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Predators specific to P. bilabiatum have not been recorded, although barn owls (Tyto alba) prey on Neotropical bats. Opportunistic predation by forest foxes (Cerdocyon thous) has also been recorded in southeastern Brazil.
Known Predators:
Ipanema bats are small tailless bats with brown tricolor fur, a shortened nose, white shoulder patches and a semicircular uropatagium that is totally furred. They have a deep cubical rostrum that is half the length of their cranium. They have a characteristic well developed nose leaf, with a small calcar. Ipanema bats are sexually dimorphic, females are larger than males. Although both males and females have pre-orbital glands, female glands are smaller, whereas males have more pronounced glandular tissues, including swollen glandular structures on their forelimb, sac-like glandular structures dorsal to their forearm and a glandular mass below their mandible. Furthermore, P. bilabiatum possess five to six vibrissae in each mandible. Ipanema bats are sub-divided into two sub-species P. bilabiatum bilabiatum (Paraguayan and Eastern Brazil populations) and P. bilabiatum magma (Bolivian population). The sub-species differ in the size and extension of the male's forearm glandular tissue, P. bilabiatum magma possesses more elongated forearm glandular tissue, extending to the forearm, plapiopatagium, and fifth digit. Pygoderma bilabiatum bilabiatum possess distinct coma shaped glandular tissue, restricted to the lateral and distal part of their forearms. Ipanema bats have a deep cuboid skull with dilambdodont molars; their basisphenoid pits are well developed and deep. The upper molars have reduced cusp and the crowns of their lower molars are also reduced. Their molars are long and stout. Females have more teeth than males, in some cases they have a third molar either in their mandibles, or in rare cases in their maxilla, the third molar is absent in males. The upper incisors are unequal in size, with their inner pair larger in size. Their dental formula is: I 2/2, C 1/1, PM 2/2, M 2/2-3, total = 28 to 30. The basal metabolic rate of this species has not been documented; however, members of Family Phyllostomidae usually have high BMRs.
Range mass: 17.5 to 18 g.
Range wingspan: 140 (male) to 150 (female) mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
There is very little data on the longevity of tropical bats. It is expected that Neotropical bats in the wild have a long lifespan, similar to their counterparts in temperate regions.
Ipanema bats live in the rainforests of Parana and the Amazon, assuming this species is indeed found in Suriname. Ipanema bats are found more frequently at medium and high elevations within their range, at altitudes above 250 m. Males are more commonly captured at low elevations, while female P. bilabiatum are more commonly captured at medium to high elevations. Ipanema bats have also been captured in the canopy of forests around small bodies of water. This species prefers temperatures between 16 and 23 degrees Celsius.
Range elevation: 1 to 1430 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest
Ipanema bats (Pygoderma bilabiatum) are a neotropical species found in central South America including the Oriental Paraguayan region, southeastern Brazil (Atlantic forest), northern Argentina, and south Bolivia. There have been accounts of P. bilabiatum in Suriname, although there are disagreements about its presence in that region. The state of Parana, in eastern Brazil, has a population of P. bilabiatum that only occur during the cold winter months.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
This species, like all the members of sub-family Sternodermatinae, are frugivorous. Ipanema bats feed on the fruits of Pouteria caimito, Miconia brasiliensis, Maclura tinctonia, Ficus hispida, Ficus enormis, Solano sanctae-catharinae, and Solanum granulosum-leprosum. Examination of their digestive tract has found only plant pulp, but no seeds or fiber, suggesting they consume overripe and pulpy fruits that are easily digested. Furthermore, there is a record of P. bilabiatum visiting Cipocereus lanifloris flowers; likewise, the pollen of this plant has been found on their fur, suggesting they are a potential pollinator of this plant.
Plant Foods: fruit; pollen
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )
Frugivorous bats, such as Ipanema bats, are very important in the spread of plant seeds, which helps maintain the forest ecosystem. This species also visits flowers during the dry season and may act as a pollen disperser. Ipanema bats are hosts of parasitic flies, a common ectoparasite of bats.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
There are two recognized sub-species of Pygoderma bilabiatum: P. bilabiatum bilabiatum and P. bilabiatum magma. Pygoderma bilabiatum bilabiatum is small and found in the Paraguayan population, Suriname (if the accounts of this population are accurate), as well as northeast Argentina, and southern Brazil. Pygoderma bilabiatum magma is bigger and found in northwestern Argentina and south of Bolivia. Pygoderma bilabiatum bilabiatum has a few synonyms: Phyllostoma bilabiatum, Arctibeus leucomus, and Stenoderma microdon. Ipanema bats are understudied organisms; clearly more research should be conducted to gain more understanding of their biology.
