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Description

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is a relatively large burrowing frog with a distinct, bloated appearance. Snout-vent length ranges from 52.8 mm to 89.9 mm (Radhakrishnan et al. 2007). Males are about one third the size of females (Zachariah et al. 2012). The head is small and relatively short in comparison with the rest of the body. The snout ends in a white, knob-like protrusion. The mouth is ventral, with a narrow gape. The upper jaw is rigid while the lower jaw is flexible and flaplike, enabling a grooved aperture to be formed through which the tongue can be protruded. The tongue is basally attached, small and fluted, with a rounded tip. Maxillary teeth are absent. Eyes are small, with a prominent upper eyelid and a lower eyelid consisting of a small skinfold. Males have a single subgular vocal sac (Zachariah et al. 2012). The tympanum is lacking. Both the forelimbs and hindlimbs are short. Palms are hard with rounded fingertips (but no discs) and barely webbed fingers. Feet have rounded toe tips (no discs) and are 3/4 webbed. Each hindfoot possesses a large, white, shovel-like inner metatarsal tubercle, used for digging. Irises are black, with a rounded, horizontal pupil. This species has smooth, black skin dorsally which fades into gray ventrally (Biju and Bossuyt 2003; Radhakrishnan et al. 2007).The skeletal structure of N. sahyadrensis is characteristic of a burrowing frog, with a strongly ossified skull and well-calcified bones. Due to the species' unique appearance, as well as specific osteological differences, Biju and Bossuyt (2003) placed N. sahyadrensis in a new anuran family, named Nasikabatrachidae. Although some traits are shared with the sister group, Sooglossidae, the authors concluded the lack of toe discs and much larger size, as well as other characters, significantly separate N. sahyadrensis from Sooglossidae (Biju and Bossuyt 2003).N. sahyadrensis tadpoles have a wide, flattened, wedge shaped snout. The nostrils are located on top of the head, closer to the eyes than the snout tip. Eyes are small and located dorsolaterally. The oral disc is suctorial and ventrally located. Body is wide and flattened. The tail is low relative to the body, dorsal and ventral fins are about the same height. The tail is about two thirds of the total length. The dorsum is dark brown, while the ventral surface is a silvery cream color. The eyes are black. The tail is light brown, with dark brown patches throughout (Raj et al. 2012).The species authorities for N. sahyadrensis are S.D. Biju and F. Bossuyt.N. sahyadrensis tadpoles were first described in Annandale (1918), without specimens of adults. It was tentatively assigned to the family Cystignathidae (Raj et al. 2012). In Sanskrit, nasika means "nose" and batrachus means "frog," while Sahyadri refers to the location where this species is found (the Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Mountains, a low-lying mountain range along the west coast of the Indian subcontinent).As pointed out by Hedges (2003), most of the anuran families were named in the mid-nineteenth century; the last time the discovery of a new species led to the description of a new family was in 1926 (Frost 2003). Based on a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes, Biju and Bossuyt (2003) suggest that this species, endemic to India, is a sister taxon to the Sooglossidae, a family of frogs endemic to the Seychelles Islands. This has lent support to the idea of a possible land bridge between Africa and India, enabling faunal dispersal. The species Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is estimated to have originated in the Jurassic, 130-180 million years ago (Biju and Bossuyt 2003; Dutta et al. 2004) which is 50 to 100 million years earlier than any other known frog species in India (Aggarwal 2004), and predating the breakup of the ancient continent Gondwana (Radhakrishnan et al. 2007; Dutta et al. 2004).

References

  • Aggarwal, R. K. (2004). ''Ancient frog could spearhead conservation efforts.'' Nature, 428, 467.
  • Biju, S. D. and Bossuyt, F. (2003). ''New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles.'' Nature, 425, 711-714.
  • Dutta, S. K., Vasudevan, K., Chaitra, M. S., Shanker, K. and Aggarwal, R. K. (2004). ''Jurassic frogs and the evolution of amphibian endemism in the Western Ghats.'' Current Science, 86, 211-216.
  • Hedges, S. B. (2003). ''The coelacanth of frogs.'' Nature, 425, 669-670.
  • Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A. B. and Kent, J. (2000). ''Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.'' Nature, 403, 853-858.
  • Radhakrishnan, C., Gopi, K.C., and Palot, M.J. (2007). ''Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura: Nasikabatrachidae) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics.'' Current Science, 92(2), 213.
  • Raj, P., Vasudevan, K., Vasudevan, D., Sharma, R., Singh, S., Aggarwal, R.K., and Dutta, S.K. (2012). ''Larval morphology and ontogeny of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt, 2003 (Anura, Nasikabatrachidae) from Western Ghats, India.'' Zootaxa, 3510, 65-76.
  • Zachariah, A., Abraham, R.K., Das, S., Jayan, K.C., and Altig, R. (2012). ''A detailed account of the reproductive strategy and developmental stages of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Anura: Nasikabatrachidae), the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage.'' Zootaxa, 3510, 53-64.

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Distribution and Habitat

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis appears to be endemic to the Western Ghat Mountains of southern India. This species has been found in disturbed secondary forest located close to a cardamom plantation at Kattappana in the Idukki district of Kerala, at an altitude of around 900 m (Biju and Bossuyt 2003). It has also been found at Sankaran Kudi in the Anamalais, Tamil Nadu; Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu; Murikkassery (near Kothamangalam), Ernakulam district; and the Manimala River at Erumely, Kottayam district (Dutta et al. 2004). Most recently it has been found 3 feet underground, while excavating pits in a cleared area of disturbed forest habitat, on a rubber plantation (Karuvarakundu, Malappuram district, Kerala), at 500 m asl (Radhakrishnan et al. 2007). Two specimens were found at this locality, in subsequent years, during monsoon season (July and August; Radhakrishnan et al. 2007). The habitat consisted of cocoa and coffee plants on the hilltops, and rubber plants on the slopes, with forest loam on the soil surface and red soil underneath, and a barely running stream (Radhakrishnan et al. 2007). As of 2012, the species ranges from Camel's Hump Hill Range in the north to the northern reaches of the Agasthyamalai Hill Range in the south, in the Western Ghats of India. It inhabits an elevational range of 60-1100 meters above sea level (Zachariah et al. 2012).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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This amphibian is found in the Western Ghats region of India, a biodiversity hotspot. Human encroachment, especially from crop farming, has reduced the forested area by greater than 90% (Myers et al. 2000). In addition, dam projects in the Western Ghats threaten large portions of this frog's habitat (Dutta et al. 2004). It has been found in disturbed forest but cannot tolerate completely cleared areas (Biju 2004). Around one third of the range of N. sahyadrensis is contained within protected areas in Kerala (Zachariah et al. 2012).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Male N. sahyadrensis call from inside shallow burrows nearby streams. The fundamental frequency of the call is 1200 Hz, with 5-6 pulses per note. Choruses typically occur on rainy evenings (lasting until dawn) from late April to mid-May (Zachariah et al. 2012). N. sahyadrensis is an explosive breeder, laying large numbers of eggs during the earliest rains of the pre-monsoon season. Additionally, the tadpoles are lentic, inhabiting fast flowing seasonal streams. The unique timing of reproduction and tadpole habitat significantly reduces competition (from other anuran larvae) and predation. The eggs are laid so early that there has not been time for predators to significantly establish themselves in the stream, and by the time other organisms have settled in, the tadpoles have moved to fast flowing waters over sheer rock, where there is little threat from predators (Zachariah et al. 2012). Eggs are laid in rocky crevices at the edges of second-order streambeds. During amplexus, the male grasps the female's spine (as there are no adhesive glands present and the male is very small relative to the female). The female then carries the male to suitable oviposition sites, where he pushes the eggs out of the female with his hindlimbs and fertilizes them. The eggs are deposited in arrays or clumps. One mating pair deposited about 3600 eggs in one night (Zachariah et al. 2012).N. sahyadrensis tadpoles are known to feed out of the water at night, using their strengthened abdominal muscles to move onto surfaces with extremely shallow water flow (Zachariah et al. 2012). Tadpoles take about 100 days from hatching to metamorphose (Raj et al. 2012).N. sahyadrensis is fossorial and comes to the surface only for a few weeks a year to breed (Biju 2004). Sightings are more likely at the beginning of monsoon season, in July (Radhakrishnan et al. 2007). A captured specimen was reported to be able to dig itself into loose soil within 3-5 minutes. When placed on a pebbled gravel surface within an open, dry streambed, the frog tried to escape with stretching movements (not hopping). The pointed snout is touch-sensitive. In captivity, the frog used its hindlimbs for burrowing, with Radhakrishnan et al. (2007) providing a detailed description of the burrowing process. During five months of captivity, the frog did not emerge from the soil, even at night, although it moved about underneath the soil. Given the hard-knobbed snout and small ventral mouth, this species is likely to be a completely underground feeder specializing in termites (Dutta et al. 2004; Radhakrishnan et al. 2007). Other frogs with similar lifestyles and morphology include those of the genus Rhinophrynus and Hemisus (Radhakrishnan et al. 2007).
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Relation to Humans

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This frog was known to local people before two separate teams of herpetologists reported its discovery (Aggarwal 2004). Plantation workers turn this frog up when excavating trenches during the monsoon period from July to October (Radhakrishnan et al. 2007). Local people eat gravid N. sahyadrensis, believing that they have medicinal properties (Zachariah et al. 2012).
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Azerbaijani )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensisNasikabatrachus cinsinə və Nasikabatrachidae[1] mono fəsiləsinə aid olan qurbağa növü. Hindistanın Qərbi Qat dağları ərazisində yayılmışdır.

