on. Infants then cling to the mother until they are a little larger. Sometimes the father or a sibling carries the infant, but most often it is the mother’s responsibility. Young are carried for approximately 3 months; however, once young become a little bigger, they remain in a tree while the mother searches for food. Once the infant is about three weeks old they are able to jump around, hop, and walk. Young can eat bamboo by 6 weeks of age, but still depend on their mother to provide them with food. Females reach reproductive maturity by 2 years of age, and males reach reproductive maturity by 3 years of age.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female)

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Hibbs, J. 2011. "Hapalemur griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hapalemur_griseus.html
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Biology

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As the common name suggests, bamboo lemurs specialise in feeding almost exclusively on bamboo (2) (6) (9), and are the only primates known to do so (5) (8). Bamboo constitutes at least 75 percent of the diet of the eastern lesser bamboo lemur, with the rest made up of fig leaves, grass stems, other young leaves, small fruits, flowers and fungi (3) (5) (9). Each species of bamboo lemur appears to specialise on different parts of the bamboo plant (2) (10), with the eastern lesser bamboo lemur preferring the new shoots, leaf bases and stem pith (2) (3) (5) (9). However, some bamboos contain toxic cyanide compounds that would poison most other mammals. How bamboo lemurs deal with these toxins is not exactly known, but the eastern lesser bamboo lemur may limit its intake by selecting young growth, which contains lower cyanide levels (8) (9). It also appears to have a more flexible diet than other bamboo lemurs, using different bamboo species or different food sources depending on the season (9) (11), which may help explain its wider geographic distribution (9). Although often considered cathemeral, with regular bouts of activity both day and night (3) (5), others report the eastern lesser bamboo lemur to be mainly diurnal (11). Group size ranges from around two to nine, with each group typically containing an adult male, one or two breeding females, and offspring (3) (5) (8) (9). The adults are highly territorial, defending the group's territory with scent-marking, vocal displays and chases. Breeding occurs between October and January, the female usually giving birth to a single offspring each year, after a gestation period of 137 to 140 days. The infant may be carried in the female's mouth for the first few weeks, after which it may ride on the female's back, or be “parked” for short periods while the female is foraging (3) (5) (8). The young eastern lesser bamboo lemur is weaned after about four months, and young of both sexes are thought to disperse from the group on reaching maturity (5) (8). In captivity, the eastern lesser bamboo lemur may live up to 17 years (6).
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Conservation

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As well as strict control on international trade in the species under its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (4), the eastern lesser bamboo lemur also occurs in a number of protected areas within Madagascar, including Ranomafana National Park, Baie de Baly National Park, Mantadia National Park, and Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve (1) (5) (8) (12). However, there is ongoing debate about the species' exact distribution and, in particular, further research is needed on the recently described subspecies H. g. gilberti before its distribution and conservation status are fully known (1).
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Description

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One of the smallest of the bamboo lemurs (5), the eastern lesser bamboo lemur has a dense, woolly coat that is grey to olive-grey on the upperparts, with chestnut-brown tinges on the head, shoulders, and sometimes the back. The face and underparts are a paler grey, becoming creamy-grey on the belly, and the long tail is generally dark (2) (3) (5). Like other bamboo lemurs, the head is rounded, and bears a characteristically short muzzle and small, furred ears (2) (3) (6). Relatively long back legs allow bamboo lemurs to leap easily between vertical bamboo stems (3) (5). Bamboo lemurs are reported to use a variety of different calls (6) (7), including distinct calls in response to different types of predators (7).
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Habitat

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The eastern lesser bamboo lemur occurs in tropical moist lowland forest and montane forest, in areas where bamboo and bamboo vines are present, and may inhabit both disturbed and undisturbed forest (1) (3) (5) (8).
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Range

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Endemic to Madagascar, the eastern lesser bamboo lemur is the most widespread of the bamboo lemurs (3) (5). It is found throughout much of the forests of eastern Madagascar, although the exact limits of its distribution are unclear, and populations may also exist in western Madagascar (1) (5).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (4). Subspecies: the eastern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus griseus) is classified as Vulnerable (VU) and Gilbert's lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus gilberti) is classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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The eastern lesser bamboo lemur, like many other lemurs, is threatened by ongoing habitat loss (1) (3) (8), although paradoxically the species may actually have benefitted from forest clearance in some areas, as older cleared areas often contain more bamboo than the original forest (3) (6). However, the eastern lesser bamboo lemur is also one of the most heavily hunted lemurs, often being kept as a pet, and these combined threats have led to an ongoing population decline (1) (3) (5).
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Hapalemur griseus ( Breton )

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Hapalemur griseus[1] a zo ur spesad primated eus ar c'herentiad Lemuridae.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez hag isspesadoù

Tiriad Hapalemur griseus.

Ar spesad a zo brosezat an tri isspesad anezhañ — Hapalemur griseus gilberti (an dachenn vihan limestra war ar gartenn), Hapalemur griseus griseus (an hini ruz) ha Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis (an hini wer) — e Madagaskar.

Liamm diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù

  1. N'en deus ar spesad anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
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Hapalemur griseus: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Hapalemur griseus a zo ur spesad primated eus ar c'herentiad Lemuridae.

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Lèmur gris oriental ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El lèmur gris oriental (Hapalemur griseus) és un petit lèmur endèmic de Madagascar. Se'n coneixen tres subespècies diferents. S'alimenta principalment de bambú. Els lèmurs del gènere Hapalemur tenen una millor coordinació manual-visual que la majoria d'altres lèmurs.[1] És de color gris i a vegades té una taca vermella al cap. Mesura una mitjana de 284 mm de llargada, amb una cua de 36,6 mm.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Lèmur gris oriental Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Lèmur gris oriental: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El lèmur gris oriental (Hapalemur griseus) és un petit lèmur endèmic de Madagascar. Se'n coneixen tres subespècies diferents. S'alimenta principalment de bambú. Els lèmurs del gènere Hapalemur tenen una millor coordinació manual-visual que la majoria d'altres lèmurs. És de color gris i a vegades té una taca vermella al cap. Mesura una mitjana de 284 mm de llargada, amb una cua de 36,6 mm.

