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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Barnacles have been refered to throughout history as the "bane of boaters." This name is primarily asociated with barnacles because their attachment on boat hulls and bottoms can cause a significant decrease in a vessel's speed. For example, two to three inches of barnacles on the bottom of a ship can weigh more than one hundred tons. Removing barnacles from ship's hulls costs ship owners up to $125 million annually. Additionally, their prevelence on marine structures such as piers and pilings can be burdensome.

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Associations ( Inglês )

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Predators to acorn barnacles vary from humans to dogwelks and nudibranches. In response to a potential threat from a predator, S. balanoides will withdraw into its calcareous plates for protection.

Known Predators:

  • nudibranchs (Nudibranchia)
  • dog whelks (Nucella lapillus)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
  • shanny (Lipophrys pholis)
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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Semibalanus balanoides are modified shrimp that have six pairs of biramous legs. They are surrounded by a series of overlapping calcereous (limestone) plates and are protected by another set of plates which close over the top opening of the animal when it is threatened. Semibalanus balanoides range in length from 2.5 cm to 7.5 cm and their shells are commonly yellow, orange or pink. These animals are monomorphic and have no eyes but are sensitive and responsive to sudden shading that may be a potential predator. Additionally, these animals are called "acorn barnacles" because the pyramid shape of their body resembles the fruit of the oak tree.

Key identification features found on this species include six grey-white plates on the shell wall and a membranous shell base. The opercular aperature, or opening, is diamond shape and the tissue inside is white to pinkish-white. The rostral plate, or shell plate on the head, is broad.

Range length: 2.5 to 7.5 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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The range of lifespan for these animals is one to seven years.

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Acorn barnacles are found more readily in tropical tidal zone marine environments, but may also thrive in cooler areas. These species attach to almost any roughened surface such as rocks, whales, piers, ship hulls and sea turtle shells. An acorn barnacle primarily determines its habitat based on water movement in the area. Such factors as light and contour of the surface are important as well.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Semibalanus balanoides is found in the north-east Atlantic from Great Britain to southwestern Spain. It is also found on the Pacific coast of north America as far south as British Columbia and on the Atlantic coast as far south as Cape Hatteras. However, it is absent from the Biscay coast of France.

Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean; atlantic ocean ; pacific ocean ; mediterranean sea

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Acorn barnacles are suspension feeders that kick their six pairs of cirri to capture food and transfer it to the mouth. The cirri capture food by forming a net that catches microscopic plants and particles floating in the water, such as plankton.

Animal Foods: zooplankton

Plant Foods: phytoplankton

Primary Diet: herbivore (Algivore); planktivore ; detritivore

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

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One barnacle may produce up to 10,000 eggs that are stored in a sac outside the body but within the shell cavity. They hatch to produce nauplius larvae with three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae and one eye. There are six instars which result in further molting to form a more complex larvae. Barnacles molt depending on feeding rate and temperature. Each instar lasts three to five days.

After these instars, the napulis larvae changes into a cypris larva that has a bivalve carapace and eyespots. The cyprides larva does not feed and may spend nearly two weeks finding a substrate to attach. When settled the larve begins to "walk" on the surface with its antennae to find a barnacle of its own species. It then attaches to the surface with cements excreted by the antennae. Metamophosis begins with the sheding of the bivalve carapace and eyespots. It will resemble an adult acorn barnacle 24 hours later.

Additionally, the larva will begin to build its calcium carbonate walls. The body of the acorn barnacle will shed the sac that encloses it periodically as the exterior shell increases in size. The range of lifespan for these animals is one to seven years.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Currently, there are no active conservation programs associated with S. balanoides.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Crustaceans have various sensory resceptors, mainly setae over the body. Photoreceptors are also generally present.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Sem título ( Inglês )

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Acorn barnacles, which are the most common barnacle, have existed since Jussasic times, and fossils of barnacles have been discovered that are over 150 million years old. Historically, Europeans believed that barnacles were formed from the molted feathers of sea birds. Up until 1830 when zoologist V.J. Thompson discovered that barnacles were related to lobsters, most thought that barnacles were molluscs. Additionally, much of the knowledge of barnacles is the result of research by Charles Darwin who published a book on the subject in the 1840's.

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Recently, there has been great interest in barnacle cement for its possible use in both dentistry and bone surgery due to its incredible properties. For example, a layer of cement three thousandths of an inch thick over one square inch will support a weight of 7,000 pounds. At high temperatures the glue will not crack and it does not dissolve in most strong acids, organic solvents, or water. Through its usage, filings could be placed on teeth and bones could be mended.

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Several species use Semibalanus balanoides as a host. The protozoan Pyxinioides balani parasitizes the gut and Epistylis horizontalis parasitizes the gills and mantle. Trematode metacercariae are in or near the barnacle guts. The isopod Hemioniscus balani also uses the barnacle as a host.

