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Distribution

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Continent: Asia
Distribution: Armenia, Georgia, Turkey (Kars, Anatolia)
Type locality: Gukasyan Region, Armenia
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Darevski gürzəsi ( Azerbaijani )

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Darevski gürzəsi (lat. Vipera darevskii) — Gürzələr fəsiləsinə daxil olan ilan növü. Dişilər erkəklərdən iri olur. Dişilər 40 sm, erkəklər isə 25 sm olur. İlan öz adını İlya Sergeyeviç Darevskinin adında götürmüşdür. İlk dəfə Ermənistanda aşkarlanmışdır.

Xariçi görünüşü

Erkəklərin quyruğu 39-43 sm, dişilərdə isə 45-50 sm olur. Başı iri sonucu isə yumrudur. Gürzələrin rəngi sarı-boz və ya sarı-qəhvəyi olur. Bədənində ziqzaqvari zolaq keçir. Balalar növə xass rəngə malik olurlar.

Yayılması

Onlar Ermənistanın şimal-qərb hissəsində subalp və alp qurşağında yayımışlar. Hündürlüyü 2600–3000 m olan ərazilərdə rast gəlinir[1]. Bu yaxınlarda Türkiyəin şimal-şərqində Zəkəriyə kəndində bu ilanların nümayəndələri aşkarlanmış[2][3].[4][5]. Bundan əlavə Artvin ərazisində də aşkarlanmışdır.

Zəhərinin təsiri

Darevski gürzəsi zəhərli ilanlara daxildir. Onların zəhərləri insan və heyvanlar üçün təhlükəlidir. Zəhər daxili orqanlarda qanaxma yaradır və ölümə səbəb olur.

Qidalanması və qorunması

Darevski gürzəsi əsasən Qayalıq kərtənkələləri, gəmiricilər və çəyirtkələrlə qidalanırlar. Bu növ çox nadir hallarda gözə dəyir və sayları azalmaqdadır. Bu səbəndə Beyməlxalq Qırmızı Kitaba daxil edilmişdir.

İstinadlar

  1. Darevski gürzəsi — Vipera darevskii
  2. Geniez F., Tenynie A. 2005. Discovery of a population of the critically endangered Vipera darevskii Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986 in Turkey, with new elements of the indentification (Reptilia, Squamata, Viperidae) // Herpetozoa. Vol. 18 No 3/4 p. 1-9.
  3. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  4. Avci A., Ilgaz C., Baran I., Yusuf Kumlutas Y., 2009. Contribution to the distibution and morphology of Pelias darevskii (Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986) (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae) in Northern Anatolia // Russ. J. Herpetol. Vol. 16
  5. Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
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Darevski gürzəsi: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Darevski gürzəsi (lat. Vipera darevskii) — Gürzələr fəsiləsinə daxil olan ilan növü. Dişilər erkəklərdən iri olur. Dişilər 40 sm, erkəklər isə 25 sm olur. İlan öz adını İlya Sergeyeviç Darevskinin adında götürmüşdür. İlk dəfə Ermənistanda aşkarlanmışdır.

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Darevskis Kreuzotter ( German )

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Darevskis Kreuzotter (Vipera darevskii), auch Darevski-Kreuzotter oder Darevskis Kaukasusotter, ist eine Art der Echten Ottern (Vipera) innerhalb der Vipern (Viperidae). Ihre Verbreitung ist auf das Dschawacheti-Bergmassiv im Grenzgebiet Armeniens beschränkt. Der wissenschaftliche Name ehrt den russischen Zoologen Ilja Sergejewitsch Darewski (* 1925).

Merkmale

Darevskis Kreuzotter ist eine sehr kleine Art der Gattung und erreicht eine durchschnittliche Länge von etwa 26 bis 48 cm, wobei die Weibchen größer sind als die Männchen. Die Grundfarbe ist gelblich bis graugelb mit einer Rückenzeichnung aus einem breiten und recht einheitlichen Zickzackband. Die Körperseiten besitzen dunkle Flecken, die miteinander verschmelzen können. Melanistische Individuen sind nicht bekannt. Der Bauch ist dunkelgrau mit schwarzen Sprenkeln. Die Oberseite des Kopfes ist dunkel, im Nacken befinden sich zwei halbmondförmige Bandstreifen, und über die Augen zieht sich ein dunkles Schläfenband.