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Lemur šedý ( Czech )

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Lemur šedý (Hapalemur griseus) je jediný lemur a jediný primát , který se adaptoval k životu v rákosí. Jeho zbarvení je šedé a má výrazný tupý čenich. Dorůstá do velikosti 80 cm (s ocasem) a hmotnosti 1 kg. Vyskytuje se stejně jako jiné druhy lemurů na Madagaskaru a to v jeho severní a východní části. Žije ve skupinách, které mají 3–5 členů, ale mohou vytvořit skupiny až o 40 členech a vede je vždy jeden dominantní samec. Živí se listy, výhonky, pupeny a dření rákosu ve kterém žijí.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Literatura

  • Zvíře, kolektiv autorů, Dorling Kindersley, 2001

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Lemur šedý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Lemur šedý (Hapalemur griseus) je jediný lemur a jediný primát , který se adaptoval k životu v rákosí. Jeho zbarvení je šedé a má výrazný tupý čenich. Dorůstá do velikosti 80 cm (s ocasem) a hmotnosti 1 kg. Vyskytuje se stejně jako jiné druhy lemurů na Madagaskaru a to v jeho severní a východní části. Žije ve skupinách, které mají 3–5 členů, ale mohou vytvořit skupiny až o 40 členech a vede je vždy jeden dominantní samec. Živí se listy, výhonky, pupeny a dření rákosu ve kterém žijí.

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Grå lemur ( Danish )

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Den grå lemur (Hapalemur griseus), eller grå halvlemur, er en halvabe i familien af ægte lemurer. Den er som andre lemurer udbredt på øen Madagaskar. Kroppen måler omkring 40 cm i længden. Det samme gør halen. Den grå lemur er ensfarvet grå og snuden er stump. Det er den eneste primat, der er tilpasset et liv i rørbevoksninger omkring søer og sumpe. Den svømmer godt, men springer normalt fra planteø til planteø, for at æde de friske skud. Den findes desuden i bambusskove. Den grå lemur færdes i grupper på oftest 3-5 individer ledet af en enkelt han.[2]

Noter

  1. ^ Andriaholinirina, N., et al. 2014. Hapalemur griseus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014
  2. ^ Bengt Holst (2003), Politikens bog om pattedyr, side 104. Politikens Forlag. ISBN 87-567-6830-3.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Grå lemur: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Den grå lemur (Hapalemur griseus), eller grå halvlemur, er en halvabe i familien af ægte lemurer. Den er som andre lemurer udbredt på øen Madagaskar. Kroppen måler omkring 40 cm i længden. Det samme gør halen. Den grå lemur er ensfarvet grå og snuden er stump. Det er den eneste primat, der er tilpasset et liv i rørbevoksninger omkring søer og sumpe. Den svømmer godt, men springer normalt fra planteø til planteø, for at æde de friske skud. Den findes desuden i bambusskove. Den grå lemur færdes i grupper på oftest 3-5 individer ledet af en enkelt han.

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Östlicher Bambuslemur ( German )

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Der Östliche Bambuslemur oder Östliche Halbmaki (Hapalemur griseus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Lemuren.

Merkmale

Östliche Bambuslemuren erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 24 bis 30 Zentimetern, der Schwanz ist mit 32 bis 40 Zentimetern deutlich länger als der Rumpf. Das Gewicht beträgt 0,75 bis 1,05 Kilogramm. Ihr Fell ist an der Oberseite grau oder olivgrau gefärbt, am Kopf, an den Schultern und manchmal am Rücken geht die Färbung ins Rötlichbraune. Diese rötlichbraune Färbung ist bei Tieren aus dem Süden des Verbreitungsgebietes deutlicher. Der Bauch ist weißlich-hellgrau, der Schwanz dunkelgrau. Das Gesicht ist grau, die Ohren sind klein und abgerundet und die Schnauze ist wie bei allen Bambuslemuren kurz. Neben anderen Duftdrüsen haben sie auch zwei spezialisierte Armdrüsen, ähnlich dem Katta.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Östlichen Bambuslemuren
 src=
Bambuslemur im Pariser Zoo

Östliche Bambuslemuren kommen wie alle Lemuren nur auf Madagaskar vor, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich entlang der Ostküste der Insel ungefähr zwischen dem Alaotra-See und dem Fluss Mananara. Aufgrund der Unsicherheiten bei der Abtrennung neuer Arten und den Hybridisierungsgebieten mit anderen Bambuslemuren sind die genauen Ausmaße des Verbreitungsgebietes umstritten. Lebensraum dieser Tiere sind mit Bambus bestandene tropische Regenwälder.

Lebensweise und Ernährung

Diese Primaten sind überwiegend tag- oder dämmerungsaktiv, manchmal sind ihre Rufe aber auch in der Nacht zu hören. Sie sind Baumbewohner, die sich eher auf senkrechten Stämmen und Ästen aufhalten, ihre Fortbewegung ist ein senkrechtes Klettern und Springen. Sie leben in Gruppen mit zwei bis sieben (manchmal bis zu elf) Tieren. Kleinere Gruppen setzen sich aus einem Männchen und einem Weibchen zusammen, größere Gruppen können mehrere fortpflanzungsfähige Weibchen beinhalten. Es sind territoriale Tiere, ihre Streifgebiete umfassen rund 15 bis 20 Hektar, die Reviere werden mit Drüsensekreten und durch Rufe markiert.

Zu den natürlichen Feinden zählen die Fossa, große Greifvögel wie die Madagaskarhöhlenweihe und der Madagaskarhabicht sowie Schlangen wie die Madagaskar-Hundskopfboa.

Die Nahrung der Östlichen Bambuslemuren besteht zu rund 80 % aus Bambus, wobei sie junge Blätter, Schösslinge und das Mark bevorzugen. Daneben fressen sie auch andere Blätter, Früchte, Knospen und gelegentlich Pilze.

Fortpflanzung

Nach einer rund 140-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen im Oktober oder November ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Zunächst trägt die Mutter das Junge im Maul, später lässt sie es auf ihrem Rücken reiten oder „parkt“ es an einer geschützten Stelle während ihrer Nahrungssuche. Mit sechs Wochen nehmen Jungtiere erstmals Bambus zu sich, mit vier Monaten werden sie entwöhnt. Das bekannte Höchstalter eines Tieres in menschlicher Obhut betrug 17 Jahre.

Gefährdung

Zu den Hauptgefahren des Östlichen Bambuslemuren zählt einerseits die Bejagung, andererseits der Verlust seines Lebensraumes durch Brandrodungen und Abholzung der Bambusdickichte. Die IUCN schätzt, dass die Gesamtpopulation in den letzten 27 Jahren (drei Generationen) um mehr als 30 % zurückgegangen ist und listet die Art als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable).