Similar to other members of Family Phyllostomidae, this bat is capable of echolocation. However, nothing is known about the range or frequency of the ultrasound produced, or if they use this medium for communicating inter or intra-specifically.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Other Communication Modes: vibrations
Perception Channels: tactile ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical
Population trends are unknown, as stated by the IUCN Red List.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
There are no known negative effects of P. bilabiatum for human populations.
Frugivorous bats, like P. bilabiatum, are important seed disperser, which helps trees and other plant species reproduce. Furthermore, P. bilabiatum can be used as a model for research on migration among bats species. Likewise, research on their dietary habits can give a better understanding of food trophic levels in the tropical forest.
Positive Impacts: research and education
The mating system of this species has not been studied; however, females of this species are larger than males, suggesting that sexual selection is not intense in this species. Although, the extensive glandular tissue found on their forelimbs, pre-orbital and sub-mandibular regions of males, but not females, may be a consequence of sexual selection.
The reproductive cycles of P. bilabiatum appears to coincide with the peak abundance of food. No gestation period has been recorded in this species but young are thought to be born in the late dry season (April to September), and weaned at the beginnings of the wet season (October to March). One study found females with lactating young only once a year, while another study found lactating females twice in a year. Lactating females have been caught in November, suggesting a bimodal reproductive pattern. Females give birth to one cub.
Breeding interval: This species breeds once or twice a year.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
There is not much known about the parental investment of this species. Females will carry young during lactation. Females have been caught with young in the lactating phase during the months of November and December, suggesting lactation lasts for at least two months. There is no evidence of male parental care.
Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Female)
El ratpenat d'Ipanema (Pygoderma bilabiatum) és una espècie de ratpenat que viu a Bolívia, Paraguai, al sud-est de Brasil i al nord de l'Argentina.[1]
El ratpenat d'Ipanema (Pygoderma bilabiatum) és una espècie de ratpenat que viu a Bolívia, Paraguai, al sud-est de Brasil i al nord de l'Argentina.
The Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum) is a bat species of order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and Paraguay.[1] It is the only species within its genus.[2]
The Ipanema bat is a medium-sized bat which is brown-furred overall, with the exception of its white-furred shoulders.[3] The fur of its back is a darker shade of brown than that of its chest.[3] It has less fur on its shoulders and upper chest than on the rest of its body, particularly in males.[3][4] Its rostrum is shorter and more square-shaped than other species of its subfamily, Stenodermatinae[3][5] It has a large nose and no tail, with roundish ears having a small, 4–5 mm (0.16-0.2 in) tragus.[3]
Size varies based on sex and geographical location. Females tend to be larger than males.[5][6][4] The skulls of Ipanema bats from Argentina and Bolivia are bigger than those of their counterparts in Paraguay and Brazil.[6] P. bilabiatum typically has two molars.[3][7] However, some females have a third molar (usually in the mandibular jaw) not seen in males.[3][7] This may be correlated with the larger jaw size of females.[7]
While both males and females have glands below the jaw and surrounding the eyes, the glands in males are generally larger.[4] Males also have forelimb swellings, which are not seen in females.[5] The size and presence of such swellings varies geographically.[5] Additionally, forelimb swellings appear to be correlated with development of the males' eye glands.[5] Due to the dimorphism of forelimb swellings, It is thought that they could be correlated with mating behaviors.[5]
The Ipanema bat resides in northern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[8][6] Their preferred habitats are tropical forests, subtropical forests, and secondary forests.[9] Although atypical, they are sometimes found in the coastal shrublands of Brazil.[9] This suggests that perhaps P. bilabiatum can expand its habitat into dryer, more sparsely vegetated areas.[9]
P. bilabiatum is frugivorous, specializing in fruit that is easily digested.[4] These fruits are usually very ripe and fleshy, with few seeds.[4] The fruit choices of the Ipanema bat are diverse, including the fruits of Lucuma caimito, Miconia brasiliensis, and trees of the genus Celtis, as well as Maclura tinctoria, Solanum granuloso-leprosum, and Ficus enormis.[3][4][10][11] Some may also feed on nectar.[4]
P. bilabiatum usually reproduces in either the fall or the winter.[4] It is thought that they give birth during the later end of the dry period and wean their young at the beginning of the wet period.[11] This strategy coordinates birth with the highest amount of fruit attainability.[11] Females only carry one fetus at a time.[4]
Migration patterns may be influenced by rainfall amount and/or temperature. P. biliabatum appears to prefer regions with a minimum annual rainfall of 1500 mm (59 in) and moderate temperatures of 16-23 °C (61-73 °F)[8] Food availability and foraging capabilities seem to be an important factor in the timing and distance traveled during migration[8] Females and males migrate differently.[8] Males tend to linger in lower elevations, while females reside at intermediate and high elevations.[8]
The Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum) is a bat species of order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and Paraguay. It is the only species within its genus.