Ecosystem Impact: creates habitat

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
autor
Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Semibalanus balanoides are hermaphrodites that reproduce by internal fertilization. This fertilization differs from other intertidal invertebrates that release gamates into the marine environment. Cross fertilization in S. balanoides occurs through the insertion of a long extensible penis into the mantle cavity of another acorn barancle that is within close proximity. It is essential that the barnacles live no more than three to five centimeters apart to mate. For acorn barnacles, the time of breeding and rates of development vary depending on their latitudinal location. However, S. balanoides is a northern species that normally breeds over winter at optimal temperatures of 14 deg C. One barnacle may produce up to 10,000 eggs.

Key Reproductive Features: simultaneous hermaphrodite; sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); ovoviviparous

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting)

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Lott, L. 2001. "Semibalanus balanoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Semibalanus_balanoides.html
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Leslie Lott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
When the tide rises, the plates covering the aperture open, and the thoracic appendages (known as 'cirri') are extended into the water current and used to filter particles of food from the water (2). During winter, barnacles do not feed, but rely on stored reserves (3). This barnacle is a hermaphrodite; individuals, although possessing both male and female reproductive organs, function as a male or a female (3). There is a single breeding season during autumn (2). Functional males extend the penis, which is much longer than the body, out of the shell wall and seeks a nearby functional female (3). After fertilisation, the embryos are stored within the barnacle's body, until they develop into 'naupilus' larvae. These are released into the water from February to May, and live in the water column feeding on plankton for several weeks. They undergo six moults, before developing into a second larval form known as a 'cyprid' larvae. This stage is specialised for seeking a suitable site for settling. They search the substrate with their antennae; once a suitable site has been found they release a substance that fastens them to the rock. This typically occurs in spring and early summer. They then undergo metamorphosis into the adult form (2). Sexual maturity may be reached in the first year after settlement, but it usually takes 2 years (3).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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No conservation action has been targeted at this species.
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Barnacles are well-known intertidal organisms. They were not firmly accepted to be crustaceans until the 1830s; before this time, the calcareous shell and sessile habit of the adults resulted in confusion with molluscs (2). Our current knowledge of barnacles is largely based on an 8-year period of research by Charles Darwin (3). Adult acorn barnacles are sessile; they have a cone shaped shell-wall comprising a number of calcareous pates. In this species, Semibalanus balanoides, the shell-wall consists of 6 greyish-white plates. The opening at the top of the 'cone' is diamond-shaped, and can be covered by movable plates when the tide goes out. This protects the animal inside from desiccation (2).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Inhabits rocky shores of all exposures, and forms the distinct greyish-white 'barnacle zone' on the shore with species of Chthamalus barnacles. When the two occur together, Semibalanus balanoides tends to occur lower down the shore than Chthamalus. Fewer barnacles occur where seaweeds dominate the shore, as the sweeping action of the seaweed fronds removes newly settled barnacles from the rock (2).
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Range ( Inglês )

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Found in the north-east Atlantic from Spitzbergen to north-west Spain, as well as the Pacific coasts of North America reaching south to British Columbia, and on the Atlantic coast south as far south as Cape Hatteras. It is common around all coasts of Britain, but is rare or absent from the south-west of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (3).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Common and widespread (2).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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Not currently threatened.
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
adult of Hemioniscus balani ectoparasitises mantle cavity of Semibalanus balanoides

Animal / predator
Thais lapillus is predator of Semibalanus balanoides
Other: major host/prey

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Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por Ecomare
De gewone zeepok is de meest voorkomende zeepok langs de Noordzeekust. De vorm is erg afhankelijk van de groeiplaats. Ze kunnen er uit zien als een plat kegeltje. Als ze in een dichte kluit bij elkaar leven worden ze langwerpig. Ook in naden en kieren tussen stenen raken ze vaak bekneld tussen hun buren en groeien ze omhoog. Bijzonder feitje: bij de Noordpool in de buurt bevriest de zee vaak. Larven van de gewone zeepok komen dan vast te zitten in het ijs en bevriezen ook. Ze kunnen echter enkele weken als ijsklontje overleven. Als ze eenmaal ontdooien leven ze gewoon verder.
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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por Ecomare
The acorn barnacle is the most prevalent barnacle along the North Sea coastline. These barnacles look like flat cones. The animal itself lives in this six-sided cone. Within the cracks and crannies of rocks, dikes or whatever they land on, they are often so squished in between their neighbors that they are forced to grow upwards. An unusual fact: larvae of the acorn barnacle living in waters which freeze near the North Pole, are caught in the ice and also freeze. However, they can survive life as an ice cube for several weeks; once they defrost, they just move on with life.
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Semibalanus balanoides ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Semibalanus balanoides (common barnacle, common rock barnacle, northern rock barnacle) is a common and widespread boreo-arctic species of acorn barnacle. It is common on rocks and other substrates in the intertidal zone of north-western Europe and both coasts of North America.