In Europa wird die Art nicht mehr gepflegt, ehemalige Halter sind Asson, Duisburg, Frankfurt und Hamburg.[1]

Systematik

Der Östliche Bambuslemur ist eine von sechs Arten der Bambuslemuren, die von Mittermeier et al. (2008) gelistet werden. Mit dem Westlichen und dem Südlichen Bambuslemur wurde er früher als Grauer Bambuslemur oder Grauer Halbmaki zusammengefasst, heute werden diese Arten getrennt. Auch der Alaotra-Bambuslemur gilt heute als eigenständige Art. 2008 wurde der Gilbert-Bambuslemur aufgrund von Unterschieden im Karyotyp abgetrennt, abgesehen davon ist über diese Art noch kaum etwas bekannt.

Literatur

  • Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A Complete Guide. Yale University Press, New Haven CT 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Russell A. Mittermeier, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, William R. Konstant, Kenneth Glander, Ian Tattersall, Colin P. Groves, Anthony B. Rylands, Andreas Hapke, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Mireya I. Mayor, Edward Louis jr, Yves Rumpler, Christoph Schwitzer, Rodin Rasoloarison: Lemur Diversity in Madagascar. In: International Journal of Primatology. 29, 2008, , S. 1607–1656.

Einzelnachweise

  1. [1] ZTL 16.6
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Östlicher Bambuslemur: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Östliche Bambuslemur oder Östliche Halbmaki (Hapalemur griseus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Lemuren.

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Eastern lesser bamboo lemur

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H. g. griseus

The eastern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus), also known as the gray bamboo lemur, the gray gentle lemur, and the Mahajanga lemur is a small lemur endemic to Madagascar, with three known subspecies. As its name suggests, the eastern lesser bamboo lemur feeds mainly on bamboo. The lemurs of the genus Hapalemur have more manual dexterity and hand–eye coordination than most lemurs.[4] They are vertical climbers and jump from stalk to stalk in thick bamboo forests.

Subspecies

Range of the three subspecies:red H. g. griseusgreen = H. g. ranomafanensispurple = H. g. gilberti

Eastern lesser bamboo lemur

The eastern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus griseus), also known as the gray bamboo lemur, eastern gray bamboo lemur, or gray gentle lemur, was the original species described in 1795 by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link.[5] It is grey in colour, sometimes with a red patch on its head. It averages 284 mm (11 in) in length with a tail of 37 mm (1.5 in). Based on data from more than one hundred transect surveys which took place between 2004 and 2009, the population is estimated to be declining. There is an estimated 818 individuals in Ranomafana National Park and the decline in numbers is due to hunting and habitat loss. It is listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) on Appendix 1 and the IUCN considers it to be vulnerable.[6]

Gilbert's bamboo lemur

Gilbert's bamboo lemur (H. g. gilberti), also known as Gilbert's gentle lemur or Beanamalao bamboo lemur, was described as a subspecies in 2007,[7] but was raised to species status in 2008.[8] In 2010, it was returned to subspecies status.[9] Its exact distribution is not certain but it is known from a small area of east-central Madagascar from its type locality of Beanamalao, from a small area north of the Nesivolo river and possibly from an area south of the Mangoro River and Onive River.[8][10] This subspecies lives in dense bamboo stands and areas of bamboo vines and is threatened by habitat loss and degradation. The IUCN considered this subspecies to be 'data deficient'[10] and it is listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) on Appendix 1.[10]

Ranomafana bamboo lemur

The Ranomafana bamboo lemur (H. g. ranomafanensis), or Ranomafana gentle lemur, is the third sub-species and is found in three widely separated populations.[11] The exact distribution is not known but in the west of the island it is found in the forests of Tsingy de Bemaraha, probably as far north as the Betsiboka River, and in the Makay massif in the southwest of Madagascar. The eastern population can be found in forests south of the Mangoro River and the Onive River within Ranomafana National Park. It lives in stands of dense bamboo and bamboo vines within tropical moist lowland and montane forest with three-quarters of its diet being bamboo. It will also eat fig leaves, flowers, fungi, grass stems, small fruits and sugar cane. Due to habitat loss the IUCN has categorised this species as vulnerable.[12] It is listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) on Appendix 1.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b Irwin, M.; Frasier, C.L.; Louis, E.E. (2020). "Hapalemur griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T9673A115564580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T9673A115564580.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ "Eastern lesser bamboo lemur". Duke Lemur Center. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  5. ^ Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 322–325. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5. OCLC 670545286.
  6. ^ Irwin, M.; Frasier, C.L.; Louis, E.E. (2020). "Hapalemur griseus ssp. griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T9677A115565180. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  7. ^ Rabarivola, C.; Prosper, P.; Zaramody, A.; Andriaholinirina, N. & Hauwy, M. (2007). "Cytogenetics and taxonomy of the genus Hapalemur". Lemur News. 12: 46–49.
  8. ^ a b Mittermeier, R.; Ganzhorn, J.; Konstant, W.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.; Groves, C.; Rylands, A.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M.; Louis, E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C. & Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.
  9. ^ Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 326–327. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5. OCLC 670545286.
  10. ^ a b c Irwin, M.; Louis, E.E.; Frasier, C.L. (2020). "Hapalemur griseus ssp. gilberti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136894A115586672. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  11. ^ Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 328–331. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5. OCLC 670545286.
  12. ^ a b Irwin, M.; Frasier, C.L.; Louis, E.E. (2020). "Hapalemur griseus ssp. ranomafanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T16971595A115588288. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

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Eastern lesser bamboo lemur: Brief Summary

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H. g. griseus

The eastern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus), also known as the gray bamboo lemur, the gray gentle lemur, and the Mahajanga lemur is a small lemur endemic to Madagascar, with three known subspecies. As its name suggests, the eastern lesser bamboo lemur feeds mainly on bamboo. The lemurs of the genus Hapalemur have more manual dexterity and hand–eye coordination than most lemurs. They are vertical climbers and jump from stalk to stalk in thick bamboo forests.

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Hapalemur griseus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El lémur mano gris,[2]lémur cariancho[1]​ o lémur gris del bambú (Hapalemur griseus),[3]​ es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae endémica de Madagascar. Como su nombre común lo sugiere, Hapalemur griseus se alimenta principalmente de bambú. Pertenece al género Hapalemur, una clase de lémures que posen una habilidad manual y coordinación mano-ojo mayor a la de los otros lémures.[4]​ Son escaladores verticales, y saltan de vara a vara en los bosques de bambú.

Características

 src=
Ejemplar adulto.