Pygoderma bilabiatum es una especie de murciélago de la familia Phyllostomidae. Es la única especie del género Pygoderma.
Se encuentra en el norte de Argentina, Bolivia, y en Brasil y Paraguay.
Pygoderma bilabiatum es una especie de murciélago de la familia Phyllostomidae. Es la única especie del género Pygoderma.
Pygoderma bilabiatum Pygoderma generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Stenodermatinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago
Pygoderma bilabiatum Pygoderma generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Stenodermatinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago
Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi, unica specie del genere Pygoderma (Peters, 1863), diffuso in America meridionale.[1][2]
Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 36,2 e 41,4 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 13,7 e 15 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie di 17 mm e un peso fino a 22 g.[3]
Il cranio è corto e tozzo, con un rostro squadrato e lungo meno della metà della scatola cranica. Il palato è corto con il margine posteriore quasi circolare. Gli incisivi superiori sono diversi tra loro, con quelli interni più grandi. Quelli inferiori invece sono piccoli e tutti uguali. I canini sono corti e tozzi mentre i premolari sono triangolari e uguali tra loro. Il secondo molare superiore è ridotto.
Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 Totale: 28 1.Incisivi; 2.Canini; 3.Premolari; 4.Molari;La pelliccia è lunga, densa, soffice e si estende sugli arti e sull'uropatagio. Le parti dorsali sono marroni scure. Su ogni spalla è presente una piccola macchia biancastre. Le parti ventrali sono bruno-grigiastre. La foglia nasale è lanceolata e ben sviluppata. Nei maschi sono presenti delle ghiandole sotto la mandibola, di fianco alla foglia nasale e intorno agli occhi, i quali sono relativamente grandi. Le orecchie sono larghe e arrotondate. Il trago è piccolo. Le membrane alari sono attaccate posteriormente alla base dell'alluce. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è moderatamente sviluppato e con il margine libero semicircolare. Il calcar è corto ma distinto. Il cariotipo è 2n=30-31 FN=56.
Si nutre di frutta.
Femmine gravide sono state catturate in Paraguay nei mesi di marzo, luglio ed agosto. Danno alla luce un piccolo alla volta.
Questa specie è diffuso nella parte centrale dell'America meridionale, dal Brasile sud-orientale all'Argentina settentrionale attraverso la Bolivia centrale e il Paraguay orientale. La presenza in Suriname non è invece confermata.
Vive nelle foreste umide tropicali, subtropicali e in zone edificate. Non è invece presente nella regione semi-arida del Gran Chaco.
Sono state riconosciute 2 sottospecie:
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, la tolleranza a diversi tipi di habitat e la popolazione numerosa, classifica P.bilabiatum come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi, unica specie del genere Pygoderma (Peters, 1863), diffuso in America meridionale.
Pygoderma bilabiatum is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Wagner in 1843.
De soort komt voor in Bolivia, Brazilië, Paraguay en Argentinië.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesPygoderma bilabiatum is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Wagner in 1843.
