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There are two recognized sub-species of Pygoderma bilabiatum: P. bilabiatum bilabiatum and P. bilabiatum magma. Pygoderma bilabiatum bilabiatum is small and found in the Paraguayan population, Suriname (if the accounts of this population are accurate), as well as northeast Argentina, and southern Brazil. Pygoderma bilabiatum magma is bigger and found in northwestern Argentina and south of Bolivia. Pygoderma bilabiatum bilabiatum has a few synonyms: Phyllostoma bilabiatum, Arctibeus leucomus, and Stenoderma microdon. Ipanema bats are understudied organisms; clearly more research should be conducted to gain more understanding of their biology.
Similar to other members of Family Phyllostomidae, this bat is capable of echolocation. However, nothing is known about the range or frequency of the ultrasound produced, or if they use this medium for communicating inter or intra-specifically.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Other Communication Modes: vibrations
Perception Channels: tactile ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical
Population trends are unknown, as stated by the IUCN Red List.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
There are no known negative effects of P. bilabiatum for human populations.
Frugivorous bats, like P. bilabiatum, are important seed disperser, which helps trees and other plant species reproduce. Furthermore, P. bilabiatum can be used as a model for research on migration among bats species. Likewise, research on their dietary habits can give a better understanding of food trophic levels in the tropical forest.
Positive Impacts: research and education
Frugivorous bats, such as Ipanema bats, are very important in the spread of plant seeds, which helps maintain the forest ecosystem. This species also visits flowers during the dry season and may act as a pollen disperser. Ipanema bats are hosts of parasitic flies, a common ectoparasite of bats.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
This species, like all the members of sub-family Sternodermatinae, are frugivorous. Ipanema bats feed on the fruits of Pouteria caimito, Miconia brasiliensis, Maclura tinctonia, Ficus hispida, Ficus enormis, Solano sanctae-catharinae, and Solanum granulosum-leprosum. Examination of their digestive tract has found only plant pulp, but no seeds or fiber, suggesting they consume overripe and pulpy fruits that are easily digested. Furthermore, there is a record of P. bilabiatum visiting Cipocereus lanifloris flowers; likewise, the pollen of this plant has been found on their fur, suggesting they are a potential pollinator of this plant.
Plant Foods: fruit; pollen
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )
Ipanema bats (Pygoderma bilabiatum) are a neotropical species found in central South America including the Oriental Paraguayan region, southeastern Brazil (Atlantic forest), northern Argentina, and south Bolivia. There have been accounts of P. bilabiatum in Suriname, although there are disagreements about its presence in that region. The state of Parana, in eastern Brazil, has a population of P. bilabiatum that only occur during the cold winter months.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Ipanema bats live in the rainforests of Parana and the Amazon, assuming this species is indeed found in Suriname. Ipanema bats are found more frequently at medium and high elevations within their range, at altitudes above 250 m. Males are more commonly captured at low elevations, while female P. bilabiatum are more commonly captured at medium to high elevations. Ipanema bats have also been captured in the canopy of forests around small bodies of water. This species prefers temperatures between 16 and 23 degrees Celsius.
Range elevation: 1 to 1430 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest
There is very little data on the longevity of tropical bats. It is expected that Neotropical bats in the wild have a long lifespan, similar to their counterparts in temperate regions.
Ipanema bats are small tailless bats with brown tricolor fur, a shortened nose, white shoulder patches and a semicircular uropatagium that is totally furred. They have a deep cubical rostrum that is half the length of their cranium. They have a characteristic well developed nose leaf, with a small calcar. Ipanema bats are sexually dimorphic, females are larger than males. Although both males and females have pre-orbital glands, female glands are smaller, whereas males have more pronounced glandular tissues, including swollen glandular structures on their forelimb, sac-like glandular structures dorsal to their forearm and a glandular mass below their mandible. Furthermore, P. bilabiatum possess five to six vibrissae in each mandible. Ipanema bats are sub-divided into two sub-species P. bilabiatum bilabiatum (Paraguayan and Eastern Brazil populations) and P. bilabiatum magma (Bolivian population). The sub-species differ in the size and extension of the male's forearm glandular tissue, P. bilabiatum magma possesses more elongated forearm glandular tissue, extending to the forearm, plapiopatagium, and fifth digit. Pygoderma bilabiatum bilabiatum possess distinct coma shaped glandular tissue, restricted to the lateral and distal part of their forearms. Ipanema bats have a deep cuboid skull with dilambdodont molars; their basisphenoid pits are well developed and deep. The upper molars have reduced cusp and the crowns of their lower molars are also reduced. Their molars are long and stout. Females have more teeth than males, in some cases they have a third molar either in their mandibles, or in rare cases in their maxilla, the third molar is absent in males. The upper incisors are unequal in size, with their inner pair larger in size. Their dental formula is: I 2/2, C 1/1, PM 2/2, M 2/2-3, total = 28 to 30. The basal metabolic rate of this species has not been documented; however, members of Family Phyllostomidae usually have high BMRs.