Hapalemur griseus es de color gris, a veces con un parche de pelaje rojo sobre sus cabezas. Su cuerpo mide de 27 a 37 cm, y su cola alcanza los 40 cm.[2]​ Su peso oscila entre 700 gramos y 1,0 kg, siendo las hembras más livianas que los machos.[2]​ En cautiverio han superado los 12 años de vida.[2]

Clasificación

La clasificación taxonómica del lémur gris no ha sido única. Fue clasificado junto con Hapalemur meridionalis dentro de la misma especie, hasta que estudios comparativos de sus ADN mitocondrial demostraron lo contrario.[5]

Actualmente, algunos zoólogos clasifican al Hapalemur griseus y a otra especie emparentada, el Hapalemur alaotrensis, como especies distintas,[3]​ y otros dentro de la misma especie.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b c Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). «Hapalemur griseus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 9 de septiembre de 2010.
  2. a b c d El Zoológico Electrónico: Mamíferos: Primates: Lémures El Lémur Mano Gris (hapalemur griseus) (http://www.damisela.com/zoo/) (revisado el 13/07/2008)
  3. a b Groves, Colin (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  4. Duke Lemur Center
  5. Fausser, J., Donati, G., Ramanamanjato, J. and Rumpler, Y. (2002). «Phylogenetic relationships between Hapalemur species and subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences». BMC Evol Biol. 2: 4. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-4.

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Hapalemur griseus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El lémur mano gris,​ lémur cariancho​ o lémur gris del bambú (Hapalemur griseus),​ es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae endémica de Madagascar. Como su nombre común lo sugiere, Hapalemur griseus se alimenta principalmente de bambú. Pertenece al género Hapalemur, una clase de lémures que posen una habilidad manual y coordinación mano-ojo mayor a la de los otros lémures.​ Son escaladores verticales, y saltan de vara a vara en los bosques de bambú.

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Hapalemur griseus ( Basque )

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Hapalemur griseus Lemuridae familiako primate lemuriforme espezie bat da. Lemur guztiak bezala Madagaskarren baino ez da bizi. Bere dietan batez ere banbuak du leku nagusia. Gehienek eskubiko eskua erabiltzen dute batik-bat eta begi-esku koordinazio handia dute. Bertikalki igotzen dira banbuetara eta batetik bestera salto egin ohi dute.

Kolorez grisa da, batzuetan ile gorriarekin buruaren gainean. 28,4 zentimetroko tamaina dute eta 36,6 zentimetroko isatsa.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Hapalemur griseus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Hapalemur griseus Lemuridae familiako primate lemuriforme espezie bat da. Lemur guztiak bezala Madagaskarren baino ez da bizi. Bere dietan batez ere banbuak du leku nagusia. Gehienek eskubiko eskua erabiltzen dute batik-bat eta begi-esku koordinazio handia dute. Bertikalki igotzen dira banbuetara eta batetik bestera salto egin ohi dute.

Kolorez grisa da, batzuetan ile gorriarekin buruaren gainean. 28,4 zentimetroko tamaina dute eta 36,6 zentimetroko isatsa.

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Bokombali ( Finnish )

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Bokombali (Hapalemur griseus)[2] on makien heimoon kuuluva puoliapina, joka elää vain Madagaskarilla.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Bokombali on kellanruskea[2] ja se on keskimäärin 28 sentin pituinen.

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Bokombalit elävät bambumetsissä.[2]

Ravinto

Bokombali syö hentoja lehtiä ja versoja[2]


Lähteet

  1. Hapalemur griseus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d Vallardi, Francesco (päätoimittaja), Suuri Eläinkirja, Nisäkkäät, WSOY 1965

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Bokombali: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Bokombali (Hapalemur griseus) on makien heimoon kuuluva puoliapina, joka elää vain Madagaskarilla.

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Hapalémur gris ( French )

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Hapalemur griseus

L'Hapalémur gris (Hapalemur griseus) est un lémurien endémique de Madagascar.

Description

L'hapalémur gris mesure environ 66 cm de long pour un poids de 0,9 kg. Le mâle est légèrement plus grand que la femelle[1].

Sous-espèces

Selon ITIS (5 septembre 2017)[2] :

  • Hapalemur griseus gilberti Rabarivola, Prosper, Zaramody, Andriaholinirina & Hauwy, 2007 (EN) En danger
  • Hapalemur griseus griseus (Link, 1795) (VU) Vulnérable
  • Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis Rabarivola, Prosper, Zaramody, Andriaholinirina & Hauwy, 2007 (DD) Données insuffisantes

Comportement

Cette espèce vit en groupe d'environ 4 individus mais parfois jusqu'à 40 peuvent être observés ensemble.

Alimentation

Il se nourrit principalement de bambous (72 %), puis d'herbes (16 %), de fruits (5 %) et de feuilles (4 %). Les femelles mangent généralement plus que les mâles lorsqu'elles sont en gestation ou qu'elles allaitent[1].

Galerie

Références

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Hapalémur gris: Brief Summary ( French )

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Hapalemur griseus

L'Hapalémur gris (Hapalemur griseus) est un lémurien endémique de Madagascar.

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Lemur bambu kecil timur ( Indonesian )

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Lemur bambu kecil timur (Hapalemur griseus), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan lemur bambu abu-abu dan lemur gentle abu-abu, adalah seekor lemur endemik kecil dari Madagaskar, dengan tiga subspesies yang diketahui. Sesuai dengan namanya, lemur bambu kecil timur utamanya memakan bambu.

Subspesies

 src=
Wilayah persebaran tiga subspesies:merah = H. g. griseushijau = H. g. ranomafanensisungu = H. g. gilberti

Lemur bambu kecil timur (Hapalemur griseus griseus), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan lemur bambu abu-abu, lemur bambu abu-abu timur, atau lemur gentle abu-abu, merupakan spesies yang aslinya dideskripsikan pada 1795.[1]

Lemur bambu Gilbert (H. g. gilberti), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan lemur gentle Gilbert atau lemur bambu Beanamalao, dideskripsikan sebagai sebuah subspesies pada 2007,[2] namun dinaikkan status menjadi spesies pada 2008.[3] Pada 2010, hewan tersebut kembali diturunkan pada status subspesies.[4] Hewan tersebut hanya diketahui berada di wilayah Ranomafana-Kianjavato, Madagaskar.[3]

Lemur bambu Ranomafana (H. g. ranomafanensis), atau lemur gentle Ranomafana, adalah subspesies ketiganya.[5]

Referensi

  1. ^ Templat:LoM3
  2. ^ Rabarivola, C., Prosper, P., Zaramody, A., Andriaholinirina, N. and Hauwy, M. (2007). "Cytogenetics and taxonomy of the genus Hapalemur". Lemur News. 12: 46–49.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Mittermeier, R., Ganzhorn, J., Konstant, W., Glander, K., Tattersall, I., Groves, C., Rylands, A., Hapke, A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Mayor, M., Louis, E., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C. & Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Templat:LoM3
  5. ^ Templat:LoM3

Pranala luar

Templat:Lemuridae nav

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Lemur bambu kecil timur: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Lemur bambu kecil timur (Hapalemur griseus), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan lemur bambu abu-abu dan lemur gentle abu-abu, adalah seekor lemur endemik kecil dari Madagaskar, dengan tiga subspesies yang diketahui. Sesuai dengan namanya, lemur bambu kecil timur utamanya memakan bambu.

