Guidance for identification
Sinònim taxonòmic 
Astraeus hygrometricus, o estrelleta,[1] és un fong basidiomicet de la família Diplocystidiaceae. La seva nomenclatura binomial és Geastrum hygrometricumPers. 1801.[2]
El bolet compta amb dues parts diferenciades. Una de forma globular que s'esquinça per alliberar espores i una altra carnosa que s'obre en lacínies, formant un estel, quan l'ambient és humit i favorable a la dispersió de les espores. Al més mínim contacte amb l'endoperidi (coberta que envolta la massa esporal), les espores pulverulentes surten a través d'un orifici irregular apical.[3] L'exoperidi és higroscòpic i torna a tancar-se en temps sec.[3]
El gènere Astraeus està format per una sola espècie.[3]
Viu sobretot en sòls arenosos i llocs secs, boscos aclarits. És més freqüent a l'Europa meridional. Es pot trobar tot l'any.[3]
Astraeus hygrometricus, o estrelleta, és un fong basidiomicet de la família Diplocystidiaceae. La seva nomenclatura binomial és Geastrum hygrometricumPers. 1801.
Hvězdák vlhkoměrný (Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan 1889) je houba patřící mezi boletoidní gasteromycety. Vyznačuje se hvězdovkovitým habitem a hygroskopickými rameny reagujícími na vlhkost. Jde o jediný evropský druh z rodu hvězdákovitých.[1]
Plodnice jsou nejprve podzemní, zploštěle kulovité (uzavřené), široké 15–33 milimetrů. V dospělosti vystupují na povrch.[1]
Exoperidie (povrch plodnice) rozpraskává na 7–13 (i 20[4]) cípů a dosahuje rozpětí 50–100 milimetrů. Cípy exoperidie jsou hygroskopické – ve vlhku se rozevírají, za sucha se uzavírají. Z vnější strany jsou kožovité, šedé až černohnědé, vnitřní strana (horní, pokud je plodnice rozevřená) je zbarvená žlutohnědě až tmavě hnědočerveně a její povrch je políčkovitě rozpraskaný.[1]
Endoperidie má bochníčkovitý tvar, dosahuje 15–30 milimetrů v průměru. Povrch má kožovitý, zbarvena je šedě až okrově hnědě, s otvorem na vrcholu.[1]
Výtrusy dosahují 8–11 μm, jsou kulovité a nesou ostnité bradavky až 1 μm dlouhé.[1]
Mykorhizní druh typický pro oblasti teplomilné květeny.[5] Roste roztroušeně na výslunných stanovištích na písčitém, hlinitém i skalnatém podloží.[1] Objevuje se od srpna do listopadu pod duby, habry a borovicemi.[5] Plodnice na stanovišti vytrvávají do příštího roku. Plodnice mohou být napadeny parazitickým hřibem hvězdákožijným.[6]
Hvězdák vlhkoměrný je rozšířený celosvětově v teplých oblastech. Roste v Evropě, Africe, Asii a Severní i Jižní Americe.
Dospělé plodnice mohou být zaměněny za některé hvězdovky.[5] Od těch se liší makroskopicky i mikroskopicky v několika znacích. Teřich hvězdáku je snadno odloupnutelný, kdežto u hvězdovek je přirostlý.[5] Ústí hvězdáku je na rozdíl od podobné hvězdovky kvítkovité (Geastrum floriforme) nepravidelné, nikoli kuželovité.[7] Spóry hvězdáku jsou výrazně větší, kolem 10 μm, u hvězdovek dosahují zpravidla polovičních rozměrů. Mladé nerozevřené plodnice je možné zaměnit za pestřec.[6]
Houba je nejedlá,[1] z plodnic ale byly extrahovány různé látky (polysacharidy, steroidní složky, deriváty triterpenů astrahygroly), které vykazují protirakovinné, antioxidační a imunitu povzbuzující účinky.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu hvězdák vlhkoměrný ve Wikimedia Commons
Hvězdák vlhkoměrný (Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan 1889) je houba patřící mezi boletoidní gasteromycety. Vyznačuje se hvězdovkovitým habitem a hygroskopickými rameny reagujícími na vlhkost. Jde o jediný evropský druh z rodu hvězdákovitých.
Der Gemeine Wetterstern (Astraeus hygrometricus) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Sclerodermataceae. Manchmal wird er zusammen mit den Hartbovisten und Erbsenstreulingen in die eigene Ordnung Sclerodermatales gestellt.
Die innen dunkelbraune, später schollig aufreißende Exoperidie des Gemeinen Wettersterns besteht aus 5–12 Lappen, die offen 3,5–8 cm, eingerollt 1,3–2,5 cm breit sind. Die kugelige Endoperidie ist etwa 12,5 cm breit, beige bis graubraun und ungestielt. Der Gemeine Wetterstern erhielt seinen Namen aufgrund seiner ausgeprägten Hygroskopie: Bei Trockenheit schließen sich die Lappen der Exoperidie wieder über der Endoperidie zusammen. Dieses Verhalten zeigen auch einige der nicht näher mit dem Wetterstern verwandten Erdsterne. Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen ab August und überdauern bis zum folgenden Sommer.
Der Gemeine Wetterstern ist ein Mykorrhizapilz. der mit verschiedenen Laub- und Nadelbäumen vergesellschaftet sein kann. Er wächst in bodensauren Laub- und Nadelwäldern vor allem an trockenen, sandigen Plätzen, oft an Süd- oder Westhängen. Die Art kommt nahezu weltweit vor, mit Ausnahme der borealen, alpinen und arktischen Regionen. Die nördliche Verbreitung in Europa erstreckt sich bis Südengland, Norddeutschland und Mittelpolen.
Der Wetterstern wurde von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Mykologie zum Pilz des Jahres 2005 gewählt.
Der Gemeine Wetterstern (Astraeus hygrometricus) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Sclerodermataceae. Manchmal wird er zusammen mit den Hartbovisten und Erbsenstreulingen in die eigene Ordnung Sclerodermatales gestellt.