Tarixi

Növ yalnız 2003-cü ildə qeydə alınmış və təsnifatı təsdiqlənmişdir. Bu canlılar cəmi 14 km² ərazidə yayılmışlar. Bu canlıların ən yaxın qohumları olan Seyşel qurbağaları, onların yaşadığı arealdan 3 min km cənubda yayılmışdır.[2]. Ancaq bu canlıları kəşf edən Bidcu onları ayrı sinifə aid edir.[3]

Həyat tərzi

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ilin böyük hissəsini torpağın altında keçirir. Yalnız ildə 2 həftə mussonlar dönəmində cütləşmək məqsədi ilə torpağın səthinə çıxır. Bu xüsusiyyət bu qurbağaların aşkarlanmasına maneə olmuşdur. qidalanmaq məqsədi ilə torpağın səthinə çıxmırlar Sadəcə yer altındaca termitlə qidalanırlar.[4]

Təsnifat

Nasikabatrachus latın atını qəribə burnuna görə almışdır.

Təsviri

Bir yuvarlaq bədəni vardır. Ətraflar qurbağanın digər növlərində olduğu kimi kənara çıxır. Kiçik başa sahibdirlər. Sakit halda olan qurbağa bir jeleni xatırladır və bənövşəyi rəngdə olur. Uzunluqları 5—9 sm[5] arasında dəyişir. Növün qeydə alınması zamanı araşdırma işləri aparılan qurtbağanın uzunluğu 7 sm ollmuşdur.

Maraqlı fakt

2008-ci ildə Scienceray saytının əsas aparıcılarından biri olan Çan Li Pen Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis qurbağasını dünyanın 20 ən qəribə və çirkin heyvanları siyahısına daxil etmişdir[6][7].

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis — Nasikabatrachus cinsinə və Nasikabatrachidae mono fəsiləsinə aid olan qurbağa növü. Hindistanın Qərbi Qat dağları ərazisində yayılmışdır.

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Granota porpra ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Aquest article o secció no cita les fonts o necessita més referències per a la seva verificabilitat.

La granota porpra (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) és una espècie d'amfibi anur la qual va ser descoberta l'any 2003 en les Ghats Occidentals de l'Índia. El nom científic deriva de la paraula sànscrita nasika ("nas"), en grec batrachus ("granota") i Sahyadri, és una de les denominacions de les Ghats Occidentals. Està amenaçada per la pèrdua d'hàbitat a causa de la desforestació per a plantacions de cafè, cardamom i gingebre.

Mesura uns 7 cm de llarg i presenta una pigmentació violeta i ossos osificades com a adaptacions a hàbits excavadors. Anàlisi d'ADN van revelar que el grup germà d'aquesta espècie correspon al clade Sooglossidae, les espècies del qual (quatre en total) són conegudes com a granotes de les Seychelles.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Czech )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis je nově objevená exotická žába objevená v Západním Ghátu na jihu Indie. Byla nalezena indicko-belgickým týmem v roce 2003 a je mnohdy považována za objev století.

Popis

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis je fialová žába s černými zády, je dlouhá 7 cm a má úzký nos. Tato žába je pravděpodobně spřízněna s pravěkými žábami, od ostatních současných žab je fylogeneticky vzdálena natolik, že byla zařazena do samostatné čeledi. Mluví se o ní jako o živoucí fosilii.

Biologie

Žába žije po většinu roku skrytě v podzemí, na povrch vylézá pouze na dva týdny v období letního monzunu za účelem páření. Skrytý životní styl je pravděpodobně příčinou faktu, že tak dlouho unikala pozornosti biologů. Na rozdíl od ostatních hrabavých žab, které se živí na povrchu, tento druh nalézá potravu pod zemí v podobě mravenců a termitů, k čemuž má uzpůsobený i jazyk a ústa.

Analýza DNA

Podle průzkumů genů bylo zjištěno, že nejbližšími příbuznými této žáby jsou zástupci rodu Sooglosidae, které dnes najdeme na Seychellských ostrovech. Lze to vysvětlit tím, že při rozpadu Gondwany v druhohorách se od nynější Indie asi před 130 miliony lety oddělilo mimo jiné i Seychelské souostroví.

Název

Vědecký název druhu vznikl složením slova nasika které v Sanskrtu znamená nos, dále řeckého batrachus, což znamená žába; sahyadrensis ukazuje na místo nálezu, Sahjádrí, což je místní název pohoří Západní Ghát v Indii.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis je nově objevená exotická žába objevená v Západním Ghátu na jihu Indie. Byla nalezena indicko-belgickým týmem v roce 2003 a je mnohdy považována za objev století.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( German )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, auch als Indischer Purpurfrosch[1] bezeichnet, ist eine Art der Froschlurche, die in den Westghats im Südwesten Indiens vorkommt. Sie wurde erst im Jahr 2003 entdeckt und repräsentiert zusammen mit der 2017 beschriebenen Schwesterart Nasikabatrachus bhupathi[2] die eigene Familie Nasikabatrachidae innerhalb der Amphibien.

Name

Der wissenschaftliche Name wird vom Sanskrit-Wort nasika für Nase, dem griechischen Wort batrachus für Frosch und Sahyadri, dem einheimischen Namen des Gebirges, in dem er vorkommt, hergeleitet.

Aussehen

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis hat einen breiten und etwa sieben Zentimeter langen, aufgedunsen wirkenden Körper von purpurvioletter Farbe und eine für einen Froschlurch sehr ungewöhnliche Kopfform. Vor allem die spitze Schnauze, die in Verbindung mit den winzigen Augen stark an einen Maulwurf erinnert, fällt aus dem Rahmen. Man kann auch eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit mit einer menschlichen Nase empfinden.

Lebensweise

Der Frosch lebt die meiste Zeit des Jahres verborgen im Boden, aus dem er offenbar immer nur für eine Zeitspanne von zwei Wochen während des Monsuns hervorkommt, um sich fortzupflanzen. Diese versteckte Lebensweise dürfte der Grund sein, warum er den Zoologen so lange verborgen geblieben ist. Er ernährt sich unter der Erde von Termiten. Die spitze Schnauze ist dafür besonders geeignet. Die Kaulquappen dieser Froschart haben sich an schnell fließende Gewässer angepasst. Sie weiden Algen an Steilhängen von Wasserfällen ab, Halt gibt ihnen dabei ein als starker Saugnapf geformtes Maul.

Abstammung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Art im Südwesten Indiens

Die Art hat sich genetischen Untersuchungen zufolge vor 100 Millionen Jahren von den anderen Arten der Froschlurche getrennt und kann damit als lebendes Fossil angesehen werden. Bis zu dieser Zeit bildeten die Seychellen, der indische Subkontinent und Madagaskar noch eine zusammenhängende Landmasse. Die Spezies gilt als letzte Überlebende der Familie der Nasikabatrachidae. Die nächstverwandte Familie ist die der Seychellenfrösche (Sooglossidae), deren Mitglieder man auf den Seychellen findet. Manche Autoren ordnen Nasikabatrachus allerdings direkt in die Familie Sooglossidae ein und erkennen ihr keinen separaten Familienstatus zu.

Entdeckung

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis wurde von einem indisch-belgischen Forscherteam um Franky Bossuyt (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) und S. D. Biju (Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute Palode, India) gefunden. Die Entdeckung wurde im Oktober 2003 bekannt.

Literatur

  • S. D. Biju, Franky Bossuyt: New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. In: Nature. Ausgabe 425, Seite 711–714, 16. Oktober 2003 (online; PDF; 913 kB)

Einzelnachweise

  1. Seltsames Tierchen in Indien entdeckt. In: TierWelt. Abgerufen am 23. April 2022.
  2. S. Jegath Janani, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Elizabeth Prendini, Sushil Kumar Dutta and Ramesh K. Aggarwal. 2017. A New Species of the Genus Nasikabatrachus (Anura, Nasikabatrachidae) from the eastern Slopes of the Western Ghats, India. Alytes. 34: 1-19.
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( German )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, auch als Indischer Purpurfrosch bezeichnet, ist eine Art der Froschlurche, die in den Westghats im Südwesten Indiens vorkommt. Sie wurde erst im Jahr 2003 entdeckt und repräsentiert zusammen mit der 2017 beschriebenen Schwesterart Nasikabatrachus bhupathi die eigene Familie Nasikabatrachidae innerhalb der Amphibien.

