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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 36 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born female was likely around 36 years old when she died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Associations

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As grass feeders, gelada baboons are likely to have significant effects on the plant communities in areas where they feed. By digging for roots, tubers, and grass rhizomes, these animals help to aerate the soil. As possible prey items, these baboons may impact predator populations.

Ecosystem Impact: soil aeration

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Past records show that gelada baboons were hunted for food by farmers during dry seasons (Jablonski, 1993).

Positive Impacts: food

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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As human populations in Ethiopia and Eritrea grow, city boundries are expanding. Gelada baboons have been blamed for raids on cultivated lands, but many people believe the blame ill-placed. (Kawai, 1979. Jablonski, 1993).

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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The status of gelada baboons does not appear to be cause for concern at this point, yet because this is such an ecologically specialized species it has been included in the IUCN red Data Book and listed in appendix II of CITES, permitting only monitored trade between countries. Within Africa geladas are "permited to be hunted, killed, or collected only on government authority, but only providing it is in the national interest or for the purpose of science" (Dunbar, 1993: 582). Where geladas have been accused of raiding locally cultivated lands they are shot by farmers (Kawai, 1979). Within the Semien Mountain National Park, which is a conservation area, geladas are completely protected.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Primates typically have complex social communication involving visual, tactical and accoustic symbols. Sometimes, chemical cues are also used.

Geladas use visual signals, such as facial expression and body posture, to communicate with one another. There are also visual signals associated with estrus, such as the reddening of the chest patch in females.

Geladas make a number of vocalizations.

In addition, tactile communication, between mates, between grooming partners, as well as between mothers and their young, can be important in maintaining social bonds.

Some chemical communication is apparently also present in this species, as males often smell the reddedned chest patch of estrus females.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Gelada baboons are exclusively herbivorous, but their choice of food changes depending on seasonal availability. During the wet season (July and August), when green grass blades are abundant, they make up 93% of the diet of these baboons. In November, when the grasses have seeded, the seeds make up 70% of their diet. During the dry season (January and February), 67% of their food is grass rhizomes and 25% grass blades (Dunbar, 1977). Geladas are also known to harvest fruits, tubers, and flowers and stems throughout the year. (Dunbar, 1977; Kawai, 1979)

Gelada baboons are highly specialized feeders. The opposability of their first two digits is the highest of all the catarrhine primates and allows them to pick grass blades individually so that they can sort good grass from bad grass during the dry season. It is also notable that their phalanges are short and robust, which allows them to dig efficiently for tubers when desired. These specializations allow gelada baboons to take advantage of grassland environments that other primates could not inhabit as successfully (Dunbar, 1977).

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Gelada baboons are found only in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea. A majority of gelada baboon populations live in Gich and Sankaber areas of the Semien Mountains National Park in Ethiopia.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Gelada baboons are found inhabiting the high grasslands of Ethiopia and Eritrea, especially in the Semien Mountains National Park. Geladas prefer to sleep on rocky cliffs, from which they descend in the morning to go foraging in the nearby grasslands. Most of the gelada populations are found foraging in grasslands between 2,000 and 5,000 meters (Stammbach, 1987). This is a terrestrial species and is very specialized to this particular habitat.

Range elevation: 2,000 to 5,000 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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A captive gelada is reported to have lived well over 30 years. Lifespan of these animals in the wild has not been reported, but is presumably less than that seen in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
30+ (high) years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity:
27.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
20.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
20.8 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity:
28.0 years.

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Details on predation of gelada baboons are not available in the literature. Possible predators of these animals include large carnivores and raptors.

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Male gelada baboons weigh an average of 20.25 kg. Their bodies are 69 to 74 cm in lenth while their tails are an extra 45 to 50 cm long. Female geladas are somewhat smaller. They weigh an average of 14.8 kg, are 50 to 65 cm in body length and their tails are 30 to 41 cm long. (van Hooff, 1990: 258)

Members of both sexes have short rostrums and wide nostrils. They have short brown fur and both males and females have a hairless patch on their chests, usually triangular in shape, which is outlined by white hairs. The color and size of this patch in both sexes is dependent on hormonal changes in the females. Both sexes have pale eyelids which are used for expression. Males are marked by the presence of whiskers and a brown hairy mantle. (Stammbach, 1987; van Hooff, 1990)

Range mass: 13 to 21 kg.

Range length: 50 to 74 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Copulation is usually initiated by the female and occurs between the estrus females of a group and the group's male leader (Stammbach, 1987; Smuts, 1987).

Mating System: polygynous

Gelada baboons do not have a specific mating season, though it has been noted that the birth rate is higher during the rainy season. When a gelada female comes into estrus a ring of red beading develops in the naked patch on her chest and her ano-genital region swells visibly. The estrus cycles of females within a group are fairly synchronized, as are births. This may be due to social influence (Kawai, 1979).

Gestation length in gelada baboons is estimated at 5 to 6 months. Females generally give birth to one infant at a time and females with infants are anestrus (Smuts, 1987; Kawai, 1979). Lactation lasts for about 12 to 18 months. Females reach sexual maturity at about 4 or 5 years of age, but males do not become sexually mature until 5 or 7 years.

Breeding interval: It is possible for a female to produce young annually under good conditions.

Breeding season: Gelada baboons do not have a specific mating season, though it has been noted that the birth rate is higher during the rainy season.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 5 to 6 months.

Range weaning age: 12 to 18 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 4 to 5 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 7 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 464 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

As in other primates, parental care is primarily the responsibility of females. Females must carry, groom, nurse and protect their offpspring until the young are independent. The role of males in the care of offspring is not well understood.

Parental Investment: pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning

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Hiller, C. 2000. "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Theropithecus_gelada.html
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Cortney Hiller, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

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The basic unit of gelada society is the unimale family group, consisting of one male and several females and their young (6). Associated unimale groups cluster into bands that may travel in the same area, although membership is flexible and unimale groups have been known to travel with several different bands at different times or even alone (6) (7). Bands in turn aggregate in large temporary herds that come together usually during the dry season for grazing (6) (7). Outside of these social organisations are all-male bachelor groups, which forage on their own and sleep separately from the unimale groups (6) (7). Males from bachelor groups will challenge males of unimale groups for tenure of their harem, and thereby access to breeding females. Within unimale groups, female bonds are very strong, and the females will try to stay together even if the male of their group dies (6). There is no defined breeding season, but a birth peak has been noted during the rainy season. Females usually give birth to a single infant at a time, after a gestation of five to six months. Females attain sexual maturity at around four or five years of age, whereas it takes five to seven years for males to fully mature (7). The diet of this species depends on seasonal availability, but consists largely of grasses, with the blades, seeds and bulbs all being eaten (6) (7). Grasses are picked by rapid, dextrous hand movements as the gelada sits and shuffles along the ground (8), but the species is also reported to eat fruit, flowers, leaves, insects (6) and even small mammals (2).
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Conservation

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The gelada is listed on Appendix II of CITES, permitting only monitored quotas of trade between countries. It is also now illegal to hunt, kill or collect the species unless it is by government authority, which is only granted if it is deemed to be in the national interest or for the purpose of science. Additionally, the largest population of geladas exists within the Semien Mountain National Park, which is fully protected (7). Since the gelada is so highly adapted to its unique environment in the cool heights of the mountain meadows of Ethiopia, it is imperative that the conservation of the species focuses on the protection of this remaining habitat. As the last surviving species in a once great dynasty of grass-grazing primates, the gelada is a precious relic of its fossil relatives that we must preserve (4).
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Description

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Although often referred to as gelada baboons, these monkeys actually belong to a separate genus and are not true baboons. They are in fact the only member of their genus and the last surviving species of a once widespread group of grass-grazing primates (4) (5). The gelada can be easily recognised by the unusual hairless patches of skin on the chest, which blaze a bright crimson colour when females are in oestrus. Since this species spends long periods sitting whilst foraging for food, the usual sexual cue of red sexual swellings around the genitals would be difficult to see. Thus, by mimicking these sexual swellings, these more conspicuous chest patches serve as a highly visible signal of sexual receptivity (6). The coat is short and brown with a tuft of hair at the tip of the tail, and the adult male's shoulders are cloaked by a large cape-like mantle or mane (6) (7). The muzzle is deeply grooved with longitudinal ridges, and the upper lip can be everted in flash displays of communication (5), just as the contrasting pale eyelids against the dark face are also used for communicative expression (7).
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Habitat

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Geladas sleep at night on rocky cliffs and outcrops, venturing in the morning to forage in nearby grasslands, mostly between 2,000 and 5,000 m above sea level (7).
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Range

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The gelada is found only in the highlands of Ethiopia, with the majority of the population in the Semien Mountains National Park (2) (7).
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Status

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3). Subspecies: the Northern gelada (T. g. gelada) is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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The fossil group to which the gelada belongs was once widespread throughout eastern and southern Africa, but all except this species vanished as the grasslands upon which they relied shrank (2) (4) (5). Although geladas are still relatively abundant, and classified on the IUCN Red List only as Least Concern, their highly specialised ecology deems them dependant upon their unique environment and thereby vulnerable to habitat change (7). Ethiopia's growing human population and expanding farmlands are therefore putting the species at risk, with fields of crops and pastures of horses and cows now encroaching on gelada terrain (4). Furthermore, geladas have been shot as crop pests by farmers where they have been accused of raiding locally cultivated lands (7).
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MammalMAP: Gelada

provided by EOL authors

Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) are big and robust primates from the Old World monkeys, with dark brown fur. Males have long and thick manes and a bright red hairless hourglass-shaped skin patch on their chest, surrounded by white fur. Females also have these bare patches on their chest, but they only brighten when in oestrus. Together with the reddening of the patches when these ladies are ready to mate, they also flaunt a necklace of pearls around their chest patch. These 'pearls' are actually fluid-filled blisters, and are thought to have evolved because unlike the closely related baboon, geladas spend most of their time sitting on their bums, eating and chatting.

The gelada feeds on the ground by shuffling around in the squatting position, moving bipedally, little by little, without changing their posture. Feeding is made even easier because of their sturdy and small fingers, which are adapted for pulling grass and digging. They also have small incisors to make the chewing of leaves easier.


Geladas are only found in Ethiopia, in the deep gorges of the Ethiopian plateau. They are restricted to high grassland escarpments and mostly inhabit altitudes between 2000 and 3000 meters. They prefer to sleep on ledges on the cliff faces, and around sunrise almost immediately move to the top of the plateau and start their socialising and feeding activities.


Many predators threaten the gelada, including leopards, jackals, dogs, foxes and hyenas. To escape these bandits they flee to the cliff faces, but sometimes brave males will show off by confronting the threats, and in some cases even mob the predator. Unfortunately, as in most cases, humans also pose a threat to these chatty primates and their habitat, because of deforestation and soil erosion, due to the ever increasing population of the human race. Some are also shot as pests, while others have also been held as laboratory animals in the past.


Despite the increasing threats to the species, they are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, as they are still abundant and have a large range.


Speech evolution from geladas??
A recent study suggests that the lip-smacking sounds made by geladas may be a clue as to how human speech evolved. Read the interesting article and listen to their eerily human chattering.


For more information on MammalMAP, visit the MammalMAPvirtual museumorblog.

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Gelada ( Afrikaans )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is ’n primaat in die geslag Geladas (Theropithecus), wat baie na bobbejane lyk. Die mees uitstaande kenmerk van die geladas is die rooi, haarlose vlek op hul bors.

 src=
'n Gelada in sy natuurlike habitat.
 src=
Geladas in die Simiengebergte.

Die gelada word sowat 70 tot 74 cm lank. Hul hoofvoedsel is gras, die enigste primaatsoort wat van gras leef. Geladas hou in groepe met aan die hoof daarvan ’n dominante mannetjie wat waak oor sy harem en nageslag. Mannetjies wat ’n trop oorneem, bring die kleintjies van sy voorganger om die lewe. Wyfies wat nog dragtig is van die vorige leier, kan hierdie lot vryspring deur spontaan ’n miskraam te kry, die sogenaamde Bruce-effek.

Geladas kom uitsluitlik voor in die Ethiopiese Hoogland. Hul is vredeliewend en “praat” deurlopend met mekaar.

Verwysings

  1. Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C. (2008). Theropithecus gelada. 2008 IUBN Rooi Lys van bedreigde spesies. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur 2008. Verkry op 4 Januarie 2009.

Eksterne skakels

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Gelada: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is ’n primaat in die geslag Geladas (Theropithecus), wat baie na bobbejane lyk. Die mees uitstaande kenmerk van die geladas is die rooi, haarlose vlek op hul bors.

 src= 'n Gelada in sy natuurlike habitat.  src= Geladas in die Simiengebergte.

Die gelada word sowat 70 tot 74 cm lank. Hul hoofvoedsel is gras, die enigste primaatsoort wat van gras leef. Geladas hou in groepe met aan die hoof daarvan ’n dominante mannetjie wat waak oor sy harem en nageslag. Mannetjies wat ’n trop oorneem, bring die kleintjies van sy voorganger om die lewe. Wyfies wat nog dragtig is van die vorige leier, kan hierdie lot vryspring deur spontaan ’n miskraam te kry, die sogenaamde Bruce-effek.

Geladas kom uitsluitlik voor in die Ethiopiese Hoogland. Hul is vredeliewend en “praat” deurlopend met mekaar.

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Jelada ( Breton )

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Ar jelada (Theropithecus gelada) a zo ur marmouz eus Etiopia. Er c'herentiad Cercopithecidae emañ, asambles gant ar babouzed.

Doareoù pennañ

70 cm eo hirder e gorf ha 50 cm hini e lost. E bouez zo war-dro 20 kg.

Bevañ a ra a-strolladoù war uhelgompezennoù avelek Etiopia.

En em vagañ a ra ar jelada diwar geot, garennoù ha greun nemetken.

 src=
Ur barez jelada

Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

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Jelada: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar jelada (Theropithecus gelada) a zo ur marmouz eus Etiopia. Er c'herentiad Cercopithecidae emañ, asambles gant ar babouzed.

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Papió gelada ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El papió gelada (Theropithecus gelada) és una espècie de primat catarrí de la família Cercopithecidae, endèmica de les terres altes d'Etiòpia.[2] Igual que els babuïns, són terrestres i passen el temps alimentant-se en les prades.

Alguns autors inclouen el gelada dins del gènere Papio, però des de 1979 se l'ha inclòs en altre gènere separat, Theropithecus. Theropithecus gelada n'és l'única espècie vivent, encara que es coneixen almenys altres dos llinatges separats en el registre fòssil. A pesar que els gelades estan restringits avui a Etiòpia, es coneixen fòssils del gènere procedents de Sud-àfrica, Malawi, la República Democràtica del Congo, Tanzània, Uganda, Kenya, Etiòpia, Algèria, el Marroc, Espanya i l'Índia.

Pot distingir-se dels babuïns per la pell de vius colors al pit. La taca està poc definida i, en els mascles, està tenyida de roig i envoltada de pèl blanc. En les femelles, la taca està bastant menys pronunciada. No obstant això, quan fa calor, la taca de les femelles es torna brillant i esquitxada de butllofes. Aquest procés és similar a la unflada de les natges durant l'estre, una mica comú en els babuïns.

Ecologia

 src=
Gelada femella

Els gelades viuen en menuts grups composts per un mascle, diverses femelles i les seues criatures. Aquestes menudes bandes s'uneixen amb altres per a alimentar-se, formant grups de fins a 350 individus. Ocasionalment s'ha vist reunits més de 650 gelades alimentant-se, formant subgrups més menuts entre ells dins d'aqueix conjunt.

Els gelades s'alimenten preferentment d'herbes: es mengen la planta sencera, incloses llavors, arrels i tiges. Tenen els polzes oposables més desenvolupats dels micos del Vell Món, cosa que els permet separar amb gran destresa les herbes per trobar-ne les parts més nutritives. Se sap que també mengen fruita en alguna ocasió.

A pesar que no se'ls considera una espècie amenaçada, es creu que només hi ha uns 50-60.000 gelades. La caça i la destrucció de l'hàbitat han forçat els gelades a penetrar en les àrees habitades pels papions anubis i s'han observat casos d'hibridació entre ambdós grups. A més, en la part més al sud de l'altiplà d'Amhara, els gelades mascles són morts cada dos anys per utilitzar les seues cabelleres en les cerimònies de benvinguda a la maduresa. La pèrdua de la major part de la població de mascles adults de forma regular ha trastornat l'estabilitat poblacional de l'espècie.

Referències

  1. Wilson, Don E. (ed.); Reeder, DeeAnn M. (ed). Mammal Species of the World (en anglès). 3a edició. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Gippoliti, S. i Hunter, C. ({{{any}}}). "Theropithecus gelada." 2008 Llista Vermella de la UICN. Unió Internacional per a la Conservació de la Natura 2008. [Consulta: {{{consulta}}}]
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Papió gelada: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El papió gelada (Theropithecus gelada) és una espècie de primat catarrí de la família Cercopithecidae, endèmica de les terres altes d'Etiòpia. Igual que els babuïns, són terrestres i passen el temps alimentant-se en les prades.