Description

Adult S. balanoides grow up to 15 millimetres (0.6 in) in diameter, and are sessile, living attached to rocks and other solid substrates. They have six greyish wall plates surrounding a diamond-shaped operculum.[2][3] The base of the shell is membranous in Semibalanus, unlike other barnacles which have calcified bases.[2] When the tide rises to cover the barnacles, the operculum opens, and feathery cirri (modified thoracic appendages)[4] are extended into the water to filter food from the seawater. When the tide falls, the operculum closes again to prevent desiccation; the reduction from the primitive condition of eight wall plates to six is believed to decrease water loss even further by reducing the number of sutures through which water can escape.[5]

Distribution

Semibalanus balanoides is found in the intertidal zone in the world's northern oceans. Its distribution is limited in the north by the extent of the pack-ice and in the south by increasing temperature which prevents maturation of gametes.[2] The mean monthly temperature of the sea must drop below 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) for it to breed.

In Europe, S. balanoides is found on Svalbard and from Finnmark[6] to north-west Spain but excluding part of the Bay of Biscay. It is common throughout the British Isles, except in parts of Cornwall, the Scilly Isles and south-western Ireland. On the North American coast of the Atlantic Ocean, it reaches as far south as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and on the Pacific coast, it reaches as far south as British Columbia.[2] S. balanoides is the most common and widespread intertidal barnacle in the British Isles, and the only intertidal barnacle of the north-east coast of North America.[7]

Ecology

Semibalanus balanoides can be the dominant species of rocky shores, where it grows in a range of situations, from very sheltered to very exposed. It is typically found lower on the shore than another barnacle, Chthamalus montagui, although with some overlap. S. balanoides can tolerate salinities down to 20 psu, allowing it to colonise parts of estuaries.[2] On semi-exposed shores, S. balanoides may form a patchwork with patches of seaweeds, such as Fucus serratus, and limpets; the fronds of the seaweeds brush the barnacle larvae from the rocks, allowing limpets to colonise it instead. At the southern limit of its range, including Cornwall, S. balanoides is replaced by Chthamalus montagui.[3] Although capable of living in the sublittoral zone, S. balanoides tends to be restricted to the intertidal by predation and by competition from species such as the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and the algae Ascophyllum nodosum and Chondrus crispus.[7]

Life cycle

Feeding

S. balanoides feeding, Upernavik, Greenland

Semibalanus balanoides is a filter feeder, using its thoracic appendages, or cirri, to capture zooplankton and detritus from the water. If there is a current, then the barnacle holds its cirri stiffly into the flow, but when there is no current, the barnacle beats its cirri rhythmically. Plankton levels are highest in Spring and Autumn, and drop significantly during Winter, when the barnacles are dependent on reserves of food which they have stored.[2]

Reproduction

Breeding takes place in winter at an optimal temperature of 14 °C (57 °F). S. balanoides is hermaphroditic, but cannot fertilise itself. Gametes are transferred with a penis which may be up to 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) long; barnacles that are further apart than about 5 cm (2.0 in) are therefore unable to reproduce together.[8] One barnacle may inseminate another up to eight times, and up to six concurrent penetrations may occur. The penis degenerates after copulation, and a new one is regrown the following year.[2] Up to 10,000 eggs may be produced, and they are stored in sacs within the shell cavity.[8] While the eggs are developing, the adult barnacle does not moult. The eggs hatch into nauplius larvae, which have three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae and a single eye and are released to coincide with the spring algal bloom.[2] These spend several weeks in the water column, feeding on plankton.[9] Over a series of moults, the larva passes through six naupliar instars before changing into a cypris larva, with a two-valved carapace.[8] These larvae can survive weeks embedded in sea ice.[10][11] The cypris larva does not feed but seeks out a suitable substrate for its adult life. Having settled on a substrate, the larva examines the area until it finds another barnacle of the same species and then attaches itself to the substrate with its antennae, whereupon it metamorphoses into the adult. Sexual maturity is usually only reached after two years, and adults of S. balanoides may live for up to seven years, depending on their position on the shore.[2]

Parasites and predators

Predators of Semibalanus balanoides include the whelk Nucella lapillus, the shanny Lipophrys pholis,[2] the sea star Asterias vulgaris,[7] and nudibranchs.[8] Although they have no eyes, barnacles are aware of changes in light, and withdraw into their shells when threatened.[8] Parasites of S. balanus include Pyxinoides balani, a protozoan which lives in the barnacle's midgut, and Epistylis horizontalis, a ciliate which lives on the gills. The isopod Hemioniscus balani occurs from France to the Faroe Islands and the Oslofjord, and from Labrador to Massachusetts, and is a parasite of S. balanoides, effectively castrating the barnacle if it is heavily infested. The lichens Arthropyrenia sublittoralis and Pyrenocollema halodytes may colonise the shells of barnacles.[2]

References

  1. ^ "Semibalanus balanoides (Linnaeus, 1767)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l N. White (July 4, 2007). "Semibalanus balanoides: an acorn barnacle". Marine Life Information Network: biology and sensitivity key information sub-programme. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
  3. ^ a b "Barnacles". PZNOW. Archived from the original on August 19, 2004. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  4. ^ Joel W. Martin. "Crustacea Glossary Complete List". Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  5. ^ Phil Rainbow. "The secret life of barnacles" (PDF). Natural History Museum. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  6. ^ K. Telnes. "Acorn barnacle". The Marine Fauna Gallery of Norway. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c "Semibalanus balanoides (barnacle)". Bowdoin College. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  8. ^ a b c d e Leslie Lott (2001). "Semibalanus balanoides". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  9. ^ "Semibalanus balanoides". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  10. ^ Jesús Pineda, Claudio DiBacco & Victoria Starczak (2005). "Barnacle larvae in ice: survival, reproduction, and time to post settlement metamorphosis". Limnology and Oceanography. 50 (5): 1520–1528. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.595.4545. doi:10.4319/lo.2005.50.5.1520.
  11. ^ Jesús Pineda. "The surprising barnacle larvae in ice". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Retrieved August 19, 2007.