Astraeus hygrometricus, commonly known as the hygroscopic earthstar, the barometer earthstar, or the false earthstar, is a species of fungus in the family Diplocystaceae. Young specimens resemble a puffball when unopened. In maturity, the mushroom displays the characteristic earthstar shape that is a result of the outer layer of fruit body tissue splitting open in a star-like manner. The false earthstar is an ectomycorrhizal species that grows in association with various trees, especially in sandy soils. A. hygrometricus was previously thought to have a cosmopolitan distribution, though it is now thought to be restricted to Southern Europe, and Astraeus are common in temperate and tropical regions.[2] Its common names refer to the fact that it is hygroscopic (water-absorbing), and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased humidity, and close them up again in drier conditions. The rays have an irregularly cracked surface, while the spore case is pale brown and smooth with an irregular slit or tear at the top. The gleba is white initially, but turns brown and powdery when the spores mature. The spores are reddish-brown, roughly spherical with minute warts, measuring 7.5–11 micrometers in diameter.
Despite a similar overall appearance, A. hygrometricus is not related to the true earthstars of genus Geastrum, although historically, they have been taxonomically confused. The species was first described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801 as Geastrum hygrometricus. In 1885, Andrew P. Morgan proposed that differences in microscopic characteristics warranted the creation of a new genus Astraeus distinct from Geastrum; this opinion was not universally accepted by later authorities. Several Asian populations formerly thought to be A. hygrometricus were renamed in the 2000s once phylogenetic analyses revealed they were unique Astraeus species, including A. asiaticus and A. odoratus. Similarly, in 2013, North American populations were divided into A. pteridis, A. morganii, and A. smithii on the basis of molecular phylogentics. This research suggests that the type specimen of Astraeus hygrometricus originates in a population restricted to Europe between Southern France and Turkey, with A. telleriae found nearby in Spain and Greece.[2] Research has revealed the presence of several bioactive chemical compounds in Astraeus fruit bodies. North American field guides typically rate A. hygrometricus as inedible; while this may be accurate for the now-separate North American species, A. hygrometricus is commonly consumed in South and Southeast Asia.
Because this species resembles the earthstar fungi of Geastrum, it was placed in that genus by early authors, starting with Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801[3] (as Geaster, an alternate spelling of Geastrum). According to the American botanist Andrew P. Morgan, however, the species differed from those of Geastrum in not having open chambers in the young gleba, having larger and branched capillitium threads, not having a true hymenium, and having larger spores. Accordingly, Morgan set Persoon's Geaster hygrometricum as the type species of his new genus Astraeus in 1889.[4] Despite Morgan's publication, some authorities in the following decades continued to classify the species in Geastrum.[5][6] The New-Zealand based mycologist Gordon Herriot Cunningham explicitly transferred the species back to the genus Geastrum in 1944, explaining:
The treatment of this species by certain taxonomists well illustrates the pitfalls that lie in wait for those who worship at the shrine of ontogenic classification ... The only feature of those outlined in which the species differs from others of Geastrum is the somewhat primitive hymenium. In the developing plant the glebal cavities are separated by tramal plates so tenuous as to be overlooked by the uncritical worker. Each cavity is filled with basidia somewhat irregularly arranged in clusters (like those of Scleroderma) and not in the definite palisade of the species which have been studied. This difference disappears as maturity is reached, when plants resemble closely the fructification of any other member of the genus. The taxonomist is then unable to indicate any point of difference by which "Astraeus" may be separated from Geastrum, which indicates that the name should be discarded.[7]
Cunningham's treatment was not followed by later authorities, who largely considered Astraeus a distinct genus. According to the taxonomical authority MycoBank,[1] synonyms of Astraeus hygrometricus include Lycoperdon stellatus Scop. (1772);[8] Geastrum fibrillosum Schwein. (1822);[9] Geastrum stellatum (Scop.) Wettst. (1885); and Astraeus stellatus E.Fisch. (1900).[10]
Astraeus hygrometricus has been given a number of colloquial names that allude to its hygroscopic behavior, including the "hygrometer earthstar", the "hygroscopic earthstar", the "barometer earthstar", and the "water-measure earthstar".[11][12] The resemblance to Geastrum species (also known as true earthstars) accounts for the common name "false earthstar".[13] The specific name is derived from the Greek words ὑγρός (hygros) 'wet' and μέτρον (metron) 'measure'.[14] The German Mycological Society selected the species as their "Mushroom of the Year" in 2005.[15]
Studies in the 2000s showed that several species from Asian collection sites labelled under the specific epithet hygrometricus were actually considerably variable in a number of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.[16] Molecular studies of the DNA sequences of the ITS region of the ribosomal DNA from a number of Astraeus specimens from around the world have helped to clarify phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Based on these results, two Asian "hygrometricus" populations have been described as new species: A. asiaticus[16] and A. odoratus (synonymous with Petcharat's A. thailandicus described in 2003[17]). Preliminary DNA analyses suggests that the European A. hygrometricus described by Persoon is a different species than the North American version described by Morgan, and that the European population may be divided into two distinct phylotypes, from France (A. hygrometricus) and from the Mediterranean (A. telleriae).[18][19] A follow-up analysis from 2013 named two new North American species: A. morganii from the Southern US and Mexico and A. smithii from the Central and Northern United States, and grouped western US specimens in A. pteridis.[2] A 2010 study identified a Japanese species, previously identified as A. hygrometricus, as genetically distinct; it has yet to be officially named.[19]
A form of the species found in Korea and Japan, A. hygrometricus var. koreanus, was named by V.J. Stanĕk in 1958;[20] it was later (1976) published as a distinct species—A. koreanus—by Hanns Kreisel.[21] As pointed out by Fangfuk and colleagues, clarification of the proper name for this taxon must await analysis of A. hygrometricus var. koreanus specimens from the type locality in North Korea.[19]
Young specimens of A. hygrometricus have roughly spherical fruit bodies that typically start their development partially embedded in the substrate. A smooth whitish mycelial layer covers the fruit body, and may be partially encrusted with debris. As the fruit body matures, the mycelial layer tears away, and the outer tissue layer, the exoperidium, breaks open in a star-shaped (stellate) pattern to form 4–20 irregular "rays". This simultaneously pushes the fruit body above ground to reveal a round spore case enclosed in a thin papery endoperidium. The rays open and close in response to levels of moisture in the environment, opening up in high humidity, and closing when the air is dry.[22] This is possible because the exoperidium is made of several different layers of tissue; the innermost, fibrous layer is hygroscopic, and curls or uncurls the entire ray as it loses or gains moisture from its surroundings.[23] This adaptation enables the fruit body to disperse spores at times of optimum moisture, and reduce evaporation during dry periods.[24][25] Further, dry fruit bodies with the rays curled up may be readily blown about by the wind, allowing them to scatter spores from the pore as they roll.[22]
"This veritable barometer is the most theatrical of all the earthstars. A few minutes immersion in water will open up old, dried-up specimens that seem as tightly closed as clenched fists."