Alguns autors inclouen el gelada dins del gènere Papio, però des de 1979 se l'ha inclòs en altre gènere separat, Theropithecus. Theropithecus gelada n'és l'única espècie vivent, encara que es coneixen almenys altres dos llinatges separats en el registre fòssil. A pesar que els gelades estan restringits avui a Etiòpia, es coneixen fòssils del gènere procedents de Sud-àfrica, Malawi, la República Democràtica del Congo, Tanzània, Uganda, Kenya, Etiòpia, Algèria, el Marroc, Espanya i l'Índia.

Pot distingir-se dels babuïns per la pell de vius colors al pit. La taca està poc definida i, en els mascles, està tenyida de roig i envoltada de pèl blanc. En les femelles, la taca està bastant menys pronunciada. No obstant això, quan fa calor, la taca de les femelles es torna brillant i esquitxada de butllofes. Aquest procés és similar a la unflada de les natges durant l'estre, una mica comú en els babuïns.

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Dželada ( Czech )

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Dželada (Theropithecus gelada), známá též pod názvem dželada hnědá nebo pavián dželada, je velká starosvětská opice blízce příbuzná paviánům, ke kterým bývá často přiřazována,[2] a jediný žijící zástupce rodu Theropithecus obývající vysoko položené horské plošiny a horské louky na území Etiopie a Eritreje.

Popis

Charakteristickým znakem pro tento druh je holá prsní růžová ploška, která je u samců výrazněji zbarvena než u samic a kterou lemuje světle zbarvená srst. Samci jsou celkově nápadnější než samice, mají hnědočernou srst v mnoha odstínech, nápadně zbarvený obličej, dlouhé licousy po stranách hlavy směřující dozadu a nahoru a na krku, a na ramennou mohutnou hřívu, která sahá u starých samců téměř k zemi. Samice jsou obvykle čistě tmavě hnědé. Průměrná délka těla se pohybuje mezi 70–74 cm a hmotnost kolem 19 kg. Samice jsou také výrazně menší a lehčí než samci a mají kratší ocas, který u samců může měřit i více jak 55 cm a který je na konci zakončený střapcem z dlouhých žíňovitých chlupů. Sedací mozoly dželadě umožňují sedět na kamenité podložce poměrně dlouhé časové období bez větších problémů. Dželady velmi často ohrnují horní ret, přičemž obnažují rudou vnitřní stranu rtu, dásně a dlouhé zuby.

Chování

 src=
Samice

Dželada je zemní primát s denní aktivitou výborně přizpůsobený k životu v chladnějších, horských podmínkách. Většinu dne tráví na horských loukách, kde v sedě vyhledává pouze rostlinnou stravu, jejíž obsah se mění podle období. V období dešťů dává přednost čerstvým zeleným částem rostlin, plodům a květům, v období sucha se spokojí se semeny, trávou nebo hlízami. Má jako jeden z mála primátů skvěle vyvinutý palec, přizpůsobený k rychlému uchopení a následnému trhání rostlin. Žije v menších skupinách tvořených jedním dospělým samcem, několika samicemi a mláďaty. Tyto skupiny se v období sucha spojují a občas tvoří i více jak 100člennou skupinu. Mladí samci žijí v několikačlenném stádu. Samci dželad nejsou územní a na jedné pastvině se může pást hned několik oddělených skupin. Dorozumívají se širokou škálou posunků, např. ceněním zubů, trháním hlavou, ale i výraznými hlasovými projevy.

Dželada se může rozmnožovat zpravidla po celý rok, ačkoli se rodí nejvíce mláďat v období dešťů. Obou pohlavím se v období páření prsní růžové plošky výrazně zviditelní a samicím se i výrazně zvětší genitální oblast. Samice je březí po dobu 5 až 6 měsíců a rodí jediné mládě, které je na ni závislé po dobu 12 až 18 měsíců. Samec se pravděpodobně na rodičovské péči nepodílí. Samice dosahují pohlavní dospělosti ve čtyřech letech života, samci téměř o dva roky později.

Ohrožení

V současné době se počet volně žijících dželad odhaduje na 50 000 - 60 000 jedinců.[3] Největší nebezpečí pro ni představuje lov a ztráta endemických lokalit, která ji nutí obývat jen vysoko položené oblasti, kde se vyskytuje i pavián anubi (Papio anubis), u kterého spolu s dželadou dochází často k vzájemnému křížení.[3]

Dželada v českých zoo

V Česku lze tyto opice spatřit v Zoo Brno a v ZOO Zlín.

Poddruhy

U dželady rozeznáváme celkem dva poddruhy:

  • Theropithecus gelada gelada
  • dželadu východní (Theropithecus gelada obscurus)

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Gelada na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-11]
  2. Goodman, M., et al. (1998). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of Primates based on DNA evidence complemented by fossil evidence". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 585-598.
  3. a b https://archive.is/20130419183928/www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/152gelada.shtml

Externí odkazy

Papionini Cercocebus Lophocebus Makak Dril Pavián Paviánec Dželada Dinopithecus Gorgopithecus Paradolichopithecus Parapapio Procynocephalus
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Dželada: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Dželada (Theropithecus gelada), známá též pod názvem dželada hnědá nebo pavián dželada, je velká starosvětská opice blízce příbuzná paviánům, ke kterým bývá často přiřazována, a jediný žijící zástupce rodu Theropithecus obývající vysoko položené horské plošiny a horské louky na území Etiopie a Eritreje.

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Gelada ( Danish )

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Geladaen (Theropithecus gelada) er den eneste art i slægten theropithecus i marekattefamilien. Den er nært beslægtet med bavianer. Den er endemisk for Etiopien og Eritreas savanner. Den lever ved jorden og spiser græsblade, stængler og frø, der samles op fra jorden.

Geladaen bliver 70-74 cm lang med en hale på 46-50 cm og vejer op til 19 kg.

Geladaen lever i små grupper med en han og flere hunner og deres afkom. Disse grupper forener sig ofte til større grupper på helt op til 350 individer. I et enkelt tilfælde hvor fødestedet var specielt godt, er der blevet observeret så mange som 670 geladaer i gruppen.


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Dschelada ( German )

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 src=
Dschelada in der Wilhelma
 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet laut IUCN
 src=
Jungtier
 src=
Gruppe von Dscheladas in den Simien-Bergen im Norden Äthiopiens

Der Dschelada oder Blutbrustpavian (Theropithecus gelada) ist eine sehr seltene Primatenart aus der Unterfamilie der Backentaschenaffen in der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten. Er ist eng mit den Pavianen verwandt.

Beschreibung

Das auffälligste Merkmal der Dscheladas ist ein roter, haarloser Fleck auf der Brust. Dieser ist bei Männchen sanduhrförmig und in der Brunftzeit leuchtend rot, bei Weibchen bildet sich dort während des Östrus eine Reihe roter Warzen. Die Tiere haben ein braunes Fell, das an der Unterseite heller gefärbt ist. Die Schnauze ist rundlich und unterscheidet sich von der der Paviane durch die seitlichen Nasenlöcher. Dscheladas erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 50 bis 75 Zentimetern, der Schwanz wird ebenso lang wie der Körper und endet in einer Quaste. Mit einem Gewicht von bis zu 21 Kilogramm sind die Männchen um einiges größer als die Weibchen, die nur rund 14 Kilogramm erreichen, darüber hinaus tragen die Männchen eine eindrucksvolle Mähne.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Dscheladas bewohnen ausschließlich das Hochland von Äthiopien. Ihr Lebensraum sind gebirgige Grasflächen in einer Höhe von 2200 bis über 4400 Metern Seehöhe.

Lebensweise

Dscheladas sind reine Bodenbewohner, zum Schlafen ziehen sie sich in Felsspalten oder enge Schluchten zurück, den Tag verbringen sie mit der Nahrungssuche auf den ebenen Gebieten.

Dscheladas leben in zwei verschiedenen Gruppen-Typen: Zum einen gibt es Gruppen aus einem geschlechtsreifen Männchen, mehreren Weibchen und deren Nachwuchs, zum anderen reine Männergruppen, die vorwiegend aus Jungtieren bestehen. Manchmal findet sich aber auch ein älteres Exemplar, das aus einer gemischten Gruppe vertrieben wurde, in diesen Männchengruppen. Anders als bei den Pavianen führen bei den Dscheladas Weibchen die Gruppe an. Sie wählen auch ihre Männchen aus. Will ein männliches Tier ein anderes aus einer gemischten Gruppe vertreiben, kommt es zunächst zum Kampf zwischen ihnen. Ungeachtet des Ausgangs dieser Auseinandersetzung haben die Weibchen bereits ihre Wahl getroffen und vertreiben das unerwünschte Männchen. Dscheladas kennen kein Territorialverhalten: Wenn reichlich Nahrung vorhanden ist, schließen sich mehrere Gruppen zu Verbänden zusammen, die über 300 Köpfe umfassen können. Soziale Interaktion und gegenseitige Fellpflege geschehen allerdings nur innerhalb der kleinen Gruppe, Tiere aus fremden Gruppen beachten einander kaum.

Zu Kommunikation geben Dscheladas abwechslungsreiche, schmatzende Laute von sich, die von Wissenschaftlern als Sprachen-ähnlich gedeutet werden.[1]

Ernährung

Dscheladas sind die einzigen Primaten, die sich größtenteils von Gras und Grassamen ernähren. Ihre Ernährung ist jedoch saisonal verschieden: in der Regenzeit, wenn es Gras im Überfluss gibt, ist dieses ihre einzige Nahrung, in der Trockenzeit greifen sie auch auf Wurzeln und Knollen zurück. Ihre Daumen sind sehr beweglich und so können sie geschickt auch nach einzelnen Halmen greifen.

Bereits die in Kenia fossil überlieferten Arten Theropithecus brumpti (vor 4,0 – 2,5 Millionen Jahren) und Theropithecus oswaldi (vor 2,0 – 1,0 Millionen Jahren) ernährten sich weit überwiegend von solchen relativ harten C4-Pflanzen.[2]

Fortpflanzung

Dscheladas haben keine ausgeprägte Paarungszeit. Die Fruchtbarkeit des Weibchens wird dadurch deutlich, dass ihr Brustfleck rot leuchtet und ihre Vulva anschwillt. Der Impuls zur Paarung geht von den Weibchen aus und ist synchronisiert, sodass nahezu alle Weibchen der Gruppe zur gleichen Zeit ihren Nachwuchs gebären. Die Tragzeit dauert rund fünf bis sechs Monate. Jungtiere werden rund eineinhalb Jahre gesäugt. Da als einzigartige anatomische Besonderheit bei den Weibchen die Brustwarzen sehr dicht beieinanderstehen, können die Jungtiere auch an beiden Brüsten gleichzeitig saugen.

Ihre Geschlechtsreife erreichen Weibchen mit 4 bis 5 Jahren und Männchen mit 5 bis 8 Jahren. Die Lebenserwartung dieser Tiere beträgt über 20 Jahre.

Bedrohung und Schutz

Dscheladas sind sehr spezialisierte Tiere. Sie bewohnen einen kleinen Lebensraum und werden von der IUCN als potenziell gefährdet eingestuft. Gründe für die Gefährdung sind der Verlust ihres Lebensraumes durch Umwandlung ihres Siedlungsgebietes in Ackerland sowie die Jagd, vor allem ihres Fleisches wegen. Früher wurden auch Männchen erlegt, um aus ihren Mähnen Kopfschmuck herzustellen. In einigen Schutzgebieten, darunter dem Nationalpark Simien Mountains, der auch als Weltnaturerbe der UNESCO deklariert ist, genießen sie völligen Schutz. Weltweit werden von diesen seltenen Primaten nur ca. 350 Tiere in zoologischen Einrichtungen gehalten (Stand Januar 2011). Das internationale Zuchtbuch für Blutbrustpaviane wird vom NaturZoo Rheine in Deutschland geführt.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Thore J. Bergman: Speech-like vocalized lipsmacking in geladas. In: Current Biology. Band 23, Nr. 7, 2013, S. 268-R269, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.038
  2. Thure E. Cerling et al.: Diet of Theropithecus from 4 to 1 Ma in Kenya. In: PNAS. Band 110, Nr. 26, 2013, S. 10507–10512, doi:10.1073/pnas.1222571110
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Dschelada: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Dschelada in der Wilhelma  src= Verbreitungsgebiet laut IUCN  src= Jungtier  src= Gruppe von Dscheladas in den Simien-Bergen im Norden Äthiopiens

Der Dschelada oder Blutbrustpavian (Theropithecus gelada) ist eine sehr seltene Primatenart aus der Unterfamilie der Backentaschenaffen in der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten. Er ist eng mit den Pavianen verwandt.

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Γελάδας ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο γελάδας (Theropithecus gelada), αποκαλούμενος μερικές φορές και γελάδας μπαμπουίνος και bleeding-heart baboon, είναι είδος πιθήκου των κερκοπιθηκίδων, που απαντάται αποκλειστικά στο Αιθιοπικό υψίπεδο, με μεγάλους πληθυσμούς στα Όρη Σεμιέν. Ο Θηριοπίθηκος (Theropithecus) προέρχεται ετυμολογικά από την αρχαία ελληνική λέξη θηρίο (πίθηκος-κτήνος)."[3][4] Όπως και οι μπαμπουίνοι, που αποτελούν τους κοντινότερους συγγενείς του, ζει κυρίως στο έδαφος και ειδικότερα σε χορτολιβαδικές εκτάσεις.

Οι γελάδες είναι τα μοναδικά πρωτεύοντα που τρέφονται σχεδόν αποκλειστικά με χόρτα (το 90% του διαιτολογίου τους).[5]

Περιγραφή

Τα σαγόνια του είναι ογκώδη και το πρόσωπό του είναι μακρόστενο, με ανασηκωμένη μύτη.[6] Το τρίχωμα του γελάδα έχει χρώμα καστανοκίτρινο με ροζ και στο στήθος του φέρει γυμνά εμβαλώματα. Η τροφή του περιλαμβάνει φύλλα , βλαστούς και χόρτα. Στο πρόσωπό του δεν έχει τρίχωμα.[7][8] Τα ενήλικα αρσενικά φέρουν μακρύ τρίχωμα στο πίσω μέρος του σώματός τους.[7]

Υποείδη

Τα δύο υποείδη του γελάδα είναι:[2]

  • Βόρειος γελάδας, Theropithecus gelada gelada
  • Ανατολικός γελάδας, νότιος γελάδας ή Heuglin's gelada, Theropithecus gelada obscurus

Παραπομπές

  1. =MSW3>Πρότυπο:MSW3 Groves
  2. 2,0 2,1 Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C. (2008). Theropithecus gelada. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Ανακτήθηκε 4 January 2009.
  3. «Classic Roots P». PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 26 Δεκεμβρίου 2006. Ανακτήθηκε στις 26 Δεκεμβρίου 2006. thero (G) - A wild beast; summer; hunt for
  4. «Classic Roots T». PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 7 Νοεμβρίου 2004. Ανακτήθηκε στις 26 Δεκεμβρίου 2006. pithec, -o, -us (G) - An ape
  5. Dunbar RIM. (1977) "Feeding ecology of gelada baboons: a preliminary report", In: Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes, Clutton-Brock TH (ed), London: Academic Pr. p 251-73.
  6. K. Αναστασιάδης, «Άνθρωπος και Περιβάλλον», εκδ. Μέλισσα, Θεσσαλονίκη.
  7. 7,0 7,1 Napier PH. (1981). Catalogue of primates in the British museum (natural history) and elsewhere in the British Isles, part II: family Cercopithecidae, subfamily Cercopithecinae, London: British Museum (Natural History).
  8. Ankel-Simons F. (2007). Primate Anatomy: an introduction, (3rd edition), San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.

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Γελάδας: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο γελάδας (Theropithecus gelada), αποκαλούμενος μερικές φορές και γελάδας μπαμπουίνος και bleeding-heart baboon, είναι είδος πιθήκου των κερκοπιθηκίδων, που απαντάται αποκλειστικά στο Αιθιοπικό υψίπεδο, με μεγάλους πληθυσμούς στα Όρη Σεμιέν. Ο Θηριοπίθηκος (Theropithecus) προέρχεται ετυμολογικά από την αρχαία ελληνική λέξη θηρίο (πίθηκος-κτήνος)." Όπως και οι μπαμπουίνοι, που αποτελούν τους κοντινότερους συγγενείς του, ζει κυρίως στο έδαφος και ειδικότερα σε χορτολιβαδικές εκτάσεις.

Οι γελάδες είναι τα μοναδικά πρωτεύοντα που τρέφονται σχεδόν αποκλειστικά με χόρτα (το 90% του διαιτολογίου τους).

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Gelada

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The gelada (Theropithecus gelada, Amharic: ጭላዳ, romanized: č̣əlada), sometimes called the bleeding-heart monkey or the gelada baboon, is a species of Old World monkey found only in the Ethiopian Highlands, living at elevations of 1,800–4,400 m (5,900–14,400 ft) above sea level. It is the only living member of the genus Theropithecus, a name derived from the Greek root words for "beast-ape".[3][4] Like its close relatives in genus Papio, the baboons, it is largely terrestrial, spending much of its time foraging in grasslands, with grasses comprising up to 90% of its diet.

It has buff to dark brown hair with a dark face and pale eyelids. Adult males have longer hair on their backs and a conspicuous bright red patch of skin shaped like an hourglass on their chests. Females also have a bare patch of skin but it is less pronounced, except during estrus, when it brightens and exhibits a "necklace" of fluid-filled blisters. Males average 18.5 kg (41 lb) and females average 11 kg (24 lb) in weight. The head-body length is 50–75 cm (20–30 in) with a tail of 30–50 cm (12–20 in).