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கேழல்மூக்கன் ( Tamil )

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கேழல்மூக்கன், சோகுலொசிடே குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த தவளையாகும். இது மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகளில் மட்டும் காணப்படும் ஓர் அரிய வகைத் தவளை. இத்தவளை முதன்முதலில் 2003ஆம் ஆண்டு அக்டோபர்த் திங்கள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டது.

விவரிப்பு

 src=
கேழல்மூக்கனைப் போன்ற அமைப்பும் வாழ்க்கை முறையும் கொண்ட மெக்சிக்கோ தவளை

கேழல்மூக்கன் மற்ற தவளைகளைப் போன்ற உடல் மற்றும் கால் அமைப்புகளை பெற்று இருந்தாலும் இதன் தலை மிகவும் சிறியதாகும். மேலும் இதன் வாய் மற்றும் மூக்குப் பகுதி மிகவும் கூர்மையானதாகும், (இது பன்றியின் மூக்குப் போல் தோன்றுவதால் "கேழல்மூக்கன்" என்ற பெயரை பெற்றுள்ளது. கேழல்=பன்றி). இத்தவளை பருவமுற்றதும் கருஞ்செவ்வூதா நிறத்தைப் பெறும். ஆணைவிடப் பெண் தவளை உருவளவில் பெரியதாகும். நடு அமெரிக்கப் பகுதியில் மட்டும் வாழும் மெக்சிக்கோவின் குழிபறிக்கும் தவளை (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) கேழல்மூக்கனைப் போன்ற தோற்றமும் வாழ்க்கைமுறையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.[1]

பரவல்

இத்தவளையை பற்றிய அறிவு அப்பகுதில் வாழும் பழங்குடி மக்களிடம் பல ஆண்டுகளாக இருந்துவந்தாலும், அறிவியல் உலகிற்கு திரு. எஸ். டி. பிஸூ மற்றும் பிரன்கி புஸ்யாட் என்பவர்களால் முதன்முதலில் கேரள மாநிலத்தின் இடுக்கி மாவட்டத்தில் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டது. முதலில் பாலக்காட்டு கணவாய்க்கு தெற்கே மட்டும் காணப்படும் என்று நம்பப்பட்டது. சமீபத்திய கண்டுபிடிப்புகள், பாலகாட்டு கணவாய்க்கு வடக்கே இதன் இருப்பை உறுதிசெய்தன.[2] 2008 திசம்பரில் திருச்சூருக்கு அருகிலும் முதன்முறையாகக் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டது [3].

சூழியல்

இத்தவளை வருடத்தின் பெரும்பாலான நேரத்தை நிலத்திற்கு அடியில் கழிக்கின்றது. ஒரு வருடத்தில் வெறும் இரண்டு வாரங்கள் மட்டும், பருவ மழை காலத்தில் இனப்பெருக்கத்திற்காக வெளியே வரும். நிலத்திற்கு அடியில் வாழும் பெரும்பாலான தவளையினங்கள் உணவு தேடுவதற்காக வெளியே தோன்றும், ஆனால் இத்தவளையின் உணவு, நிலத்திற்கு அடியில் வாழும் கரையான் போன்ற பூச்சிகள் ஆகும். நிலத்திற்கு அடியில், மண்ணுக்குள் வாழும் பூச்சிகளை இத்தவளை, தன் வாயில் அமைந்துள்ள வடிகால் போன்ற பிரத்தியோக அமைப்பின் மூலம் உட்கொள்ளும்.[4]

வகைப்பாடு மற்றும் தொகுப்பியல்

இத்தவளையின் இருசொற்பெயர்(scientific name) சமசுகிருதம் மற்றும் கிரேக்க மொழியிலிருந்து பெறப்பட்டுள்ளது. சமசுகிருதத்தில் "நாசிகா" என்றால் மூக்கு என்றும், கிரேக்கத்தில் "பாட்டிராக்கஸ்" என்பது தவளையை குறிக்கும், இது இருசொற்பெயரில் பேரினத்தின் பெயர் (நாசிகாபட்ராகஸ்) ஆகும். மேலும் சிற்றினத்தின் பெயர் இத்தவளை காணப்படும் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலையின் சமசுகிருத பெயரான "ஷஹியாதிரி" தழுவி "ஷஹியாதிரன்சிஸ்" என பெயரிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. இத்தவளையின் குடும்பத்தை சார்ந்த தவளைகள் சேசல்சு தீவுகளில் காணப்படுவதால், சுமார் 100 மில்லியன் வருடங்களுக்கு முன் இந்தியா, சேசல்சு மற்றும் மடகாஸ்கர் தீவுகள் ஒன்றாக இருந்தபொழுது இத்தவளை தோன்றியிருக்கலாம் என்று கருதப்படுகிறது. கண்டப்பெயர்ச்சியினால் இந்நிலப்பகுதிகள் பிற்காலத்தில் பிளவுபட்டது.

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. O'Shea, Mark; Tim Halliday (2010). Reptiles and amphibians. London: Dorling Kindersley. பக். 243. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:9781405357937.
  2. Das, K. S. Anoop 2006 Record of Nasikabatrachus from the Northern Western Ghats. Zoos' Print Journal 21(9):2410 PDF
  3. http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/25/stories/2008122557272400.htm
  4. C. Radhakrishnan, K. C. Gopi and Muhamed Jafer Palot (2007) Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura: Nasikabatrachidae) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics. Current Science, 92(2):213-216 PDF

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கேழல்மூக்கன்: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

கேழல்மூக்கன், சோகுலொசிடே குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த தவளையாகும். இது மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகளில் மட்டும் காணப்படும் ஓர் அரிய வகைத் தவளை. இத்தவளை முதன்முதலில் 2003ஆம் ஆண்டு அக்டோபர்த் திங்கள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Purple frog

provided by wikipedia EN

The purple frog (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis), Indian purple frog, or pignose frog is a frog species of the genus Nasikabatrachus. It is endemic to the Western Ghats in India. Although the adult frog was formally described in October 2003,[2] the juvenile form of the species was described earlier in 1917.[3]

History of the discovery

The species was described from specimens collected in the Idukki district of Kerala by S.D. Biju from the Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute in Palode, India, from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels), in 2003. However, it was already well known to the local people and several earlier documented specimens and publications had been ignored by the authors in the 2003 paper that describes the genus and species.[4] Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis closest living relatives are considered to be the Sooglossidae, only known in the Seychelles, an island chain in the Indian Ocean. [5]

Name

The scientific name Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is a Latinized portmanteau of the Sanskrit nāsikā (नासिका) for "nose", Greek batrachos (βάτραχος) for "frog", and Sahyadri, the native name for the Western Ghats which forms the purple frog's natural habitat.

One of its common names, the purple pig-nosed frog, also makes reference to the elongated morphology of its snout, which is well adapted to the acquisition of fossorial termites.

Description

Video recording of a vocalizing male.

The body of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis appears robust and bloated and is relatively rounded compared to other more dorsoventrally flattened frogs. Their flattened body assists them to cling to submerged rocks and boulders which essentially helps them fight strong currents, allowing them to remain near stream banks where they typically reside.[6] Its arms and legs splay out in the standard anuran body form. Compared to other frogs, N. sahyadrensis has a small head and an unusual pointed snout. Adults are typically dark purplish-grey in color. Males are about a third of the length of females.[7] The specimen with which the species was originally described was 7.0 cm (2.8 inches) long from the tip of the snout to the vent. Tadpoles of the species had been described in 1917 by Nelson Annandale and C. R. Narayan Rao as having oral suckers that allowed them to live in torrential streams.[3][8] Suckers are also present in rheophilic fishes of genera such as Glyptothorax, Travancoria, Homaloptera, and Bhavania, adaptations that are the result of convergent evolution. Some of these fishes co-occur with Nasikabatrachus tadpoles in the hill streams.[7][9] Its vocalization is a drawn-out harsh call that sounds similar to a chicken clucking. Males of this species exhibit the unique behavior of calling from under a thin layer of soil. Some other burrowing frogs (Myobatrachus gouldii and Arenophyrne rotunda) are known to do this, but these frogs have also been observed to call from the surface, while N. sahyadrensis has not.[10] The frogs may switch to headfirst burrowing due to their wedge-shaped skull and other shaped limbs.[11]