Der Kopf ist schmal und etwas vom Rest des Körpers abgesetzt. Darevskis Kreuzotter hat die für Vipern typischen vertikal geschlitzten Pupillen. Auf der Kopfoberseite sind das Frontale, die Parietalia und die Überaugenschilde groß ausgebildet, können aber auch geteilt sein. Die übrigen Schilde sind in kleine Einzelschuppen aufgelöst. Der Überaugenschild bildet zum Hinterkopf eine scharfe Kante, während die Schnauzenregion abgerundet ist. Das Nasenloch befindet sich im unteren Bereich der Nasale. Unterhalb der Augen befindet sich eine Reihe von Unteraugenschilden (Subocularia), darunter liegen 9 bis 10 Oberlippenschilde (Supralabialia). Die Körperschuppen sind gekielt. Um die Körpermitte liegen meistens 19 bis 21 Schuppenreihen. Die Unterschwanzschilde (Subcaudalia) sind wie bei allen Arten der Gattung geteilt.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

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Verbreitungsgebiet

Die Westliche Kaukasusotter war nur vom Dschawacheti-Bergmassiv im Grenzgebiet Armeniens zu Georgien bekannt. Erst 2005 wurde auch in der Provinz Artvin im Nordosten der Türkei Populationen entdeckt.[1] Als Lebensraum bevorzugen die Tiere subalpine Bergwiesen und steinige Moränen in Höhenlagen zwischen 2.500 und 3.000 Metern.

Lebensweise

Über die Lebensweise von Darevskis Kreuzotter liegen kaum Daten vor, darin ähnelt sie wahrscheinlich der Kaukasusotter (V. kaznakovi). Sie ist entsprechend wahrscheinlich überwiegend tagaktiv und lebt eher versteckt. Die Winterruhe dauert bei dieser Art sechs bis sieben Monate. Sie ernährt sich wahrscheinlich vor allem von Kleinsäugern wie Mäusen und Ratten sowie von Eidechsen und jungen Vögeln, die sie durch einen Giftbiss tötet.

Die Schlange ist lebendgebärend (ovovivipar). Als vermutete Paarungszeit wird aufgrund der Hochlagen der April bis Mai angenommen.

Schlangengift

Das Gift von Darevskis Kreuzotter ist wie das aller Vipera-Arten hämotoxisch, eine ärztliche Behandlung mit einem adäquaten Antivenin ist notwendig.

Gefährdung

Die einzelnen Populationen der Art sind klein und verstreut. Da der gesamte bekannte Verbreitungsraum wahrscheinlich kleiner als 100 Quadratkilometer ist, wobei sich der tatsächliche Lebensraum auf weniger als 10 Quadratkilometer beschränkt und überweidet wird, wird die Art als vom Aussterben bedroht auf der Roten Liste des IUCN geführt.[1]

Literatur

  • David Mallow, David Ludwig, Göran Nilson: True Vipers. Natural History and Toxicology of Old World Vipers, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar (Florida) 2003, S. 285–287, ISBN 0-89464-877-2
  • Ulrich Gruber: Die Schlangen Europas. Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1989; Seiten 198–199. ISBN 3-440-05753-4.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Vipera darevskii in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: Boris Tuniyev, Göran Nilson, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, 2009.
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Darevskis Kreuzotter: Brief Summary ( German )

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Darevskis Kreuzotter (Vipera darevskii), auch Darevski-Kreuzotter oder Darevskis Kaukasusotter, ist eine Art der Echten Ottern (Vipera) innerhalb der Vipern (Viperidae). Ihre Verbreitung ist auf das Dschawacheti-Bergmassiv im Grenzgebiet Armeniens beschränkt. Der wissenschaftliche Name ehrt den russischen Zoologen Ilja Sergejewitsch Darewski (* 1925).

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Vipera darevskii

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Vipera darevskii, known as Darevsky's viper,[2] is a small species of viper, a venomous snake in the subfamily Viperinae of the family Viperidae. The species is native to northwestern Armenia, northeastern Turkey, and possibly also adjacent southern Georgia.[2] There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.[3]

Etymology

The specific name, darevskii, is in honor of Russian herpetologist Ilya Sergeyevich Darevsky.[4]

Venom

Darevsky's viper is a relatively small venomous snake. Its bite is painful and will cause local swelling, but appears not to be life-threatening to adult humans.