The fruit body is 1–8 cm (0.5–3 in) in diameter from tip to tip when expanded.[26] The exoperidium is thick, and the rays are typically areolate (divided into small areas by cracks and crevices) on the upper surface,[27] and are dark grey to black. The spore case is sessile (lacking a stalk), light gray to tan color and 1 to 3 cm (0.4 to 1.2 in) broad with a felt-like or scurfy (coated with loose scaly crust) surface; the top of the spore case is opened by an irregular slit, tear or pore.[28] The interior of the spore case, the gleba, is white and solid when young, and divided into oval locules—a characteristic that helps to distinguish it from Geastrum.[29] The gleba becomes brown and powdery as the specimen matures.[30] Small dark hairlike threads (rhizomorphs) extend from the base of the fruit body into the substrate. The rhizomorphs are fragile, and often break off after maturity.[5]
The spores are spherical or nearly so, reddish-brown, thick-walled and verrucose (covered with warts and spines). The spores' dimensions are 7–11 µm;[31] the warts are about 1 µm long.[32] The spores are non-amyloid, and will not stain with iodine from Melzer's reagent.[11] The use of scanning electron microscopy has shown that the spines are 0.90–1.45 µm long, rounded at the tip, narrow, tapered, and sometime joined at the top.[16] The capillitia (masses of thread-like sterile fibers dispersed among the spores) are branched, 3.5–6.5 µm in diameter, and hyaline (translucent).[5] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four- to eight-spored,[5] with very short sterigmata.[33] The basidia are arranged in long strings of clusters; individual basidia measure 11–15 by 18–24 µm. The threads of the capillitia arise from the inner surface of the peridium, and are thick-walled, long, interwoven, and branched, measuring 3–5.5 µm thick.[5] The exoperidium (the outer layer of tissue, comprising the rays) is made of four distinct layers of tissue: the mycelial layer contains branched hyphae that are 4–6 μm in diameter; the hyphae of the fibrous layer are 6–8 μm diameter and branched; the collenchyma-type layer has branched hyphae of 3–4 μm diameter; the soft layer contains hyphae that are 3–6 μm in diameter.[34]
North American sources list A. hygrometricus as inedible,[29] in some cases because of its toughness.[28][35][36] However, they are regularly consumed in Nepal[37] and South Bengal, where "local people consume them as delicious food".[38] They are collected from the wild and sold in the markets of India.[39][40]
A study of a closely related southeast Asian Astraeus species concluded that the fungus contained an abundance of volatile eight-carbon compounds (including 1-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, and 1-octen-3-one) that imparted a "mushroom-like, earthy, and pungent odor that was evident as an oily and moss-like smell upon opening the caps". The study's authors further noted that the fruit bodies after cooking have a "roasted, maillard, herbal, and oily flavor". Volatile compounds detected after cooking the mushroom samples included furfural, benzaldehyde, cyclohexenone, and furanyl compounds.[41] The regional differences in opinions on edibility are from sources published before it was known that North American and Asian versions of A. hygrometricus were not always the same; in some cases Asian specimens have been identified as new species, such as A. asiaticus and A. odoratus.[16][18]
Although A. hygrometricus bears a superficial resemblance to members of the "true earthstars" Geastrum, it may be readily differentiated from most by the hygroscopic nature of its rays. Hygroscopic earthstars include G. arenarium, G. corollinum, G. floriforme, G. recolligens, and G. kotlabae.[26] Unlike Geastrum, the young fruit bodies of A. hygrometricus do not have a columella (sterile tissue in the gleba, at the base of the spore sac).[42] Geastrum tends to have its spore sac opening surrounded by a peristome or a disc, in contrast with the single lacerate slit of A. hygrometricus. There are also several microscopic differences: in A. hygrometricus, the basidia are not arranged in parallel columns, the spores are larger, and the threads of the capillitia are branched and continuous with the hyphae of the peridium.[5][27] Despite these differences, older specimens can be difficult to distinguish from Geastrum in the field.[12] One species of Geastrum, G. mammosum, does have thick and brittle rays that are moderately hygroscopic, and could be confused with A. hygrometricus; however, its spores are smaller than A. hygrometricus, typically about 4 µm in diameter.[31]
Astraeus pteridis is larger, 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) or more when expanded, and often has a more pronounced areolate pattern on the inner surface of the rays.[26] It is found in North America and the Canary Islands.[18] A. asiaticus and A. odoratus are two similar species known from throughout Asia and Southeast Asia, respectively.[18] A. odoratus is distinguished from A. hygrometricus by a smooth outer mycelial layer with few adhering soil particles, 3–9 broad rays, and a fresh odor similar to moist soil. The spore ornamentation of A. odoratus is also distinct from A. hygrometricus, with longer and narrower spines that often joined.[16] A. asiaticus has an outer peridial surface covered with small granules, and a gleba that is purplish-chestnut in color, compared to the smooth peridial surface and brownish gleba of A. hygrometricus. The upper limit of the spore size of A. asiaticus is larger than that of its more common relative, ranging from 8.75 to 15.2 μm.[18] A. koreanus (sometimes named as the variety A. hygrometricus var. koreanus; see Taxonomy) differs from the more common form in its smaller size, paler fruit body, and greater number of rays; microscopically, it has smaller spores (between 6.8 and 9 μm in diameter), and the spines on the spores differ in length and morphology.[16] It is known from Korea and Japan.[19]
Astraeus hygrometricus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus and grows in association with a broad range of tree species.[43] The mutualistic association between tree roots and the mycelium of the fungus helps the trees extract nutrients (particularly phosphorus) from the earth; in exchange, the fungus receives carbohydrates from photosynthesis.[38] In North America, associations with oak and pine are usual,[11] while in India, it has been noted to grow commonly with chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) and sal (Shorea robusta).[38] The false earthstar is found on the ground in open fields, often scattered or in groups, especially in nutrient-poor, sandy or loamy soils.[27][32][33] It has also been reported to grow on rocks, preferring acid substrates like slate and granite, while avoiding substrates rich in lime.[44] In Nepal, fruit bodies have been collected at elevations of 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[45] Fruit bodies typically appear in autumn, although the dry fruit bodies are persistent and may last up to several years.[31] Gelatinipulvinella astraeicola is a leotiaceous fungus with minute, gelatinous, pulvinate (cushion-shaped) apothecia, known to grow only on the inner surface of the rays of dead Astraeus species, including A. hygrometricus.[46]