The gelada has a complex multilevel social structure. Reproductive units and male units are the two basic groupings. A band comprises a mix of multiple reproductive units and male units; a community is made up of one to four bands. Within the reproductive units the females are commonly closely related. Males will move from their natal group to try to control a unit of their own and females within the unit can choose to support or oppose the new male. When more than one male is in the unit, only one can mate with the females. The gelada has a diverse repertoire of vocalizations thought to be near in complexity to that of humans.

The population of geladas is thought to have dropped from 440,000 in the 1970s to 200,000 in 2008. It is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Taxonomy and evolution

Rüppell's depiction of the species (1835)

Since 1979, the gelada is customarily placed in its own genus (Theropithecus), though some genetic research suggests that this monkey should be grouped with its baboon (genus Papio) kin;[5] other researchers have classified the species even more distantly from Papio.[6] While Theropithecus gelada is the only living species of its genus, separate, larger species are known from the fossil record: T. brumpti, T. darti[7] and T. oswaldi, formerly classified under genus Simopithecus.[8] Theropithecus, while restricted at present to Ethiopia, is also known from fossil specimens found in Africa and the Mediterranean into Asia, including South Africa, Malawi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Algeria, Morocco, Spain, and India (more exactly at Mirzapur, Cueva Victoria, Pirro Nord, Ternifine, Hadar, Turkana, Makapansgat, and Swartkrans).

The two subspecies of gelada are:[2]

  • Northern gelada, T. g. gelada
  • Eastern gelada, southern gelada, or Heuglin's gelada, T. g. obscurus

Common Name

The gelada has been referred to by other names, including the "gelada baboon", "bleeding-heart baboon", or simply "baboon", implying a monophyletic relationship with baboons, which historically included (apart from Theropithecus) the genera Papio (true baboons), and Mandrillus (mandrills and drills). Since the 1990s, however, molecular phylogenetic studies [9] clarified relationships among papionin monkeys, demonstrating that mangabeys of the genus Lophocebus are more closely related to Papio and Theropithecus, while mangabeys of the genus Cercocebus are more closely related to Mandrillus. These findings largely invalidated any scientifically based justification for referring to mandrills and drills as baboons, as doing so while excluding the unbaboon-like Lophocebus mangabeys would create a polyphyletic group. The status of geladas was less clear and the relationships among Papio, Lophocebus, and Theropithecus continue to reflect high levels of uncertainty, which are further complicated by the discovery of the kipunji. Nevertheless, the most recent and extensive phylogenetic study to date demonstrates that, while large fractions of the genome show an alternative history, the dominant relationship across the genome supports a closer relationship between Papio and Lophocebus, with Theropithecus as the outgroup.[10] As a close sister relationship between Papio and Theropithecus is the least-supported scenario in recent studies, i "gelada baboon" and other names implying a close relationship with baboons, with increasing clarity, are not scientifically justified, leading researchers to advocate for the common name to be simply "gelada".[11]

Description

The gelada is large and robust, and it is covered with buff to dark-brown, coarse hair and has a dark face with pale eyelids. Its arms and feet are nearly black. Its short tail ends in a tuft of hair.[12][13] Adult males have a long, heavy cape of hair on their backs.[12][13] The gelada has a hairless face with a short muzzle that looks more similar to a chimpanzee's than a baboon's.[13] It can also be physically distinguished from a baboon by the bright patch of skin on its chest.[12][13] This patch is hourglass-shaped. On males, it is bright red and surrounded by white hair; on females, it is far less pronounced, but when in estrus, the female's patch brightens, and a "necklace" of fluid-filled blisters forms on the patch. This is thought to be analogous to the swollen buttocks common to most baboons experiencing estrus. In addition, females have knobs of skin around their patches. Geladas also have well developed ischial callosities.[13] Sexual dimorphism is seen in this species; males average 18.5 kg (40.8 lb), while females are smaller, averaging 11 kg (24.3 lb).[14] The head and body length of this species is 50–75 cm (19.7–29.5 in) for both sexes. Tail length is 30–50 cm (11.8–19.7 in).[13]

The gelada has several adaptations for its terrestrial and graminivorous (grass-eating) lifestyle. It has small, sturdy fingers adapted for pulling grass and narrow, small incisors adapted for chewing it. The gelada has a unique gait, known as the shuffle gait, that it uses when feeding.[15] It squats bipedally and moves by sliding its feet without changing its posture.[15] Because of this gait, the gelada's rump is hidden beneath, so is unavailable for display; its bright red chest patch is visible, though.

Range and ecology

Grazing geladas at 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in the Semien Mountains
Gelada eating grass

Geladas are found only in the high grasslands of the deep gorges of the central Ethiopian plateau. They live in elevations 1,800–4,400 m (5,900–14,400 ft) above sea level, using the cliffs for sleeping and montane grasslands for foraging. These grasslands have widely spaced trees and also contain bushes and dense thickets.[12][16] The highland areas where they live tend to be cooler and less arid than lowland areas.[16] Thus, the geladas usually do not experience the negative effects that the dry season has on food availability. Nevertheless, in some areas, they do experience frost in the dry season, as well as hailstorms in the wet season.

Geladas are the only primates that are primarily graminivores and grazers – grass blades make up to 90% of their diet. They eat both the blades and the seeds of grasses. When both blades and seeds are available, geladas prefer the seeds. They eat flowers, rhizomes, and roots when available,[15][16] using their hands to dig for the latter two. They consume herbs, small plants, fruits, creepers, bushes, and thistles.[15][16] Insects can be eaten, but only rarely and only if they can easily be obtained. During the dry season, herbs are preferred over grasses. Geladas consume their food more like ungulates than primates, and they can chew their food as effectively as zebra.[17]

Geladas are primarily diurnal. At night, they sleep on the ledges of cliffs.[18] At sunrise, they leave the cliffs and travel to the tops of the plateaus to feed and socialize.[15] When morning ends, social activities tend to wane and the geladas primarily focus on foraging. They travel during this time, as well. When evening arrives, they exhibit more social activities before descending to the cliffs to sleep.[15] Predators observed to hunt geladas include domestic dogs, leopards, servals, hyenas, and lammergeiers.[19][20][21]

Behavior

Social structure

Gelada reproductive unit

Geladas live in a complex, multilevel society similar to that of the hamadryas baboon. The smallest and most basic groups are the reproductive units, which include up to 12 females, their young, and one to four males, and the all-male units, which are made up of 2-15 males. The next level of gelada societies are the bands, which are made up of two to 27 reproductive units and several all-male units. Herds consist of up to 60 reproductive units that are sometimes from different bands and last for short times. Communities are made of one to four bands whose home ranges overlap extensively. A gelada typically lives around 15 years.[18][22][23]

Within the reproductive units, the females tend to be closely related and have strong social bonds.[22] Reproductive units split if they become too large. While females have strong social bonds in the group, a female only interacts with at most three other members of her unit.[22] Grooming and other social interactions among females usually occur between pairs.[24] Females in a reproductive unit exist in a hierarchy, with higher-ranking females having more reproductive success and more offspring than lower-ranking females.[25] Closely related females tend to have a similar hierarchical status.[25] Females generally stay in their natal units for life; cases of females leaving are rare.[26] Aggression within a reproduction unit, which is rare, is usually just between the females.[24] Aggression is more frequent between members of different reproductive units and is usually started by females, but males and females from both sides can join and engage if the conflict escalates.[24]

Male grooming a female

Males can remain in a reproductive unit for four to five years.[22] While geladas have traditionally been considered to have a male-transfer society, many males appear to be likely to return and breed in their natal bands. Nevertheless, gelada males leave their natal units and try to take over a unit of their own. A male can take over a reproductive unit either through direct aggression and fighting or by joining one as a subordinate and taking some females with him to create a new unit.[22] When more than one male is in a unit, only one of them can mate with the females.[24][26] The females in the group together can have power over the dominant male. When a new male tries to take over a unit and overthrow the resident male, the females can choose to support or oppose him. The male maintains his relationship with the females by grooming them rather than forcing his dominance, in contrast to the society of the hamadryas baboon. Females accept a male into the unit by presenting themselves to him. Not all the females may interact with the male. Usually, one may be his main partner.[27] The male may sometimes be monopolized by this female.[27] The male may try to interact with the other females, but they are usually unresponsive.[27]

Most all-male units consist of several subadults and one young adult, led by one male. A member of an all-male unit may spend two to four years in the group before attempting to join a reproductive unit. All-male groups are generally aggressive towards both reproductive units and other all-male units.[24] As in reproductive units, aggression within all-male units is rare. As bands, reproductive units exist in a common home range.[28] Within the band, members are closely related and between the units there is no social hierarchy. Bands usually break apart every eight to nine years as a new band forms in a new home range.

Researchers from the University of the Free State in South Africa, while observing gelada during field studies, discovered that the monkeys were capable of "cheating" on their partners and covering up their infidelity. A nondominant male mates surreptitiously with a female, with both suppressing their normal mating cries so as not to be overheard. If discovered, the dominant male attacks the miscreants in a clear form of punishment. It is the first time that evidence of the knowledge of cheating and fear of discovery have been recorded among animals in the wild. Dr. Aliza le Roux of the university's Department of Zoology and Entomology believes that dishonesty and punishment are not uniquely human traits, and that the observed evidence of this behaviour among gelada monkeys suggests that the roots of the human system of deceit, crime, and punishment lie very deep, indeed.[29]

Mixed-species association was observed between solitary Ethiopian wolves and geladas. According to the study's findings, gelada monkeys typically do not move on encountering Ethiopian wolves, even when they were in the middle of the herd; 68% of encounters resulted in no movement and only 11% resulted in a movement greater than 10 m (33 ft). In stark contrast, the geladas always fled great distances to the cliffs for safety whenever they encountered aggressive domestic dogs.[30]

Reproduction and parenting

Mother gelada with young

When in estrus, the female points her posterior towards a male and raises it, moving her tail to one side.[31] The male then approaches the female and inspects her chest and genital areas.[31][32][33] A female will copulate up to five times per day, usually around midday.[32] Breeding and reproduction can occur at any time of the year, although some areas have birth peaks.[14][34]

Male displaying his teeth and gums with his lip flipped back

Most births occur at night. Newborn infants have red faces and closed eyes, and they are covered in black hair.[32] On average, newborn infants weigh 464 g (16.4 oz).[35]

If a new male assumes mastery of a harem, females impregnated by the previous leader have an 80% likelihood of aborting, in a phenomenon known as the Bruce effect.[36] Females come into estrus quickly after giving birth, so males have little incentive for practising infanticide, although it does occur in some communities in the Arsi region of Ethiopia, which may be an incentive for females to abort and avoid investing caring for an infant that will most likely be killed.[37]

Infanticide in geladas remains fairly uncommon, though, compared to many primates that live in one-male units such as gorillas or gray langurs. The females that cancel their pregnancy are thought to bond with the new leader faster.[38] When a male loses his position as dominant harem master, the females and new leader may allow him to remain in the social unit as a nonbreeding resident to act as a babysitter. This way, the ex-leader can protect any infants he had fathered from being killed by the new leader, the females can protect the infants fathered by him, and when the new leader faces a potential rival, the ex-leader will be more inclined to help support him in keeping rivals at bay.

Mortality among infants occurs at its highest in the wet season, but on average, over 85% of infants survive to their fourth birthday, one of the great advantages of living in an environment with a food source few other animals can exploit, so is unable to sustain many large predators.[39]

Females that have just given birth stay on the periphery of the reproductive unit. Other adult females may take an interest in the infants and even kidnap them.[32] An infant is carried on its mother's belly for the first five weeks, and thereafter on her back.[32][40] Infants can move independently at around five months old. A subordinate male in a reproductive unit may help care for an infant when it is six months old.[32]

When herds form, juveniles and infants may gather into play groups of around 10 individuals. When males reach puberty, they gather into unstable groups independent of the reproductive units. Females sexually mature at around three years, but do not give birth for another year.[24][28] Males reach puberty at about four to five years, but they are usually unable to reproduce because of social constraints and wait until they are about eight to ten years old.[14] Average lifespan in the wild is 15 years.[41]

Communication

Adult geladas use a diverse repertoire of vocalizations for various purposes, such as: contact, reassurance, appeasement, solicitation, ambivalence, aggression, and defense.[42] The level of complexity of these vocalizations is thought to be near that of humans.[43] They sit around and chatter at each other, signifying to those around that they matter, in a way, to the individual "speaking". To some extent, calls are related to the status of an individual. In addition, females have calls signaling their estrus. Geladas communicate through gestures, as well. They display threats by flipping their upper lips back on their nostrils to display their teeth and gums, and by pulling back their scalps to display the pale eyelids.[44] A gelada submits by fleeing or presenting itself.

Geladas on a cliff

Conservation status and human interactions

The gelada is considered a crop pest by farmers near Simien National Park. In 2005, they caused an average of 100 kg of crop damage per animal.[45] The geladas had a distinct preference for barley.[45]

In 2008, the IUCN assessed the gelada as least concern, although their population had reduced from an estimated 440,000 in the 1970s to around 200,000 in 2008. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES.[2] Major threats to the gelada are a reduction of their range as a result of agricultural expansion and shooting as crop pests. Previously, these monkeys were trapped for use as laboratory animals or hunted to obtain their capes to make items of clothing.[2] As of 2008, proposals have been made for a new Blue Nile Gorges National Park and Indeltu (Shebelle) Gorges Reserve to protect larger numbers.[2]

References

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  30. ^ "Wolves are better hunters when monkeys are around: An unexpected co-existence in the Ethiopian highlands". Science Daily. 22 June 2015.
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  32. ^ a b c d e f Mori, U. (1979). "Ecological and sociological studies of gelada baboons. Reproductive behavior". Contributions to Primatology. 16: 183–197. PMID 101336.
  33. ^ Notes, Field (2008-11-14). "Field Notes from an Evolutionary Psychologist: Sisterhood is Powerful: Lessons from Gelada & Hamadryas Baboons". Field Notes from an Evolutionary Psychologist. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  34. ^ Dunbar, R. I. M.; Hannah-Stewart, L.; Dunbar, P. (2002). "Forage quality and the costs of lactation for female gelada baboons". Animal Behaviour. 64 (5): 801. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.9972. S2CID 53157717.
  35. ^ Leutenegger, W. (1973). "Maternal-fetal weight relationships in primates". Folia Primatologica. 20 (4): 280–293. doi:10.1159/000155580. PMID 4208250.
  36. ^ Eila K. Roberts; Amy Lu; Thore J. Bergman; Jacinta C. Beehner (2012). "A Bruce Effect in Wild Geladas". Science. 335 (6073): 1222–1225. Bibcode:2012Sci...335.1222R. doi:10.1126/science.1213600. PMID 22362878. S2CID 34095168.
  37. ^ Mori, Akio; Belay, Gurja; Iwamoto, Toshitaka (2003). "Changes in unit structures and infanticide observed in Arsi geladas". Primates. 44 (3): 217–223. doi:10.1007/s10329-002-0013-9. PMID 12884112. S2CID 31029163 – via ResearchGate.
  38. ^ U, Mori; Dunbar, Robin I. M. (January 1985). "Changes in the Reproductive Condition of Female Gelada Baboons Following the Takeover of One‐Male Units". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 67 (1–4): 215–224. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb01390.x.
  39. ^ "Primate Info Net".
  40. ^ Barrett, L.; Dunbar, R. I. M.; Dunbar, P. (1995). "Mother-infant contact as contingent behaviour in gelada baboons". Animal Behaviour. 49 (3): 805. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80211-8. S2CID 53152282.
  41. ^ "Gelada". nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Society. 2011-05-10. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  42. ^ Kawai, M. (1979). "Ecological and sociological studies of gelada baboons. Auditory communication and social relations". Contributions to Primatology. 16: 219–241. PMID 101338.
  43. ^ Richman, Bruce (1976). "Some vocal distinctive features used by gelada monkeys". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 60 (3): 718–724. Bibcode:1976ASAJ...60..718R. doi:10.1121/1.381144. PMID 824335.
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  45. ^ a b Yihune, Mesele; Bekele, Afework; Tefera, Zelealem (September 2009). "Human-gelada baboon conflict in and around the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (3): 276–282. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00917.x.

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Gelada: Brief Summary

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The gelada (Theropithecus gelada, Amharic: ጭላዳ, romanized: č̣əlada), sometimes called the bleeding-heart monkey or the gelada baboon, is a species of Old World monkey found only in the Ethiopian Highlands, living at elevations of 1,800–4,400 m (5,900–14,400 ft) above sea level. It is the only living member of the genus Theropithecus, a name derived from the Greek root words for "beast-ape". Like its close relatives in genus Papio, the baboons, it is largely terrestrial, spending much of its time foraging in grasslands, with grasses comprising up to 90% of its diet.

It has buff to dark brown hair with a dark face and pale eyelids. Adult males have longer hair on their backs and a conspicuous bright red patch of skin shaped like an hourglass on their chests. Females also have a bare patch of skin but it is less pronounced, except during estrus, when it brightens and exhibits a "necklace" of fluid-filled blisters. Males average 18.5 kg (41 lb) and females average 11 kg (24 lb) in weight. The head-body length is 50–75 cm (20–30 in) with a tail of 30–50 cm (12–20 in).