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Hapalemur griseus ( Italian )

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L'apalemure grigio o bokombàl o bokombouli (Hapalemur griseus (Link, 1795)) è un primate della famiglia dei Lemuridae, endemico del Madagascar.

Distribuzione

È diffuso nella foresta pluviale del Madagascar orientale, dal massiccio di Tsaratanana a nord sino a Taolanaro (Fort Dauphin) a sud.

Tassonomia

Comprende due sottospecie:

H. griseus alaotrensis ed H. griseus occidentalis, in passato inclusi tra le sottospecie, sono oggi considerate come specie a sé stanti (Hapalemur alaotrensis e Hapalemur occidentalis); alcuni ricercatori propongono di classificare come specie a sé stante anche H. griseus meridionalis.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Hanno dimensioni piuttosto ragguardevoli (fino a 70 cm, di cui più di metà spettano alla coda).

Aspetto

Questi animali, come suggerito dal nome, sono principalmente di colore grigio, anche se il pelo lanoso può presentare disegni rossicci sulla testa: in controluce, il manto presenta un riflesso metallico giallo-zolfo. La testa è rotonda, con occhi piccoli e bruni ed orecchie molto simili a quelle umane, ma celate dal lungo pelo. Hanno zampe più corte in rapporto a quelle degli altri lemuridi: le mani ed i piedi sono ricoperti da una fine peluria fino alla radice delle unghie, che sono a forma di cuore e carenate nel mezzo, sicché terminano in una punta aguzza assai utile per aggrapparsi alle canne. Nel lato interno del polso, presentano un cuscinetto ghiandolare glabro e calloso, che secerne una sostanza oleosa con la quale i maschi sono soliti cospargersi durante il periodo degli accoppiamenti.

Comportamento

Si tratta di animali principalmente notturni, estremamente agili nei movimenti anche se dall'aspetto goffo.

Alimentazione

Ha una dieta estremamente specializzata: si nutre quasi esclusivamente di germogli, foglie e midollo di bambù gigante (Cathariostachys madagascariensis), o volohosy in malgascio.

Status e conservazione

La IUCN red list considera questa specie come vulnerabile.

L'apalemure grigio è protetto nel Parco nazionale di Marojejy, nella Riserva naturale integrale di Zahamena, nella Riserva naturale integrale di Betampona, nel Parco nazionale di Andohahela, nella Riserva speciale di Anjanaharibe Sud, nella Riserva speciale di Manombo e nel Parco nazionale di Ranomafana.

Bibliografia

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Hapalemur griseus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'apalemure grigio o bokombàl o bokombouli (Hapalemur griseus (Link, 1795)) è un primate della famiglia dei Lemuridae, endemico del Madagascar.

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Grijze halfmaki ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De grijze halfmaki (Hapalemur griseus) is een halfmaki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar. De soort grijze halfmaki wordt weer verder opgesplitst. Deze soort wordt ook wel de oostelijke grijze halfmaki genoemd, omdat twee ondersoorten de status van soort is toegekend: Hapalemur griseus occidentalis en Hapalemur griseus meridionalis.[2]

Beschrijving

 src=
Grijze halfmaki in zijn leefgebied in het nationale park Marojejy.

De grijze halfmaki behoort tot de kleinere soorten halfmaki's. Hij heeft een grijze tot olijfkleurige vacht van boven naar de schouders toe neigt de kleur meer naar roodbruin, vooral bij dieren in het zuidelijk deel van het verspredingsgebied. De snuit is kort, zoals bij alle halfmaki's. De buik is vuilwit tot lichtgrijs van kleur.

Een volwassen grijze halfmaki heeft een kop-romplengte van 24 tot 30 cm, een staartlengte van 32 tot 40 cm en een lichaamsgewicht van 0,75 tot 1,05 kg.

Leefgebied

De grijze halfmaki leeft in vochtige regenwouden gemengd met bamboebos in het oosten van Madagaskar op een hoogte van maximaal 1600 m boven de zeespiegel. In het noorden grenst het verspreidingsgebied aan dat van Hapalemur occidentalis en in het zuiden met dat van Hapalemur meridionalis.

Het is een bewoner van regenwoud met bamboe en meer dan driekwart van zijn dieet bestaat uit de jonge scheuten en bladeren van bamboe.

De grijze halfmaki leeft in familiegroepjes, bestaande uit twee tot zeven individuen. In 1979 werd de dichtheid nog geschat op 47 tot 62 individuen/km² .

Bedreigingen

De grijze halfmaki is kwetsbaar want er wordt veel op gejaagd voor het vlees en het dier wordt als huisdier gehouden. Verder verdwijnt er leefgebied door zwerflandbouw (slash-and-burn) en andere vormen van ontbossing waarbij bamboe verloren gaat. De achteruitgang in aantal bedraagt 30% in 27 jaar; dat is drie generaties, 1,3% per jaar, 11,2% per generatie. Daarom staat de grijze halfmaki als kwetsbaar op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]


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Grijze halfmaki: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De grijze halfmaki (Hapalemur griseus) is een halfmaki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar. De soort grijze halfmaki wordt weer verder opgesplitst. Deze soort wordt ook wel de oostelijke grijze halfmaki genoemd, omdat twee ondersoorten de status van soort is toegekend: Hapalemur griseus occidentalis en Hapalemur griseus meridionalis.

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Gråhalvmaki ( Norwegian )

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Gråhalvmakien (Hapalemur griseus) er en liten halvape/primatart av familien Makier og Lemurer og er utbredt i nord og øst på Madagaskar.

Dette er den eneste makien - faktisk den eneste primaten som er tilpasset et liv i sivbeltet rundt innsjøer. Hele kroppen er grå og den har en stump snute. Den grå halvmakien lever i flokker på 3-5 individer, som ledes av en dominant hann. Denne spesialiserte makien er truet på grunn av biotopødeleggelser.