The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution except for arctic, alpine and cold temperate regions;[33] it is common in temperate and tropical regions of the world.[18] It has been collected in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America,[17] and South America.[47]
Mushroom polysaccharides from a number of species have attracted research interest for their immunomodulatory and antitumor properties.[48] Extracts from A. hygrometricus containing the polysaccharide named AE2 were found to inhibit the growth of several tumor cell lines in laboratory tests,[49][50] and stimulated the growth of splenocytes, thymocytes, and bone marrow cells from mice. The extract also stimulated mouse cells associated with the immune system; specifically, it enhanced the activity of mouse natural killer cells, stimulated macrophages to produce nitric oxide, and enhanced production of cytokines.[39][51][52][53] The activation of macrophages by AE2 might be mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway of signal transduction.[54][55] AE2 is made of the simple sugars mannose, glucose, and fucose in a 1:2:1 ratio.[38]
In addition to the previously known steroid compounds ergosta-7,22-diene-3-ol acetate and ergosta-4,6,8-(14),22-tetraene-3-one, three unique triterpenes—derivatives of 3-hydroxy-lanostane—have been isolated from fruit bodies of A. hygrometricus. The compounds, named astrahygrol, 3-epi-astrahygrol, and astrahygrone (3-oxo-25S-lanost-8-eno-26,22-lactone), have δ-lactone (a six-membered ring) in the side chain—a chemical feature previously unknown in the basidiomycetes.[56][57] A previously unknown steryl ester (3β, 5α-dihydroxy-(22E, 24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6α-yl palmitate) has been isolated from mycelia grown in liquid culture. The compound has a polyhydroxylated ergostane-type nucleus.[58]
Ethanol extracts of the fruit body are high in antioxidant activity, and have been shown in laboratory tests to have anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the drug diclofenac.[59] Studies with mouse models have also demonstrated hepatoprotective (liver-protecting) ability, possibly by restoring diminished levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase caused by experimental exposure to the liver-damaging chemical carbon tetrachloride.[60]
This earthstar has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a hemostatic agent; the spore dust is applied externally to stop wound bleeding and reduce chilblains.[61] Two Indian forest tribes, the Baiga and the Bharia of Madhya Pradesh, have been reported to use the fruit bodies medicinally. The spore mass is blended with mustard seed oil, and used as a salve against burns.[62] The Blackfoot of North America called the fungus "fallen stars", considering them to be stars fallen to the earth during supernatural events.[63]
Astraeus hygrometricus, commonly known as the hygroscopic earthstar, the barometer earthstar, or the false earthstar, is a species of fungus in the family Diplocystaceae. Young specimens resemble a puffball when unopened. In maturity, the mushroom displays the characteristic earthstar shape that is a result of the outer layer of fruit body tissue splitting open in a star-like manner. The false earthstar is an ectomycorrhizal species that grows in association with various trees, especially in sandy soils. A. hygrometricus was previously thought to have a cosmopolitan distribution, though it is now thought to be restricted to Southern Europe, and Astraeus are common in temperate and tropical regions. Its common names refer to the fact that it is hygroscopic (water-absorbing), and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased humidity, and close them up again in drier conditions. The rays have an irregularly cracked surface, while the spore case is pale brown and smooth with an irregular slit or tear at the top. The gleba is white initially, but turns brown and powdery when the spores mature. The spores are reddish-brown, roughly spherical with minute warts, measuring 7.5–11 micrometers in diameter.
Despite a similar overall appearance, A. hygrometricus is not related to the true earthstars of genus Geastrum, although historically, they have been taxonomically confused. The species was first described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801 as Geastrum hygrometricus. In 1885, Andrew P. Morgan proposed that differences in microscopic characteristics warranted the creation of a new genus Astraeus distinct from Geastrum; this opinion was not universally accepted by later authorities. Several Asian populations formerly thought to be A. hygrometricus were renamed in the 2000s once phylogenetic analyses revealed they were unique Astraeus species, including A. asiaticus and A. odoratus. Similarly, in 2013, North American populations were divided into A. pteridis, A. morganii, and A. smithii on the basis of molecular phylogentics. This research suggests that the type specimen of Astraeus hygrometricus originates in a population restricted to Europe between Southern France and Turkey, with A. telleriae found nearby in Spain and Greece. Research has revealed the presence of several bioactive chemical compounds in Astraeus fruit bodies. North American field guides typically rate A. hygrometricus as inedible; while this may be accurate for the now-separate North American species, A. hygrometricus is commonly consumed in South and Southeast Asia.
Astraeus hygrometricus, o estrella de tierra,[1] es un hongo basidiomiceto de la familia Diplocystidiaceae. Tiene una comestibilidad indiferente, pero aun así, no se recomienda su consumo. Su basónimo es Geastrum hygrometricum Pers. 1801.[2]
La seta cuenta con dos partes diferenciadas. Una de forma globular se rasga para liberar esporas y otra carnosa que se abre en lacinias, formando una estrella, cuando el ambiente es húmedo y favorable a la dispersión de las esporas. En este estado hidratado, la estrella de tierra puede moverse como un cangrejo o ser arrastrada por el viento.
Vive en los claros de tierra de romeral y en los taludes.
Astraeus hygrometricus, o estrella de tierra, es un hongo basidiomiceto de la familia Diplocystidiaceae. Tiene una comestibilidad indiferente, pero aun así, no se recomienda su consumo. Su basónimo es Geastrum hygrometricum Pers. 1801.
