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Little is known about the communication and perception of buffy flower bats. They use echolocation to navigate at night. Given their food preferences, they are likely to use olfaction to find and identify nectar and fruit sources. Most mammals use chemical cues in communication.
Communication Channels: chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; echolocation ; chemical
Buffy flower bats are currently regarded as threatened, but habitat loss and roost disturbance are immediate concerns. Habitat loss may be a result of rising sea level and flooding of their roosts.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no known adverse effects of buffy flower bats on humans.
Buffy flower bats provide important ecosystem services through pollination. Humans benefit directly from their pollination of important food plants.
Positive Impacts: pollinates crops
Many plants rely on these bats to pollinate them such as agave, prickly-pear cacti, other cacti, wild calabash, and night-blooming jasmine. Nine species of ectoparasites are found on E. sezekorni. There are no known endoparasites.
Ecosystem Impact: pollinates
Erophylla sezekorni were once considered to be predominantly nectarivorous, although they have cranial characteristics that are not as specialized as are most nectar feeding bats. They do possess characteristics similar to fruit-eating bats. It has been suggested that buffy flower bats are not as reliant on nectar as originally thought, but they do often eat nectar of guava plants. Buffy flower bats seem to eat a combination of nectar, fruit, and insects. They eat the fruits of Panama berry, elder, and turkey berry, with about 85 percent of these bats eating these fruits. Buffy flower bats also eat coleopterans when they can.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; pollen
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore , Nectarivore )
Erophylla sezekorni occurs in the Greater Antilles, including Jamaica and Cuba, some parts of the Bahamas, Caicos, and the Cayman Islands.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
Buffy flower bats live in subtropical and tropical forests, including pine woodlands. Their roosts are located in hot caves, where temperatures can range from 25 to 28 degrees Celsius (Soto-Centeno and Kurta, 2003). Roosts have been found to contain a few hundred to a few thousand individuals. These bats hang alone or bunched from cave walls and ceilings. Buffy flower bats have been found both in the inside portions of the hot caves where it is dark, as well as exterior where there is more light. Buffy flower bats tend to choose hot caves with only slight climate changes. It is thought that buffy flower bats may visit numerous caves throughout their home range (Goodwin, 1970). These animals have been detected from low to medium levels of elevation; they have been captured in dry washes from sea level to 100 meters elevation (Baker et al., 1978).
Range elevation: 0 to 100 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Other Habitat Features: caves
Little is known about the lifespan of buffy flower bats, but many phyllostomids regularly live to 10 years in the wild.
Buffy flower bats are medium-sized bats with a head and body length of 65 to 75 mm, and a tail length of 12 to 17 mm. They have a forearm length of 45 to 55 mm and weigh about 16 to 18 g. The upper body is a yellowish brown or buffy color, and lower body is a paler brown color. These animals have bicolored dorsal hairs, which are colorless near the body with the ends tipped a chestnut brown. The head and face is a paler brown color than the rest of the body, with the hairs shorter and unicolored. They have a long narrow nose with a small, but prominent notched noseleaf, which lies on a hairless nasal pad. They have simple ears that are about as broad as they are long. These ears include a tragus with notched edges. The lower lip of buffy flower bats has a split down the middle. They have a long, protractible tongue covered in papillae. The short tail projects past the interfemoral membrane. They have a calcar, helping distinguish them from other, similar species. The skull is defined by a well developed and complete zygomatic arch. The lower molars are cuspidate and include a distinct cutting edge. The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, making a total of 32 teeth. They have an elongated rostrum with the nasal region being concave. Bats that live in hot caves, such as buffy flower bats, tend to have lower basal metabolic rate than other related species living in different environments. Two subspecies of E. sezekorni are recognized.
Range mass: 16 to 18 g.
Range length: 65 to 75 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Predators of buffy flower bats have not been reported. They are likely to be preyed on by nocturnal raptors, such as owls and climbing snakes, as are most bats. They roost in inaccessible places, are active at night, and are cryptically colored, reducing their overall risk of predation.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
The mating system of buffy flower bats is most likely harem-polygyny. Single males are found with groups of females in roosts.
Mating System: polygynous
Buffy flower bats have one estrous cycle per year. The breeding season is restricted to between February and June. Most prenatal development takes place during the first months of the year, with parturition occurring in the early summer (Baker et. al.,1978). Females trapped in early and late February were found to bear small embryos, and females with well developed fetuses were trapped in April and May. Birth occurs in May and June. Females gather in maternity colonies to raise their young. The young start approaching adult size near August (Baker et. al., 1978). Like most bats, buffly flower bats bear a single offspring each year.
Breeding interval: Buffy flower bats breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs from late February to June.
Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .
Range gestation period: 3 to 5 months.
Average weaning age: 2 months.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Buffy flower bat newborns are born with their eyes open and ears partially erect. They are born naked, although most related phyllostomids possess fur at birth. The newborns have also been recorded to be smaller at birth than other phyllostomids. The small size of neonates is linked to the use of hot caves and lower basal metabolic rates, which slows the rate of development of embryos (Soto- Centeno and Kurta, 2003). Average body mass for newborn buffy flower bats is 4.6 g. They have an average forearm length of 24.0 mm. Newborns are about 23 to 25 percent of the maternal mass and about 44 to 48 percent of the mother’s length (Soto-Centeno and Kurta, 2003). At birth, neonates have pinkish skin and translucent patagia. They are dark brown under the skin on the head and dorsal part of the body. The canine teeth have already erupted at birth (Soto-Centeno and Kurta, 2003). After the young are born the mother licks the young clean and cuts through the umbilical cord. Females nurse their young until they reach independence, within about 2 months after birth.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
The buffy flower bat (Erophylla sezekorni) is a species of bat in the leaf-nosed bat family, Phyllostomidae. It is found in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica.[2]
The buffy flower bat is considered a medium-sized bat, however, compared to those in its genus, it is a generally larger bat. Its hair has two colors on its body; the hairs closer to the body are white, while the distal hairs are brown. The head and face are covered in short, white hairs. Compared to other bats, it has a long snout which sharply rises into its forehead. The buffy flower bat is named after its flowery shaped nose.[3]
Little is known about the mating system of bats in the genus Erophylla; however, many of the ones that have been recorded have a harem mating system (where there is one male to a large number of females in a single roost). The buffy flower bat is considered unusual in that a similar number of males and females roost together. When it comes time for mating, which takes place in December, they create a section of the roost for displaying. The males will spend a few hours displaying. Displays are made while hanging from the ceiling. They flap their wings repeatedly: sometimes one at a time, sometimes together. They also display by doing very tight loops. Not all males display, though males that display have more children than males that do not display.[4] After mating, the gestation period lasts 4–6 months. In June, they give birth to liters of only one pup at a time, whom they breast feed until the end of August.[4][5]
The bats eat a combination of nectar, fruit, and insects, though fruit dominates their diet. Based on fecal droppings, it was found that 50% of the bats tested had eaten all three in a single night while the remaining ate only two of the three types of food. The insects eaten are primarily beetles, but also eat flies, bees and moths.[6]
The buffy flower bat is a primary host to a mite (Periglischrus cubanus), from the subclass Acari and the family Spinturnicidae. These mites are found on the wing membrane and feed on the bat's blood.[7] The parasites are passed from mother bat to baby bat while the pup is nursing. This is done by the parasite unlatching via hooks from the mother's wing membrane and falling onto the baby where it will latch on and feed off of its blood.
The buffy flower bat (Erophylla sezekorni) is a species of bat in the leaf-nosed bat family, Phyllostomidae. It is found in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica.
