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Associations

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Black-faced lion tamarins vary their sleeping spots to avoid predation (Harper). Some predators that have been reported include black-hawk eagles, jaguar, jaguraundi, ocelot, ornate hawk-eagles, and tayra.

Known Predators:

  • black-hawk eagles (Spizaetus tyrannus)
  • ornate hawk-eagles (Spizaetus ornatus)
  • Jaguars (Panthera onca)
  • jaguarundis (Hepailurus yaguarondi)
  • ocelots (Leopardus pardalis)
  • tayra (Eira barbara)
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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Morphology

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All four species of lion tamarins, including L. caissara, are also known as "Kings of the Jungle." Their tiny wrinkled faces are surrounded by tufts of hair that resemble a lion's mane. The mane, arms, and tail of L. caissara, are black, whereas the rest of the body has a golden color to it. Tamarins in general are monkeys the size of large squirrels (Newsweek, 1990). The average body mass is about 600 g, and the average length is about 30.5 cm (without the tail). The tail can be up to 43.2 cm long (Massicot, 2001). These tamarins have non-opposable thumbs, long digits for getting at insects and fruit, and claw-like nails for digging up insects under the bark of trees (Flannery, 2001).

Average mass: 600 g.

Average length: 30.5 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Life Expectancy

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Lifespan in this species has not been reported, but in another member of the same genus, L. rosalia, one individual lived in captivity for over 28 years (Nowak, 1999).

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Habitat

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L. caissara occupies deciduous rainforests (Flannery, 2001).

Habitat Regions: tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Conservation Status

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Black-faced lion tamarins are among of the world's rarest mammals and the species listed as critically endangered by the IUCN (Massicot, 2001). The estimated wild population of this animal is less than 300 individuals (Harper). There are several groups working to protect the tamarins and their habitat. Such groups include Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, whose goal is to collect information regarding the natural history of this animal, along with basic habitat and behavioral data. This information is then used to educate the public, especially those living in or near the habitat of the tamarin (Prado). The group "Wildinvest," is working to help fund conservation projects for endangered or threatened animals such as black-faced lion tamarins. This group is supporting the black-faced lion tamarin conservation project, which is working to protect and restore the habitat, educate the public of the importance of conservation, as well as employing many other conservation management strategies (Massicot, 2001).

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: threatened

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Benefits

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No negative impact has been indicated in the literature.

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Benefits

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Impact of this species on humans is very limited, due to the small size of the population. However, as with all endangered primates, there is likely some ecotourism generated from these animals.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Associations

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Because it eats fruit, this species helps to disperse seeds. It also likely has some effect on populations of insects, snakes, and small lizards because of its predatory behavior on these animals. Because L. caissara is also a prey item, fluctuations in the population of these primates probably has some effect on its predators.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Trophic Strategy

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Black-faced lion tamarins are primarily frugivorous, feeding on fruit, flowers, gum and nectar. However, they also eat insects, which they find under the bark of trees, as well as small lizards and snakes (Massicot, 2001).

Animal Foods: reptiles; insects

Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; flowers; sap or other plant fluids

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Distribution

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The geographic range of the Leontopithecus caissara is limited to about 17,300 hectares in southeastern Brazil (Massicot, 2001). It was first discovered in 1990 and was thought to exist only on the small island of Superagui in the state of Parana. It has since been observed on the mainland in the adjacent state of Sao Paulo (Kleiman and Mallison, 1998).

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Reproduction

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These animals mate monogamously. Male and female maintain a territory, on which they tollerate their non-breeding offspring.

Mating System: monogamous

Black-faced lion tamarins are fairly social mammals living in groups ranging from 2 to 11 members (Massicot, 2001). They are mostly monogamous and both the male and female care for the young. They mate once a year and give birth usually to two offspring at a time, although triplets and quadruplets have been seen in the wild. Young are born fully furred with their eyes open (Nowak, 1999). The older twins from the previous year tend to remain and help raise the new young (Harper). The father carries the infants around while the mother nurses them every 2-3 hours. The birth peak is from September to March (Flannery, 2001). Weaning usually occurs by 12 weeks of age in captivity . Females reach sexually maturity around 18 months of age, whereas males mature sexually around 24 months (Nowak, 1999).

Breeding season: Births of black-faced lion tamarins peak from September-March.

Average number of offspring: 2.