Purple frog tadpole

Distribution

Earlier thought to be restricted to the south of the Palghat Gap in the Western Ghats, additional records have extended its known range farther north of the gap.[12][13] The species is now known to be quite widely distributed in the Western Ghats, ranging from the Camel's Hump Hill Range in the north, all the way to the northernmost portions of the Agasthyamalai Hill Range in the south.[7]

Ecology

The Indian Purple Frog is one of the many discovered frogs that have evolved over time, allowing it to easily adapt to its underground environment.[14] The frog spends most of its life underground and surfaces only during the monsoon, for a period of two weeks, for mating.[15] With few field scientists out in the field during the rainy season, the species was discovered and studied only in recent times. Males emerge to call beside temporary rainwater streams. They mount females and grip them (amplexus) along the vertebral column. Around 3000 eggs are laid in a rock pool and the tadpoles metamorphose after around 100 days.[7]

Purple frog juveniles
Purple frogs mating

Unlike many other burrowing species of frogs that emerge and feed above the ground, this species has been found to forage underground, feeding mainly on termites using its tongue and a special buccal groove.[16]

In 2015, tadpoles of the species were discovered to be traditionally consumed by tribal communities.[17]

The major threat to these amphibians in the Western Ghats of India is caused by the alteration of natural habitats by an ever-increasing human population, resulting in large areas being converted for settlement and agricultural use. Recent studies have shown frog utilization to be one of the major threats, which include the utilization of frogs for food, traditional medicine, research purposes, and pet trade has also been considered a major contributor to their decline. Tadpole-harvesting was prevalent in the monsoon season during July–September every year. The Nadukani-Moolamattom-Kulamaav tribal people have developed an indigenous method for collecting these uniquely adapted suctorial tadpoles. Usually, about 2–5 individuals would participate in each harvesting event.[17] The Purple Frog growth also depends on the velocity of the water. When the velocity of water increased, there was a greater number of tadpoles than the lower velocity of water areas in both streams. The tadpoles also had constant activity in the streams as well. They also have a huge influence on the number of tadpoles in the environments they are in.[17] Due to increasing population in India where the purple frogs are native to, large open areas where purple frogs typically reside are being reconstructed for agricultural and settlement purposes. This has led to almost 40% of all amphibians in the Western Ghats of India going extinct, due to a lack of data the remaining amphibians are mostly unresearched with no knowledge of ecology, biology, defining characteristics, threats faced (Thomas & Biju, 2015).

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T58051A166098621.
  2. ^ Biju, S. D.; Bossuyt, F. (2003). "New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles". Nature. 425 (6959): 711–714. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..711B. doi:10.1038/nature02019. PMID 14562102. S2CID 4425593.
  3. ^ a b Annandale, N. & Rao, C.R.N. (1917). "Indian tadpoles". Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 13: 185–186.
  4. ^ Das, Indraneil (2007). "Some forgotten descriptions of Nasikabatrachus (Anura - Sooglossidae)". Herpetological Review. 38: 291–292.
  5. ^ Biju SD, Bossuyt F. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature. 2003 Oct 16;425(6959):711-4. doi: 10.1038/nature02019. PMID: 14562102.
  6. ^ Senevirathne G, Thomas A, Kerney R, Hanken J, Biju SD, Meegaskumbura M. From clinging to digging: The postembryonic skeletal ontogeny of the indian purple frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (anura: Nasikabatrachidae). PLOS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0151114.
  7. ^ a b c d Zachariah, A; RK Abraham; S Das; KC Jayan & R Altig (2012). "A detailed account of the reproductive strategy and developmental stages of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Nasikabatrachidae), the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3510: 53–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3510.1.3.
  8. ^ Annandale, N. (1918). "Some undescribed tadpoles from the hills of southern India". Records of the Indian Museum. 15: 17–23.
  9. ^ Annandale, N. & Hora, S.L. (1922). "Parallel evolution in the fish and tadpoles of mountains torrents". Records of the Indian Museum. 24: 505–510.
  10. ^ Thomas, Ashish; Suyesh, Robin; Biju, S. D.; Bee, Mark A. (7 February 2014). "Vocal Behavior of the Elusive Purple Frog of India (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis), a Fossorial Species Endemic to the Western Ghats". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e84809. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984809T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084809. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3917828. PMID 24516517.
  11. ^ PLOS ONE, 2016, Volume 11, Issue 3
  12. ^ Das, K. S. 2006 Record of Nasikabatrachus from the Northern Western Ghats. Zoos' Print Journal 21(9):2410
  13. ^ Radhakrishnan, C.; K.C. Gopi & K.P. Dinesh (2007). "Zoogeography of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju and Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura; Nasikabatrachidae) in the Western Ghats, India". Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 107: 115–121.
  14. ^ Bittel, J. (2021, May 4). New purple pig-nose frog found in Remote Mountains. Animals. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/purple-frog-new-species-discovery-india-monsoon#:~:text=While%20the%20new%20amphibians%20may,t%20even%20surface%20to%20eat.
  15. ^ Marshall, Presented by Michael (17 October 2014). "Eight ugly animals we should save anyway". BBC Earth. Retrieved 3 January 2015. India's purple frog spends almost all the year underground, surfacing for around two weeks in the monsoon to breed in temporary ponds created by the torrential rain.
  16. ^ Radhakrishnan, C.; Gopi, K. C.; Jafer Palot, Muhamed (2007). "Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura: Nasikabatrachidae) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics" (PDF). Current Science. 92 (2): 213–216.
  17. ^ a b c Thomas, A.; Biju, S. D. (2015). "Tadpole consumption is a direct threat to the endangered purple frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis". Salamandra. 51: 252–258. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.

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Purple frog: Brief Summary

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The purple frog (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis), Indian purple frog, or pignose frog is a frog species of the genus Nasikabatrachus. It is endemic to the Western Ghats in India. Although the adult frog was formally described in October 2003, the juvenile form of the species was described earlier in 1917.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La rana púrpura (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) es una especie de anfibio anuro la cual fue descubierta en el año 2003 en las Ghats Occidentales de la India. El nombre científico deriva de la palabra sánscrita nasika ("nariz"), en griego batrachus ("rana") y Sahyadri, es una de las denominaciones de las Ghats Occidentales. Está amenazada por la pérdida de hábitat debido a la deforestación para plantaciones de café, cardamomo y jengibre.

Mide unos 7 cm de largo y presenta una pigmentación violeta y huesos osificados como adaptaciones a hábitos excavadores. Análisis de ADN revelaron que el grupo hermano de esta especie corresponde al clado Sooglossidae, cuyas especies (cuatro en total) son conocidas como ranas de las Seychelles.

Grabación de video de un macho vocalizando.

Referencias

  1. S.D. Biju (2004). «Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 14 de febrero de 2016.
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La rana púrpura (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) es una especie de anfibio anuro la cual fue descubierta en el año 2003 en las Ghats Occidentales de la India. El nombre científico deriva de la palabra sánscrita nasika ("nariz"), en griego batrachus ("rana") y Sahyadri, es una de las denominaciones de las Ghats Occidentales. Está amenazada por la pérdida de hábitat debido a la deforestación para plantaciones de café, cardamomo y jengibre.

Mide unos 7 cm de largo y presenta una pigmentación violeta y huesos osificados como adaptaciones a hábitos excavadores. Análisis de ADN revelaron que el grupo hermano de esta especie corresponde al clado Sooglossidae, cuyas especies (cuatro en total) son conocidas como ranas de las Seychelles.

Grabación de video de un macho vocalizando.
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Basque )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Nasikabatrachus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Nasikabatrachidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Nasikabatrachus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Nasikabatrachidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( French )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille Nasikabatrachidae[1]. Son nom vernaculaire en anglais est purple frog (grenouille violette).

Répartition

 src=
Aire de répartition de Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.

Cette espèce est endémique des Ghats occidentaux dans les États du Kerala et du Tamil Nadu en Inde[1].

Description

L'holotype de Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis[2], une femelle adulte, mesure 70 mm. Son dos est violet foncé (d'où son nom anglais de purple frog). Sa tête est petite et son museau pointu.

Comportement

Vidéo d'un mâle coassant.

Cette espèce passe pratiquement toute l'année cachée dans le sol et sort de terre seulement pendant la mousson, durant environ deux semaines, afin de se reproduire. Ce mode de vie très discret explique peut-être pourquoi cette espèce n'a été décrite qu'au début du XXIe siècle.

Taxinomie

 src=
Têtard de Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.

Suivant des analyses génétiques, cette espèce serait proche de la famille des Sooglossidae endémique des Seychelles. Les deux familles se seraient séparées il y a environ 100 millions d'années, lorsque l'Inde, les Seychelles et Madagascar ne formaient qu'un seul ensemble.

