Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
basal area,
duff,
fuel,
fuel moisture,
litter,
prescribed fire,
treeA fall prescribed fire in the Tharp Creek Watershed of Sequoia National
Park produced 55.6% average annual California red fir mortality on a white
fir-mixed conifer site monitored for 5 years after fire. Mortality was
concentrated in the subcanopy. The fire burned from 23 to 26 October 1990.
Relative humidity during the day was 21% to 30% and at night was 30% to 40%.
Fuel moisture levels in the litter and duff averaged 28%. For 100-hour and
1,000-hour fuels, moisture levels were 14% and 64%, respectively. At the
time of ignition, air temperatures were 50 to 61 ?F (10-16 ?C, and winds were
calm. The fire was a combination of
backing and strip
headfires with flame
lengths of 0.16 to 7.9 feet (0.05-2.4 m). One-hour, 10-hour, and 100-hour
fuels were reduced by 96%, 77%, and 60%, respectively. Tree (≥4.6 feet (1.4 m))
mortality was evaluated before and after fire as well as from an unburned
reference site. Basal areas were also monitored before and after the fire.
California red fir showed no change in mean basal area on the burned site
before or after the fire [
72]. For more information, see the entire
Research Paper by Mutch and Parsons [
72].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
California red fir
Critchfield red fir
red fir
Shasta red fir
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
California red fir is a native, long-lived conifer that ranges between
66 and 198 feet (20-60 m) in height [
26,
32,
45,
49,
70]. Mature trees can
grow to a d.b.h. of 8.5 feet (2.6 m) [
1]. The bark of young trees is
thin but becomes thick and roughly fissured with age [
12,
45,
49]. The
needles are 0.8 to 1.4 inches (2.0-3.5 cm) long [
49]. Cones are upright
on the upper branches and are up to 9 inches (23 cm) long [
43,
45].
California red fir has short branches and a narrow crown [
35,
49].
California red fir has a high frost tolerance. California red and
Shasta red fir have a low drought tolerance [
23,
34,
44].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
California red fir occurs in the Sierra Nevada from Kern County,
California, north to the southern Cascade Range of Oregon and in the
Coast Ranges from Lake County, California, north to the Klamath Ranges
[
43,
46,
49,
54]. California red fir is also found in extreme western
Nevada [
46].
Shasta red fir occurs in the southern Sierra Nevada and in the Klamath
Ranges, Siskiyou Mountains and the Cascade Range of northern California
and southern Oregon [
1,
25,
28].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
climax,
fire frequency,
fire interval,
fire regime,
frequency,
fuel,
natural,
prescribed burn,
severityFires in high-elevation California red fir forests are generally not as
intense as those in the Rocky Mountains [
38] and are typically less
intense than those at lower elevations [
39,
71]. This may be a result of
low annual fuel accumulation because of the short growing season
[
38,
39]. Fire has an important role in Sierra Nevada conifer forests,
particularly in the successional relationship between California red fir
and lodgepole pine [
5,
38]. Fire creates canopy openings by killing
mature lodgepole pine and some mature California red fir. Where
lodgepole pine occurs under a California red fir canopy, it is
eventually succeeded by California red fir [
5]. The estimated fire
frequency ranges from 10 to 65 years [
5,
66].
Crown fires are uncommon in California red fir stands [
38]. Fires
normally spread slowly and are seldom very destructive because of the
nature of surface fuels and the prevalence of natural terrain breaks
[
38,
39,
71]. The fire hazard in California red fir forests is lower than
in middle elevation, mixed-conifer forests [
37]. Erosion problems did
not occur after a prescribed burn in a high-elevation California red fir
stand at Kings Canyon National Park [
37].
The bark of older California red fir is thick and fire resistant [
41].
The needles and branch tips are resistant to fire [
30].
The fire interval for Shasta red fir is 70 to 130 years [
2]. Fires are
usually patchy and of low severity. Stand-replacing fires are rare [
2].
Shasta red fir can tolerate occasional light fires [
3]. Shasta red fir
retains its lower branches when not shaded out, which increases the risk
of crown fires [
3]. Shasta red fir sheds its needles and naturally
prunes its branches where mountain hemlock is the successional climax
[
3]. Fuel accumulation varies, but decomposition and drying are slow
[
2].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Lightning-ignited fires in higher elevation Sierra Nevada forests are
usually less than 1 acre (0.4 ha) in size and burn for only a few days.