Average weaning age: 12 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 18-24 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 18-24 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

As in all mammals, the mother nurses the young. The father is attentive in tamarins, however, and begins carrying the young part of the time within a few weeks of birth. By three weeks, the father has charge of the young almost all the time, except when they are nursing. Young from a previous litter may also help to carry the infants (Nowak, 1999).

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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Martin, P. 2003. "Leontopithecus caissara" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_caissara.html
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Pam Martin, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Biology

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An arboreal species, the black-faced lion tamarin is active in the day and uses its long dextrous digits to forage for fruit, flowers, seeds, young leaves, nectar, insects, and small vertebrates such as reptiles and nestlings (2) (6). It typically lives in groups of two to seven individuals (2), and at night the whole group retires to tree holes to sleep (7). Births peak from September to March (5), and females usually give birth to twins (4). Some experts believe that the black-faced lion tamarin is actually a subspecies of the black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus) (4).
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Conservation

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The black-faced lion tamarin project aims to study the species and gather information on its ecology and behaviour (7). Findings will be used to inform conservation management programmes, and raise awareness of the species through environmental education in the local area. Captive breeding programmes could also help this species enormously, and are a priority for future conservation efforts (2). This tamarin is one of the world's 25 most endangered primates and is on the very brink of extinction. It will require long-term conservation efforts and protection if it is to survive.
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Description

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The black-faced lion tamarin has a golden-coloured back that contrasts with the black face, head, mane, chest, feet, forearms and tail (2) (4). Like all lion tamarins it has a long tail, silky fur and a mane of hair that frames the face (4). Claws are found at the end of the long fingers, except on the first digit of each toe, which has a flattened nail (2) (5).
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Habitat

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Inhabits the Atlantic primary lowland coastal forest of south-eastern Brazil (2) (5).
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Range

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This species was first discovered in 1990 on Superagui Island, off the south-eastern coast of Brazil. By 1995, it had also been recorded on nearby parts of the mainland in the states of Parana and Sao Paulo. In 1997, the population was estimated to measure fewer than 260 individuals (6), mainly located within Superagui National Park (7).
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Status

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Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3).
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Threats

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Habitat loss as a result of development, cultivation and the increase in tourism in the area, as well as the capture of live individuals, has posed a threat to the survival of the species (6).
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Superagüi lion tamarin

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The black-faced lion tamarin or Superagüi lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara) is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. It is endangered and endemic to coastal forests in southeastern Brazil. There are several conservation projects and the total populations is unlikely to exceed 400 individuals.[3] It is overall golden-orange with contrasting black head, legs and tail.[6]

The black-faced lion tamarin was not recognized until 1990 when two Brazilian researchers, Maria Lucia Lorini and Vanessa Persson, described it based on individuals from the island of Superagui in the Brazilian state of Paraná.[6] Shortly after additional populations were discovered on the adjacent mainland in Paraná and in the far southern São Paulo.[7] The specific name caissara is a reference to the caicaras, the local people of Superagui Island.

Mainland populations prefer swampy and inundated secondary forest for habitat. The island population use mainly tall lowland forest and arboreal restinga (coastal forest on sandy soils) as primary habitat. Both populations strictly remain at altitudes below 40 m (130 ft).[8]

Behavior

The black-faced lion tamarin is an arboreal species and primarily eats small fruits and invertebrates such as insect, spiders and snails. They are also known to drink nectar, eat the young leaves of bromeliads and consume mushrooms.[6] They are thought to supplement parts of their diet with mushrooms during the dry season.[9]

The black-faced lion tamarin lives in extended family groups with 2-8 members. Within these families there is normally only one breeding female per season.[3] Births typically occur from September to March and females normally give birth to twins.[10] Social interaction is a key component in maintaining a reproductive system such as this. Grooming is the most common form of affiliative behavior seen by the species specifically between the breeding pair.[11]

Conservation

Threats

The black-faced lion tamarin has such a specific habitat preference and low population (400 individuals in total, of which approximately half are mature) that habitat loss is the greatest threat to the species.[3] Agriculture, development, fragmentation and extraction of heart-of-palm are the leading causes for their habitat loss.[12] It is also threatened from the illegal pet trade, hunting, increased tourism and inbreeding depression.[3]

Protection and conservation projects

The Superagüi lion tamarin is listed as endangered by the IUCN, included on the Endangered Species Act and is listed on CITES Appendix I. Within Brazil, it is included on the national Official List of Species Threatened with Extinction[13] and it is also on regional lists by both the Paraná and São Paulo states.[14][15]