L'espèce a été découverte en octobre 2003 par le Belge Franky Bossuyt de l'Université libre de Bruxelles et par l'Indien Sathyabhama Das Biju de l'Institut de recherche et du jardin botanique de Palode. Cependant, l'animal était déjà bien connu des populations locales, et son têtard, qui a la particularité de se développer dans les cascades, avait été décrit dès 1918[3].

Étymologie

Le genre Nasikabatrachus, du sanskrit nasika, « nez », et du grec batrachus, « grenouille », fait référence au museau pointu de cette espèce (la seule du genre).

Son nom d'espèce, composé de sahyadr[i] et du suffixe latin -ensis, « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, les monts Sahyadrî, autre nom donné aux Ghâts occidentaux.

Publication originale

  • (en) S. D. Biju et Franky Bossuyt, « New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles », Nature, vol. 425,‎ 2003, p. 711–714 (ISSN , e-ISSN , lire en ligne [PDF], consulté le 26 juin 2020).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Biju & Bossuyt, 2003 : New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature, vol. 425, p. 711–714.
  3. (en) N. Annandale et C.R.N. Rao, « Indian tadpoles », Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 13,‎ 1917
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( French )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille Nasikabatrachidae. Son nom vernaculaire en anglais est purple frog (grenouille violette).

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Italian )

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La rana viola (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju e Bossuyt, 2003)[2] è un anfibio anuro appartenente alla famiglia Nasikabatrachidae.[3]

Etimologia

Il nome della specie è composto dalla parola sahyadr[i], dal nome delle Montagne Sahyadri (nome indiano del Ghati occidentali) luogo della scoperta della specie, seguito dal suffisso latino ensis, "che vive in".

Descrizione

L'olotipo della specie è una femmina adulta, di 70 millimetri. Il dorso è viola scuro (da qui il suo nome comune di rana viola). La sua testa è piccola dal muso appuntito.[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è endemica delle montagne dei Ghati occidentali negli Stati del Kerala e Tamil Nadu in India[3].

Tassonomia

La scoperta della specie risale al 2003 e venne inserita sotto il genere Nasikabatrachus e all'interno della famiglia Nasikabatrachidae.[4] Successivi studi eseguiti da altri ricercatori, avevano portato ad inserire la nuova specie all'interno della famiglia Sooglossidae, considerando Nasikabatrachidae un sinonimo della stessa.[5] Ulteriori studi, eseguiti nel 2009 e nel 2011 hanno riclassificato la specie nuovamente sotto la sua famiglia di appartenenza originale, Nasikabatrachidae.[6][7]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) S.D. Biju 2004, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Biju, pp. 711-714.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 5 ottobre 2017.
  4. ^ Biju, S. D., and F. Bossuyt . 2003. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature. London 425: 711-714.
  5. ^ Frost, D. R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. H. Bain, A. Haas, C. F. B. Haddad, R. O. de Sá, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S. C. Donnellan, C. J. Raxworthy, J. A. Campbell, B. L. Blotto, P. E. Moler, R. C. Drewes, R. A. Nussbaum, J. D. Lynch, D. M. Green, and W. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1-370 Archivio
  6. ^ Bossuyt, F., and K. Roelants . 2009. Anura. In: Hedges, S. B., and S. Kumar (Ed.), The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press [New York, U.S.A.], 357-364
  7. ^ Pyron, R. A., and J. J. Wiens . 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 543-583

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Biju, S. D., and F. Bossuyt, New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles., in Nature, vol. 425, n. 20, London, 2003, pp. 711-714.
  • Das, I., Some forgotten descriptions of Nasikabatrachus (Anura: Sooglossidae), in Herpetological Review, vol. 38, 2007, pp. 291-292.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La rana viola (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju e Bossuyt, 2003) è un anfibio anuro appartenente alla famiglia Nasikabatrachidae.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is een kikker uit de familie Nasikabatrachidae. Het is een van de twee bekende soorten uit het geslacht Nasikabatrachus.[1]

Naamgeving

De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Sathyabhama Das Biju en Franky Bossuyt in 2003.

De wetenschappelijke geslachtsnaam Nasikabatrachus betekent neuskikker, van 'nasika' (Sanskriet voor neus) en 'batrachos' (Grieks voor kikker). Het dier heeft inderdaad een opvallende wipneus. Het is een vrij grote en plompe kikker, zwart van boven en grijs van onder, die aangetroffen werd in het bos rond een kardemomplantage in Kerala.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De kikker bereikt een lichaamslengte van ongeveer 5,3 tot 9 centimeter, de vrouwtjes worden duidelijk groter dan de mannetjes. De snuit is zeer spits en heeft een kleine opening waardoor de tong naar buiten kan worden gestoken. De tong heeft een schijfvormig uiteinde. De ogen zijn klein, de neusgaten zijn aan de bovenzijde van de kop gepositioneerd.[2] Het lichaam is gedrongen wat te maken heeft met de gravende levenswijze.

Ontdekking

De pas in oktober 2003 ontdekte soort Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is gevonden in India door Sathyabhama Das Biju van de Universiteit van Kerala (India) en Franky Bossuyt van de Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Genetisch onderzoek wees uit dat het dier het nauwst verwant is aan een familie van de Seychellen, de seychellenkikkers (Sooglossidae). Deze familie telt vier soorten en komt alleen op deze eilanden voor. Samen met deze dieren vertegenwoordigt Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis een vroege aftakking van de Neobatrachia, die waarschijnlijk oorspronkelijk op het India-Seychellen-Madagaskarkraton leefde dat zich in het Krijt afsplitste van Gondwana.

Bronvermelding

Referenties
  1. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.
  2. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis - Website Geconsulteerd 17 januari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis - Website
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is een kikker uit de familie Nasikabatrachidae. Het is een van de twee bekende soorten uit het geslacht Nasikabatrachus.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Polish )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis – gatunek płaza, jeden z dwóch przedstawicieli rodziny Nasikabatrachidae (obok Nasikabatrachus bhupathi[3]). Występuje w Ghatach Zachodnich w południowych Indiach. Najczęściej używane nazwy dla tego gatunku to żaba purpurowa lub żaba świnionosa. Odkryta została we wrześniu 2003 roku i jest unikatowa dla tego regionu geograficznego.

Opis

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ma wygląd typowej żaby. Ma przysadziste ciało, nieco bardziej bułczaste w porównaniu do innych żab o spłaszczonym ciele. Jego ramiona i nogi rozszerzają się na zewnątrz, ich kształt ciała jest podobny, jak u innych żab. Podobnie jak gatunek, N. sahyadrensis ma małą głowę i raczej dziwny, spiczasty ryjek. Osobniki dorosłe są zazwyczaj ciemno-fioletowe. Okaz, na podstawie którego gatunek początkowo został opisany, był długi na siedem centymetrów – od czubka pyska po czubki palców.

Występowanie

Gatunek został odkryty w Idukki, regionie Kerali przez S.D. Biju z tropikalnego ogrodu botanicznego i Instytutu Badawczego w Palode w Indiach oraz Franky'ego Bossuyta z Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Uniwersytet Otwarty w Brukseli). Zwierzę było dobrze znane wśród lokalnej ludności już wcześniej, jednak kilka wcześniejszych okazów zostało zignorowanych.

Wcześniej obszar występowania gatunku był ograniczany do Ghatów Zachodnich, do południa Palghat luka. Nowe odkrycia poszerzyły go dalej o pasmo na północ od luki[4].

Ekologia

Żaba spędza większość czasu pod ziemią. Wynurza się tylko na około dwa tygodnie, w porze monsunowej, w celu łączenia się w pary. Prowadzi samotniczy tryb życia, dlatego została tak późno odkryta przez biologów.

W odróżnieniu od wielu innych ryjących w ziemi gatunków żab, które pojawiają się i żywią na powierzchni, ten gatunek znajdowany jest pod ziemią i żywi się głównie termitami – korzystając z języka i specjalnego policzkowego rowka. Parząc się, wykonują ampleksus pachowy, unosząc się w wodzie deszczowej w sadzawkach[5].

Taksonomia i systematyka

Nazwa naukowa wywodzi się z sanskrytu od słowa nasika (nos), odnoszącego się do spiczastego pyska. Batrachus po grecku to żaba, a Sahyadri to miejscowa nazwa łańcucha górskiego, gdzie ten gatunek został znaleziony – Ghatów Zachodnich.

Żaba jest żywą skamieniałością i początkowo została przydzielony do nowej, swojej własnej rodziny, Nasikabatrachidae. Później została przydzielona do Sooglossidae, które były znajdowane na wyspach Seszele. Obecnie zaliczana jest ponownie do monotypowej rodziny Nasikabatrachidae[6].