The gelada has a complex multilevel social structure. Reproductive units and male units are the two basic groupings. A band comprises a mix of multiple reproductive units and male units; a community is made up of one to four bands. Within the reproductive units the females are commonly closely related. Males will move from their natal group to try to control a unit of their own and females within the unit can choose to support or oppose the new male. When more than one male is in the unit, only one can mate with the females. The gelada has a diverse repertoire of vocalizations thought to be near in complexity to that of humans.

The population of geladas is thought to have dropped from 440,000 in the 1970s to 200,000 in 2008. It is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

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Gelado ( Esperanto )

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La Gelado (Theropithecus gelada), foje nomita la Gelada paviano, estas specio de Cerkopitekedoj troviĝanta nur en la Etiopaj Altaĵoj, kun grandaj populacioj en la Semien-Montoj. Theropithecus estas derivita de la grekaj radikvortoj por "besto-homido." [3][4] Kiel siaj proksimaj parencoj, la pavianoj (genro Papio), ĝi vivas plejparte surtere, pasigante multon da ĝia tempo furaĝanta en prerioj.

Vidu ankaŭ

Referencoj

  1. Groves, Colin. (2005) En: Wilson, D. E., kaj Reeder, D. M.: Mammal Species of the World, 3‑a eldono, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 167. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
  2. Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C. (2008). Theropithecus gelada. En: IUCN 2008. IUCN Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj. Elŝutita en 4 January 2009.
  3. Classic Roots P. PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL. Alirita 2006-12-26. “thero (G) - A wild beast; summer; hunt for”.
  4. Classic Roots T. PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL. Alirita 2006-12-26. “pithec, -o, -us (G) - An ape”.

Fonto

En tiu ĉi artikolo estas uzita maŝina traduko de WikiTrans de teksto el la artikolo Gelada en la angla Vikipedio.

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Gelado: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Gelado (Theropithecus gelada), foje nomita la Gelada paviano, estas specio de Cerkopitekedoj troviĝanta nur en la Etiopaj Altaĵoj, kun grandaj populacioj en la Semien-Montoj. Theropithecus estas derivita de la grekaj radikvortoj por "besto-homido." Kiel siaj proksimaj parencoj, la pavianoj (genro Papio), ĝi vivas plejparte surtere, pasigante multon da ĝia tempo furaĝanta en prerioj.

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Theropithecus gelada ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El gelada (Theropithecus gelada) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae endémica de las tierras altas de Etiopía.[1]​ Los geladas pesan entre 13 y 20 kilogramos, y al igual que los babuinos, son terrestres y pasan el tiempo alimentándose en las praderas.

Algunos autores incluyen el gelada dentro del género Papio, pero desde 1979 se le ha incluido en otro género separado, Theropithecus. Theropithecus gelada es la única especie viviente, aunque se conocen al menos otros dos linajes separados en el registro fósil. A pesar de que los geladas están restringidos hoy a Etiopía, se conocen fósiles del género procedentes de Sudáfrica, Malawi, República Democrática del Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenia, Etiopía, Argelia, Marruecos, España e India.

Puede distinguirse de los babuinos por la piel de vivos colores en su pecho. La mancha está poco definida y, en los machos, está teñida de rojo y rodeada de pelo blanco. En las hembras, la mancha está bastante menos pronunciada. Sin embargo, cuando están en celo, la mancha de las hembras se torna brillante y salpicada de ampollas. Este proceso es similar a la hinchazón de las nalgas durante el estro, algo común en los babuinos.

 src=
Gelada hembra.

Los geladas viven en pequeños grupos compuestos por un macho, varias hembras y sus crías. Estas pequeñas bandas se unen con otras para alimentarse, formando grupos de hasta 350 individuos. Ocasionalmente se ha visto reunidos a más de 650 geladas alimentándose, formando subgrupos más pequeños entre ellos dentro de ese conjunto.

Los geladas se alimentan preferentemente de hierbas, comiéndose la planta entera, incluidas semillas, raíces y tallos. Tienen los pulgares oponibles más desarrollados de los monos del Viejo Mundo, lo que les permite separar con gran destreza las hierbas para encontrar las partes más nutritivas. Se sabe que también comen fruta en alguna ocasión.

A pesar de que no se les considera una especie amenazada, se cree que solo existen unos 50-60.000 geladas. La caza y la destrucción de su hábitat han forzado a los geladas a penetrar en las áreas habitadas por los papiones olivas y se han observado casos de hibridación entre ambos grupos. Además, en la parte más al sur de la meseta de Amhara, los geladas machos son muertos cada dos años para utilizar sus melenas en las ceremonias de bienvenida a la madurez. La pérdida de la mayor parte de la población de machos adultos de forma regular ha trastornado la estabilidad poblacional de la especie.

Es el único primate no humano con la capacidad de sostener una conversación con sus semejantes a partir de rápidas modulaciones del tono y volumen de la voz. Realiza esto mediante el chasquido de los labios.[2][3]

Subespecies

Se han descrito las siguientes subespecies:[4][5]

  • T. g. gelada (Rüppell, 1835)
  • T. g. obscurus Heuglin, 1863

Referencias

  1. a b Gippoliti, S. y Hunter, C. (2008). «Theropithecus gelada». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 7 de julio de 2014.
  2. Monos que hablan como personas
  3. Los monos con voz humana
  4. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  5. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Theropithecus gelada (TSN 573034)» (en inglés).

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Theropithecus gelada: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El gelada (Theropithecus gelada) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae endémica de las tierras altas de Etiopía.​ Los geladas pesan entre 13 y 20 kilogramos, y al igual que los babuinos, son terrestres y pasan el tiempo alimentándose en las praderas.

Algunos autores incluyen el gelada dentro del género Papio, pero desde 1979 se le ha incluido en otro género separado, Theropithecus. Theropithecus gelada es la única especie viviente, aunque se conocen al menos otros dos linajes separados en el registro fósil. A pesar de que los geladas están restringidos hoy a Etiopía, se conocen fósiles del género procedentes de Sudáfrica, Malawi, República Democrática del Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenia, Etiopía, Argelia, Marruecos, España e India.

Puede distinguirse de los babuinos por la piel de vivos colores en su pecho. La mancha está poco definida y, en los machos, está teñida de rojo y rodeada de pelo blanco. En las hembras, la mancha está bastante menos pronunciada. Sin embargo, cuando están en celo, la mancha de las hembras se torna brillante y salpicada de ampollas. Este proceso es similar a la hinchazón de las nalgas durante el estro, algo común en los babuinos.

 src= Gelada hembra.

Los geladas viven en pequeños grupos compuestos por un macho, varias hembras y sus crías. Estas pequeñas bandas se unen con otras para alimentarse, formando grupos de hasta 350 individuos. Ocasionalmente se ha visto reunidos a más de 650 geladas alimentándose, formando subgrupos más pequeños entre ellos dentro de ese conjunto.

Los geladas se alimentan preferentemente de hierbas, comiéndose la planta entera, incluidas semillas, raíces y tallos. Tienen los pulgares oponibles más desarrollados de los monos del Viejo Mundo, lo que les permite separar con gran destreza las hierbas para encontrar las partes más nutritivas. Se sabe que también comen fruta en alguna ocasión.

A pesar de que no se les considera una especie amenazada, se cree que solo existen unos 50-60.000 geladas. La caza y la destrucción de su hábitat han forzado a los geladas a penetrar en las áreas habitadas por los papiones olivas y se han observado casos de hibridación entre ambos grupos. Además, en la parte más al sur de la meseta de Amhara, los geladas machos son muertos cada dos años para utilizar sus melenas en las ceremonias de bienvenida a la madurez. La pérdida de la mayor parte de la población de machos adultos de forma regular ha trastornado la estabilidad poblacional de la especie.

Es el único primate no humano con la capacidad de sostener una conversación con sus semejantes a partir de rápidas modulaciones del tono y volumen de la voz. Realiza esto mediante el chasquido de los labios.​​

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Gelada ( Basque )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) zerkopitezidoen familiako primate tximua da.

Ezaugarriak

Arra, isatsaren 80 cm-ak barne, 1,5 m luze izaten da; emea, txikixeagoa. Gorputz sendoa, buru handia eta mutur luzea ditu. Kolorez arre iluna da; ile sarria du, bular-sabeletan izan ezik, horiek ilerik gabeak eta azal gorrikoak baititu.

Intsektuak eta belarra jaten ditu.

Habitata

Etiopian, eskualde menditsuetan bakarrik bizi da.

Erreferentziak

Animalia Artikulu hau animaliei buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Gelada: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) zerkopitezidoen familiako primate tximua da.

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Tselada ( Finnish )

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Tselada[2] eli tšelada,[3] tšeladapaviaani[3] tai etiopianpaviaani (Theropithecus gelada) on sukunsa ainoa laji. Se on kehityshistorialtaan sukua makakeille, vaikka muistuttaakin elintavoiltaan ja ulkonäöltään enemmän paviaaneja ja joskus luetaankin niihin. Tselada on vuoristoeläin, jota tavataan 2 000–4 000 metrin korkeudessa kallioilla, niityillä ja pensastoissa laajalla alueella Tanajärven ympäristössä Etiopiassa. Tseladat voivat muodostaa jopa 400 yksilön laumoja.

Tuntomerkit

Tselada-uroksen pituus on 60–75 cm, hännän pituus 45–50 cm ja paino jopa 25 kg. Naaras on vain puolet uroksen koosta. Turkki muodostaa uroksilla ylävartaloon pitkän harjan. Kasvoja ympäröi poskiparta, ja sieraimet avautuvat ylöspäin. Lajilla on kaulassa ja rinnassa paljas punainen ihoalue, jota ympäröivät helmimäiset ihoturvotukset. Näitä muodostumia on naaralla lisäksi sukuelinten läheisyydessä. Tselada voi "siirtää" nahan yläleukansa kohdalta, jolloin hampaat paljastuvat.

Ravinto

Tseladat käyttävät ravintonaan paviaaneista poiketen pieniä kasvinosia, pääasiassa siemeniä, juuria, lehtiä ja pieniä hedelmiä. Niiden leuat ovat lyhentyneet ja pienentyneet, ja poskihampaat ovat muotoutuneet jauhamaan siemeniä.

Lähteet

  1. Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C.: Theropithecus gelada IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 8.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet 2008. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo. Viitattu 14.11.2010.
  3. a b Macdonald, David: Nisäkkäät 1, s. 377. Maailman eläimet -sarjan 1. osa. Suomentanut Nurminen, Matti. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, 1986. ISBN 951-30-6530-8.
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Tselada: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Tselada eli tšelada, tšeladapaviaani tai etiopianpaviaani (Theropithecus gelada) on sukunsa ainoa laji. Se on kehityshistorialtaan sukua makakeille, vaikka muistuttaakin elintavoiltaan ja ulkonäöltään enemmän paviaaneja ja joskus luetaankin niihin. Tselada on vuoristoeläin, jota tavataan 2 000–4 000 metrin korkeudessa kallioilla, niityillä ja pensastoissa laajalla alueella Tanajärven ympäristössä Etiopiassa. Tseladat voivat muodostaa jopa 400 yksilön laumoja.

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Gélada ( French )

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Theropithecus geladaSinge-lion

Le Gélada (Theropithecus gelada) est un primate de la famille des cercopithécidés et seule espèce vivante du genre Theropithecus.

Ce grand singe ressemble au babouin et vit sur les haut-plateaux d'Érythrée et en Éthiopie. Le gélada est aussi grand que beaucoup de babouins, il a une face allongée et il est sujet au même dimorphisme sexuel. Il est également apparenté aux mangabeys et aux macaques. La face allongée caractéristique très voyante chez les babouins est différente chez le gélada.

Étymologie et dénominations

L'espèce est également appelée Singe-lion[1].

Description

 src=
Sentinelle gélada
 src=
Femelle et petits

Au lieu d'être prolongée en un long museau étroit avec les narines au bout, la face du gélada est profonde avec des mâchoires massives et un nez légèrement camus et non situé à l'extrémité de son épais museau carré. La face porte des sillons des deux côtés du museau. La coloration de la fourrure varie entre le jaune et le brun, avec des taches roses de peau nue se rejoignant au milieu de la poitrine, faisant penser à un sablier. Sa partie charnue est nue et rose, sa taille et sa couleur varient en fonction de ses conditions sexuelles. Autour de la tache de la poitrine, la femelle porte un collier de protubérances comme des verrues ; en plein œstrus, ces protubérances deviennent très proéminentes et la tache vire au rouge vif ; on parle alors d'un cœur-de-Jeannette. Cet indicateur du cycle remplace le gonflement périnéal des babouins.

Écologie et comportement

Régime alimentaire

Cet animal se nourrit principalement de graminées, de brins d'herbe et de jeunes pousses ; assis, il les amasse dans sa main jusqu'à ce qu'il en ait une certaine quantité qu'il porte alors dans sa bouche. Il a les pouces opposables les mieux développés (les plus opposables) parmi les singes de l'Ancien Monde, qui lui permettent d'arracher les herbes avec une grande dextérité pour trouver les parties nutritives. Il est aussi connu pour manger des fruits à l'occasion. Lorsque la verdure ou les graines manquent, les singes creusent la terre de leurs ongles puissants pour en extraire des racines. Parfois quand la végétation diminue, ils mangent de petits invertébrés (sauterelles, criquets et grillons).

Vie sociale et reproduction

Le gélada vit dans des harems (en) polygynes (petits groupes comportant un mâle, plusieurs femelles et leur progéniture)[2]. C'est sur la vigilance et l'agressivité du mâle gélada que repose la sécurité du harem. Il se dépense beaucoup pour conquérir un pouvoir aussi fragile qu'épuisant, alors que les femelles s'attachent surtout à leurs petits. Très liées entre elles, elles quitteront leur vieux chef pour un jeune.

Ces petites bandes se rassemblent souvent pour se nourrir, créant des groupes de plus de 350 singes. Dans des lieux particulièrement pourvoyeurs de nourriture, des groupes de plus de 670 individus ont été observés.

La vie sociale des géladas est un spectacle qui met en scène la compétition entre mâles. La mimique menaçante d'un courtisan dominé exprime, en fait, sa terreur devant une attaque du « caïd ». Pour accrocher le regard des mâles, les femelles en chaleur arborent un insolite collier de perles charnues.

Chaque femelle a un mâle favorisé qui vit à son côté et ils s'accouplent à la saison de la reproduction. Les mâles doivent se battre entre eux pour que leur position vis-à-vis de la femelle soit conservée.

Répartition géographique et habitat

Le theropithecus gelada n'a pas toujours été confiné aux plateaux éthiopiens ou érythréens. Il y a plus de 100 000 ans, on en rencontrait dans toutes les savanes d'Afrique, de la côte algérienne à l'Afrique du Sud. Ils vivaient dans les savanes de basse ou haute altitude. Puis, entre −100 000 et −50 000 ans, les premiers hommes envahissent petit à petit les savanes du continent. De nombreuses espèces animales de grande taille disparaissent alors ; parmi elles les theropithecus, paisibles hebivores des savanes, ont sans doute été des proies faciles pour les premiers chasseurs, car ils étaient moins rapides que des antilopes.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (4 juillet 2014)[3] :

  • sous-espèce Theropithecus gelada gelada
  • sous-espèce Theropithecus gelada obscurus, Gélada de l'Est[réf. nécessaire]

Menaces et conservation

Bien que non listés comme espèce en danger, seulement 50 000 à 60 000 géladas ont été recensés. La chasse et la destruction de son habitat ont contraint le gélada à migrer vers des aires autrefois habitées par le Babouin anubis (Papio anubis) et une hybridation entre les deux groupes a été observée. De plus, dans la partie sud du plateau Amhara, les mâles gélada sont tués tous les deux ans dans le but d'utiliser leurs crinières dans une cérémonie de passage à l'âge adulte[réf. souhaitée]. La perte régulière de la plupart de la population mâle adulte a perturbé la démographie de l'espèce.

Notes et références

  1. Meyer C., ed. sc., 2009, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. consulter en ligne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
  2. Pascal Picq, Et l'évolution créa la femme, Odile Jacob, 2020, p. 87
  3. Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005), consulté le 4 juillet 2014

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Gélada: Brief Summary ( French )

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Theropithecus gelada • Singe-lion

Le Gélada (Theropithecus gelada) est un primate de la famille des cercopithécidés et seule espèce vivante du genre Theropithecus.

Ce grand singe ressemble au babouin et vit sur les haut-plateaux d'Érythrée et en Éthiopie. Le gélada est aussi grand que beaucoup de babouins, il a une face allongée et il est sujet au même dimorphisme sexuel. Il est également apparenté aux mangabeys et aux macaques. La face allongée caractéristique très voyante chez les babouins est différente chez le gélada.

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Theropithecus gelada ( Galician )

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O Theropithecus gelada é unha especie de primate catarrino da familia dos cercopitécidos endémica das terras altas de Etiopía. Pesan entre 13 e 20 quilogramos, e do mesmo xeito que os babuínos, son terrestres e pasan o tempo alimentándose nas pradarías.

Algúns autores inclúen a especie dentro do xénero Papio, mais dende 1979 está clasificado noutro xénero separado, Theropithecus. Theropithecus gelada é a única especie vivente, aínda que se coñecen polo menos outras dúas liñaxes separados no rexistro fósil. Malia que a especie está restrinxida hoxe a Etiopía, coñécense fósiles do xénero procedentes de Suráfrica, Malaui, a República Democrática do Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Etiopía, Alxeria, Marrocos, España e a India.