The Superagüi National Park covers most of the black-faced lion tamarin home ranges including Superagui Island and adjacent mainland parts of the state of Paraná. The national park is 33,988 hectares large and the black-faced lion tamarin is one of the endemic species that is used as a conservation unit for management of the park.[16] The population in São Paulo is protected in the Jacupiranga State Park.[3]

The Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ)[17] began the black-faced lion tamarin conservation program in 1996 and through 2004 focused on learning the ecology and natural history of the species. In 2005, enough data was collected to create the first conservation action plan for the black-faced lion tamarin and its habitat. As well as collecting additional data, from 2005 to 2007 IPÊ completed a diagnostic of threats to the survival of the species. They then hosted the first Eco-Negotiation Workshop in Ariri (São Paulo) in 2009, with a focus on education and awareness of sustainable production. Currently some of their objectives include evaluating dispersal of young, refine the projected population, observe the effects of sea rise due to climate change, and promote sustainable harvest of heart-of-palm.[18]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ludwig, G., Nascimento, A.T.A., Miranda, J.M.D., Martins, M., Jerusalinsky, L. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2021). "Leontopithecus caissara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T11503A206547044. Retrieved 19 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  5. ^ Lorini, M.L; Persson, V.G. (1990). "Uma nova espécie de Leontopithecus Lesson, 1840, do sul do Brasil (Primates, Callitrichidae)". Boletim do Museu Nacional. 338: 1–14.
  6. ^ a b c Russell A. Mittermeier et al. Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2004–2006 [1]"Primate Conservation" 2006
  7. ^ Kleiman, Devra G. and Jeremy J.C. Mallinson. (Feb. 1998). Recovery and Management Committees for Lion Tamarins: Partnerships in Conservation Planning and Implementation. Society for Conservation Biology.
  8. ^ Nascimento, Alexandre; Amaral, T.; Schmidlin, Lucia A.J. (2011). "Habitat selection by, and carrying capacity for, the Critically Endangered black-faced lion tamarin "Leontopithecus caissara" (Primates: Callitrichidae)". Oryx. 45 (2): 288–295. doi:10.1017/s0030605310000943.
  9. ^ Raboy, B. E. & Dietz, J. M. (2004). "Diet, Foraging, and Use of Space in Wild Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 63 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1002/ajp.20032. PMID 15152369. S2CID 1366351.
  10. ^ "Black-faced lion tamarin biology". ARKive. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  11. ^ Gabriela Ludwig. Padrão de atividade, Hábito alimentar, Área de vida e Uso do espaço do mico-leão-de-cara-preta (Leontopithecus caissara Lorini & Persson 1990) (Primates, Callitrichidae) no Parque Nacional do Superagui, Guaraqueçaba, Estado do Paraná. "UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ" 2011
  12. ^ Vivekananda, G. 2001. Parque Nacional do Superagui: A presença humana e os objetivos de conservação. Masters Thesis, Universidade Federal do Paraná.
  13. ^ Lista Oficial de Espécies Brasileiras Ameaçadas de Extinção, Edict No. 1.522/19 December 1989, see Bernardes et al. 1990; Fonseca et al. 1994
  14. ^ Brazil, Paraná SEMA, 1995
  15. ^ Brazil, São Paulo SMA, 1998
  16. ^ "Superagüi National Park". ParksWatch.
  17. ^ "IPÊ - Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas". www.ipe.org.br. Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  18. ^ "Black-Faced Lion Tamarin Conservation Program". Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas. Retrieved 25 May 2014.

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Superagüi lion tamarin: Brief Summary

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The black-faced lion tamarin or Superagüi lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara) is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. It is endangered and endemic to coastal forests in southeastern Brazil. There are several conservation projects and the total populations is unlikely to exceed 400 individuals. It is overall golden-orange with contrasting black head, legs and tail.

The black-faced lion tamarin was not recognized until 1990 when two Brazilian researchers, Maria Lucia Lorini and Vanessa Persson, described it based on individuals from the island of Superagui in the Brazilian state of Paraná. Shortly after additional populations were discovered on the adjacent mainland in Paraná and in the far southern São Paulo. The specific name caissara is a reference to the caicaras, the local people of Superagui Island.

Mainland populations prefer swampy and inundated secondary forest for habitat. The island population use mainly tall lowland forest and arboreal restinga (coastal forest on sandy soils) as primary habitat. Both populations strictly remain at altitudes below 40 m (130 ft).

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