Range mass: 17.5 to 18 g.
Range wingspan: 140 (male) to 150 (female) mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Predators specific to P. bilabiatum have not been recorded, although barn owls (Tyto alba) prey on Neotropical bats. Opportunistic predation by forest foxes (Cerdocyon thous) has also been recorded in southeastern Brazil.
Known Predators:
The mating system of this species has not been studied; however, females of this species are larger than males, suggesting that sexual selection is not intense in this species. Although, the extensive glandular tissue found on their forelimbs, pre-orbital and sub-mandibular regions of males, but not females, may be a consequence of sexual selection.
The reproductive cycles of P. bilabiatum appears to coincide with the peak abundance of food. No gestation period has been recorded in this species but young are thought to be born in the late dry season (April to September), and weaned at the beginnings of the wet season (October to March). One study found females with lactating young only once a year, while another study found lactating females twice in a year. Lactating females have been caught in November, suggesting a bimodal reproductive pattern. Females give birth to one cub.
Breeding interval: This species breeds once or twice a year.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
There is not much known about the parental investment of this species. Females will carry young during lactation. Females have been caught with young in the lactating phase during the months of November and December, suggesting lactation lasts for at least two months. There is no evidence of male parental care.
Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Female)
The Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum) is a bat species of order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and Paraguay.[1] It is the only species within its genus.[2]
The Ipanema bat is a medium-sized bat which is brown-furred overall, with the exception of its white-furred shoulders.[3] The fur of its back is a darker shade of brown than that of its chest.[3] It has less fur on its shoulders and upper chest than on the rest of its body, particularly in males.[3][4] Its rostrum is shorter and more square-shaped than other species of its subfamily, Stenodermatinae[3][5] It has a large nose and no tail, with roundish ears having a small, 4–5 mm (0.16-0.2 in) tragus.[3]
Size varies based on sex and geographical location. Females tend to be larger than males.[5][6][4] The skulls of Ipanema bats from Argentina and Bolivia are bigger than those of their counterparts in Paraguay and Brazil.[6] P. bilabiatum typically has two molars.[3][7] However, some females have a third molar (usually in the mandibular jaw) not seen in males.[3][7] This may be correlated with the larger jaw size of females.[7]
While both males and females have glands below the jaw and surrounding the eyes, the glands in males are generally larger.[4] Males also have forelimb swellings, which are not seen in females.[5] The size and presence of such swellings varies geographically.[5] Additionally, forelimb swellings appear to be correlated with development of the males' eye glands.[5] Due to the dimorphism of forelimb swellings, It is thought that they could be correlated with mating behaviors.[5]
The Ipanema bat resides in northern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[8][6] Their preferred habitats are tropical forests, subtropical forests, and secondary forests.[9] Although atypical, they are sometimes found in the coastal shrublands of Brazil.[9] This suggests that perhaps P. bilabiatum can expand its habitat into dryer, more sparsely vegetated areas.[9]
P. bilabiatum is frugivorous, specializing in fruit that is easily digested.[4] These fruits are usually very ripe and fleshy, with few seeds.[4] The fruit choices of the Ipanema bat are diverse, including the fruits of Lucuma caimito, Miconia brasiliensis, and trees of the genus Celtis, as well as Maclura tinctoria, Solanum granuloso-leprosum, and Ficus enormis.[3][4][10][11] Some may also feed on nectar.[4]
P. bilabiatum usually reproduces in either the fall or the winter.[4] It is thought that they give birth during the later end of the dry period and wean their young at the beginning of the wet period.[11] This strategy coordinates birth with the highest amount of fruit attainability.[11] Females only carry one fetus at a time.[4]
Migration patterns may be influenced by rainfall amount and/or temperature. P. biliabatum appears to prefer regions with a minimum annual rainfall of 1500 mm (59 in) and moderate temperatures of 16-23 °C (61-73 °F)[8] Food availability and foraging capabilities seem to be an important factor in the timing and distance traveled during migration[8] Females and males migrate differently.[8] Males tend to linger in lower elevations, while females reside at intermediate and high elevations.[8]
The Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum) is a bat species of order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and Paraguay. It is the only species within its genus.