Pode distinguirse dos babuínos pola pel de vivas cores no seu peito. A mancha está pouco definida e, nos machos, está tinguida de vermello e rodeada de pelo branco. Nas femias, a mancha está bastante menos pronunciada. Porén, cando vai calor, a mancha das femias tórnase brillante e salpicada de bochas. Este proceso é semellante á inchazón das nádegas durante o estro, algo común nos babuínos.

Subespecies

Describíronse as seguintes subespecies:[2][3]

  • T. g. gelada (Rüppell, 1835)
  • T. g. obscurus (Heuglin, 1863)

Notas

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Theropithecus gelada: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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O Theropithecus gelada é unha especie de primate catarrino da familia dos cercopitécidos endémica das terras altas de Etiopía. Pesan entre 13 e 20 quilogramos, e do mesmo xeito que os babuínos, son terrestres e pasan o tempo alimentándose nas pradarías.

Algúns autores inclúen a especie dentro do xénero Papio, mais dende 1979 está clasificado noutro xénero separado, Theropithecus. Theropithecus gelada é a única especie vivente, aínda que se coñecen polo menos outras dúas liñaxes separados no rexistro fósil. Malia que a especie está restrinxida hoxe a Etiopía, coñécense fósiles do xénero procedentes de Suráfrica, Malaui, a República Democrática do Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Etiopía, Alxeria, Marrocos, España e a India.

Pode distinguirse dos babuínos pola pel de vivas cores no seu peito. A mancha está pouco definida e, nos machos, está tinguida de vermello e rodeada de pelo branco. Nas femias, a mancha está bastante menos pronunciada. Porén, cando vai calor, a mancha das femias tórnase brillante e salpicada de bochas. Este proceso é semellante á inchazón das nádegas durante o estro, algo común nos babuínos.

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Gelada ( Croatian )

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Gelada (lat. Theropithecus gelada) - je vrsta majmuna starog svijeta , jedina članica roda Theropithecus.

Obitava na visoravnima i planinama sjeverozapadne Etiopije i Eritreje. Najviše obitava u nacionalnom parku Semienu u Etiopiji. Uglavnom se nalaze na 2000-5000 m nadmorske visine.

 src=
Ženka gelade

Prednja duga dlaka čini neku vrstu kabanice. Koža na prsima i grlu je bez dlaka, crvene boje i izgleda ovisno o spolnom ciklusu. U mužjaka, tu je bujna griva.

Gelada se hrani travom, a u nedostatku i voćem i cvijećem. Žive u obiteljskim skupinama, koje mogu imati do 70 članova. Obiteljska skupina sastavljena je od jednog mužjaka i nekoliko ženki s mladima. Trudnoća traje 5-6 mjeseci. Očekivani životni vijek u divljini nije poznat. U zatočeništvu žive više od 30 godina.

Dosad opisane dvije podvrste gelade su: Theropithecus gelada gelada i Theropithecus gelada obscurus.

Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Gelada
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Theropithecus gelada ( Italian )

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Il babbuino Gelada (Theropithecus gelada Rüppell, 1835) è una grossa scimmia della famiglia dei Cercopitecidi, endemica dell'Etiopia. È l'unica specie vivente del genere Theropithecus.[3]

Descrizione

I parenti più vicini del Gelada sono i babbuini del genere Papio, genere al quale un tempo la specie veniva ascritta. Come loro, hanno corpo massiccio e zampe robuste, oltre che canini molto allungati.

 src=
Femmina di T. gelada

Il dimorfismo sessuale è piuttosto accentuato. Il maschio possiede una folta criniera che arriva a toccare il petto e una piccola parte della schiena.
Questo cinocefalo è molto caratteristico per la testa dal muso arrotondato e rivolto verso l'alto. Le sue narici, sporgenti, si aprono sulla parte superiore del naso. Non confondibile con nessun'altra specie, il gelada si distingue da tutti gli altri primati per le zone di pelle nuda sul petto e sotto la gola: una grande chiazza, a forma di mezzaluna, si estende in senso trasversale sotto la gola; due altre chiazze, di forma triangolare, ornano il petto. Queste zone, glabre, sono di colore rosso vivo e orlate di piccole escrescenze carnose che sembrano collane di perle. Nelle femmine il rosso della pelle cambia di intensità, in relazione al ciclo ormonale mensile. La femmina ha le mammelle molto ravvicinate tra loro, quasi da toccarsi, il che tra i primati è un fatto eccezionale. La pelle della faccia del gelada è color marrone scuro, le palpebre sono bianche. La pelliccia, fitta e molto lunga, forma una criniera dietro la testa dei maschi. Il maschio adulto pesa circa 20 kg; la femmina, più piccola, non supera i 14 kg. Come il babbuino, anche il gelada maschio ha i canini molto lunghi, mentre nella femmina essi sono normali. Queste scimmie usano i loro forti denti come efficacissime armi di difesa e di offesa. I gelada hanno la coda lunga, di colore marrone, con un ciuffo di peli all'estremità, che la fa somigliare a quella del leone. Il pollice di queste scimmie è uno dei più opponibili fra i primati, superato solo da quello dell'uomo. Ciò perché l'animale ha necessità di un'estrema accuratezza nel raccogliere i singoli steli o semi di cui si nutre.

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Due gelada in Etiopia

La zona di distribuzione del gelada è ridottissima. Infatti, vive solo su alcune montagne dell'Etiopia, dove frequenta gli altopiani pietrosi. Vive sulle montagne del nord e del centro, specialmente intorno al lago Tana, a un'altitudine variante tra i 2000 e i 4000 m.

Biologia

I gelada sono scimmie terricole, perfettamente atte alla corsa e agli spostamenti sul terreno. I loro habitat preferiti sono le scarpate rocciose, vicino ai fiumi e ai torrenti. Sono a loro agio nelle falesie, a strapiombo su precipizi e gole di montagna. Raramente si allontanano da questi luoghi, che offrono loro riparo e sicurezza. Durante la notte i gelada vanno a dormire sui cornicioni rocciosi, quasi inaccessibili, dove sono al sicuro dai carnivori predatori. Queste scimmie sono diurne; all'alba si mettono in attività, attendono alla loro toletta, quindi partono, alla ricerca di cibo, consistente in foglie, erbe, chicchi, radici carnose e bulbi diversi[4]. Si tratta dell'unica scimmia brucatrice: esse, infatti, si muovono sulle quattro zampe, falciando continuamente l'erba e le piantine che crescono sugli altopiani dove la specie è di casa. Tra i predatori principali di questo primate si annoverano il leopardo e il lupo etiope. Non sono pericolosi per l'uomo.

Struttura sociale

I gelada, come i babbuini, sono scimmie gregarie, viventi in gruppi e formanti comunità perfettamente gerarchizzate. Queste comunità possono arrivare fino a quattrocento individui, divisi in gruppi di minore importanza, ciascuno dei quali occupa un particolare territorio lungo le falesie. Ogni gruppo è dominato da un grosso maschio adulto, che ne è il capo incontrastato. Questo pascià dispone di un harem e non tollera nessuna intrusione nel suo dominio. I gelada, a volte, effettuano rilevanti spostamenti giornalieri. Lasciano all'alba le loro falesie e salgono fino ai prati superiori, dove passano la giornata a nutrirsi. Percorrono così fino a 6 km. Al crepuscolo ridiscendono verso le falesie, dove cercano un riparo per la notte. Non dormono sempre nella loro abituale tana, ma si spostano per alcuni giorni lungo la gola dei monti, salendo e ridiscendendo il corso del fiume, prima di fare ritorno al loro luogo abituale.

I gelada lanciano gridi acutissimi, percepibili da lontano, ma non emettono gli abbai tanto caratteristici dei babbuini.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Colin Groves, Theropithecus gelada, in D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder (a cura di), Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ (EN) Primate Specialist Group, Theropithecus gelada, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ (EN) Colin Groves, Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, a cura di D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, p.167, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  4. ^ C. Hiller, "Theropithecus gelada" (On-line), in Animal Diversity Web, 2000. URL consultato il 23 dicembre 2006.

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Theropithecus gelada: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il babbuino Gelada (Theropithecus gelada Rüppell, 1835) è una grossa scimmia della famiglia dei Cercopitecidi, endemica dell'Etiopia. È l'unica specie vivente del genere Theropithecus.

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Gelados ( Lithuanian )

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Rūšis
  • Rausvakrūtinė gelada
    (Theropithecus gelada)

Gelados (lot. Theropithecus, angl. Gelada, vok. Dschelada) – šunbeždžionių (Cercopithecidae) šeimos beždžionių gentis, priklausanti markatų pošeimiui. Gentyje tik viena rūšis – rausvakrūtinė gelada (Theropithecus gelada). Kūno ilgis 70-74 cm, uodega – 45-50 cm. Masė 19 kg. Minta žolių stiebais ir sėklomis. Maistą greitai renka mikliais rankų judesiais sėdėdama ir nuolat keisdama vietą. Kartais susiburia į didžiulius būrius. Paplitusios vėjuotose, žolėtose Etiopijos ir Eritrėjos aukštumose.


Vikiteka

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Gelados: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Gelados (lot. Theropithecus, angl. Gelada, vok. Dschelada) – šunbeždžionių (Cercopithecidae) šeimos beždžionių gentis, priklausanti markatų pošeimiui. Gentyje tik viena rūšis – rausvakrūtinė gelada (Theropithecus gelada). Kūno ilgis 70-74 cm, uodega – 45-50 cm. Masė 19 kg. Minta žolių stiebais ir sėklomis. Maistą greitai renka mikliais rankų judesiais sėdėdama ir nuolat keisdama vietą. Kartais susiburia į didžiulius būrius. Paplitusios vėjuotose, žolėtose Etiopijos ir Eritrėjos aukštumose.

 src=

Rausvakrūtinė gelada, patelė (Theropithecus gelada)

ET Amhara asv2018-02 img030 Wunenia.jpg Dschelada cynocephalus-gelada.png


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Gelada ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is een soort in het geslacht Gelada's (Theropithecus), die uiterlijk het meeste lijkt op een baviaan.

Kenmerken

De gelada wordt ongeveer 70 tot 74 cm lang.[2]

Leefwijze

Hun hoofdvoedsel is gras; hiermee zijn ze de enige primatensoort die graast.

Voortplanting

Gelada's leven in groepen met aan het hoofd een dominant mannetje dat waakt over zijn harem en nageslacht. Mannetjes die een groep overnemen, doden de baby's van hun voorganger. Vrouwtjes die nog drachtig zijn van het vorige dominante mannetje, kunnen deze moord vermijden door spontaan een miskraam te krijgen (Bruce-effect).[3][4]

Taxonomie

Verspreiding

Gelada's komen uitsluitend voor in het Ethiopisch Hoogland. Ze leven in grote harmonie en "praten" doorlopend met elkaar.

Uitgestorven verwanten van de gelada leefden tijdens het Plioceen en Pleistoceen. Het geslacht Theropithecus had toen een groter verspreidingsgebied dan tegenwoordig en gelada-achtigen kwamen destijds in grote delen van Afrika en tevens zuidelijk Europa voor.

Dierentuinen

NaturZoo Rheine coördineert het Europees kweekprogramma van deze soort.[5] In Nederland is hij aan te treffen in Diergaarde Blijdorp.[6]

 src=
Verspreidingsgebied van de Gelada
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Gelada op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008) - Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5
  3. Pregnant Monkeys Miscarry to Avoid Infanticide. Live Science (23 februari 2012). Geraadpleegd op 23 februari 2012.
  4. Roberts, E.K., Lu, A., Bergman, T.J., Beehner, J.C. (2012). A Bruce Effect in Wild Geladas. Science . DOI: 10.1126/science.1213600.
  5. https://www.eaza.net/assets/Uploads/CCC/Overview-EAZA-Population-Management-Programmes-October-2018.pdf
  6. https://www.diergaardeblijdorp.nl/gelada/nieuw-geladaverblijf-geopend/
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Gelada: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is een soort in het geslacht Gelada's (Theropithecus), die uiterlijk het meeste lijkt op een baviaan.

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Gelada ( Norwegian )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) er en fjellbavian som hører til gruppen Papionini (bavianer og deres like). Den er eneste nålevende art i slekten Theropithecus (geladaer, kappebavianer eller fjellbavianer), som en gang i tiden talte flere lignende arter (selv om det kan være uenighet om klassifiseringen av fossile funn). Fem er utdødd. Den gjenlevende geladaen er endemisk for de etiopiske høylandene og lever i høyder omkring 1 800–4 400 moh. To underarter er beskrevet. Theropithecus er trolig søstergruppen til Papio (bavianer).

Beskrivelse

Geladaer har lang og tett grålig pels (en adapsjon til de ekstreme forholdene disse dyra lever under) og en flatere snute enn tradisjonelle bavianer. De har et rødt område på brystet med bar læraktig hud. Arten viser tydelig kjønnsdimorfisme, i det hannene er betydelig større enn hunnene og lett gjenkjennelige på den karakteristiske manken og kappelignende pelsen de bærer på ryggen.

Geladaene er terrestriske og eter mest gress (Poaceae).

Geladaer holder sammen i grupper som består av en dominant hann og flere hunner. Men flere grupper kan også være sammen på et sted, slik at det kan være mange aper i en flokk. Antallet har kommet helt opp i over 600[trenger referanse]. De kommuniserer med hverandre ved hjelp av kroppsspråk som består av en rekke ansiktsuttrykk og kroppsstillinger.

Inndeling

Inndelingen under følger i hovedsak Mammal Species of the World og er i henhold til Groves (2005).[1] Slekten Rungwecebus er lagt til i henhold til Davenport et al. (2006)[2] og Mittermeier, Rylands & Wilson (2013).[3] Norske navn og beskrivelser i parentes er nødvendigvis ikke offisielle navn og beskrivelser.

Treliste

Fylogeni

Fylogenien nedenfor er i henhold til Xing et al. (2005).[4]





Homo



Pan




Hylobates






Cercopithecinae

Macaca




Papio



Theropithecus




Cercocebus




Colobinae

Colobus




Pygathrix



Nasalis



Trachypithecus







Referanser

  1. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). «Cercopithecidae». I Reeder, D.E. & Wilson, D.M. Mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference (3. utg utg.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste (link)
  2. ^ Davenport, T.; Stanley, W. T.; Sargis, E. J.; De Luca, D. W.; Mpunga, N. E.; Machaga, S. J.; Olson, L. E. (May 11, 2006). "A new genus of African monkey, Rungwecebus: morphology, ecology and molecular phylogenetics". Science. 312 (5778): 1378–81. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1378D. PMID 16690815. doi:10.1126/science.1125631.
  3. ^ Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. and Wilson D.E. 2013. Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3 Primates. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7
  4. ^ Jinchuan Xing, Hui Wang, Kyudong Han, David A. Ray, Cheney H. Huang, Leona G. Chemnick, Caro-Beth Stewart, Todd R. Disotell, Oliver A. Ryder, Mark A. Batzer. 2005. A mobile element based phylogeny of Old World monkeys. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:872–880. Besøkt 2013-09-30

Eksterne lenker


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Gelada: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) er en fjellbavian som hører til gruppen Papionini (bavianer og deres like). Den er eneste nålevende art i slekten Theropithecus (geladaer, kappebavianer eller fjellbavianer), som en gang i tiden talte flere lignende arter (selv om det kan være uenighet om klassifiseringen av fossile funn). Fem er utdødd. Den gjenlevende geladaen er endemisk for de etiopiske høylandene og lever i høyder omkring 1 800–4 400 moh. To underarter er beskrevet. Theropithecus er trolig søstergruppen til Papio (bavianer).

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Dżelada brunatna ( Polish )

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Dżelada brunatna[3], dżelada[4] (Theropithecus gelada) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Theropithecus.

W anglojęzycznych źródłach określane czasami jako małpy o krwawiącym sercu[5].

Występowanie

Obecny zasięg występowania dżelady obejmuje wyżyny i góry północno-zachodniej Etiopii i Erytrei. Najliczniej występuje w Parku Narodowym Semien w Etiopii. Większość dżelad jest spotykana na wysokościach 2000-5000 m n.p.m. Dawniej były szeroko rozprzestrzenione w Afryce.

Systematyka

Taksonomia

Gatunek po raz pierwszy opisany naukowo przez E. Rüppella w 1835 roku pod nazwą Macacus gelada[6]. Jako miejsce typowe autor wskazał góry Semien w Etiopii[6]. Jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Theropithecusdżelada[3], utworzonego przez I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire'a w 1843 roku[7].

Gatunek typowy: Macacus gelada Rüppell, 1835

Etymologia

Nazwa rodzajowa jest połączeniem słów z języka greckiego: θήρ thēr – „dzika bestia” oraz πίθηκος píthēkos – „małpa”. Epitet gatunkowy pochodzi od gelada, nazwy używanej przez ludy zamieszkujące Etiopię na określenie dżelady[8].

Habitat

Zamieszkuje skaliste i zakrzewione wąwozy górskie[4].