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Semibalanus balanoides: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Semibalanus balanoides (common barnacle, common rock barnacle, northern rock barnacle) is a common and widespread boreo-arctic species of acorn barnacle. It is common on rocks and other substrates in the intertidal zone of north-western Europe and both coasts of North America.

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Semibalanus balanoides ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Semibalanus balanoides (anciennement Balanus balanoides) est une espèce de crustacés cirripèdes, une balane (du grec balanos = gland) très commune sur les estrans rocheux européens où elle atteint son abondance maximale à peu près au niveau moyen de la mer[1]. Elle s’installe également sur des supports rigides divers: coque des navires, perches, balises, coquille de mollusques (notamment sur les moules[2]) etc. L’espèce se trouve aussi bien sur les estrans très exposés qu’en mode abrité, elle pénètre aussi dans la partie aval des estuaires et tolère des salinités de l’ordre de 20 pour mille[3].

Description

Semibalanus balanoides possède une muraille de couleur blanche dont la longueur, entre la base du rostre et la base de la carène atteint 10, voire 15 mm[3] pour une hauteur de 8 mm environ. Cependant dans les colonies denses, dans lesquelles les individus, serrés les uns contre les autres, prennent une forme cylindrique, prismatique ou « en trompette », la hauteur peut atteindre 25, voire, exceptionnellement, 50 mm[1]. À l’examen de la muraille d’un individu isolé on s’aperçoit qu’elle est constituée de 6 plaques :

  • l’antérieure ou « rostre » (considéré comme résultant de la fusion de trois pièces : le rostre proprement dit et les deux rostrolatérales) est nettement la plus large et elle recouvre par ses bords les pièces voisines,
     src=
    Semibalanus', nomenclature des plaques.
  • les latérales.
  • À l’opposé du rostre, la plaque postérieure ou carène, est par contre étroite et ses bords sont recouverts par les plaques voisines,
  • les carinolatérales.

Cette disposition des plaques, notamment rostre et carène, permet de distinguer aisément Semibalanus des chthamales (genre Chthamalus) avec lesquelles elle voisine en haut de l’estran. L’animal repose sur le substrat par une base membraneuse qui laisse apparaître le support lorsqu’il en est décollé et après sa mort il ne reste pas de marque apparente de sa présence lorsque la muraille est détruite.

L’orifice supérieur de la muraille, de forme losangique, peut être obturé par deux paires des plaques dites operculaires :

  • en avant (près du rostre) les scutum,
  • en arrière (près de la carène) les tergum.

Entre ces plaques apparaissent, lorsque l’animal est au repos dans l’eau, les languettes tergoscutales (ou « lèvres ») qui sont blanches avec des taches noires à proximité du rostre. La morphologie des parties molles, contenues dans la muraille, est celle décrite pour les balanomorphes en général. L’un des caractères saillants est la possession de six paires d’appendices thoraciques (= thoracopodes, = péréiopodes) biramés appelés cirres, dont les trois derniers, particulièrement longs servent à la capture de la nourriture.

Reproduction

Semibalanus est un hermaphrodite simultané mais ne peut s’autoféconder[4]. La fécondation est donc croisée, elle a lieu en fin d’automne (novembre-décembre)[5].

Le transport des spermatozoïdes d’un individu à l’autre s’effectue grâce au pénis, extrêmement long et extensible implanté en arrière de la base des deux derniers cirres. Cet organe peut atteindre une longueur de 7,5 centimètres et la fécondation est possible entre deux individus éloignés de 5 centimètres environ[6]. Les spermatozoïdes, mobiles chez les cirripèdes ce qui est exceptionnel chez les Crustacés, sont déposés dans la cavité palléale du partenaire où se réalise la fécondation.

L’animal fécondé pond des œufs nombreux qui sont agglomérés en deux masses compactes dans la cavité palléale, de chaque côté du corps. Il cesse alors de muer pendant quelques semaines et lors de la première mue, à partir de février, les tissus du pénis sont rejetées en même temps que l’exuvie. Cette ablation de l’organe est suivie d’une régénération progressive, à partir de l’été, qui le rend de nouveau fonctionnel pour la période de reproduction de fin d’année[5].