Description

In this species, V. darevskii, there is sexual dimorphism in size, color, and pattern appearance. The reported maximum total length (including tail) for females is 42.1 cm (16.6 in). The total length of the largest male was 25.8 cm (10.2 in).[2] The dorsal surface of V. darevskii has a light brown to grey background color, with a dark brown to black (often broken) zigzag pattern along the back, and a single row of small dark blotches on each side of the body. The belly has a pattern of numerous grey or black dots. In females the belly is greyer, while in males it is almost black with some white fragments on the edges of the ventral scales. The chin shields and labial scales are white, with few dark fang-shaped markings on the labials, which makes this species different from the related Vipera eriwanensis, which has a somewhat pink tint on the labials. In general adult males are noticeably brighter and have more color contrast compared to females. Females have a browner background color and a less pronounced brown pattern; while adult males have a relatively light background color with a yellow tint, and a dark, often black, pattern.

The dorsal scales are keeled. The dorsal surface of the head anterior to the frontal (the area sometimes called the pileus) carries a complex of enlarged shields.

Natural history

Little is known about the ontogenetic development and the life span of Darevsky's viper.

Diet

Like all other snakes, Darevsky's viper is a predator. It forages on lizards, small rodents, and orthopterans. Due to the potent venom, the digestion process is very fast. Digestion of fuzzy rats in vipers kept at 4–7 °C (39-45 °F) lasted only 3 days. A speculation exists that these snakes need a lot of food.

Reproduction

An ovoviviparous snake, V. darevskii mates in May, after the first spring shed. Females feed intensively throughout the warm season, and give birth to 4–8 babies in September to Early October. Newborn babies are just 15–18 cm (5.9–7.1 in) long (including tail), and weigh about 0.5 g (0.018 oz).

Neonates

During their first two weeks, newborn V. darevskii consume the residual nutrition from the yolk. They grow without eating and get ready for the first shed which takes place within 10–14 days. It is unknown, whether baby vipers forage before their first hibernation or not. Generally baby Daresky's vipers feed on newborn rock lizards (Darevskia valentini) and small orthopterans.

Geographic range

A montane snake, V. darevskii is only known from the southwestern Dzavakhety Mountains in Shirak Marz of Armenia, on Madatapa, Javakheti Ridge, Erusheti Mountains and Akhaltsihe Highland Georgia and the east of the Artvin Province and Ardahan Province of Turkey.

The type locality given is "Mount Leghli" (Achkasar), Mokrye mountains (Wet mountains), Gukasyanskii region (former Ghukasyan district), Armenia."[1]

Habitat and ecology

The mountain ridges supporting Darevsky's viper have unique climate conditions. They compose the coldest and the most humid region of the Armenian Highland. The average annual precipitation here is about 1,000 mm (39 in). Even during the hottest and driest months of July and August, hot days lead to intensive evaporation of humidity and cloud formation. Almost every evening, aggregating clouds release some, often heavy, showers and remoisturize the environment. At night temperatures regularly drop down to just 4-6 °C (39-43 °F), and morning sunrays regularly have to cut through the dense fog, before they reach the east-facing slopes and provide heat necessary for functioning of this viper. In some north-facing patches, close to the watersheds and summits of mountain ridges, some residual snow and ice never melts. Such patches as a rule are unsuitable for snakes. Suitable patches of rocky deposits are mainly situated on the steep and warmest south-facing and southeast-facing slopes of deep mountain valleys within an elevation range of 2300–3000 m (7,550-9,840 ft) above sea level.

High mountainous moraines, as well as outcrops of bedrock surrounded by alpine grasslands, are being utilized as the main habitat by this snake. Deposits of rocks provide snakes with deep hibernation dens, but also serve as daily shelters and protection from overheating and/or overcooling as well as from predators. Also rocky deposits support important food resources: rock lizards (mainly Darevskia valentini) and small rodents (Microtus ssp.). Darevsky's vipers are diurnal snakes, and during the day they often move inside the rocky deposits to maintain optimal body temperature, which is about 26–28 °C (79-82 °F). Very little is known about natural enemies of this viper. Remains of this snake were found in the feces of a beech marten (Martes foina nehringi).

Land use and protection

Slopes of ridges supporting Darevsky's viper are being regularly used by local residents as pasture for domestic cattle, and are being mowed. Currently the major part of the habitat of this snake in Armenia is included in the Lake Arpi National Park.

Conservation status

This species, V. darevskii, is classified as critically endangered (CR) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) (v3.1, 2001).[5] This indicates that its extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 100 km2, its area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km2, its population is severely fragmented and a continuing decline is observed, projected, or inferred, in the extent of its habitat.[6] Year assessed: 2009.