Pochodzenie tego gatunku jest ściśle związane z Seszelami[potrzebny przypis], ponieważ występowanie tej rodziny było udowodnione jedynie tam. Prawdopodobnie gatunek znalazł się na kontynencie afrykańskim przez dryf kontynentalny, który miał miejsce 100 milionów lat temu i rozłączył dawny obszar lądu, na który składały się dzisiejsze Seszele, Indie i Madagaskar.

Przypisy

  1. Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. S. Jegath Janani, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Elizabeth Prendini, Sushil Kumar Dutta i Ramesh K. Aggarwal. A new species of the genus Nasikabatrachus (Anura, Nasikabatrachidae) from the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, India. „Alytes”. 34 (1–4), s. 1–19, 2017 (ang.).
  4. Das, K. S. Anoop 2006 Record of Nasikabatrachus from the Northern Western Ghats. Zoos' Print Journal 21(9):2410 PDF
  5. C. Radhakrishnan, K. C. Gopi and Muhamed Jafer Palot (2007) Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura: Nasikabatrachidae) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics. Current Science, 92(2):213-216 PDF
  6. Darrel Frost and The American Museum of Natural History: Nasikabatrachidae Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (ang.). Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. [dostęp 22 sierpnia 2017].

Linki zewnętrzne

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis – gatunek płaza, jeden z dwóch przedstawicieli rodziny Nasikabatrachidae (obok Nasikabatrachus bhupathi). Występuje w Ghatach Zachodnich w południowych Indiach. Najczęściej używane nazwy dla tego gatunku to żaba purpurowa lub żaba świnionosa. Odkryta została we wrześniu 2003 roku i jest unikatowa dla tego regionu geograficznego.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Portuguese )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro endêmica dos Gates Ocidentais do sul da Índia. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Nasikabatrachus, que por sua vez é o único gênero da família Nasikabatrachidae.[2]

A espécie foi descoberta em outubro de 2003 e é considerada um fóssil vivo. Os membros desta espécie têm uma cor violeta e cerca de 7 cm de comprimento. Passam a maior parte do ano no subsolo.

N. sahyadrensis era encontrada em apenas duas localidades, ambas no distrito de Idukki nas Colinas Cardamomo em Kerala: Kattapana e Idukki.[1] Registros adicionais estenderam a distribuição geográfica da espécie que pode ser encontrada em quase todos os Gates Ocidentais.[3][4]

A espécie foi classificada numa família própria.[2] Em 2006, a família Nasikabatrachidae foi sinonimizada com a Sooglossidae.[5] Entretanto, por se tratar de duas linhagens antigas elas continuaram a ser consideradas famílias distintas.[6] Em 2011, um amplo estudo molecular demonstrou a relação de clados irmãos entre as famílias, mantendo-as como clados distintos.[7]

Referências

  1. a b BIJU, S.D. (2004). Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 17 de abril de 2013..
  2. a b BIJU, S.D.; BOSSUYT, F. (2003). «New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles». Nature. 425: 711-714
  3. DAS, K.S. Anoop (2006). «Record of Nasikabatrachus from the Northern Western Ghats». Zoos' Print Journal. 21 (9). 2410 páginas
  4. RADHAKRISHNAN, C; GOPI, K.C.; DINESH, K.P. (2007). «Zoogeography of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju and Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura; Nasikabatrachidae) in the Western Ghats, India». Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 107: 115–121
  5. GRANT, T.; FROST, D.R.; CALDWELL, J.P.; GAGLIARDO, R.; HADDAD, C.F.B.; KOK, P.J.R.; MEANS, D.B.; NOONAN, B.P.; SCHARGEL, W.E.; WHEELER, W.C. (2006). «Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae)». Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 299: 1-262
  6. BOSSUYT, F.; ROELANTS, K. (2009). HEDGES, S.B.; KUMAR, S. (Ed.), ed. The Timetree of Life. New York, U.S.A.: Oxford University Press. pp. 357–364
  7. PYRON, R.A.; WIENS, J.J. (2011). «A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543-583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro endêmica dos Gates Ocidentais do sul da Índia. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Nasikabatrachus, que por sua vez é o único gênero da família Nasikabatrachidae.

A espécie foi descoberta em outubro de 2003 e é considerada um fóssil vivo. Os membros desta espécie têm uma cor violeta e cerca de 7 cm de comprimento. Passam a maior parte do ano no subsolo.

N. sahyadrensis era encontrada em apenas duas localidades, ambas no distrito de Idukki nas Colinas Cardamomo em Kerala: Kattapana e Idukki. Registros adicionais estenderam a distribuição geográfica da espécie que pode ser encontrada em quase todos os Gates Ocidentais.

A espécie foi classificada numa família própria. Em 2006, a família Nasikabatrachidae foi sinonimizada com a Sooglossidae. Entretanto, por se tratar de duas linhagens antigas elas continuaram a ser consideradas famílias distintas. Em 2011, um amplo estudo molecular demonstrou a relação de clados irmãos entre as famílias, mantendo-as como clados distintos.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Swedish )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis[2] är en groddjursart som beskrevs av Biju och Franky Bossuyt 2003. Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis är ensam i släktet Nasikabatrachus och även i familjen Nasikabatrachidae.[3][4] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[3]

Arten lever endemisk i bergstrakten Västra Ghats i Indien.[2] Individer hittades mellan 850 och 1000 meter över havet. Fynd kommer främst från återskapade skogar i närheten av ursprungliga skogar.[1]

Arten lever huvudsakligen underjordisk i boet som ligger 1,3 till 3,7 meter under markytan. Den syns bara ovanpå markytan under fortplantningstiden som varar några få veckor. Honor lägger sina befruktade ägg i permanenta eller tillfälliga dammar.[1]


Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] 2004 Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ [a b] D. R. Frost: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, besökt 2015-10-18.
  3. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/nasikabatrachus+sahyadrensis/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  4. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26


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Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna artikel om stjärtlösa groddjur saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis är en groddjursart som beskrevs av Biju och Franky Bossuyt 2003. Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis är ensam i släktet Nasikabatrachus och även i familjen Nasikabatrachidae. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Arten lever endemisk i bergstrakten Västra Ghats i Indien. Individer hittades mellan 850 och 1000 meter över havet. Fynd kommer främst från återskapade skogar i närheten av ursprungliga skogar.

Arten lever huvudsakligen underjordisk i boet som ligger 1,3 till 3,7 meter under markytan. Den syns bara ovanpå markytan under fortplantningstiden som varar några få veckor. Honor lägger sina befruktade ägg i permanenta eller tillfälliga dammar.


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Пурпурова жаба ( Ukrainian )

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Ареал Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis

Пурпурова жаба (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) — єдиний вид роду Індійська жаба, родини Азійські носаті жаби (Nasikabatrachidae). Раніше її зараховували до родини Сейшельських жаб, з огляду на низку схожих ознак. Споріднені їй види мешкають лише на Сейшельських островах в більш ніж 3 тис. км на захід.

Лише з 2003 року визначено як монотипічного представника самостійної родини та роду. Професор Біджу[1] (S.D. Biju) з Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute in Palode, відносить вид до окремої родини. Відкрита ним разом з Franky Bossuyt з Vrije Universiteit Brussel в жовтні 2003. «Nasika» в перекладі з санскриту означає «ніс», а лат. batrachus — «жаба». Назва виду походить від індійської назви Західних Гат.

Зустрічається лише в Західних Гатах (штат Керала. Індія), на площі близько 14 км².

Пурпурова жаба проводить велику частину часу під землею, виходячи на поверхню на два тижні в рік в період мусонів з метою спаровування. Самітницький спосіб життя привів до того, що біологи довго не знали про існування даного виду. Для пошуку їжі жаба не виходить на поверхню, вона харчується під землею, загалом, термітами.[2]

Має приземкувате, злегка округле тіло. Кінцівки вивернути назовні, як і в інших видів жаб. Має маленьку голову і специфічну загострену морду. Нерухома вона зовні нагадує шматок желеподібної маси пурпурного або фіолетового кольору. Довжина пурпурової жаби - 5—9 см. Особина, з якої був описаний вид була 7 см завдовжки від кінчика морди до куприка. Дорослі особини зазвичай забарвлені в темно-ліловий колір.

У 2008 році Чи Чань Пен, один з ведучих сайту Scienceray, включив пурпурну жабу в створений їм список 20 найдивніших або потворних тварин планети.[3]

Посилання

 src= Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Category:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis

Примітки

Література

  1. Биологический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. М. С. Гиляров; — М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1986.—831 с., ил., 29 л. ил.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. «Amphibian Species of the World»; American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. 2006.
Жаба Це незавершена стаття з герпетології.
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Пурпурова жаба: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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 src= Ареал Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis

Пурпурова жаба (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) — єдиний вид роду Індійська жаба, родини Азійські носаті жаби (Nasikabatrachidae). Раніше її зараховували до родини Сейшельських жаб, з огляду на низку схожих ознак. Споріднені їй види мешкають лише на Сейшельських островах в більш ніж 3 тис. км на захід.