Les éclosions échelonnées se produisent de février à mars dans le sud et l’ouest du Royaume-Uni, en mai et juin au nord et à l’est[7], elles libèrent une larve nauplius, planctonique. La phase nauplius comporte 6 stades. Le dernier stade donne naissance à la cypris qui, bien qu’elle ne s’alimente pas, est susceptible de vivre plusieurs semaines dans le plancton (8 semaines au laboratoire [8] avant de parvenir à se fixer et se métamorphoser en adulte. Le pic des installations sur l’estran intervient en avril-mai dans l’ouest et mai-juin dans le nord et à l’est [7], de mars à mai à Saint Malo [9].

L’animal est apte à se reproduire dès la première année, lorsqu’il vit dans les niveaux inférieurs, mais la production de larves est faible, c’est donc à partir de la deuxième année que le reproduction libère des effectifs importants de larves (de l’ordre de 1500 à 2000 par individu et jusqu’à 13000)[10]. Il n’y qu’une seule ponte par an.

Écologie

Installation

Les larves cypris se fixent sur les rochers depuis le niveau des basses mers de moyenne vive eau jusqu’au niveau des pleines mers de moyenne vive eau. Elles s’installent préférentiellement dans les petites anfractuosités et dépressions de la roche.

On a dénombré jusqu’à 20 installations par centimètre carré en une marée et, en fin de saison, le nombre de petites balanes fixées peut atteindre 67 par centimètre carré[11].

La métamorphose des cypris dure de 20 à 30 heures[8]. Le taux de survie au cours des premiers jours est très variable : de 1 à 92 % des jeunes meurent dans les 10 premiers jours et dans la partie haute de l’estran, 70 % des larves installées peuvent mourir dans les 24 premières heures par dessication[12].

Sur la partie moyenne de l’estran, les grandes algues (Ascophyllum, Fucus) en balayant les rochers sous l’action des vagues arrachent de nombreuses larves nouvellement installées (jours 0 à 6) mais les survivants ont ensuite un taux de survie supérieur à celui de ceux qui sont installés sur des surfaces nues[13].

La présence des algues a donc des effets négatifs au départ mais peut ensuite être plutôt favorable. Les cypris s’installeraient peu dans les zones à Ascophyllum, que les thalles soient présents ou aient été enlevés, elles se fixent dans la partie haute de la ceinture de Fucus serratus lorsque les algues ont été éliminées mais pas dans la partie inférieure de cette ceinture, que les thalles soient présents ou non[14]

Les fortes mortalités initiales peuvent être compensées par de nouvelles installations, sur une durée de 4 semaines et plus[12], du fait que même à l’échelle d’un individu les éclosions des masses d’œufs sont étalées dans le temps. Des algues rouges sont également susceptibles d’entrer en compétition avec Semibalanus pour l’occupation de l’espace et de limiter son installation dans la partie basse de sa zone de distribution[14]

Distribution des adultes

Dans la partie haute de l’estran la plupart, voire toutes les balanes installées meurent principalement de dessication ce qui délimite le niveau supérieur de leur distribution. Au niveau des pleines mers de morte eau les survivants sont en compétition avec les Chthamalus. À ce niveau leur croissance est lente mais leur espérance de vie peut atteindre 4 ans. Légèrement au-dessous de ce niveau, la compétition devient favorable à Semibalanus qui du fait d’effectifs supérieurs (meilleure survie) et d’une croissance plus rapide réduit, voire élimine la population de Chthamalus[15].

Depuis son introduction en Europe d’Elminius modestus (milieu du XXe siècle) concurrence fortement Semibalanus dans les milieux abrités et estuariens.

 src=
Semibalanus en compétition avec Elminius modestus (individus bleutés).

Aux niveaux inférieurs les fixations sont très nombreuses et le taux de survie initial élevé ce qui entraîne une forte compétition intraspécifique pour l’espace : certains individus sont décollés ou écrasés par leurs voisins et les survivants prennent la forme de colonnes juxtaposées[11].

D’autre part les populations de Semibalanus sont soumises à la pression des prédateurs. Les patelles (Patella spp) broutent les cypris et les jeunes nouvellement métamorphosés[11],[14] mais le principal prédateur des balanes adultes est le pourpre Nucella (Thais, = Purpura) lapillus qui écarte les valves operculaires et dévore les parties molles. Sa consommation journalière est de l’ordre de 1 à 2 balanes. Le pourpre peut s’attaquer à de jeunes balanes de 5 à 6 semaines (longueur = 2,8 mm) cependant lorsqu’il a le choix il délaisse les individus de petite taille pour s’attaquer principalement aux plus grands. Il en résulte que les Semibalanus du bas de l’estran ne dépassent guère l’âge de 2 ans[11].

D’autres prédateurs sont susceptibles de consommer les Semibalanus, notamment des étoiles de mer (Asterias rubens) des poissons comme la blennie (Lipohrys pholis) et des nudibranches[16].

La mortalité dans les niveaux inférieurs est donc due surtout à des facteurs biotiques (compétition intraspécifique, prédation) alors qu’elle est plutôt due à des facteurs physiques (dessication notamment) dans les niveaux supérieurs[11].