Wygląd

Długość głowy i tułowia ok. 70cm, ogona ok. 50cm. Sierść na grzbiecie ciemnobrązowa, na spodzie ciała jaśniejsza, szara lub szarawobiała. Otwory nosowe umiejscowione z boku nosa. Występuje charakterystyczne jasne obramowanie oczu. Ogon zakończony pędzlem[4]. Z przodu długie włosy tworzą rodzaj płaszcza, skóra na piersi i gardzieli nieowłosiona, czerwona, o zabarwieniu i wyglądzie zależnym od cyklu płciowego samicy. U samców twarz okolona długimi bokobrodami[4], występuje bujna grzywa.

Ekologia i rozród

Dżelady żywią się w 90% trawą[5], a przy jej niedoborze innymi roślinami, owocami i kwiatami. Poszukując pokarmu wspinają się w ciągu dnia na wysokość 3000 m, aż po granice śniegu, gdzie znajdują się górskie łąki[4]. Pokarm rozcierają zębami trzonowymi[5]. Żyją w grupach rodzinnych, które na czas żerowania łączą się w większe stada liczące do 70 osobników. Przewodnikami stada jest kilka starych samców, które w razie niebezpieczeństwa wydają ostrzegawcze szczeknięcia. Atakowane stado broniąc się obrzuca przeciwnika kamieniami[4]. Grupa rodzinna złożona jest z jednego samca i kilku samic z młodymi. Dżelady prowadzą naziemny i dzienny tryb życia, w nocy[4] śpią na skalnych półkach. Ciąża trwa 5-6 miesięcy. Młode rodzą się zwykle w czasie od lutego do kwietnia[4]. Długość życia w warunkach naturalnych nie jest znana. W niewoli odnotowano osobnika, który żył ponad 30 lat.

Podgatunki

Dotychczas opisano dwa podgatunki dżelady[9]:

  • T. gelada geladadżelada brunatna
  • T. gelada obscurusdżelada ciemna

Prawdopodobnie wzdłuż rzeki Uebi Szebelie istnieje jeszcze jeden, nieopisany naukowo podgatunek[2].

 src=
Samica

Zagrożenia

Gatunek był uważany za bliski zagrożeniu wyginięciem (dawna kategoria LR/nt w klasyfikacji IUCN), głównie z powodu polowań i ograniczania siedlisk. Obecnie nie jest tak liczny jak w latach 70. XX wieku, ale nadal dość szeroko rozprzestrzeniony i stosunkowo liczny.

Uwagi

  1. Theropithecus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843.

Przypisy

  1. Theropithecus gelada, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C. 2008, Theropithecus gelada [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-10-10] (ang.).
  3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 48-49. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b c d e f g h Kowalski i in. 1990 ↓, s. 60.
  5. a b c Redakcja, Łąki dla krwawiących serc. Piękny świat dla fascynujących małp, www.national-geographic.pl [dostęp 2017-06-04] (pol.).
  6. a b E. Rüppell: Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Frankfurt nad Menem: S. Schmerber, 1835-1840, s. 5. (niem.)
  7. I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Description des Mammifères nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus de la collection du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, et remarques sur la classification et les caractères des Mammifères. „Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris”. 2 (4), s. 576, 1841 (fr.).
  8. T. S. Palmer: Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. Waszyngton: Government Printing Office, 1904, s. 673, seria: North American Fauna. (ang.)
  9. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Theropithecus gelada. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2011-07-11]

Bibliografia

  1. Hiller, C.: Theropithecus gelada (ang.). (On-line), Animal Diversity Web, 2000. [dostęp 18 maja 2008].
  2. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Theropithecus gelada. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2011-07-11]
  3. K. Kowalski, A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  4. Wielka Encyklopedia Przyrody : Ssaki. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo MUZA SA, 1997, s. 116. ​ISBN 83-7079-784-9​.
  5. Zwierzęta : encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005, s. 114. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
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Dżelada brunatna: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Dżelada brunatna, dżelada (Theropithecus gelada) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Theropithecus.

W anglojęzycznych źródłach określane czasami jako małpy o krwawiącym sercu.

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Theropithecus gelada ( Portuguese )

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O gelada (Theropithecus gelada), por vezes chamado de macaco-de-coração-em-sangue, ou erroneamente como babuíno-gelada, é uma espécie de primata que vive apenas nas terras altas da Etiópia, especialmente no Parque Nacional do Simien. O babuíno-gelada pode ser encontrado em grandes grupos com entre 400 e 500 indivíduos.

Etimologia

"Theropitecus" é originário da junção dos termos gregos théros ("verão, colheita")[1] e píthekos, ou ("macaco"),[2] significando, portanto, "macaco do verão".

O termo Gelada viria de palavras de línguas da Etiópia, em amárico čʾällada, relacionada à palavra das línguas cuchíticas para babuíno, algo como jaldeessa do oromo.

Filogenia

 src=
Eduard Rüppell – representação pictórica das espécies (1835)

Desde 1979, costuma-se classificar ou colocar a gelada em seu próprio gênero especial (Theropithecus), apesar de algumas pesquisas genéticas sugerirem que tal símio deva ser agrupado como “papios” (babuíno);[3] outros pesquisadores o consideram, porém, bem distante dos babuínos (Papio).[4] O Theropithecus gelada é a única espécie viva do seu “genus”, mas espécies maiores já existiram, o que é sabido por fósseis já localizados: Theropithecus brumpti, Theropithecus darti e o Theropithecus oswaldi, antigamente classificados sob o genus Simopithecus. Os Theropithecus, ainda que restritos hoje à Etiópia, também são conhecido a partir de espécimes fósseis encontrados na África, no Mediterrâneo, na Ásia, incluindo a África do Sul, Malawi, República Democrática do Congo, Tanzânia, Uganda, Quênia, Etiópia, Argélia, Marrocos, Espanha e Índia (mais exatamente no Mirzapur), Cueva Victoria, Pirro Nord, Ternifine, Hadar, Turkana, Makapansgat e Swartkrans. Outro argumento contra o facto de gelada ser um "babuíno-verdadeiro", é o facto de os babuínos serem normalmente animais caçadores, ao contrário dos bauínos (e da grande maioria dos primatas), os geladas são essencialmente pastadores.

 src=
Gelada fêmea

Há duas subespécies de Gelada:

  • Gelada-setentrional, Theropithecus gelada gelada
  • Gelanda-oriental, gelada-meridional ou gelada-de-heuglin, Theropithecus gelada obscurus

Descrição física

O gelada é grande e robusto. Ele é coberto por pelos castanhos, escuros, lustrosos. Os cabelos são grossos e o rosto é , com as pálpebras pálidas. Seus braços e pés são quase negros. Sua cauda curta termina em um tufo de cabelo. [5] Os machos adultos têm uma longa e pesada cobertura de cabelo nas costas. O gelada tem um rosto sem pelos com um focinho curto, estando mais próximo de um chimpanzé do que de um babuíno;. pode ser fisicamente distinto de um babuíno pela mancha brilhante na pele em seu peito. Tal mancha é em forma de ampulheta. Nos machos é em vermelho brilhante e cercada por cabelo branco; no sexo feminino é muito menos pronunciada. No entanto, quando no cio, esse ponto numa fêmea se “ilumina” por um " colar " de bolhas cheias de formas líquidas. Isto é análogo às nádegas inchadas comuns às que maioria dos babuínos apresentarem no cio. Além disso , as fêmeas têm botões de pele em torno de suas manchas peitorais. Geladas têm também bem desenvolvidas as calosidades isquiáticas. Há um dimorfismo sexual nessa espécie: média dos machos 18,5 kg (40.8 lb), enquanto as fêmeas são menores , com média de 11 kg ( £ 24,3 ) .[6] A cabeça mais o comprimento do corpo desta espécie medem 50–75 cm ( 19,7-29,5 in) para ambos os sexos . Comprimento da cauda é de 30–50 cm.

A gelada tem várias adaptações para a seu estilo de vida herbívoro (come capim). Ele tem dedos pequenos, resistentes adaptadas para puxar grama e estreitos, pequenos incisivos adaptados para mastigar. A gelada tem um andar exclusivo, conhecido como a marcha "shuffle", que ele usa quando se alimentam.[7] Ele se agacha sobre as patas traseiras e se move deslizando seus pés sem mudar sua postura [8] Devido a esse modo de se locomover, as ancas do Gelada ficam ocultas sob o anima e indisponíveis à visão. No entanto, seu brilhante peito vermelho brilhante é visível.

 src=
Babuínos a 3.000m nas montanhas Semien

Localização

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Gelada comendo grama

Geladas são encontrados apenas na alta pastagens dos desfiladeiros profundos do planalto central Etíope. Vivem em altitudes 1.800-4.400 m e utilizam as falésias para dormir e as pastagens de montanha para forragem. Estes campos têm muitas árvores esparsas espaçadas mas também arbustos e matagais densos.[9] As áreas. Montanhosas onde vivem tendem a ser mais frias e menos áridas que as áreas de planícies.[9] Assim, os geladas normalmente não sentem os efeitos negativos da seca sobre a disponibilidade de alimentos . No entanto, em algumas áreas, eles experimentam geadas na época da seca , bem como tempestades de granizo na estação chuvosa.

Geladas são os únicos primatas que principalmente graminívoros e herbívoros, lâminas de grama fazendo até 90% de sua dieta. Comem tanto as lâminas e as sementes de gramíneas. Quando ambas, folhas e sementes estão disponíveis, os geladas preferem as sementes. Também se alimentam de flores , rizomas e raízes , quando disponíveis ,[8][9] usando suas mãos para cavar os dois últimos. Consomem ervas , pequenas plantas, frutas, trepadeiras , arbustos e ervas daninhas. [8] [9] Os insetos podem ser consumidos, mas apenas raramente e somente se forem facilmente obtidos . Durante a estação seca, as gramíneas são comidas em menor quantidade e ervas são preferidos. Geladas consumem os alimentos mais como ungulados do que como primatas e podem mastigar os alimentos de forma tão eficaz como zebra s .

Geladas são principalmente diurnos. À noite, eles dormem nas bordas das falésias. [10] e, ao nascer do sol , deixam as falésias e vão para o topos do planaltos para alimentar e se socializar.[8] Ao fim da manhã , as atividades sociais tendem a diminuir e os geladas se concentram principalmente na procura de forragem . Se deslocam nesse período, bem como quando a noite chega, geladas apresentam mais atividades sociais antes de descer para os penhascos para dormir. [8]

Estrutura social

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Grupo familiar Gelada

Geladas vivem em uma sociedade multinível complexa semelhante àquela do Babuíno sagrado . Os grupos menores e mais básicos são as unidades reprodutivas, que são compostas de um a 12 fêmeas, seus filhotes mais 1 a 4 machos. Há também as unidades onde todos são machos, compostas de 2 a 15 indivíduos. O seguinte nível de sociedades gelada são os bandos que tem de 2 a 27 unidades de reprodução e vários grupos só de machos. Já os rebanhos consistem em até 60 unidades reprodutivas, que são, por vezes, de diferentes bandos e que se reúnem por curtos períodos de tempo. As comunidades são formadas por 1 a 4 bandos cujos hierarquias se sobrepõem de forma extensiva. Um gelada geralmente pode viver até cerca de 20 anos de idade.

Dentro das unidades de reprodução, as fêmeas tendem a estar intimamente relacionados e têm laços sociais fortes entre si. Unidades reprodutivas só se separam se o grupo crescer demais. Enquanto as fêmeas têm fortes laços sociais do grupo , uma fêmea só vai interagir com no máximo três outros membros de sua unidade. Entre as fêmeas de uma unidade reprodutiva existe uma hierarquia . Mulheres de nível superior têm mais sucesso reprodutivo e mais descendentes do que as fêmeas de baixa patente Fêmeas Intimamente relacionados tendem a ter um status hierárquico semelhante e permanecem em suas unidades natais para toda a vida, casos de mulheres que saem são raros As agressões são raras dentro de uma mesma unidade reprodutiva, sendo canalizadas principalmente para membros de outras unidades. Mais frequentemente , as fêmeas começam os conflitos, mas ambos os gêneros se juntam caso os conflitos se agrave .

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aliciamento um feminino masculino

Os machos podem permanecer em uma unidade reprodutiva de quatro a cinco anos. Os geladas são tradicionalmente considerados como tendo uma sociedade na qual os machos se transferem, muitos machos parecem ser propensos a retornar a seus bandos natais. Porém, gelada machos deixam por vezes suas unidades natais e tentam criar unidade própria. Um macho pode manter mais de uma unidade reprodutiva via agressão direta e combate ou juntando-se a outra como um subordinado, ficando com algumas fêmeas para criar uma nova unidade. Quando mais de um macho está numa unidade, apenas um deles pode acasalar com as fêmeas Juntas, as fêmeas do grupo podem ter poder sobre o macho dominante. Quando um novo macho tenta assumir o controle de uma unidade e derrubar o macho local, as fêmea podem optar por apoiar ou se opor a ele. O macho mantém seu relacionamento com as fêmeas por aliciamento (conquista) ao invés de forçar a sua posição dominante, em contraste com o que ocorre na sociedade do Babuíno sagrado. Fêmeas aceitam um macho para dentro da unidade, apresentando-se a ele. Nem todas as fêmeas podem interagir com o macho. Geralmente, podem servir como sua principal parceira. O macho às vezes pode ser monopolizado por esta fêmea mais dominante e, nesse caso, o macho pode tentar interagir com as outras fêmeas, mas eles geralmente não aceitam.

A maioria das unidades de machos consistem em vários sub-adultos e um adulto jovem, sendo lideradas por um macho. Um membro de uma unidade de somente machos pode passar dois a quatro anos no grupo antes de tentar formar uma unidade reprodutiva. Grupos só de machos geralmente são agressivos tanto para unidades reprodutivas como com outras unidades de somente machos. Como em unidades reprodutivas, a agressão dentro de unidades de machos é rara. Como os bandos, as unidades de reprodução ficam numa mesma área comum. Dentro do bando, os membros estão intimamente relacionadas e entre tais unidades não existe uma hierarquia social. Bandos normalmente se dispersam a cada oito ou nove anos e formam novos bandos, mesmo em outros locais.

Pesquisadores da Universidade Free State (UFS ) da África do Sul, ao observar gelada durante seus estudos de campo, descobriram que tais macacos são capazes de trair seus parceiros(as) e esconder tais "infidelidades" . Um macho não- dominante acasalar com uma fêmea de forma sub-reptícia,evitando seus gritos normais de acasalamento para não ser percebido. Se isso é descoberto, o macho dominante ataca tais transgressores numa clara. É a primeira prova de que conhecimento da traição e medo da descoberta registrada entre os animais em estado selvagem. Dr. Aliza le Roux , do Departamento de Zoologia e Entomologia dessa universidade acredita que a desonestidade e a punição não são características exclusivamente humanas e que a evidência observada deste comportamento entre macacos gelada sugere que as raízes do comportamento humano de fraude, mentira, crime e castigo tem profundas raíses.[11]

Reprodução

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Mãe gelada com filhote

Quando no cio , as fêmeas voltam seus traseiros o macho, erguem-no balançando a cauda. O macho então se aproxima da fêmea e examina seu peito e as áreas genitais. A fêmea pode copular até cinco vezes por dia, geralmente em torno de meio-dia. A criação e a reprodução podem ocorrer em qualquer época do ano, embora em alguns períodos áreas haja picos de nascimento.

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Gelada exibindo seus dentes e gengivas com o seu lábio virado para trás

A maioria dos nascimentos ocorre durante a noite. Os recém-nascidos têm faces vermelhas e os olhos fechados, e estão cobertas de cabelos pretos e pesam em média 464 g.. As fêmeas que recém deram à luz ficam próximas às crias. Outras fêmeas adultas podem ter interesse nos filhotes e até raptá-los. Um filhote é guardado sobre a barriga de sua mãe durante as primeiras cinco semanas e depois nas costas. Filhotes podem se mover de forma independente em torno de cinco meses de idade. Um macho subordinado em uma unidade reprodutiva pode ajudar a cuidar de um filhote quando ele tiver de seis meses de idade. Quando formam rebanhos, jovens e filhotes podem se reunir em grupos de brincadeiras de cerca de 10 indivíduos. Quando os machos atingem a puberdade, se reúnem em grupos instáveis independentes das unidades reprodutivas. Fêmeas ficam sexualmente maduras por volta dos três anos, mas não dão à luz antes de mais um ano. Os machos atingem a puberdade por volta dos quatro ou cinco anos, mas geralmente são incapazes de se reproduzir por causa de constrangimentos sociais e têm que esperar até que tenham de oito a dez anos de idade.

Conservação

Em 2008, um "IUCN", avaliou o gelada como [um “preocupação menor”, embora sua população tinha reduzido a partir de uma estimativa de 440 mil nos anos 1970 para cerca de 200 mil in 2008. Ele está listado no Apêndice II da “CITES”. As maiores ameaças à espécie são: a redução de suas áreas de vida como resultado da expansão agrícola, bem como caça que visa proteger plantações. No entanto, as ameaças que existiam e não mais estão presentes, são armadilhas para seu uso como animais de laboratório e também mais caça, esse para obter suas pelagens para fazer peças de vestuário. A partir de 2008, foram feitas propostas para uma nova Reserva “Nilo Gorges National Park - Blue & Indeltu (Shebelle)"“ para ampliar a proteção da espécie. Seu maior predador natural é o leopardo.