Лише з 2003 року визначено як монотипічного представника самостійної родини та роду. Професор Біджу (S.D. Biju) з Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute in Palode, відносить вид до окремої родини. Відкрита ним разом з Franky Bossuyt з Vrije Universiteit Brussel в жовтні 2003. «Nasika» в перекладі з санскриту означає «ніс», а лат. batrachus — «жаба». Назва виду походить від індійської назви Західних Гат.

Зустрічається лише в Західних Гатах (штат Керала. Індія), на площі близько 14 км².

Пурпурова жаба проводить велику частину часу під землею, виходячи на поверхню на два тижні в рік в період мусонів з метою спаровування. Самітницький спосіб життя привів до того, що біологи довго не знали про існування даного виду. Для пошуку їжі жаба не виходить на поверхню, вона харчується під землею, загалом, термітами.

Має приземкувате, злегка округле тіло. Кінцівки вивернути назовні, як і в інших видів жаб. Має маленьку голову і специфічну загострену морду. Нерухома вона зовні нагадує шматок желеподібної маси пурпурного або фіолетового кольору. Довжина пурпурової жаби - 5—9 см. Особина, з якої був описаний вид була 7 см завдовжки від кінчика морди до куприка. Дорослі особини зазвичай забарвлені в темно-ліловий колір.

У 2008 році Чи Чань Пен, один з ведучих сайту Scienceray, включив пурпурну жабу в створений їм список 20 найдивніших або потворних тварин планети.

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Ếch tía ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Ếch tía hay ếch mũi lợn (danh pháp hai phần: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) là một loài ếch thuộc họ Sooglossidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Ghat Tây, Ấn Độ. Mặc dù ếch trưởng thành được mô tả chính thức tháng 10 năm 2003,[2] nhưng trước đó loài này đã được biết đến từ nòng nọc, mô tả năm 1918.[3] Với các họ hàng gần ở Seychelles, Nasikabatrachus từng được cho là tiến hóa riêng biệt nhiều triệu năm.

Chú thích

  1. ^ S.D. Biju (2004). Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 5 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Biju, S. D.; Bossuyt, F. (2003). “New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles”. Nature (425): 711–714. doi:10.1038/nature02019.
  3. ^ Annandale, N. & Rao, C.R.N. (1917). “Indian tadpoles”. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 13: 185–186.

Tham khảo

  • C. Radhakrishnan, K. C. Gopi, K. P. Dinesh. 2007. Zoogeography of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju and Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura; Nasikabatrachidae) in the Western Ghats, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 107 (Part 4): 115-121. (tập tin pdf có theo yêu cầu)

Liên kết ngoài

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Ếch tía: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Ếch tía hay ếch mũi lợn (danh pháp hai phần: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) là một loài ếch thuộc họ Sooglossidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Ghat Tây, Ấn Độ. Mặc dù ếch trưởng thành được mô tả chính thức tháng 10 năm 2003, nhưng trước đó loài này đã được biết đến từ nòng nọc, mô tả năm 1918. Với các họ hàng gần ở Seychelles, Nasikabatrachus từng được cho là tiến hóa riêng biệt nhiều triệu năm.

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Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Инфракласс: Batrachia
Надотряд: Прыгающие
Отряд: Бесхвостые
Подотряд: Neobatrachia
Семейство: Nasikabatrachidae Biju & Bossuyt, 2003
Род: Nasikabatrachus Biju & Bossuyt, 2003
Вид: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
Международное научное название

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju et Bossuyt, 2003

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 664728NCBI 251754EOL 1019806

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (лат.)вид лягушек, единственный в роде Nasikabatrachus монотипного семейства Nasikabatrachidae[1]. Обитает в горах Западные Гаты в Индии. Латинское название Nasikabatrachus эта лягушка получила за счёт заострённого носа (nasika в переводе с санскрита означает «нос»).

История

Вид был обнаружен и классифицирован лишь в 2003 году. Данная лягушка — живое ископаемое, обитает лишь на территории около 14 км². Родственные ей виды обитают лишь на Сейшельских островах в более чем 3 тысячах километров к западу.[2] Хотя один из открывателей, профессор Биджу, относит вид к отдельному семейству.

Описание

Приземистое слегка округлое тело. Конечности вывернуты наружу, как и у других видов лягушек. Имеет маленькую голову и специфическую заостренную морду. Неподвижная лягушка внешне напоминает кусок желеобразной массы пурпурного или фиолетового цвета. Длина пурпурной лягушки — 5—9 см.[3] Образец, с которого был описан вид, имел длину 7 см от кончика морды до копчика. Взрослые особи обычно окрашены в тёмно-лиловый.

Образ жизни

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis проводит большую часть времени под землёй, выходя на поверхность на две недели в году в период муссонов с целью спаривания. Затворнический образ жизни привёл к тому, что биологи долго не знали о существовании данного вида. Для поиска пищи пурпурная лягушка не выходит на поверхность, она питается под землёй, в основном, термитами.[4]

Интересные факты

В 2008 году Чань Ли Пен, один из ведущих сайта Scienceray, включил Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis в созданный им список 20 самых странных или уродливых животных планеты[5][6].

Галерея

  • Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Davidraju IMG 3613.jpg
  • Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Davidraju IMG 3616.jpg

Видео и аудио

Ссылки

Примечания


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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (лат.) — вид лягушек, единственный в роде Nasikabatrachus монотипного семейства Nasikabatrachidae. Обитает в горах Западные Гаты в Индии. Латинское название Nasikabatrachus эта лягушка получила за счёт заострённого носа (nasika в переводе с санскрита означает «нос»).

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紫蛙 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
Biju & Bossuyt, 2003 紫蛙的分佈地區以橙色標出
紫蛙的分佈地區以橙色標出

紫蛙學名Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis),亦稱西高止山鼻蛙,是紫蛙屬中被发现的第一種,生活在印度西高止山脈地區。雖然紫蛙是在2003年10月正式描述的,[2]但其蝌蚪在1918年就已發現、命名。[3]這種蛙幾乎一年到頭都待在地底。

描述

一只鸣叫的雄蛙

2003年,該物種的正模標本由S·D·比朱(S.D. Biju)和布魯塞爾自由大學的佛郎機·博敘(Franky Bossuyt)發現於喀拉拉邦伊都基縣。不過在此之前當地人就知道有這種生物的存在,且確實有出版過相關文獻、收藏有其標本。[4]

紫蛙的身體肥壯,四肢以無尾目生物的典型方式張開。與其他的大多數蛙相比,紫蛙的頭部較小,鼻部較尖。成年體呈紫灰色,雄性的長度只有雌性的三分之一。[5]其正模標本由鼻部至尾部的長度為7厘米(2.8英寸),其幼年體在1917年由尼爾森·安南戴爾C·R·那拉揚·拉奧描述,他們發現這種蝌蚪有用以在激流中固定身形的口吸盤。[3][6]因為與紫蛙幼體一起生活的某些魚類也有同樣的吸盤,這種現象被認為屬於趋同演化[5][7]

分佈

早期科學家認為這種蛙只分佈於西高止山脈的巴爾卡德山口,後來有證據顯示在山口的北部也有紫蛙存在。[8][9]實際上這種蛙已被認為廣泛分佈於西高止由南至北的各個地區。[5]

生態

紫蛙常年生活在地底,只在雨季才會出現在地面活動約兩週。因此生物學家們也一直都沒有注意到牠們。繁殖季節主要在雨季來臨之前的五月,雄性的其洞穴中鳴叫求偶,雌性到來之後與之抱合。牠們會將卵產在溪流裡的岩石縫隙中,一次的產卵量為3000枚左右。蝌蚪在100天後變成蛙。[5]

雖然也有一些別的蛙類會打地穴并在地下生活,但牠們大多數會在地表覓食。然而紫蛙連覓食都是在地底進行的,其食物主要是白蟻。[10]