La croissance de Semibalanus, variable selon le niveau et la latitude, est très rapide initialement. Sa longueur moyenne atteindrait à la fin de la première année 5 mm environ à l’île de Man contre 2,5 mm à 3 mm à Saint Malo[17].

Alimentation

La nourriture de Semibalanus se compose de plancton végétal (phytoplancton) et animal (petit zooplancton) ainsi que de diverses particules de matière organique (détritus) en suspension dans l’eau. Elle est récoltée par les trois dernières paires de cirres qui opèrent de deux façons différentes principalement :

- les cirres sont étalés face au courant (le panache est orientable, par rotation, par rapport à la muraille[18]) durant quelques secondes (jusqu’à 12 secondes)[11] voire plusieurs minutes et rétractés à l’intérieur de la muraille lorsqu’ils ont récolté des particules. C’est une filtration passive.

 src=
Semibalanus, cirres étendus.

- les cirres sont étalés hors de la muraille et rabattus immédiatement selon un rythme plus ou moins rapide mais qui atteint sa valeur maximale d’environ 6 battements en 10 secondes à des températures comprises entre 17 et 20 °C[19].

Semibalanus apparaît donc comme un animal microphage, suspensivore, filtreur. C’est un consommateur primaire et secondaire ainsi qu’un récupérateur.

Importance économique

Bien qu’apparemment sans importance économique puisqu’elle ne fait l’objet d’aucune exploitation Semibalanus intervient de manière importante, avec les autres balanomorphes, dans le cycle de la matière vivante des eaux côtières, d’une part, en ce qui concerne les adultes, en tant que consommateur de plancton et donc de compétiteur vis-à-vis d’espèces commerciales comme les mollusques bivalves (huîtres, moules etc.), d’autre part, en tant que larves comme consommateur (de phytoplancton principalement) et comme proie pour des organismes microphages comme les alevins de poissons par exemple.

On a estimé la population de Semibalanus à 1 milliard d’individus pour 1 km de côte sur l’île de Man, qui produiraient quelque mille milliards de larves[20]! Sur le côte est du Canada où Semibalanus balanoides est, en dehors des zones estuariennes, la seule balane présente sur les estrans, ses larves représentent 20 % du zooplancton de printemps[21].

C’est aussi un agent de salissure des coques de bateaux et de diverses structures immergées qu’il peut coloniser massivement au printemps. Il est à noter que, si dans les conditions naturelles sa présence est limitée à la zone de balancement des marées Semibalanus est capable de se fixer sur des supports immergés en permanence et d’y manifester une croissance plus rapide que sur l’estran[9].

Répartition géographique

Semibalanus balanoides est une espèce boréale présente depuis la latitude du Spitzberg (80° N) jusqu’à celle de la Gironde (45°40 N). Des populations se trouvent également dans les rias relativement froides du nord de l’Espagne (Galice)[1]. L’espèce est également présente, en tant que « forme » ou sous-espèce, sur les côtes est de l’Amérique du Nord ainsi que dans le nord du Pacifique[1].

Notes et références

  1. a b c et d Southward, A.J. 2008. Barnacles. Keys and notes for the identification of British species. Synopses of the British Fauna N° 57. 140 p, 4 planches
  2. C. Buschbaum – 2001. Selective settlement of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L ... adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001HMR....55..128B
  3. a et b www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Semibalanusbalanoides.htm
  4. Barnes, H. & Crisp, D.J. 1956. Evidence of self-fertilization in certain species of barnacles. Jour. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 35:631-639
  5. a et b Crisp, D.J. et Patel B.S. 1960. The moulting cycle in Balanus balanoides L. Biol. Bull. 118 : 31-47
  6. Semibalanus balanoides. Wikipedia anglais
  7. a et b Crisp, D.J. 1962. The planktonic stages of the cirripedia Balanus balanoides (L.) and Balanus balanus (L.) from north temperate waters. Crustaceana 3:
  8. a et b Lucas, M.I., Walker, G., Holland, D.L & Crisp, D.J. 1979. An energy budget for the free-swimming and metamorphosing larvae of Balanus balanoides (Crustacea : Cirripedia). Marine Biology, 55: 221-229.
  9. a et b Barnes, H & Powell H.T. 1953. The growth of Balanus balanoides (L) and B. Crenatus Brug.under varying conditions of submersion. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 32 : 107-127
  10. Moore, H.B. 1935 c. The biology of Balanus balanoides. III The soft parts. J. mar biol. Ass. U.K. 20 : 263-277
  11. a b c d e et f Connell, J.H. 1961 a. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides.Ecological Monographs, 31: 61-104
  12. a et b Kendall, M.A., Bowman, R.S., Williamson, P. & Lewis, J.R. 1985. Annual variation of the recrutement of Semibalanus balanoides on the north Yorkshire coast 1969-1981. Jour. mar biol. Ass. U.K. 65 : 1009-1030. Résumé.
  13. Jenkins S.R., Norton, T.A. & Hawkins, S.J. 1999. Settlement and post-settlement interactions between Semibalanus balanoides (L.)(Crustacea : Cirripedia) and three species of fucoid canopy algae. ScienceDirect.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology XXX
  14. a b et c Hawkins, S.J. 1983. Interaction of Patella and macroalgae with settling Semibalanus balanoides (L.) Journal of experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 71: 55-72. Résumé ScienceDirect.
  15. Connell, J.H. 1961 b.The influence of the interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology, 42 : 710-723.
  16. Semibalanus balanoides Wikipedia anglais
  17. Moore, H.B. 1935a. The biology of Balanus balanoides. I. Growth rate an dits relation to Size Season and Tidal Level. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 20 :851-868.
  18. Crisp, D.J. & Bourget, E. 1985. Growth in barnacles. Advances in Marine Biology, 22 : 199-244
  19. Southward, A. J.1955. On the behaviour of barnacles. I .The relation of cirral and other activities to temperature. J. mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 34 : 403-422.
  20. Moore, H.B. 1935b. The biology of Balanus balanoides.IV Relation to environmental factors. J. mar biol. Ass. U.K. 20: 279-308
  21. Rangeley, R.W. & Thomas, M.L.H. 1988. Littoral stratification in growth form and fecundity of the rock barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides. J. Mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 68 : 591-599
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wikipedia FR