References

  1. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ^ "Vipera darevskii ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  4. ^ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Vipera darevskii, p. 65).
  5. ^ Vipera darevskii at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 13 May 2014.
  6. ^ 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 13 May 2014.
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Vipera darevskii: Brief Summary

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Vipera darevskii, known as Darevsky's viper, is a small species of viper, a venomous snake in the subfamily Viperinae of the family Viperidae. The species is native to northwestern Armenia, northeastern Turkey, and possibly also adjacent southern Georgia. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.

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Vipera darevskii ( Estonian )

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Vipera darevskii on maoliik. Väliselt, seljal paikneva tumeda siksak triibu järgi, meenutavad nad Eestis levinud harilikku rästikut.[1]

Levila

Nad elavad Gruusias, Türgis ja Armeenias. Levila hulka Armeenias arvatakse haldusüksus Širak[2].

Viited

  1. PHILIPPE GÊNIEZ & ALEXANDRE TEYNIÉ, Discovery of a population of the critically endangered Vipera darevskii VEDMEDERJA, ORLOV & TUNIYEV, 1986 in Turkey, with new elements on its identification (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae), HERPETOZOA 18 (1/2): 25 - 33 25, Wien, 30. Juni 2005, Veebiversioon (vaadatud 18.12.2013) (inglise keeles)
  2. TADEVOSYAN'S HERPETOLOGICAL RESOURCES (THR), Veebiversioon (vaadatud 18.12.2013) (inglise keeles)

Välislingid

Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Vipera darevskii seisuga 18.12.2013.

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Vipera darevskii: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Vipera darevskii on maoliik. Väliselt, seljal paikneva tumeda siksak triibu järgi, meenutavad nad Eestis levinud harilikku rästikut.

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Vipera darevskii ( Basque )

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Vipera darevskii Vipera generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Vipera darevskii: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Vipera darevskii Vipera generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Vipera darevskii ( French )

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Vipera darevskii est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae[1].

Répartition

 src=
Aire de répartition de l'espèce Vipera darevskii selon l'UICN (consulté le 29 janvier 2013).

Cette espèce se rencontre en Arménie, en Géorgie et en Turquie[1].

Description

C'est un serpent venimeux.

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de l'herpétologiste russe Ilya Sergeevich Darevsky (1924-2009).

Publication originale

  • Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986 : On taxonomy of three viper species of the Vipera kaznakowi complex. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, vol. 157, p. 55-61.

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) Référence Reptarium Reptile Database : Vipera darevskii

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Vipera darevskii: Brief Summary ( French )

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Vipera darevskii est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae.

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Vipera darevskii ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Vipera darevskii[3] este o specie de șerpi din genul Vipera, familia Viperidae, descrisă de Vedmederja, Orlov și Tuniyev 1986.[4][5] A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie pe cale de dispariție (stare critică).[1] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Vipera darevskii nu are subspecii cunoscute.[4]

Referințe

  1. ^ a b Vipera darevskii. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2009. Accesat în 24 octombrie 2012.
  2. ^ Nilson,G.; TUNIYEV,B.; ANDRÉN,C. & ORLOV,N. (1999) Vipers of Caucasus: Taxonomic considerations., Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 103-106
  3. ^ Vedmederja V J; Orlov N L; Tuniyev B S (1986) On taxonomy of three viper species of the Vipera kaznakowi complex [in Russian]., TRUDY ZOOLOGICHESKOGO INSTITUTA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR 157: 55-61
  4. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
  5. ^ TIGR Reptile Database . Uetz P. , 2007-10-02


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Vipera darevskii: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Vipera darevskii este o specie de șerpi din genul Vipera, familia Viperidae, descrisă de Vedmederja, Orlov și Tuniyev 1986. A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie pe cale de dispariție (stare critică). Conform Catalogue of Life specia Vipera darevskii nu are subspecii cunoscute.

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Vipera darevskii ( Vietnamese )

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Vipera darevskii là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Vedmederja Orlov & Tuniyev mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1986.[2] Đây là loài rắn độc bản địa tây bắc Armenia, đông bắc Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, và có thể cũng giáp miền nam Georgia. Không có phân loài nào được công nhận.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Vipera darevskii. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


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Vipera darevskii: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Vipera darevskii là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Vedmederja Orlov & Tuniyev mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1986. Đây là loài rắn độc bản địa tây bắc Armenia, đông bắc Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, và có thể cũng giáp miền nam Georgia. Không có phân loài nào được công nhận.

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