Baromeeterseen ehk maatähik (Astraeus hygrometricus) on kandseente hulka kuuluv seeneliik.
Seent on leitud ka Eestist.
Seen on mittesöödav.[1]
Baromeeterseen ehk maatähik (Astraeus hygrometricus) on kandseente hulka kuuluv seeneliik.
Seent on leitud ka Eestist.
Seen on mittesöödav.
Astrée hygrométrique, Géastre hygrométrique
Astraeus hygrometricus , l'Astrée hygrométrique[1] ou le Géastre hygrométrique[2], est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes de la famille des Diplocystaceae. Il est morphologiquement proche des Gasteromycètes du genre Geastrum, mais il s'agit d'une convergence évolutive, ces deux groupes étant très éloignés d'un point de vue systématique.
L'espèce est décrite pour la première fois par Christiaan Hendrik Persoon en 1801 sous le nom de Geastrum hygrometricus. Mais malgré une apparence générale similaire, A. hygrometricus n'est pas apparenté aux espèces du genre Geastrum. En 1885, Andrew P. Morgan justifie la création du genre distinct Astraeus par la plus grande taille des spores. Aujourd'hui, ce genre est classé dans les Boletales alors que Geastrum est rangé au sein des Geastrales, à proximité des Lycoperdales[3].
Le genre Astraeus est particulièrement commun dans les régions tempérées et tropicales. Originellement considérée comme cosmopolite, Astraeus hygrometricus a été scindée en plusieurs espèces et sa définition se limite aujourd'hui aux exemplaires Sud-européens de la France et la Turquie, avec A. telleriae présente sur sa bordure espagnole et grecque. Sur des bases phylogénétiques moléculaires, les populations asiatiques ont été nommées A. asiaticus et A. odoratus et les populations Nord-américaines ont été divisées en A. pteridis, A. morganii et A. smithii[4].
Lorsqu'ils ne sont pas ouvert, les jeunes spécimens ressemblent à des Vesse-de-loup. À maturité, le sporophore présente la forme étoilée caractéristique des genres Astraeus et Geastrum.
L'Astrée hygrométrique a pour capacité de s'ouvrir par temps humide afin d'expulser ses spores dans les conditions idéales et de refermer ses rayons lors de temps secs, afin de protéger son sporophore ; raison de sa dénomination. Les rayons ont une surface irrégulièrement fissurée, tandis que le sac à spores est brun pâle et lisse avec une fente ou une déchirure irrégulière au sommet. La gléba est blanche au départ, mais devient brune et poudreuse lorsque les spores arrivent à maturité. Les spores sont brun rougeâtre, grossièrement sphériques avec des verrues minuscules, mesurant 7,5 à 11 μm de diamètre[5].
Il s'agit d'une espèce ectomycorhizienne qui pousse en association avec les Chênes et les Pins, surtout sur les sols pauvres et sablonneux. Dans cette association, le mycélium de l'Astrée hygrométrique extrait de l'eau et des nutriments particulièrement le phosphore et reçoit des hydrates de carbone issus de la photosynthèse des arbres[6].
En Europe, l'Astrée hygrométrique est considérée comme non comestible[5] alors que les espèces asiatiques proches sont consommée au Népal[6] et en Inde, notamment au Bengale[7].
Le nom scientifique complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan[8].
L'espèce a été initialement classée dans le genre Geastrum sous le basionyme Geastrum hygrometricum Pers.[8].
Astraeus hygrometricus a pour synonymes[8] :
Astrée hygrométrique, Géastre hygrométrique
Astraeus hygrometricus , l'Astrée hygrométrique ou le Géastre hygrométrique, est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes de la famille des Diplocystaceae. Il est morphologiquement proche des Gasteromycètes du genre Geastrum, mais il s'agit d'une convergence évolutive, ces deux groupes étant très éloignés d'un point de vue systématique.
Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan, 1889, è un fungo appartenente alla famiglia Diplocystidiaceae. Gli esemplari giovani hanno una forma sferica, quando il carpoforo è ancora chiuso. Una volta raggiunta la maturità, gli strati superficiali del carpoforo si dividono e si aprono, assumendo la caratteristica forma a stella. È una specie micorrizica, che cresce in associazione con numerose piante soprattutto su terreni sabbiosi. Ha un'ampia distribuzione, ed è comune nelle regioni temperate e tropicali. Il nome specifico deriva dalle parole greche higros (υγρός), che significa "umidità", e metreo (μετρέω), che significa "misurare", per la sua capacità di aprirsi a stella, con tempo umido, mentre con tempo asciutto i petali dell'esoperidio si ripiegano di nuovo sulla sfera centrale. I raggi hanno una superficie irregolare con numerose crepe, mentre il corpo centrale è più chiaro, con una fessura irregolare sulla cima. La carne è inizialmente bianca, ma tende a scurirsi verso il marroncino quando le spore maturano. Le spore sono rossicce o marroncine, di forma più o meno sferica e dalla superficie irregolare. Il loro diametro varia da 7,5 a 11 micrometri.
Nonostante l'aspetto generale, A. hygrometricus non è imparentato con i funghi del genere Geastrum, anche se in passato sono stati confusi. La specie fu descritta per la prima volta da Christian Hendrik Persoon nel 1801 come Geastrum hygrometricus. Nel 1885 Andrew Price Morgan propose, date le differenze nelle caratteristiche microscopiche, di creare il nuovo genere Astraeus distinto dal genere Geastrum; questa proposta non fu in seguito universalmente accettata. Alcune popolazioni asiatiche, che si pensava fossero A. hygrometricus, furono rinominate negli anni 2000, dopo che le analisi filogenetiche rivelarono la loro appartenenza a specie diverse, tra cui Astraeus asiaticus e Astraeus odoratus. Le ricerche hanno individuato la presenza di numerosi composti chimici bioattivi nel carpoforo. Le guide solitamente indicano A. hygrometricus come non commestibile, anche se in passato furono utilizzati dalle popolazioni indiane e dalla tribù dei Piedi Neri in Nord America.