Semibalanus balanoides: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Semibalanus balanoides (anciennement Balanus balanoides) est une espèce de crustacés cirripèdes, une balane (du grec balanos = gland) très commune sur les estrans rocheux européens où elle atteint son abondance maximale à peu près au niveau moyen de la mer. Elle s’installe également sur des supports rigides divers: coque des navires, perches, balises, coquille de mollusques (notamment sur les moules) etc. L’espèce se trouve aussi bien sur les estrans très exposés qu’en mode abrité, elle pénètre aussi dans la partie aval des estuaires et tolère des salinités de l’ordre de 20 pour mille.

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Fjörukarl ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Fjörukarl einnig nefndur Fjöruhrúðurkarl (fræðiheiti:Semibalanus balanoides) er hrúðurkarl, krabbadýr sem tilheyra innflokkinum skelskúfar.

Útbreiðsla

Hann er mjög algengur og útbreiddur í fjörum um alla Norð-Vestur-Evrópu og báðar strendur Norður-Ameríku. Til þess að ná eðlilegum þroska þarf sjávarhiti að vera 7,2 gráður á selsíus og af því markast útbreiðslusvæði hanns en það er til dæmis í Evrópu allt frá Finnmörk og Svalbarða í norðri suður til Spánar.[2] Fjörukarlinn er algengasti hrúðurkarlin við strendur Íslands og eitt mest áberandi dýrið í fjörum landsinns.[2] Í fjörum finnst hann helst í grýttum fjörum eins og klappar-og hnullungafjörum þar sem hann festir sig á grjótið og eru þeir oftast mjög margir þétt saman til að auðvelda frjóvgun hvors annars. Þeir eru yfirleitt alsráðandi í þeim fjörunni sem þeir lifa en fækkar oftast þegar neðar dregur uns niður undir neðri sjólínu eru vörtukarl (Verruca stroemia) orðinn algengari. Eins festa þeir sig oft á skeljar, önnur krabbadýr, hvali, skipsskrokka og jafnvel sæskjaldbökur. [2][3]

Útlit og lifnaðarhættir

 src=
Fjörukarlar að nærast og sjá má ummyndaða fætur þeirra koma út úr skelinni, myndin er frá Upernavik á Grænlandi.

Fjörukarlinn getur orðið 3,5 til 7,5 sentimetrar á lengd og er með sex gráhvítar skelplötur. Hann er tvíkynja líkt og margir hrúðurkarlar en samt frjóvgar hann ekki sjálfan sig og því þarf tvo til til að frjóvga hvorn annan, svokölluð krossfrjóvgun, en til þess hafa þeir mjög langan getnaðarlim og búa þétt saman, svo þeir geti teygt getnaðarliminn út og ofan í skel hvors annars. Þeir geta orðið allt að átta ára en aldur þeirra fer mikið eftir því í fjörum sem dæmi hvar í fjörunni þeir hafa fest sig.[1][2]

Fæða

Fjörukarlinn lifir á örsmáum fæðuögnum sem hann síar úr svifi. Líkt og með aðra síara eru fæturnir ummyndaðir í einskonar sigti sem þeir skjóta út úr skelinni og veifa og sía þannig fæðuna úr sjónum. Fjörukarlinn er einnig fæða annarra dýra, einkum fjörusnigla og á Íslandi er það einkum nákuðungurinn sem étur hann.[2][3]

Tilvísanir

  1. 1,0 1,1 N. White (July 4, 2007). Semibalanus balanoides: an acorn barnacle“. Marine Life Information Network: biology and sensitivity key information sub-programme. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 „Getið þið sagt mér allt um hrúðurkarla?“. visindavefur.is [á vefnum]. 15. nóvember 2007, [skoðað 1-04-2013].
  3. 3,0 3,1 „Fjaran - Greiningarlykill að smádýrum“. Námsgagnastofnun [á vefnum]. 15. nóvember 2007, [skoðað 10-03-2013].