Pygoderma bilabiatum ou morcego de Ipanema[3] é uma espécie de morcego da família Phyllostomidae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Pygoderma.[1] Pode ser encontrada na América do Sul[2]
O morcego de Ipanema tem tamanho médio, com pelo marrom, com exceção dos ombros com pelo branco.[4]
O morcego de Ipanema ocorre no norte da Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia e sudeste do Brasil.[5]
Os padrões de migração podem ser influenciados pela quantidade de chuvas e / ou temperatura. P. biliabatum aparenta preferir regiões com precipitações anuaias de 1500 mm e temperaturas moderadas de 16-23° C.[5]
P. bilabiatum é frugívoro, consome especialmente frutas de fácil digestão.[6]
Pygoderma bilabiatum ou morcego de Ipanema é uma espécie de morcego da família Phyllostomidae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Pygoderma. Pode ser encontrada na América do Sul
Pygoderma bilabiatum[2][3] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Wagner 1843. Pygoderma bilabiatum är ensam i släktet Pygoderma som ingår i familjen bladnäsor.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan två underarter.[6]
Denna fladdermus når vanligen en kroppslängd av 53 till 65 mm och en svans saknas. De väger 19 till 26 gram. Enskilda individer kan bli 84 mm långa och 27 gram tunga. Pälsen är på ryggen svartbrun och på buken gråbrun. Vid varje axel finns en vit fläck. Släktet skiljer sig i detaljer av skallens, tändernas och läppens konstruktion från andra bladnäsor.[7]
Pygoderma bilabiatum förekommer i Bolivia, södra Brasilien, Paraguay och norra Argentina. Habitatet utgörs av skogar och stadsparker.[1]
Arten äter främst frukter. Den vilar ibland i byggnader. Upphittade honor var dräktiga med en unge.[7]
Wikispecies har information om Pygoderma bilabiatum.
Pygoderma bilabiatum är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Wagner 1843. Pygoderma bilabiatum är ensam i släktet Pygoderma som ingår i familjen bladnäsor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan två underarter.
Країни проживання: Болівія, південно-східна Бразилія, Парагвай, північна Аргентина. Живе в тропічних і субтропічних вологих лісах і в населених пунктах.
Харчується фруктами. Кілька екземплярів були захоплені вночі над струмками.
Голова й тіло довжиною приблизно 61 мм, передпліччя довжиною приблизно 38 мм, хвіст відсутній, вага до 22 гр. Вуха широкі й округлі. Забарвлення темно-коричневе, майже чорне зверху й сірувато-біле знизу. Шерсть довга, густа, м'яка. Є білі плями на кожному плечі біля крил. Зубна формула: 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 2/2 = 28. Каріотип 2n = 30-31, FN = 56.
Pygoderma bilabiatum là một loài động vật có vú thuộc chi đơn loài Pygoderma trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Chúng được Peters mô tả cấp chi năm 1863[2] và Wagner mô tả cấp loài năm 1843.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Pygoderma bilabiatum tại Wikimedia Commons
Pygoderma bilabiatum là một loài động vật có vú thuộc chi đơn loài Pygoderma trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Chúng được Peters mô tả cấp chi năm 1863 và Wagner mô tả cấp loài năm 1843.
이파네마박쥐(Pygoderma bilabiatum)는 주걱박쥐과에 속하는 남아메리카 박쥐의 일종이다.[2] 이파네마박쥐속(Pygoderma)의 유일종이다. 아르헨티나 북부와 볼리비아, 브라질 남동부 그리고 파라과이에서 발견된다.[1]
작은 박쥐로 전완장이 36.2~41.4mm이고 발 길이가 13.7~15mm, 귀 길이가 17mm, 몸무게가 최대 22g이다.[3] 털이 길고 무성하며 부드럽다. 등 쪽 털은 짙은 갈색이고 각 어깨에 희끄무레한 작은 반점이 나 있다. 배 쪽은 회색빛 갈색이다. 잎코는 피침형으로 잘 발달해 있다. 핵형은 2n=30~31, FN=56이다.
먹이는 곤충이다. 3월초와 7~8월에 파라과이에서 새끼를 밴 암컷이 포획된다. 한 번에 한 마리의 새끼를 낳는다.
브라질 남동부 지역부터 아르헨티나 북부, 볼리비아 중부와 파라과이 동부 지역까지 남아메리카 중부 지역에 널리 분포한다. 열대와 아열대 습윤 숲과 조성된 숲에서 서식한다. 하지만 그란차코의 준건조 지역에서는 발견되지 않는다.
2종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[2]
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