Gli esemplari giovani hanno un carpoforo di forma sferica ed iniziano lo sviluppo parzialmente sepolti nel substrato. Un sottile strato miceliale biancastro ricopre il carpoforo, che può essere parzialmente incrostato dai detriti. Quando il fungo matura, questo strato superficiale scompare, e lo strato più esterno, l'esoperidio, si apre a stella, con 4-20 petali ocracei esternamente e chiari all'interno. Questo provoca la fuoriuscita dal terreno del carpoforo, rivelando al centro l'endoperidio sferico. I petali si aprono e si chiudono a seconda del grado di umidità dell'ambiente: si schiudono in presenza di molta umidità, e si richiudono su sé stessi se l'aria è secca.[3] Questo è possibile poiché l'esoperidio è costituito da molti strati diversi di tessuto; lo strato più interno e fibroso è igroscopico, e causa un arricciarsi dell'intero strato se perde umidità dall'ambiente circostante.[4] Questo adattamento consente al fungo di disperdere le spore al momento migliore e di preservare i liquidi interni nei periodi più secchi.[5][6] Inoltre i carpofori con i petali chiusi possono essere facilmente trasportati dal vento, permettendo così la diffusione delle spore dal foro centrale.[3]
Il fungo con i petali aperti ha un diametro di 1–8 cm.[7] L'esoperidio è spesso e i raggi sono tipicamente areolati (divisi in piccole zone distinte da crepe e fessure) sulla superficie superiore, e variano dal grigio al nero.[8] Il corpo sferico centrale è sessile (manca infatti il gambo), di 3–5 cm di diametro e di colore bruno scuro. L'apice della sfera è forata da una fessura o un poro.[9] Piccoli filamenti simili a capelli chiamati rizomi si estendono dalla base all'interno del substrato. I rizomi sono fragili, e spesso si rompono una volta raggiunta la maturità.[10]
L'esoperidio è costituito da quattro differenti strati di tessuto: lo strato miceliale contiene ife ramificate di 4 - 6 µm di diametro; le ife dello strato fibroso sono ramificate e spesse 6 - 8 µm; lo strato collenchimale ha ife ramificate di 3 - 4 µm; lo strato morbido, invece, contiene ife spesse dai 3 ai 6 µm.[11]
La carne è sottile, di colore grigiastro o brunastro e divisa in loculi (una caratteristica che permette di distinguere questi funghi da quelli del genere Geastrum).[12] Diventa poi marrone e polverosa quando l'esemplare matura.[13] Odore e sapore sono nulli.
Le spore sono rotonde, di colore bruno rossiccio, ricoperte di verruche e spine. Le dimensioni variano da 7 a 11 μm; le verruche sono lunghe circa 1 µm.[14][15] Le spore sono non amiloidi e non si macchiano con lo iodio con i reagenti di Melzer.[16] Le analisi con il microscopio elettronico a scansione hanno mostrato che le spine sono lunghe 0,90 - 1,45 µm, strette, affusolate, arrotondate sulla punta e talvolta unite insieme.[17] Sulla superficie della spora sono presenti dei filamenti capillari ialini e ramificati di 3,5 - 6,5 µm di diametro.[10]
I basidi hanno un numero di spore variabile da 4 a 8, con sterigmata molto corti.[10][18] I basidi sono disposti a gruppi su lunghe catene; ciascun basidio misura 3 - 5,5 µm.[10]
Astraeus hygrometricus si sviluppa in associazione con una grande varietà di alberi.[19] L'associazione mutualistica tra le radici dell'albero e il micelio del fungo aiuta i primi ad estrarre i nutrienti dal terreno (in particolare fosforo), e i secondi ricevono carboidrati dalla fotosintesi.[20] In Nord America sono diffuse le associazioni con le querce e i pini, mentre in India crescono comunemente in simbiosi con Pinus roxburghii e Shorea robusta.[16][20] Cresce nelle zone sabbiose dei boschi, per lo più su terreni nudi, tra settembre e dicembre.[8][15][18] È stato osservato anche crescere sulle rocce, preferendo un substrato acido come l'ardesia o il granito, evitando invece suoli ricchi di calce.[21] In Nepal alcuni di questi funghi sono stati trovati ad una quota di 3.000 metri.[22] Spesso si possono trovare esemplari freschi in prossimità di esemplari vecchi anche di alcuni anni.[14] Gelatinipulvinella astraeicola è un fungo della famiglia delle Leotiaceae con un ascocarpo minuto, gelatinoso e a forma di cuscino che cresce solo sulla superficie interna dei raggi degli esemplari morti di Astraeus, tra cui anche A. hygrometricus.[23]
È una specie a distribuzione cosmopolita. È comune nelle regioni tropicali e temperate del globo, ma non la si incontra nelle zone artiche, e nelle aree più fredde o con clima alpino.[18][24] La si può trovare in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europa, Nord America e Sud America.[25][26]
Non è tossico, ma non ha nessun valore alimentare (è legnoso ed insapore), anche se alcune guide del Nord America lo classificano come commestibile.[8][9][27][28] Comunque è consumato regolarmente in Asia, incluso il Nepal e il Bengala meridionale, dove è considerato un cibo prelibato.[20][29] In India sono raccolti nei boschi e poi venduti al mercato.[30][31] Uno studio su una specie di Astraeus proveniente dall'Asia mediorientale e strettamente imparentata ha dimostrato che questo fungo contiene numerosi composti volatili con otto atomi di carbonio, che gli conferiscono il classico odore muschiato di terra. Gli autori dello studio hanno poi notato che da cotti avevano un odore erboso e oleato. I composti volatili trovati dopo aver cotto i funghi includono furfurale, benzaldeide, cicloesenone e furano.[32] Le differenze di opinione riguardo alla commestibilità di questo fungo risalgono a fonti pubblicate prima che fosse scoperto che gli esemplari del Nord America e quelli dell'Asia non erano sempre della stessa specie; in alcuni casi gli esemplari raccolti in Asia sono stati identificati come nuove specie, come A. asiaticus e A. odoratus.[17][24]
Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan, 1889, è un fungo appartenente alla famiglia Diplocystidiaceae. Gli esemplari giovani hanno una forma sferica, quando il carpoforo è ancora chiuso. Una volta raggiunta la maturità, gli strati superficiali del carpoforo si dividono e si aprono, assumendo la caratteristica forma a stella. È una specie micorrizica, che cresce in associazione con numerose piante soprattutto su terreni sabbiosi. Ha un'ampia distribuzione, ed è comune nelle regioni temperate e tropicali. Il nome specifico deriva dalle parole greche higros (υγρός), che significa "umidità", e metreo (μετρέω), che significa "misurare", per la sua capacità di aprirsi a stella, con tempo umido, mentre con tempo asciutto i petali dell'esoperidio si ripiegano di nuovo sulla sfera centrale. I raggi hanno una superficie irregolare con numerose crepe, mentre il corpo centrale è più chiaro, con una fessura irregolare sulla cima. La carne è inizialmente bianca, ma tende a scurirsi verso il marroncino quando le spore maturano. Le spore sono rossicce o marroncine, di forma più o meno sferica e dalla superficie irregolare. Il loro diametro varia da 7,5 a 11 micrometri.