Comunicação

Geladas Adultos usam variado inventário de vocalizações com diversas finalidades, tais como:. contato, tranquilidade, apaziguamento, solicitação, ambivalência, agressão e defesa . Eles sentam e conversam uns com os outros, significando que se importam uns com os outros que lhes estão ao redor, como que prestando atenção em cada conversa individual. Até certo ponto, as chamadas são relacionadas com o “status” de cada indivíduo. Além disso, as fêmeas têm as chamadas de sinalização do seu período fértil. Os Geladas também se comunicam por gestos. Eles expressam ameaças lançando seus lábios superiores para trás em suas narinas para mostrar seus dentes e gengivas, e puxando para trás o couro cabeludo para exibir as pálpebras pálidas. Um gelada exprime sua resposta fugindo ou apresentando-se.

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Geladas num penhasco

Notas

  1. FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa. Segunda edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 1 668.
  2. FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa. Segunda edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 1 341.
  3. Goodman, Morris; Calvin A. (1 de junho de 1998). «Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of Primates Based on DNA Evidence Complemented by Fossil Evidence». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 9 (3): 585-598. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0495 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  4. McKenna, M.C., Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of mammals above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 631 pp !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  5. Napier PH . (1981 ) Catálogo dos primatas no Museu Britânico (História Natural) e em outras partes das Ilhas Britânicas, parte II : família Cercopithecida, subfamília Cercopithecinae , London : British Museum ( Natural History )
  6. Os babuínos , mandris e mangabeys : afro - papionin Socioecologia numa perspectiva filogenética " , In : Primatas em perspectiva , Campbell CJ , Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Bearder SK ( eds) , Nova york: Oxford U Pr . p 240-51 .
  7. Dunbar RIM. 1977. "Ecologia alimentar de babuínos gelada: um relatório preliminar", In: ecologia Primate: estudos de alimentação e variando comportamento em lêmures, macacos e macacos, Clutton-Brock TH (ed), London: Academic Pr. . p 251-73
  8. a b c d e Dunbar RIM. ( 1977), " Ecologia alimentar de babuínos gelada : um relatório preliminar " , In : ecologia Primate : estudos de alimentação e variando comportamento em lêmures , macacos e macacos , Clutton -Brock TH (ed), London : Academic Pr . p 251-73 .
  9. a b c d Iwamoto T, Dunbar RIM. ( 1983) " Termorregulação , a qualidade do habitat e a ecologia comportamental de babuínos gelada " , J Anim Ecol
  10. Crook JH . (1966) "A estrutura do rebanho Babuíno em movimento : um relatório comparativo " . , Symp Zool Soc Lond 18:237-58
  11. Dr. Aliza le Roux, Departamento de Zoologia e Entomologia , Qwa Qwa campus da UFS

Bibliografia

  • GROVES, C. P. Order Primates. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 111-184.

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Theropithecus gelada: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O gelada (Theropithecus gelada), por vezes chamado de macaco-de-coração-em-sangue, ou erroneamente como babuíno-gelada, é uma espécie de primata que vive apenas nas terras altas da Etiópia, especialmente no Parque Nacional do Simien. O babuíno-gelada pode ser encontrado em grandes grupos com entre 400 e 500 indivíduos.

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Gelada ( Swedish )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) är en markattartad apa som är endemisk för bergsområden i Etiopien. Den är social och håller ofta samman i stora flockar, som ibland kan innehålla så många som 500 individer. Den påminner om babianerna i utseende, men tillhör det egna släktet Theropithecus.[2] Geladan är den sista medlemmen av en större grupp av primater som hade gräs som huvudföda.[3]

Systematik och utbredning

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En teckning tillhörande Eduard Rüppells vetenskapliga beskrivning av arten.

Geladans förekommer enbart på det etiopiska höglandet, vanligtvis på 2000 till 5000 meter över havet, och flest flockar lever i Simien nationalpark.[3]

Sedan 1979 placeras geladan vanligen i det egna släktet Theropithecus, även om vissa genetiska studier tyder på att den borde placeras i släktet babianer.[4] Andra studier indikerar istället att den genetiska skillnaden mellan geladan och babianerna är ännu större.[5]

Geladan är idag den enda arten av släktet Theropithecus men flera utdöda arter finns beskrivna utifrån fossil. Bland dessa kan nämnas T. brumpti och T. darti[6] samt T. oswaldi, som tidigare placerades i släktet Simopithecus.[7] Släktet Theropithecus var tidigare inte heller begränsat till Etiopien utan fossil har återfunnits i södra Europa, Marocko, östra Afrika och Sydafrika.[8]

Tidigare har två underarter beskrivits:[1][2]

  • Theropithecus gelada gelada - med en nordvästliga utbredning och den form som förekommer i Simien nationalpark.[9]
  • Theropithecus gelada obscurus ("Östlig gelada") - med en sydöstlig utbredning.[10]

Sentida studier visar dock att uppdelningen i två underarter är felaktigt. Istället består arten av tre underarter, där obscurus är den underart som förekommer i de centrala och södra delarna av det västra utbredningsområdet, det vill säga i ett område som sträcker ut sig söder om Tanasjön och öster om floden Takkazzé. Det nordvästra utbredningsområdet, som omfattar underarten gelada, sträcker ut sig norr om Tanasjön och väster om floden Takkazzé. Den östligaste populationen omfattar en hittills obeskriven underart.[1]

Utseende

Kroppslängden hos hanarna är mellan 69 och 74 centimeter och hos honorna mellan 50 och 65 centimeter. Hanens svans är mellan 46 och 50 centimeter lång och honans mellan 32,5 och 41 centimeter. Vikten är upp till 20 kilogram för hanen och 12 till 16 kilogram för honan.[3]

Pälsen har allmänt en brun färg och svansen avslutas med en yvig tofs. Hanen har på skuldran en man av långa hår och även håren kring ansiktet är längre än hos honan.[3] Det mörka ansiktet saknar nästan hår och har bleka ögonlock. Nosen är kortare än hos babianer och påminner lite mer om schimpansens ansikte. De främre extremiteterna är ofta mörkare än den övriga kroppen.[11] Till skillnad från många andra apor ändrar inte området kring genitalierna färg när individen är parningsberedd, utan istället har den en hudfläck på bröstet som blir röd. Hos parningsberedda honor bildas ett band av vätskefyllda blåsor på bröstfläcken.[11] Detta är en anpassning utifrån dess vana att sitta på marken, vilket medför att regionen kring genitalierna inte vanligtvis är synliga.[3] Trots detta har geladan väl utvecklade hudvalkar vid stjärten.[11]

På marken rör sig geladan på alla fyra fötterna och den klättrar nästan aldrig i träd.[1][12]

Geladan har flera anpassningar till livet på marken och till födan, som består främst av gräs. Fingrarna är små och robusta för att dra upp gräs och de smala och de små framtänderna är bra för att tugga gräset.[13]

Ekologi

Geladan födosöker på gräsmark och under natten söker den vanligen skydd bland klippor.[3] På gräsmark finns få träd, men buskar och täta snår. Höglandet är svalare och mindre torrt än det angränsande låglandet.[14]

Socialt beteende

Geladan bildar flockar som vanligen består av en till fyra vuxna hanar, flera vuxna honor (vanligen upp till 12) och deras ungar.[15][16] Flocken har inget fast revir och antalet grupper i en region beror på födotillgången. Under torrperioden samlar sig flera flockar och bildar tillfälliga stora hjordar. Dessa hjordar kan omfatta över 500-600 individer.[17] Hanar som just har blivit könsmogna skapar dessutom ungkarlsgrupper.[3] Innan dess stannar hanarna vanligen fyra till fem år i den blandade flocken.[16] Hos honor i blandade grupper finns en hierarki och de fortsätter att hålla ihop även om den dominanta hanen dör.[12] Honor med en högre rang i flocken parar sig allmänt oftare och har fler ungar än honor med lägre rang.[18] Vanligen har en hona bara sociala aktiviteter med sina ungar och högst tre andra honor i flocken.[16] Dessa vuxna honor har allmänt en liknande status inom hierarkin.[18] Inom blandade flockar är aggressioner sällsynta och fientligheter förekommer främst mot medlemmar från andra flockar. Oftast startar honorna dessa konflikter, men hanar och honor från båda sidor anslutar sig när stridigheterna eskalerar.[19]

Ungkarlsgruppen består ofta av cirka åtta medlemmar och ibland ingår även en äldre hane.[17] Vanligen stannar hanarna två till fyra år i ungkarlsgruppen innan de söker kontakt med en blandad flock. Hanar i unkarlsgrupper är ofta aggressiva mot andra ungkarlsgrupper och blandade flockar men inom ungkarlsgruppen är aggressiviteten låg.[19][20]

Den traditionella forskningen utgick ifrån tesen att nästan alla hanar söker flockar med främmande honor, men många hanar återvänder till sin ursprungliga flock och fortplantar sig där.[16] Trots detta skapar flera hanar nya blandade grupper. För att etablera en egen flock kan en ung hane försöka få kontakt med honor som tillfällig har lämnat sin grupp eller utmana en dominant hane. Den kan även följa med en blandad flock som underordnad hane och senare ta med några honor och etablera en egen flock.[16] Om den blandade flocken har fler än en hane fortplantar sig bara alfahanen.[19][21] Däremot kan honorna i flocken bestämma hur kraftig hanens dominans är. När en ny hane tar över en flock genom att störta den ursprungliga alfahanen väljer honorna att stödja eller motsätta sig de nya förhållandena. En accepterad hane håller kontakten med honorna genom pälsvård och andra sociala aktiviteter och inte genom tvång som ofta förekommer hos mantelbabianen.[22] Ofta är det bara en eller några få honor som är hanens huvudpartner.[22] Ibland lägger en enda hona beslag på hanen. Även när hanen försöker interagera med andra honor reagerar de oftast inte.[22]

Grupperna förflyttar sig bara 500 meter till 2 kilometer per dag.[17]

För kommunikation har de läten, kroppsspråk och olika ansiktsuttryck. De visar till exempel hot genom att dra läpparna mot näsborrarna, så att tänderna och tandköttet blir synliga.[23] Det sociala banden stärks också när individer av samma kön plockar parasiter från varandras päls.[12] Individerna är mest sociala på morgonen, innan de söker efter föda, samt på kvällen innan de vandrar till sina sovplatser.[13]

Fortplantning

ET Amhara asv2018-02 img030 Wunenia.jpg

Parning kan ske året om men de flesta ungarna föds under regnperioden.[3] Parningsberedda honor riktar sin bakdel mot hanen, höjer den och flyttar svansen åt sidan.[24] Dessutom har honor läten som visar att de är brunstiga.[23] Hanen kommer sedan närmare honan och inspekterar bröstet och genitalierna.[24][25] En hona kan kopulara fem gånger per dag, oftast vid middagstid.[25]

Dräktigheten varar mellan 147 och 192 dagar (5-6 månader) och honan föder alltid bara en unge åt gången.[3] Födelsen sker allmänt under natten. En nyfödd gelada har ett rött ansikte, slutna ögon och är täckt av svarta hår.[25] Den genomsnittliga födelsevikten är 464 g.[26] Honor som just har född en unge stannar vanligen lite avsides sin flock. Andra honor visar ofta intresse och kidnappar ibland ungar.[25] Ungdjuret håller sig de första fem veckorna fast vid moderns buk och klättrar sedan på hennes rygg.[25][27] Efter cirka fem månader rör sig ungen självständig inom flocken. En av de underordnade hanarna från flocken kan hjälpa vid ungens uppfostring efter ungefär sex månader.[25] Honan får vanligtvis en kull var tredje år och ungen dias vanligen 12 till 18 månader.[17] Könsmognaden infaller för honor efter fyra till fem år, hanar blir först könsmogna vid fem till sju år.[3] I naturen kan den leva i ungefär 20 år och i djurparker 30 år.[17]

Föda

Geladan äter mest gräs, samt en del frukt, löv, blommor, insekter och små däggdjur.[3] Gräs utgör allmänt 90 procent av födan. Individerna äter såväl bladen som frön av gräset. Om båda är tillgängliga äter djuret helst frön.[13]

Status och hot

I Etiopien användes tidigare hanens man för ceremoniella ändamål. I jordbruksbyggd dödas ibland gelador när de hämtar föda från jordbruksmark, och betande tamboskap konkurrerar i vissa områden om födan. Under senare delen av 1900-talet fångades flera individer som försöksdjur. Populationen minskar, men IUCN listar fortfarande arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Dock listas underarten T. g. gelada som sårbar (VU), eftersom dess utbredningsområde är fragmeterat och lämpliga habitat minskar på grund av utvidgat jordbruk i området.[9]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia, 21 februari 2013.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Theropithecus geladaIUCN:s rödlista, läst 4 april 2009.
  2. ^ [a b] Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Theropithecus (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  3. ^ [a b c d e f g h i j k] M. Richardson (5 juni 2006). ”Gelada”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 24 april 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140424165518/http://www.arkive.org/gelada/theropithecus-gelada/. Läst 31 oktober 2012.
  4. ^ Goodman, M., et al. (1998). ”Toward a phylogenetic classification of Primates based on DNA evidence complemented by fossil evidence”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9 (3): sid. 585–598. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0495. PMID 9668008.
  5. ^ McKenna, M.C., Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of mammals above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press. sid. 631 pp
  6. ^ Hughes, Jk; Elton, S; O'Regan, Hj (Jan 2008). ”Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene”. Journal of Human Evolution 54 (1): sid. 43–77. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 17868778.
  7. ^ Maeir W (July 1972). ”The first complete skull of Simopithecus darti from Makapansgat, South Africa, and its systematic position”. Journal of Human Evolution 1 (4): sid. 395–405. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(72)90116-9.
  8. ^ Theropithecus, The Paleobiology Database, läst 2013-03-02.
  9. ^ [a b] Gippoliti, S. 2008 Theropithecus gelada ssp. gelada Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2013-03-02.
  10. ^ Gippoliti, S. 2008 Theropithecus gelada ssp. obscurus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2013-03-02.
  11. ^ [a b c] Ankel-Simons F. (2007) Primate Anatomy: an introduction, (3rd edition), San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.
  12. ^ [a b c] Sean Flannery (27 april 2007). Theropithecus gelada (på engelska). Primate Fact Sheets. http://www.theprimata.com/theropithecus_gelada.html. Läst 31 oktober 2012.
  13. ^ [a b c] Dunbar RIM. 1977. "Feeding ecology of gelada baboons: a preliminary report", In: Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes, Clutton-Brock TH (ed), London: Academic Pr. p 251-73.
  14. ^ Iwamoto T, Dunbar RIM. (1983) "Thermoregulation, habitat quality and the behavioural ecology of gelada baboons", J Anim Ecol 52(2):357-66.
  15. ^ Crook JH. (1966) "Gelada baboon herd structure and movement: a comparative report", Symp Zool Soc Lond 18:237-58.
  16. ^ [a b c d e] Dunbar RIM. (1986) "The social ecology of gelada baboons", In: Ecological aspects of social evolution: birds and mammals, Rubenstein DI, Wrangham RW, (eds), Primceton (NJ):Princeton U Pr. p 332-51.
  17. ^ [a b c d e] Nowak, R. M. (1999) sid.593/94
  18. ^ [a b] Dunbar RIM. (1980) "Determinants and evolutionary consequences of dominance among female gelada baboons". Behav Ecol Sociobiol 7:253-65.
  19. ^ [a b c] Dunbar R, Dunbar P. (1975) "Social dynamics of gelada baboons", Contrib Primatol 6:1-157.
  20. ^ Dunbar RIM. (1984) Reproductive decisions: an economic analysis of gelada baboon social strategies. Princeton (NJ):Princeton U Pr.
  21. ^ Ohsawa H. (1979) "The local gelada population and environment of the Gich area", Contrib Primatol 16:4-45.
  22. ^ [a b c] Dunbar, R.I.M. (1983): "Structure of Gelada Baboon Reproductive Units III. The Males Relationship with his Females", Animal Behavior 31:565-575.
  23. ^ [a b] Mori U. (1979) "Individual relationships within a unit", Contrib Primatol 16:93-124.
  24. ^ [a b] Bernstein IS. (1975) "Activity patterns in a gelada monkey group", Folia Primatol 23:50-71.
  25. ^ [a b c d e f] Mori U. (1979) "Reproductive behaviour", Contrib Primatol 16:183-97.
  26. ^ Leutenegger W. (1973) "Maternal-fetal weight relationships in primates". Folia Primatol 20:280-93.
  27. ^ Barrett L, Dunbar RIM, Dunbar P. (1995) "Mother-infant contact as contingent behaviour in gelada baboons", Anim Behav 49(3):805-10.

Tryckta källor

  • Vår fantastiska värld (fakta om djur och natur), Kortnummer 234. Utgivare: Skandinavisk Press AB
  • Ronald M. Nowak (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801857899

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Gelada: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) är en markattartad apa som är endemisk för bergsområden i Etiopien. Den är social och håller ofta samman i stora flockar, som ibland kan innehålla så många som 500 individer. Den påminner om babianerna i utseende, men tillhör det egna släktet Theropithecus. Geladan är den sista medlemmen av en större grupp av primater som hade gräs som huvudföda.