Kosthold

Gråhalvmakien lever av bladene, skuddene, knoppene og margen på siv.

Utseende

  • Lengde: 40 cm
  • Vekt: 1 kg
  • Hale: 40 cm
  • Sosial enhet: Flokk


Eksterne lenker

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Gråhalvmaki: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Gråhalvmakien (Hapalemur griseus) er en liten halvape/primatart av familien Makier og Lemurer og er utbredt i nord og øst på Madagaskar.

Dette er den eneste makien - faktisk den eneste primaten som er tilpasset et liv i sivbeltet rundt innsjøer. Hele kroppen er grå og den har en stump snute. Den grå halvmakien lever i flokker på 3-5 individer, som ledes av en dominant hann. Denne spesialiserte makien er truet på grunn av biotopødeleggelser.

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Lêmure-grisalho-do-bambu ( Portuguese )

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O Lêmure grisalho do bambu[1] é um pequeno lêmure endémico de Madagáscar. Os lêmures do gênero Hapalemur tem mais destreza manual e coordenação que a maioria dos lêmures. Eles são escaladores e saltam verticalmente de haste a haste nas florestas de bambu.

Características

O Lêmure grisalho do bambu é cinza, às vezes com coloração vermelha na cabeça. Seu corpo tem entre 27 e 37 cm, e sua cauda atinge 40 cm. O seu peso varia entre 700 gramas e 1,0 kg, com as fêmeas mais leves que os machos.

Distribuição

Esses lêmures, como todos que existem em Madagascar, tem sua localização que se estende ao longo da costa leste da ilha, aproximadamente entre o Lago Alaotra e do rio Mananara. Por causa das incertezas quanto à separação de novas espécies e áreas de cruzamento com outros lêmures de bambu, as dimensões exatas da escala são controversos. O habitat destes animais são revestidas por florestas de bambu.

Aspectos da vida

 src=
Jovem lêmure no meio dos bambus

Estes primatas são predominantemente diurnos, mas às vezes as suas chamadas são ouvidas na noite. Eles são moradores de árvores, nos troncos e ramos. Seu movimento em escalada é vertical e saltatório.

Eles vivem em grupos de dois a sete (às vezes até onze) animais. Grupos menores são compostas de um macho e uma fêmea, os grupos maiores podem conter várias fêmeas reprodutivas. Há territórios demarcados pelos Lêmures grisalhos do bambu, que tem extensão de cerca de 15 a 20 hectares, e são marcados com secreções glandulares, e por sua reputação.

Os inimigos naturais incluem grandes aves de rapina e cobras como a Jibóia de Madagascar.

A dieta do Lêmure grisalho é de cerca de 80% de bambu, e eles preferem folhas jovens e brotos. Eles também comem outras folhas, frutas, e às vezes alguns tipos de fungos.

Reprodução

Depois de um 140 dias de gestação, a fêmea dá à luz um único jovem. Primeiro, a mãe leva o jovem em sua boca, depois ela o coloca em suas costas, ou pode acabar deixando-o ficar em um lugar protegido durante sua busca por comida. Com seis semanas a mãe leva os jovens para o aprendizado a pular de bambu a bambu pela primeira vez, e com quatro meses, eles são desmamados. Em cuidados humanos, esse Lêmure já viveu até 17 anos.[carece de fontes?]

Perigos

Entre os principais perigos do lêmure grisalho é a caça, destruição de seu habitat, desmatamento como o corte e queima das moitas de bambu. A IUCN[2] estima que a população total tem diminuído ao longo dos últimos 27 anos (três gerações) por mais de 30%, e as listas das espécies poderão entrar como "vulnerável" a extinção se o ritmo de matança dos lêmures continuar desse modo.

Referências

  1. (em castelhano): El Zoológico Electrónico: Mamíferos: Primates: Lémures El Lémur Mano Gris (hapalemur griseus) (http://www.damisela.com/zoo/) (revisado el 13/07/2008)
  2. (em inglês): Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Hapalemur griseus. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Consultado em 1 janeiro 2009.
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Lêmure-grisalho-do-bambu: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O Lêmure grisalho do bambu é um pequeno lêmure endémico de Madagáscar. Os lêmures do gênero Hapalemur tem mais destreza manual e coordenação que a maioria dos lêmures. Eles são escaladores e saltam verticalmente de haste a haste nas florestas de bambu.

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Hapalemur griseus ( Swedish )

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Hapalemur griseus är en primat i familjen lemurer som förekommer på Madagaskar.

Utseende

Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 24 till 40 cm, en svanslängd av 32 till 40 cm och en vikt mellan 0,7 och 1,0 kg. Pälsen är på ovansidan grå till olivgrå och på buken samt i ansiktet ljusgrå. Svansen är allmänt mörkare och håren kring ansiktet är mera kastanjebrun. Med de jämförelsevis långa bakbenen kan den hoppa långt.[3]

Utbredning och habitat

Lemurens utbredningsområde ligger huvudsakligen på östra Madagaskar. Nyare studier antyder att vissa populationer av halvmakier på västra Madagaskar ska räknas till denna art. I regioner med flera olika halvmakier finns ofta hybrider och därför är utbredningsområdets gränser inte helt utredd. Habitatet utgörs av regnskogar som är rik på bambu. Arten vistas i låglandet och i upp till 1 600 meter höga bergstrakter.[1]

Ekologi

Denna primat livnär sig huvudsakligen av bambu och äter dessutom blad av andra växter, blommor och frukter. Vissa delar av bambu är giftiga. Troligen äter lemuren huvudsakligen unga växtskott för att undvika de giftiga ämnena. Angående aktivitetstiden finns olika uppgifter. Overdorff et. al. (1997) skriver att arten är bara aktiv på dagen medan den enligt andra studier kan vara aktiv på natten.[3]

Hapalemur griseus bildar flockar av omkring nio individer som består av en hanne, upp till två honor och deras ungar. De har olika skrik för kommunikationen. Gruppen har ett revir som markeras med körtelvätska. Parningen sker vanligen mellan oktober och januari. Dräktigheten varar omkring 140 dagar och sedan föds vanligen ett enda ungdjur. I början sitter ungen i honans mun när modern rör sig och senare rider den på moderns rygg eller väntar i ett gömställe. Honan slutar efter fyra månader med digivning och alla ungar som blev könsmogna lämnar flocken. Under människans uppsikt går livslängden upp till 17 år.[3]

Status

Arten jagas och den fångas även för att hålla den som sällskapsdjur. Ett annat hot är habitatförstörelse genom svedjebruk. IUCN listar Hapalemur griseus som sårbar (VU).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Andrainarivo, C. et. al. 2011 Hapalemur griseus Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 25 augusti 2012.
  2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Hapalemur griseus (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  3. ^ [a b c] R. Edwards (27 april 2005). ”Eastern lesser bamboo lemur”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 4 mars 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114119/http://www.arkive.org/eastern-lesser-bamboo-lemur/hapalemur-griseus/image-G43573.html#text=All#text=All. Läst 25 augusti 2012.