Nonostante l'aspetto generale, A. hygrometricus non è imparentato con i funghi del genere Geastrum, anche se in passato sono stati confusi. La specie fu descritta per la prima volta da Christian Hendrik Persoon nel 1801 come Geastrum hygrometricus. Nel 1885 Andrew Price Morgan propose, date le differenze nelle caratteristiche microscopiche, di creare il nuovo genere Astraeus distinto dal genere Geastrum; questa proposta non fu in seguito universalmente accettata. Alcune popolazioni asiatiche, che si pensava fossero A. hygrometricus, furono rinominate negli anni 2000, dopo che le analisi filogenetiche rivelarono la loro appartenenza a specie diverse, tra cui Astraeus asiaticus e Astraeus odoratus. Le ricerche hanno individuato la presenza di numerosi composti chimici bioattivi nel carpoforo. Le guide solitamente indicano A. hygrometricus come non commestibile, anche se in passato furono utilizzati dalle popolazioni indiane e dalla tribù dei Piedi Neri in Nord America.
Het weerhuisje (Astraeus hygrometricus) is een zeldzame paddenstoel uit de familie Diplocystaceae. De soort komt voor in lichte, warm gelegen bossen op een zandbodem en is niet eetbaar.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesFin a 8 cm. ëd diàmetr. Pel gris scur da fòra, brun dëstiss an drinta. Igroscòpich: dovert a steila (10-20 ponte) con l'umidità, sarà con ël sech. Pel d'an drinta sférica, gris piomb, sùtil, fràgil, as dësbela a maturità.
A chërs ant ij pòst sech ant ij bòsch, ant ij tajiss, dzortut an sla sabia.
A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.
Fin a 8 cm. ëd diàmetr. Pel gris scur da fòra, brun dëstiss an drinta. Igroscòpich: dovert a steila (10-20 ponte) con l'umidità, sarà con ël sech. Pel d'an drinta sférica, gris piomb, sùtil, fràgil, as dësbela a maturità.
AmbientA chërs ant ij pòst sech ant ij bòsch, ant ij tajiss, dzortut an sla sabia.
Comestibilità A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.
Promieniak wilgociomierz (Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny Diplocystidiaceae[1].
Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Astraeus, Diplocystidiaceae, Boletales, Agaricom[1].
Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1801 r. Persoon nadając mu nazwę Geastrum hygrometricum. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1889 r. Morgan, przenosząc go do rodzaju Astraeus[1]. Synonimy naukowe[2]:
Nazwę polską podali Barbara Gumińska i Władysław Wojewoda w 1983 r. W polskim piśmiennictwie mykologicznym gatunek ten opisywany był też pod nazwami: promieniak gwiaździsty i astreusz wilgociomierz[3].
Młody owocnik jest okrągławy, 2-4 cm średnicy, zagłębiony w podłożu lub nieco wystający. U dojrzałych okazów osłona zewnętrzna pęka na powierzchni ziemi na wiele trójkątnych ramion, zwykle 4-10. Rozpostarte owocniki osiągają do 10 cm średnicy. Ramiona są grube i skórzaste, brązowe, bardzo często spękane. Osłona wewnętrzna kulistawa, do 3 cm średnicy, siedząca. Po dojrzeniu opatrzona na szczycie otworem, przez który uwalniane są zarodniki. Ma higroskopijne ramiona. Są one rozpostarte tylko podczas wilgotnej pogody. W czasie suszy ramiona zwijają się, zakrywając okrywę wewnętrzną.
Kuliste, brodawkowate.
Poza Antarktydą występuje na wszystkich kontynentach, a także na wielu wyspach[4]. W Polsce jest rzadki i jest objęty ochroną ścisłą grzybów[5]. W opracowaniu Czerwona lista roślin i grzybów Polski jest zaliczony do kategorii gatunków wymierających (E)[6]. Znajduje się na czerwonych listach gatunków zagrożonych także w Czechach, Niemczech, Anglii, Holandii[3].
Siedlisko: widne lasy sosnowe, mieszane, także w dąbrowy, w miejscach nasłonecznionych, chętnie na brzegach lasów. Od lipca do listopada. Często pojawia się gromadnie[7].
Może być mylony z niektórymi gatunkami gwiazdoszy (Geastrum)[7].
Owocniki Astraeus hygrometricus
Promieniak wilgociomierz (Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny Diplocystidiaceae.
Astraeus hygrometricus é um fungo que pertence ao gênero de cogumelos Astraeus na ordem Boletales.[1]
Den mykologiska karaktären hos väderspåstjärna:
hymenium:
gleba
hatt:
ingen
ätlighet:
oätlig
sporavtryck:
brun
ekologi:
mykorrhiza
Väderspåstjärna (Astraeus hygrometricus) är en svamp som under hösten bildar fruktkroppar liknande de hos jordstjärnorna i släktet Geastrum. Den är dock inte släkt med dessa.
Väderspåstjärnan växer på sandig mark och har en vid utbredning. I Europa förekommer den främst i de södra och mellersta delarna. Fruktkroppen är när den först kommer upp ur marken till en början rundad, men sedan spricker dess yttre skikt upp i 6–8 flikar och låter den oskaftade rökbollen i svampens mitt framträda.