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Theropithecus gelada ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Опис

Довжина голови й тіла самців: 69–74 см, самиць: 50–65 см, довжина хвоста самців: 46–50 см, самиць: 30–41 см, вага самців: бл. 20 кг, вага самиць: 12 — 16 кг. Найбільш вражаючою особливістю є невелика пляма на грудях, як правило, трикутної форми, колір і розмір якої у обох статей залежить від гормональних змін в самиць. Тварини мають коричневе хутро, яке світліше внизу. Морда округла. Лице темне. Хвіст закінчується китицею.

Поширення

Ендемік Ефіопії. Проживає між 1800 і 4400 м над рівнем моря. Цей вид пов'язаний зі скелястими ущелинами, прірвами та болотами.

Стиль життя

В основному харчується листям трав. Крім того, в суху погоду насінням і розкопаними підземними стеблами і кореневищами. Фрукти і безхребетних споживають при нагоді. Зернові культури можуть бути з'їдені там, де сільське господарство зазіхає на середовище проживання тварин. Сплять у тріщинах скель або вузьких ущелинах. Є два різна типи груп: З одного боку, є групи сексуально зрілих самців, кількох самиць і їх потомства, і є групи з лише самців, які складаються в основному з молодих тварин.

Немає визначеного сезону розмноження, але пік народжуваності припадає на час сезону дощів. Період вагітності триває близько 5–6 місяців. Діти годуються молоком до півтора року. Унікальною анатомічною особливістю у самиць є те, що соски містяться дуже близько один до одного і малюк може смоктати обидва одночасно. Самиці досягають статевої зрілості в 4–5 років, самці в 5–8 років. Середня тривалість життя цих тварин становить близько 20 років, у неволі можуть жити більше 30 років.

Загрози та охорона

Загрозою є розширення сільськогосподарських угідь у зв'язку зі зростанням щільності населення людини. Вирубка лісів і ерозія ґрунту — це серйозні проблеми по всьому ареалу. Занесений до Додатка II СІТЕС.

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Theropithecus gelada ( Vietnamese )

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Theropithecus gelada, còn gọi là khỉ Gelada, là một loài khỉ Cựu thế giới chỉ tìm thấy tại vùng Cao nguyên Ethiopia, với một số lượng lớn sống tại Dãy núi Semien. Loài khỉ gelada thì không thực sự là khỉ đầu chó (Khỉ đầu chó bao gồm tất cả các thành viên của chi Papio) mà là thành viên còn tồn tại duy nhất của chi Theropithecus. Theropithecus bắt nguồn từ từ có nguồn gốc Hy Lạp "beast-ape".[3][4] Giống như họ hàng gần của nó là khỉ đầu chó (chi Papio), nó hầu như sống trên cạn, dành phần lớn thời gian kiếm ăn trên vùng thảo nguyên.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C. (2008). Theropithecus gelada. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T21744A9316114. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21744A9316114.en. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 1 năm 2018.
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Theropithecus gelada”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ “Classic Roots P”. PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 26 tháng 12 năm 2006. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 12 năm 2006. thero (G) - A wild beast; summer; hunt for
  4. ^ “Classic Roots T”. PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 7 tháng 11 năm 2004. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 12 năm 2006. pithec, -o, -us (G) - An ape

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Theropithecus gelada: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Theropithecus gelada, còn gọi là khỉ Gelada, là một loài khỉ Cựu thế giới chỉ tìm thấy tại vùng Cao nguyên Ethiopia, với một số lượng lớn sống tại Dãy núi Semien. Loài khỉ gelada thì không thực sự là khỉ đầu chó (Khỉ đầu chó bao gồm tất cả các thành viên của chi Papio) mà là thành viên còn tồn tại duy nhất của chi Theropithecus. Theropithecus bắt nguồn từ từ có nguồn gốc Hy Lạp "beast-ape". Giống như họ hàng gần của nó là khỉ đầu chó (chi Papio), nó hầu như sống trên cạn, dành phần lớn thời gian kiếm ăn trên vùng thảo nguyên.

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Гелада ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Изображение гелады из зоологической книги XIX века

У гелад не существуют определённых брачных периодов. Плодовитость самки становится очевидной, когда пятно на груди наливается красным цветом и возбухают половые губы. Инициатива к спариванию исходит от самки и является синхронизированной, так что почти все самки группы рождают потомство в один и тот же период. При смене самца самки снижают секрецию пролактина, который регулирует нормальное течение беременности и препятствует овуляции, что приводит к выкидышу, иначе при захвате гарема самец может убить потомство предыдущего самца[2]. Продолжительность беременности составляет от пяти до шести месяцев. Детёныши кормятся молоком до полуторагодичного возраста. Благодаря уникальной среди приматов анатомической особенности гелад, у которых оба соска находятся очень близко, детёныши могут сосать одновременно обе груди.

Половой зрелости самки достигают в возрасте от четырёх до пяти лет, самцы — от пяти до восьми лет. Средняя продолжительность жизни составляет свыше двадцати лет.

Угрозы

Гелады являются очень специализированными животными. Они обитают в небольшом пространстве, и уровень угроз их существованию определён МСОП как низкий. Основными источниками угроз геладам являются сокращение их жизненного пространства из-за превращения его в сельскохозяйственные угодья, а также охота ради их мяса. Ранее самцов отстреливали в том числе и ради их гривы, из которой изготавливались украшения. На некоторых охраняемых территориях, таких как объявленный ЮНЕСКО всемирным наследием Национальный парк Симиен, гелады находятся под полной защитой. Во всём мире в зоопарках содержатся всего около полутора сотен этих животных.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 93. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Елена Наймарк. Самки гелад избавляются от нежелательной беременности (неопр.). Элементы.ру (13 марта 2012). Проверено 27 марта 2012. Архивировано 5 июня 2012 года.
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Гелада: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Изображение гелады из зоологической книги XIX века

У гелад не существуют определённых брачных периодов. Плодовитость самки становится очевидной, когда пятно на груди наливается красным цветом и возбухают половые губы. Инициатива к спариванию исходит от самки и является синхронизированной, так что почти все самки группы рождают потомство в один и тот же период. При смене самца самки снижают секрецию пролактина, который регулирует нормальное течение беременности и препятствует овуляции, что приводит к выкидышу, иначе при захвате гарема самец может убить потомство предыдущего самца. Продолжительность беременности составляет от пяти до шести месяцев. Детёныши кормятся молоком до полуторагодичного возраста. Благодаря уникальной среди приматов анатомической особенности гелад, у которых оба соска находятся очень близко, детёныши могут сосать одновременно обе груди.

Половой зрелости самки достигают в возрасте от четырёх до пяти лет, самцы — от пяти до восьми лет. Средняя продолжительность жизни составляет свыше двадцати лет.

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獅尾狒 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:獅尾狒

獅尾狒學名Theropithecus gelada),灵长目猴科獅尾狒屬唯一的一種,產于埃塞俄比亞厄立特里亞高原地區。與狒狒相似,是一種體型較大的靈長目

大型的猴子,与狒狒相似,因尾端有一小撮毛而得名,是一种昼行性的地栖猴类。群居性强,最多可聚集数百只,大群中包括约20只为一家的小群,其中体型最大的种类名为欧氏獅尾狒,已灭绝,目前仅存的一种獅尾狒也正濒临绝种。

特徵

 src=
雌性獅尾狒

大部分的群居动物都有一个特征,那就是雄性和雌性的外表会有明显的区别。例如:

雄性獅尾狒体型较大,尾巴约51厘米;肩披长毛,胸斑环以白色毛发,颊毛突出。

雌性獅尾狒体型几乎只有雄性的一半,肩毛较短,没有明显的颊毛;尾巴约42厘米;胸斑呈圆珠水泡突出壮。

习性

獅尾狒是典型的群居動物,一個種群一般由一頭成年公猴、幾頭母猴以及它們的後代組成。小的種群可能組成多達350頭的大種群,共同覓食。

食性

獅尾狒基本是草食性,有時也吃種子、根莖、花和水果。

保育情況

獅尾狒目前還有50,000到60,000頭,由於偷獵和棲息地的破壞,目前獅尾狒的數量也在不斷縮減之中。

亞種

  • Theropithecus gelada gelada
  • Theropithecus gelada obscurus

參考

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:獅尾狒
 title=
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獅尾狒: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

獅尾狒(學名:Theropithecus gelada),灵长目猴科獅尾狒屬唯一的一種,產于埃塞俄比亞厄立特里亞高原地區。與狒狒相似,是一種體型較大的靈長目

大型的猴子,与狒狒相似,因尾端有一小撮毛而得名,是一种昼行性的地栖猴类。群居性强,最多可聚集数百只,大群中包括约20只为一家的小群,其中体型最大的种类名为欧氏獅尾狒,已灭绝,目前仅存的一种獅尾狒也正濒临绝种。

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ゲラダヒヒ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ゲラダヒヒ ゲラダヒヒ
ゲラダヒヒ Theropithecus gelada
保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))[1]
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 亜綱 : 獣亜綱 Eutheria : 霊長目 Primate 亜目 : 直鼻猿亜目 Haplorrhini 下目 : 狭鼻下目 Catarrhini 上科 : オナガザル上科
Cercopithecoidea : オナガザル科 Cercopithecidae 亜科 : オナガザル亜科
Cercopithecinae : ゲラダヒヒ属 Theropithecus
I. Geoffroy, 1843 : ゲラダヒヒ T. gelada 学名 Theropithecus gelada
(Rüppell, 1835) 和名 ゲラダヒヒ 英名 Gelada
Gelada baboon

ゲラダヒヒTheropithecus gelada)は、哺乳綱霊長目オナガザル科ゲラダヒヒ属に分類されるサル。本種のみでゲラダヒヒ属を形成する。日本では特定動物に指定されている。

分布[編集]

エチオピアエリトリア

形態[編集]

体長オス69-74 cm、メス50-65 cm。尾長33-50 cm。体重オス20kg、メス12-14 kg。メスよりもオスの方が大型になる。咽頭部、胸部、臀部には体毛がなく、皮膚が露出している。尻だこは発達する。尾の先端の体毛は房状に伸長する。

オスは側頭部や肩の体毛が伸長する。

亜種[編集]

  • Theropithecus gelada gelada (Rüppell, 1835)
    VULNERABLE (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))[2]
    Status iucn3.1 VU.svg
  • Theropithecus gelada obscurus Heuglin, 1863  Eastern gelada
    LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))[3]
    Status iucn3.1 LC.svg

生態[編集]

草原や岩場に生息する。昼間は1頭のオスと数頭のメスや幼獣からなる小規模な群れで草原で食事を取り、夜間になると100頭以上にもなる大規模な群れを形成し崖の上などで休む。威嚇やディスプレイとして上唇を裏返し犬歯を剥き出しにする行動を行う。

食性は植物食傾向の強い雑食で、木の果実種子昆虫類等を食べる。

繁殖形態は胎生で、1回に1頭の幼獣を産む。

胸の斑紋について[編集]

この種の胸には三角を縦に並べた、砂時計にも似た形の部分がある。この部分は毛がなくて肌が露出しており、赤い色をしている。特に雌ではその部分の周辺が白く、これは雌の性器周辺の色と形に類似する。これを性器の模写と見て、一般のサルでは発情時に性器を誇示するが、普段は座位を取りがちなこの種において、類似の斑紋を胸につけることで見やすくしたとの判断がある。ヒトにおいて乳房が性的意味を持つのと並行的現象だとする考えである[4]

画像[編集]

  •  src=

    メス

  •  src=

    イラスト

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ゲラダヒヒに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにゲラダヒヒに関する情報があります。

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C. 2008. Theropithecus gelada. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
  2. ^ Gippoliti, S. 2008. Theropithecus gelada ssp. gelada. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
  3. ^ Gippoliti, S. 2008. Theropithecus gelada ssp. obscurus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
  4. ^ 宮地(1979),p.151-152

参考文献[編集]

  • 『原色ワイド図鑑3 動物』、学習研究社、1984年、32頁。
  • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 動物』、小学館、2002年、139頁。
  • 宮地伝三郎、『動物社会』、(1979)、筑摩書房

外部リンク[編集]


執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

ゲラダヒヒ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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ゲラダヒヒ(Theropithecus gelada)は、哺乳綱霊長目オナガザル科ゲラダヒヒ属に分類されるサル。本種のみでゲラダヒヒ属を形成する。日本では特定動物に指定されている。

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겔라다개코원숭이 ( Korean )

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겔라다개코원숭이 또는 겔라다구세계원숭이의 하나로 에티오피아 고산지대에서만 발견되며, 많은 수의 개체가 시미엔 산에 있다. 겔라다개코원숭이속(Theropithecus)의 명칭은 고대 그리스어(Thero("짐승") + pithecus("유인원"))로부터 유래했다.[3][4] 인근 관계에 있는 개코원숭이속(Papio)처럼, 영역을 크게 차지하는 원숭이이며, 초원에서 풀을 찾아 많은 시간을 보낸다.

계통 분류와 화석 종

1979년 이래, 통상적으로 자신의 이름을 딴 겔라다개코원숭이속(Theropithecus)으로 분류되었던 겔라다개코원숭이는, 일부 유전발생학적 연구에 의해 이 원숭이들을 개코원숭이족(papionine)으로 분류되어야 한다고 제안되었으며,[5] 실제로도 그렇게 분류되며, 어떤 연구자들은 이 종을 개코원숭이속(Papio)과는 아주 다르게 분류한다.[6] 겔라다개코원숭이(Theropithecus gelada)는 현존하는 이 속의 유일한 종이지만, 화석 기록 상으로는 더 많은 종들이 알려져 있다.: T. brumpti, T. darti[7]와 예전의 속명, 시모피테쿠스속(Simopithecus)으로 분류되던 T. oswaldi이다.

현재는 에티오피아에만 제한적으로 존재하는 겔라다개코원숭이속(Theropithecus)은 아프리카지중해에서 아시아까지 발견된 화석이 알려져 있으며, 남아프리카공화국, 말라위, 콩고민주공화국, 탄자니아, 우간다, 케냐, 에티오피아, 알제리, 모로코, 스페인, 그리고 인도를 포함한다. 좀 더 정확하게는 미르자푸르(Mirzapur), 쿠에바 빅토리아(Cueva Victoria), Pirro Nord, 테르니피네(Ternifine), 하다르(Hadar), 투르카나(Turkana), 마카판스가트(Makapansgat), 스와트크란(Swartkrans)이다.

생김새

겔라다개코원숭이(Theropithecus gelada)는 가슴에 밝은 반점을 있어 개코원숭이와 신체적으로 구별할 수 있다. 이 반점은 모래시계 모양으로 수컷은 밝은 붉은색을 띠며, 흰 털로 테두리가 져 있다. 암컷의 반점은 덜 두드러진다. 그러나 발정기가 되면, 암컷의 반점은 밝아지고, 목걸이 모양의 수포가 생겨 진물이 흐른다. 이는 대부분의 개코원숭이들이 발정기에 공통적으로 경험하는, 궁둥이가 부풀어 오르는 것과 비슷한 현상으로 보인다. 이 변화는 겔라다개코원숭이의 먹이를 구하는 독특한 습성에 기인한 것으로 보인다. - 궁둥이를 아래로 감추고 똑바로 앉은 자세로 풀을 뜯는 데, 깨어있는 시간의 대부분을 보내어, 그 모습이 보일 틈이 없었다. 수컷 겔라다개코원숭이의 꼬리는 몸 길이 정도되고, 머리 꼭대기는 숱이 촘촘한 도가머리가 나 있다. 또한 털이 망토처럼 길게 흘러 내려와 있고, 갈기가 나 있다.

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암컷 겔라다개코원숭이

겔라다개코원숭이는 한 마리의 수컷에, 여러 마리의 암컷과 그들의 새끼로 구성된 일종의 작은 하렘에서 생활한다. 이들 작은 집단들은 연합하여, 350마리 이상까지 큰 집단을 형성하고 종종 함께 먹이를 구한다. 특히 먹이를 얻는 장소에서 670마리 이상까지 집단을 이루는 것이 관찰된 바 있다.

멸종 위험

멸종위기종에 오르지는 않았지만, 겔라개코원숭이는 50,000 - 60,000마리만이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 사냥과 서식지 파괴 때문에 겔라다개코원숭이는 예전에 올리브개코원숭이만이 살던 곳에 곳에 옮겨져, 2종 사이의 이종 교배를 통해 보존되고 있다.

겔라다개코원숭이속에는 2종의 아종이 있다:

  • Theropithecus gelada gelada
  • 동부겔라다 (Theropithecus gelada obscurus)

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 167쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Theropithecus gelada”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 4일에 확인함.
  3. “Classic Roots P”. 《PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL》. 2006년 12월 26일에 원본 문서 (HTML)에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 26일에 확인함. thero (G) - A wild beast; summer; hunt for
  4. “Classic Roots T”. 《PHTHIRAPTERA CENTRAL》. 2004년 11월 7일에 원본 문서 (HTML)에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 26일에 확인함. pithec, -o, -us (G) - An ape
  5. Goodman, M.; 외. (1998). “Toward a phylogenetic classification of Primates based on DNA evidence complemented by fossil evidence”. 《Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution》 9: 585–598. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0495.
  6. McKenna, M.C., Bell, S.K. (1997). 《Classification of mammals above the species level》. New York: Columbia University Press. 631 pp쪽.
  7. Hughes, Jk; Elton, S; O'Regan, Hj (2008년 Jan월). “Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene”. 《Journal of human evolution》 54 (1): 43–77. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 17868778.
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