Externa länkar

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Hapalemur griseus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Hapalemur griseus är en primat i familjen lemurer som förekommer på Madagaskar.

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Hapalemur griseus ( Vietnamese )

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Hapalemur griseus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Lemuridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Link mô tả năm 1795.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Andriaholinirina, N., Baden, A., Blanco, M., Chikhi, L., Cooke, A., Davies, N., Dolch, R., Donati, G., Ganzhorn, J., Golden, C., Groeneveld, L.F., Hapke, A., Irwin, M., Johnson, S., Kappeler, P., King, T., Lewis, R., Louis, E.E., Markolf, M., Mass, V., Mittermeier, R.A., Nichols, R., Patel, E., Rabarivola, C.J., Raharivololona, B., Rajaobelina, S., Rakotoarisoa, G., Rakotomanga, B., Rakotonanahary, J., Rakotondrainibe, H., Rakotondratsimba, G., Rakotondratsimba, M., Rakotonirina, L., Ralainasolo, F.B., Ralison, J., Ramahaleo, T., Ranaivoarisoa, J.F., Randrianahaleo, S.I., Randrianambinina, B., Randrianarimanana, L., Randrianasolo, H., Randriatahina, G., Rasamimananana, H., Rasolofoharivelo, T., Rasoloharijaona, S., Ratelolahy, F., Ratsimbazafy, J., Ratsimbazafy, N., Razafindraibe, H., Razafindramanana, J., Rowe, N., Salmona, J., Seiler, M., Volampeno, S., Wright, P., Youssouf, J., Zaonarivelo, J. & Zaramody, A. (2014). Hapalemur griseus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2014.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2014.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Hapalemur griseus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hapalemur griseus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Hapalemur griseus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Lemuridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Link mô tả năm 1795.

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Серый лемур ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Лемурообразные
Надсемейство: Lemuroidea
Семейство: Лемуровые
Вид: Серый лемур
Международное научное название

Hapalemur griseus (Link, 1795)

Синонимы
  • Hapalemur cinereus Desmarest, 1820
  • Hapalemur olivaceus I. Geoffroy, 1851
  • Hapalemur schlegeli Pocock, 1917
Подвиды
  • Hapalemur griseus griseus
  • Hapalemur griseus gilberti
  • Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis
Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
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ITIS 572870NCBI 13557EOL 326531

Серый лемур[1], или серый кроткий лемур[2], или серый гапалемур[1] (лат. Hapalemur griseus) — млекопитающее из рода кротких лемуров (Hapalemur) семейства Лемуровых (Lemuridae). Эндемик Мадагаскара. Питается в основном бамбуком. Эти животные очень ловкие и хорошо координированы[3]. Отлично лазают по деревьям и стеблям бамбука, могут быстро передвигаться в бамбуковых рощах при помощи прыжков со стебля на стебель.

Цвет шерсти — серый, часто с красноватой отметиной на голове. В длину составляет в среднем 28,4 см, хвост длинный, в среднем 36,6 см.

В 1795 году был описан подвид Hapalemur griseus griseus[4]. В 2007 году был описан другой подвид кроткого лемура — Hapalemur griseus gilberti[5], который, однако, был признан отдельным видом в 2008 году[6]. Однако проведённые в 2010 году исследования на молекулярном уровне показали, что Hapalemur gilberti следует всё-таки считать подвидом кроткого лемура[7]. Этот подвид водится только в национальном парке «Ранумафана»[6].

Третий подвид кроткого лемура — Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis[8].

См. также

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 83. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Фишер Д., Саймон Н., Винсент Д. Красная книга. Дикая природа в опасности / пер. с англ., под ред. А. Г. Банникова. — М.: Прогресс, 1976. — С. 37. — 478 с.
  3. Duke Lemur Center Архивировано 21 марта 2008 года.
  4. Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; Langrand, O.; Rylands, A.B.; Hawkins, F.; Rajaobelina, S.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Rasoloarison, R.; Roos, C.; Kappeler, P.M.; MacKinnon, J. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. (3rd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 322—325. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5.
  5. Rabarivola, C., Prosper, P., Zaramody, A., Andriaholinirina, N. and Hauwy, M. (2007). “Cytogenetics and taxonomy of the genus Hapalemur”. Lemur News. 12: 46—49.
  6. 1 2 Mittermeier, R., Ganzhorn, J., Konstant, W., Glander, K., Tattersall, I., Groves, C., Rylands, A., Hapke, A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Mayor, M., Louis, E., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C. & Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008). “Lemur Diversity in Madagascar”. International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607—1656. DOI:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
  7. Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; Langrand, O.; Rylands, A.B.; Hawkins, F.; Rajaobelina, S.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Rasoloarison, R.; Roos, C.; Kappeler, P.M.; MacKinnon, J. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. (3rd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 326—327. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5.
  8. Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; Langrand, O.; Rylands, A.B.; Hawkins, F.; Rajaobelina, S.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Rasoloarison, R.; Roos, C.; Kappeler, P.M.; MacKinnon, J. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. (3rd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 328—331. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5.
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Серый лемур: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Серый лемур, или серый кроткий лемур, или серый гапалемур (лат. Hapalemur griseus) — млекопитающее из рода кротких лемуров (Hapalemur) семейства Лемуровых (Lemuridae). Эндемик Мадагаскара. Питается в основном бамбуком. Эти животные очень ловкие и хорошо координированы. Отлично лазают по деревьям и стеблям бамбука, могут быстро передвигаться в бамбуковых рощах при помощи прыжков со стебля на стебель.

Цвет шерсти — серый, часто с красноватой отметиной на голове. В длину составляет в среднем 28,4 см, хвост длинный, в среднем 36,6 см.

В 1795 году был описан подвид Hapalemur griseus griseus. В 2007 году был описан другой подвид кроткого лемура — Hapalemur griseus gilberti, который, однако, был признан отдельным видом в 2008 году. Однако проведённые в 2010 году исследования на молекулярном уровне показали, что Hapalemur gilberti следует всё-таки считать подвидом кроткого лемура. Этот подвид водится только в национальном парке «Ранумафана».