Flikarna har egenskapen att de reagerar på växlingar i omgivningens luftfuktighet. Om luftfuktigheten är hög håller de sig utspärrade, men om det är torrt så sluter de sig omkring rökbollen.
Den stjärnlika fruktkroppen kan bli 4–7 centimeter bred.
Svampen är inte ätlig.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör väderspåstjärna.
Väderspåstjärna (Astraeus hygrometricus) är en svamp som under hösten bildar fruktkroppar liknande de hos jordstjärnorna i släktet Geastrum. Den är dock inte släkt med dessa.
Väderspåstjärnan växer på sandig mark och har en vid utbredning. I Europa förekommer den främst i de södra och mellersta delarna. Fruktkroppen är när den först kommer upp ur marken till en början rundad, men sedan spricker dess yttre skikt upp i 6–8 flikar och låter den oskaftade rökbollen i svampens mitt framträda.
Flikarna har egenskapen att de reagerar på växlingar i omgivningens luftfuktighet. Om luftfuktigheten är hög håller de sig utspärrade, men om det är torrt så sluter de sig omkring rökbollen.
Den stjärnlika fruktkroppen kan bli 4–7 centimeter bred.
Svampen är inte ätlig.
Гриб має спочатку круглу форму, а згодом зікроподібну. Гліба спочатку біла, з часом стає чорна і пилеподібна.
У молодому віці гриб схожий на порхавку. Дозрівший гриб розкривається у вигляді характерної зірк перед дощем, щоб краплини рознесли спори.
Росте переважно у тропічних країнах на піщаних ґрунтах.
Їстівний гриб у молодому віці. Використовується у тайських стравах.
Звездча́тка гигрометри́ческая (лат. Astraeus hygrometricus) — гриб-гастеромицет семейства склеродермовых[1]. Несъедобен.
Другие названия: звездчатка многораздельная, звездчатка бахромчатая, земляные звездочки, бездюха́.
Незрелое плодовое тело округлое, размером 5—9 см, с многослойным перидием, красновато-коричневой окраски.
Глеба сплюснутая, вначале белая, затем коричневая, эндоперидий вначале тоже белый.
Экзоперидий при созревании растрескивается сверху вниз на 5—8 (до 20) остроконечных лопастей, которые отгибаются к земле, обнажая споровый мешок, плодовое тело при этом приобретает звездовидную форму. Внутренняя поверхность лопастей от серого до красновато-коричневого цвета, шероховатая, покрыта сетью трещин и более светлыми чешуйками.
Внутренний споровый мешок почти шаровидный, диаметром 1,5—3 см. Он покрыт серым, постепенно темнеющим (от коричневого до почти чёрного) тонким эндоперидием с шероховатой поверхностью, которая может быть покрыта тонкими волосками. Отверстие на верхушке эндоперидия неправильной формы, перистома отсутствует.
Даже у сорванного гриба лопасти экзоперидия в сухую погоду сгибаются и полностью скрывают спороносный шар, а при повышении влажности распрямляются. Это свойство обеспечивает защиту спор в неблагоприятный для их рассеивания период. Для освобождения спор через отверстие необходимы брызги дождя.
Съедобен[2], в пищу обычно употребляются только молодые плодовые тела.
Споровый порошок коричневый, споры округлые, шиповатые, диаметром 9 мкм.
Преимущественно почвенный сапрофит, способен и к образованию микоризы. Встречается на сухой каменистой и песчаной почве и на суглинках в разрежённых лесах, в степях и полупустынях. Космополит. В России известен в Европейской части, на Северном Кавказе, в Сибири, на Дальнем Востоке; встречается в основном в южных районах, в средней полосе редок. Плодовые тела могут появляться круглый год, плодоносит группами.
Звездча́тка гигрометри́ческая (лат. Astraeus hygrometricus) — гриб-гастеромицет семейства склеродермовых. Несъедобен.
Другие названия: звездчатка многораздельная, звездчатка бахромчатая, земляные звездочки, бездюха́.
分類 界 : 菌界 Fungi 門 : 担子菌門 Basidiomycota 綱 : 菌蕈綱 Hymenomycetes 目 : ニセショウロ目 Sclerodermatales 科 : ツチグリ科 Astraeaceae 属 : ツチグリ属 Astraeus Morgan 種 : ツチグリ A. sp. 学名 Astraeus sp. 和名 ツチグリ（土栗）、ツチガキ（土柿） Astraeus hygrometricus 
ツチグリ（土栗、学名: Astraeus sp.）は、担子菌門菌蕈綱ニセショウロ目ツチグリ科ツチグリ属のキノコ。夏から秋、林内の道端や土の崖などで普通に見られる中型のキノコで、ツチガキ（土柿）とも言われる。
胞子の入った扁球形の袋の外側には皮質の厚い外皮があり、成熟すると外皮は7片から10片に裂け、星形に開く。星型の座布団の上に胞子の入った袋が乗っている形になり、胞子は袋の先端の穴から放出される。外皮はおもに2層の構造となっており、内側の層が水分を吸収して膨張することで、乾湿に合わせて開閉する。乾燥すると外皮は丸まり、胞子の袋を包んで全体が球形になるが、その際に袋が押されると胞子が放出される。
外皮が一部開いた個体。川崎市麻生区・2014年10月。
外皮がすべて開いた個体。川崎市麻生区・2014年10月。
日本全土。雑木林の地上に群生。
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内部が白い幼菌は食用になり、東南アジアなどでは缶詰にもされるが、日本ではあまり食べられない。しかし、東北地方の南部（特に福島県など）ではマメダンゴやママダンゴと呼ばれ、6月下旬から7月上旬にかけての梅雨の時期に、季節の味として食卓へ上る。味噌汁の具や、佃煮などにされることが多い。
本種は長期にわたり、Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morganという学名が用いられてきたが、分子系統解析の結果、A. hygrometricusとは異なる未記載種であることが示唆されている[1]。
3月から5月にかけては、海岸のクロマツ林にコツチグリ (var. koreanus V.J.Stanék) が発生する。ごくまれに、タマノリイグチ (Xerocomus astraeicola) が寄生することがある。
植物にも、同名の種であるツチグリ（Potentilla discolor、バラ科）が存在する。
この項目は、菌類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:生き物と自然／PJ生物）。 
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