Heimildir

Fyrirmynd greinarinnar var að hluta til „Semibalanus balanoides“ á ensku útgáfu Wikipedia. Sótt 10. mars 2013.

Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist
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Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
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wikipedia IS

Fjörukarl: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Fjörukarl einnig nefndur Fjöruhrúðurkarl (fræðiheiti:Semibalanus balanoides) er hrúðurkarl, krabbadýr sem tilheyra innflokkinum skelskúfar.

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Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia IS

Gewone zeepok ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De gewone zeepok (Semibalanus balanoides) is een zeepokkensoort uit de familie van de Archaeobalanidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

Leefwijze

Deze zeepok weerstaat de vrieskou van zijn habitat en kan 's zomers bij laagtij zonder problemen 9 uur droogvallen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in de Noordelijke IJszee.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. WoRMS (2013). Semibalanus balanoides (Linnaeus, 1758). Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106210
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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wikipedia NL

Gewone zeepok: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De gewone zeepok (Semibalanus balanoides) is een zeepokkensoort uit de familie van de Archaeobalanidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
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Räfflad havstulpan ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Räfflad havstulpan (Semibalanus balanoides) är en art av havstulpaner som är vanligast på berg och pelare i Västeuropas och Nordamerikas tidvattenregioner.

Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna djurrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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wikipedia SV

Räfflad havstulpan: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Räfflad havstulpan (Semibalanus balanoides) är en art av havstulpaner som är vanligast på berg och pelare i Västeuropas och Nordamerikas tidvattenregioner.

Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna djurrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Semibalanus balanoides ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Hà đá (Danh pháp khoa học: Semibalanus balanoides) là loài động vật chân khớp đặc biệt sống ở các vùng bãi biển thuộc châu ÂuBắc Mỹ. Chúng chuyên sống bám vào các tảng đá để đục lỗ sinh sống.

Đặc điểm

Trên những bãi biển, có những tảng đá lỗ chỗ như tổ ong do hà bám, những con hà đá này tiết ra một chất dịch có tính axit cao, làm cho đá mềm ra, tiếp đến chúng dùng chân và vòi làm điểm tựa rồi xoay xoay toàn thân để cho những gai trên vỏ cứng của chúng cọ xát vào đá và làm đá vỡ vụn. Chúng cứ kiên nhẫn đào khoét suốt đời và tạo ra các hang động trên đá. Nếu không có đá để đục lỗ, các loài hà này sẽ chết cho dù được cung cấp đầy đủ thức ăn, nhưng chúng vẫn không lớn được, vỏ trước bị khép lại, chân co vào và còm cõi đến chết.

Hà đá không chỉ đào hốc trên đá mà còn đục khoét ngay trên vỏ ngoài của các loài trai, hàu. Trên một vỏ hàu có thể tìm thấy khoảng mươi con hà đá. Hà sống trên đá lại có hình dạng như quả trứng nhọn đầu. Chúng sinh sôi nảy nở rất nhanh và làm các công trình xây dựng ở các hải cảng bị đục khoét lỗ chỗ như tổ ong. Hà đá lại không thể đục được đá hoa cương, người ta phải phủ đá hoa cương lên mặt ngoài các công trình xây dựng ở hải cảng, ở các vùng khai thác dầu khí ven biển.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về chủ đề sinh học này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Semibalanus balanoides: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Hà đá (Danh pháp khoa học: Semibalanus balanoides) là loài động vật chân khớp đặc biệt sống ở các vùng bãi biển thuộc châu ÂuBắc Mỹ. Chúng chuyên sống bám vào các tảng đá để đục lỗ sinh sống.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
northern Gaspe waters, downstream and upstream part of middle St. Lawrence Estuary, southern Gaspe waters (Baie des Chaleurs, Gaspe Bay to American, Orphan and Bradelle banks; eastern boundary: Eastern Bradelle Valley), Magdalen Islands (from Eastern Bradelle valley to the west, as far as Cape North, including the Cape Breton Channel), lower St. Lawrence estuary, Prince Edward Island (from the northern tip of Miscou Island, N.B. to Cape Breton Island south of Cheticamp, including the Northumberland Strait and Georges Bay to the Canso Strait causeway), upper North Shore (between Sept- Iles and Pointe des Monts), middle North Shore (from Sept - Iles to Cape Whittle, including the Mingan Island), lower North Shore, South slope of Anticosti Island, western slope of Newfoundland, including the southern part of the Strait of Belle Isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of Newfoundland, and the Southwestern slope of NL; Cobscook Bay

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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cc-by-4.0
direitos autorais
WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
This species lives in the intertidal zones of the boreo-arctic regions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Referência

Kerckhof, F. (2002). Barnacles (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) in Belgian waters, an overview of the species and recent evolutions, with emphasis on exotic species. Bull. Kon. Belg. Inst. Natuurwet. Biologie. 72 (Suppl.):: 93-104.

licença
cc-by-4.0
direitos autorais
WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
[email]

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
intertidal, infralittoral and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

licença
cc-by-4.0
direitos autorais
WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]