參考文獻

  1. ^ S.D. Biju. Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2004 [25 May 2013].
  2. ^ Biju, S. D.; Bossuyt, F. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature. 2003, (425): 711–714. doi:10.1038/nature02019. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Annandale, N. & Rao, C.R.N. Indian tadpoles. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1917, 13: 185–186.
  4. ^ Das, Indraneil. Some forgotten descriptions of Nasikabatrachus (Anura - Sooglossidae). Herpetological Review. 2007, 38: 291–292.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Zachariah, A; RK Abraham; S. Das; KC Jayan & R Altig. A detailed account of the reproductive strategy and developmental stages of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Anura: Nasikabatrachidae), the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage. Zootaxa. 2012, 3510: 53–64.
  6. ^ Annandale, N. Some undescribed tadpoles from the hills of southern India. Records of the Indian Museum. 1918, 15: 17–23.
  7. ^ Annandale, N. & Hora, S.L. Parallel evolution in the fish and tadpoles of mountains torrents. Records of the Indian Museum. 1922, 24: 505–510.
  8. ^ Das, K. S. Anoop 2006 Record of Nasikabatrachus from the Northern Western Ghats. Zoos' Print Journal 21(9):2410 PDF
  9. ^ Radhakrishnan, C; K.C. Gopi and K.P. Dinesh. Zoogeography of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju and Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura; Nasikabatrachidae) in the Western Ghats, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 2007, 107: 115–121.
  10. ^ C. Radhakrishnan, K. C. Gopi and Muhamed Jafer Palot (2007) Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura: Nasikabatrachidae) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics. Current Science, 92(2):213-216 PDF
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紫蛙: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

紫蛙(學名:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis),亦稱西高止山鼻蛙,是紫蛙屬中被发现的第一種,生活在印度西高止山脈地區。雖然紫蛙是在2003年10月正式描述的,但其蝌蚪在1918年就已發現、命名。這種蛙幾乎一年到頭都待在地底。

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维基百科作者和编辑

インドハナガエル ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
インドハナガエル Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.jpg
インドハナガエル
鳴き声
保全状況評価[1] ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 無尾目 Anura : インドハナガエル科 Nasikabatrachidae : インドハナガエル属 Nasikabatrachus
Biju & Bossuyt, 2003 : インドハナガエル N. sahyadrensis 学名 Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt, 2003[2] 英名 Purple frog
Indian purple frog
pignose frog Distribution Map of Nasikabatrachus.jpg
分布(橙の部分)

インドハナガエル (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) は、カエルの一種。本種のみでインドハナガエル属インドハナガエル科を構成する。インド西ガーツ山脈固有種で、紫色の丸い体を持つ。成体が発見されたのは2003年のことだが、オタマジャクシはその100年前から知られていた。

分類[編集]

2003年、ケーララ州イドゥッキ県から採集された個体を元に、熱帯植物園・研究所 (TBGRI) のS.D. Bijuとブリュッセル自由大学のFranky Bossuytによって記載された。だが、この種の存在は現地の人々には既によく知られており、2003年まで見過ごされていた標本や記録も存在した[3]。属名はサンスクリット語で"鼻"を意味するNasikaギリシャ語で"カエル"を意味するbatrachus から、種小名は西ガーツ山脈の別名sahyadri に由来する[4]

本種はセーシェルガエル科と近縁であるが、両者の分岐は1億3000-8000万年前(ジュラ紀)に遡ると考えられる。これは他のカエルがインド亜大陸に進出する5000万-1億年前のことで、本種がゴンドワナ大陸の分裂以前から現在の分布域に生息していたことを意味している[4]

形態[編集]

鳴く雄の動画

体は太く膨らんでおり、比較的丸みを帯びた体型をしている。頭骨・骨格はよく石灰化して頑丈で、地中性のカエルの特徴を示している。脚と腕は、通常のカエルの体型よりも左右に広がっている。他のカエルと比べ頭部は小さく、尖った吻端には白い瘤状の突起を持つ。成体は通常、暗い灰紫色である。雄の体長は雌の1/3程度[5]。体長53-90mm[4]ホロタイプは吻端から総排泄孔まで7cmの大きさである。

オタマジャクシは1917年にNelson AnnandaleC. R. Narayan Raoにより発見されており、渓流に生息し、岩に貼り付くために口は吸盤状となっている[6][7]。この適応は、シソル科Glyptothorax 属やタニノボリ科TravancoriaHomalopteraBhavania 属などの魚類で見られるものと同等のものであり、これらの魚類と同所で見られることもある[5][8]。吻は楔型で、体とともに幅広く平たい。鼻孔は眼の近くに位置し、尾は低く、全長の2/3を占める。背面は暗褐色[5]

分布[編集]

標高60-1100mから確認されている[4]。かつては、西ガーツ山脈パルガートより南に限られていると考えられていた[9][10]。現在では西ガーツのかなり広範囲に分布していることが分かっており、北はカリカットに近いCamel's Hump Hillから、南はアガスティヤマライ山地の北端まで確認されている[5]

ゴムやカルダモンのプランテーションなど、ある程度人の手が入った地域にも見られる[4]

生態[編集]

ほとんどの期間を深さ1.3-3.7mの地下で過ごし[1]モンスーン期に2週間のみ、交尾のために地上に姿を現す。この性質から、成体の科学的記載は非常に遅れることになった。繁殖はプレモンスーン期、主に5月に行われる。雄は渓流の脇の巣穴で鳴き声を上げて雌を呼び、雌が近づくと抱接する。抱接は胸抱型で、雄は雌の脊柱を強く保持する。雌はそのまま流れの脇にある岩の隙間などに入り産卵する。卵塊1つには3000個以上の卵が含まれる。オタマジャクシの変態までにはおよそ100日かかる[5]

ほとんどの地中性カエルは地上で摂餌するが、本種は地下で、主にアリやシロアリを食べる。硬くなった吻端によりアリの巣の壁を突き崩し、特殊な口腔の溝を通して舌を突き出し、捕食する[11]

人との関わり[編集]

人間活動による森林の減少や、生息地でのダム計画によって危機に瀕しており[4]IUCN保全状況絶滅危惧としている[1]

現地では薬用として利用されているという報告もある[4]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ a b c S.D. Biju ("Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
  2. ^ Biju, S. D.; Bossuyt, F. (2003). “New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles”. Nature (425): 711–714. doi:10.1038/nature02019.
  3. ^ Das, Indraneil (2007). “Some forgotten descriptions of Nasikabatrachus (Anura - Sooglossidae)”. Herpetological Review 38: 291–292.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g AmphibiaWeb page on Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
  5. ^ a b c d e Zachariah, A; RK Abraham; S. Das; KC Jayan & R Altig (2012). “A detailed account of the reproductive strategy and developmental stages of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Anura: Nasikabatrachidae), the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage”. Zootaxa 3510: 53–64.
  6. ^ Annandale, N. & Rao, C.R.N. (1917). “Indian tadpoles”. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 13: 185–186.
  7. ^ Annandale, N. (1918). “Some undescribed tadpoles from the hills of southern India”. Records of the Indian Museum 15: 17–23.
  8. ^ Annandale, N. & Hora, S.L. (1922). “Parallel evolution in the fish and tadpoles of mountains torrents”. Records of the Indian Museum 24: 505–510.
  9. ^ Das, K. S. Anoop 2006 Record of Nasikabatrachus from the Northern Western Ghats. Zoos' Print Journal 21(9):2410 PDF
  10. ^ Radhakrishnan, C; K.C. Gopi and K.P. Dinesh (2007). “Zoogeography of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju and Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura; Nasikabatrachidae) in the Western Ghats, India”. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 107: 115–121.
  11. ^ C. Radhakrishnan, K. C. Gopi and Muhamed Jafer Palot (2007) Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura: Nasikabatrachidae) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics. Current Science, 92(2):213-216 PDF

外部リンク[編集]

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インドハナガエル: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

インドハナガエル (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) は、カエルの一種。本種のみでインドハナガエル属・インドハナガエル科を構成する。インド西ガーツ山脈固有種で、紫色の丸い体を持つ。成体が発見されたのは2003年のことだが、オタマジャクシはその100年前から知られていた。

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돼지코개구리 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

돼지코개구리(Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis)는 개구리목 신와아목에 속하는 양서류의 일종이다. 나시카바트라쿠스과(Nasikabatrachidae)와 나시카바트라쿠스속(Nasikabatrachus)의 유일종이다. 인도서고츠 산맥에서 발견할 수 있다. 이전에는 세이셸개구리과로 분류하기도 했다. 퍼플개구리 또는 인도퍼플개구리로도 불린다.

계통 분류

2014년 현재, 개구리목의 계통 분류는 다음과 같다.[2][3]

양서류

무족영원목

     

도롱뇽목

개구리목    

꼬리개구리과

   

옛개구리과

         

무당개구리과

   

산파두꺼비과

         

발톱개구리과

   

멕시코맹꽁이과

         

북아메리카두꺼비과

     

파슬리개구리과

     

메고프리스과

   

쟁기발개구리과

        신와아목

유령개구리과

       

나시카바트라쿠스과

   

세이셸개구리과

           

칼립토케팔렐라과

     

림노디나스테스과

   

거북개구리과

       

청개구리상과 / 황금개구리상과

     

개구리상과

                   

각주

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