Третий подвид кроткого лемура — Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis.

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ハイイロジェントルキツネザル ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ハイイロジェントルキツネザル Grijze halfmaki 11.JPG
アンダシベ=マンタディア国立公園で撮影されたハイイロジェントルキツネザル
保全状況評価[1] VULNERABLE
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 VU.svg危急種ワシントン条約附属書I[2] 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 霊長目 Primates 亜目 : 曲鼻亜目 Strepsirrhini 下目 : キツネザル下目 Lemuriformes 上科 : キツネザル上科 Lemuroidea : キツネザル科 Lemuridae : ジェントルキツネザル属 Hapalemur : ハイイロジェントルキツネザル Hapalemur griseus 学名 Hapalemur griseus 和名 ハイイロジェントルキツネザル 英名 eastern lesser bamboo lemur
gray bamboo lemur
gray gentle lemur 亜種
  • H. g. griseus (Link, 1795)
  • H. g. gilberti (Rabarivol et al, 2007)
  • H. g. ranomafanensis (Rabarivol et al, 2007)
Hapalemur griseus subspecies range map.svg
亜種別の生息図
赤:H. griseus griseus
緑:H. griseus ranomafanensis
紫:H. griseus gilberti

ハイイロジェントルキツネザルHapalemur griseusフランス語: Hapalémur Gris、Petit Hapalémurマダガスカル語: Bokombolo、Kotrika、Kontè[3]英語: Eastern lesser bamboo lemur、Gray bamboo lemur、Gray gentle lemur)は、キツネザル科ジェントルキツネザル属の一種。マダガスカル固有種であり[4]、3亜種に分かれる。

主食としている[4]。キツネザル科の中でもジェントルキツネザル属は、他の属よりも手先が器用かつ眼と手の協応英語版に優れている。竹林に生息し、竹によじ登り、竹から竹へと飛び移る生活を送っている。

体色は灰色、時々赤い斑点が頭部に現れる。平均的な全長は雄が67.69cm、雌が66.94cm[3]。全長約65cmの場合に尾が37cmに達する[4]。体重は1kg弱である[3][4]

亜種[編集]

ハイイロジェントルキツネザルは、3つの亜種に分かれる。1795年に描かれたものがハイイロジェントルキツネザル(Hapalemur griseus griseus)である[5]

ギルバートジェントルキツネザルもしくはベアナマラウジェントルキツネザル(Hapalemur griseus gilberti、Gilbert's bamboo lemur、Gilbert's gentle lemur、Beanamalao bamboo lemur)は、2007年に亜種に分類されたが[6]、2008年には独立した種として扱われた[7]。さらに2010年には、亜種に戻された[8]。この亜種は、ラヌマファナ=キアンジャヴァツ周辺でのみ知られている[7]

ラヌマファナジェントルキツネザル(Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis、Ranomafana bamboo lemur、Ranomafana gentle lemur)は、2007年に分類された第3の亜種である[9][10]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ Hapalemur griseus”. レッドリスト. 国際自然保護連合 (2016年5月30日閲覧。
  2. ^ Checklist of CITES Species”. ワシントン条約事務局. 世界自然保全モニタリングセンター. ^ a b c Bamboo lemur (Hapalemur)”. ウィスコンシン国立霊長類センター. ^ a b c d どうぶつ図鑑「ハイイロジェントルキツネザル」”. 東京ズーネット. ^ Russell Mittermeier; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; Langrand, O.; Rylands, A.B.; Hawkins, F.; Rajaobelina, S.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Rasoloarison, R.; Roos, C.; Kappeler, P.M.; MacKinnon, J. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar (3 ed.). Conservation International. pp. 322–325. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5.
  3. ^ Rabarivola, C., Prosper, P., Zaramody, A., Andriaholinirina, N. and Hauwy, M. (2007). “Cytogenetics and taxonomy of the genus Hapalemur”. Lemur News 12: 46–49.
  4. ^ a b Russell Mittermeier, Ganzhorn, J., Konstant, W., Glander, K., Tattersall, I., コリン・グローヴズ, Rylands, A., Hapke, A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Mayor, M., Louis, E., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C. & Rasoloarison, R. (2008-12). “Lemur Diversity in Madagascar”. International Journal of Primatology 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
  5. ^ Lemurs of Madagascar pp326-327
  6. ^ Lemurs of Madagascar pp326-327
  7. ^ Hapalemur griseus ssp. ranomafanensis”. レッドリスト. 国際自然保護連合 (2016年5月30日閲覧。

外部リンク[編集]

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ハイイロジェントルキツネザル: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ハイイロジェントルキツネザル(Hapalemur griseus、フランス語: Hapalémur Gris、Petit Hapalémur、マダガスカル語: Bokombolo、Kotrika、Kontè、英語: Eastern lesser bamboo lemur、Gray bamboo lemur、Gray gentle lemur)は、キツネザル科ジェントルキツネザル属の一種。マダガスカル固有種であり、3亜種に分かれる。

主食としている。キツネザル科の中でもジェントルキツネザル属は、他の属よりも手先が器用かつ眼と手の協応英語版)に優れている。竹林に生息し、竹によじ登り、竹から竹へと飛び移る生活を送っている。

体色は灰色、時々赤い斑点が頭部に現れる。平均的な全長は雄が67.69cm、雌が66.94cm。全長約65cmの場合に尾が37cmに達する。体重は1kg弱である。

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동부작은대나무여우원숭이 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

동부작은대나무여우원숭이(Hapalemur griseus)는 마다가스카르가 원 서식지인 작은 여우원숭이의 일종이다. 회색대나무여우원숭이 또는 회색젠틀여우원숭이로도 알려져 있다. 이름에서 드러나는 것처럼, 동부작은대나무여우원숭이는 대나무를 주식으로 한다. 대나무여우원숭이속의 이 여우원숭이는 대부분의 다른 여우원숭이들보다 뛰어난 손재주와 손과 눈의 협응 능력을 지니고 있다.[3] 이들은 울창한 대나무 숲에서 대나무를 수직으로 기어오르거나 대나무 사이를 건너뛴다. 동부작은대나무여우원숭이의 털 색깔은 회색으로, 머리에 붉은 반점을 보이기도 한다. 몸 길이는 평균 284 mm이며, 꼬리 길이는 36.6 mm이다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 116쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Hapalemur griseus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 1일에 확인함.
  3. “Duke Lemur Center”. 2008년 3월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 3월 21일에 확인함.
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