There have been several fires, however, that burned considerable acreage
over the course of several months. None of these fires became a control
problem or burned intensely [
38].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophyte Phanerophyte
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
herbaceous,
lichens,
shrubsCalifornia red fir grows best in areas with cold, wet winters and warm,
dry summers [
45,
50,
54]. The growing season is short, with snow often on
the ground in July [
6,
7,
35,
48]. Annual precipitation ranges from 33 to
64 inches (820-1,600 mm), most of which occurs between October and March
as snow [
6,
7,
43,
54]. Snowpack is usually between 8 and 13 feet (2.5-4
m) [
6,
54].
California red fir commonly grows on soils with a pH range of 5.0 to 6.1
[
50]. It occurs on deep sandy loams and shallower soils of moraines
[
5]. California red fir will sometimes grow on nutrient-poor Entisols
or Inceptisols but usually grows on soils that are more nutrient-rich,
coarse, and well-drained but moist [
7,
35,
65]. California red fir is
sensitive to poorly drained soils [
44]. Shasta red fir is more common
on northern aspects but occurs equally on all slopes [
4].
Shasta red fir occupies the elevational zone below mountain hemlock and
above white fir [
1,
3,
24,
27]. The elevations at which California red fir
occurs in different parts of its range are listed below [
6,
43,
44,
50]:
Location feet meters
Klamath and Coast ranges 4,500-5,500 1,370-1,675
Siskiyou Mountains
and southern Cascade Range 4,590-5,900 1,400-1,800
northern Sierra Nevada 5,940-7,920 1,800-2,400
southern Sierra Nevada 7,000-9,000 2,200-3,000
Canopy associates of California or Shasta red fir not mentioned in
Distribution and Occurrence are giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron
giganteum), Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), sugar pine (Pinus
lambertiana), western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), Brewer spruce
(Picea breweriana), Washoe pine (Pinus washoensis), noble fir, and
foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) [
1,
2,
4,
35,
53]. Understory species
differ greatly in different habitats [
14]. Associated shrubs include
thinleaf huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), currant (Ribes spp.),
twinflower (Linnaea borealis), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos
oreophilius), huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifolia), Sadler oak
(Quercus sadleriana), and pinemat manzanita (Arctostaphylos nevadensis)
[
4,
43,
50,
55]. Associated herbaceous species include sedges (Carex
spp.), lupine (Lupinus spp.), beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax), Brewer's
goldaster (Chrysopsis breweri), lousewort (Pedicularis semibarbata),
hairstem gayophytum (Gayophytum ramosissimum), whitevein pyrola (Pyrola
picta), and monardella (Monardella spp.) [
4,
50,
55]. Lichens (Evernia
and Vulpina spp.) also occur in California red fir forests [
50].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
205 Mountain hemlock
207 Red fir
211 White fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
256 California mixed subalpine
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forest K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Seedlings of California red fir are easily killed by fire [
71].
Seedlings and saplings are killed by relatively low-intensity fires, but
few older California red fir are affected [
36,
38]. Larger California
red fir are killed by severe fires [
36,
66].
Shasta red fir sustains moderate damage from light-severity fires but is
often killed by moderate-severity fires [
3].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
climax,
coverOld-growth forests of California red fir provide important habitat for
many animals, some of which are sensitive, rare, and/or endangered [
44].
Marten prefer large snags, stumps, and logs in closed canopies of these
forests for den sites [
18,
47,
62]. Other animals that use California red
fir forests include fisher, wolverine, black bear, squirrels, chickadee,
pileated woodpecker, great gray owl, Williamson's sapsucker, and pocket
gopher [
18,
45,
62,
67]. The cones are cut and cached by squirrels. Deer
browse new growth in the spring [
43].
Climax communities of California red fir support birds that forage for
insects in the foliage of conifers [
11]. Mountain beaver use California
red fir for food and thermal and escape cover [
9,
69].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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Inglês
)
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More info for the terms:
mesic,
naturalCalifornia red fir occurs in pure, dense forests between the lower
montane white fir (Abies concolor) or mixed-conifer forests and the
upper montane or subalpine lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana)
and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) forests [
5,
6,
7,
54,
68]. In the
upper montane coniferous forests, California red fir is an overstory
dominant on mesic sites [
5,
6]. Canopies can be open or closed, and
understory vegetation is variable but generally sparse [
54,
55].
California red fir or Shasta red fir is listed as overstory dominants in
the following published classifications:
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain
Province [
2]
Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province [
4]
Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington [
27]
Terrestrial natural communities of California [
35]
Vegetation of the Abbott Creek Research Natural Area, Oregon [
48]
Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges [
54]
Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Klamath Mountains [
55]
Vascular plant communities of California [
68].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTogether, California red fir and white fir produce one-fourth of
California's timber volume [
31]. After partial cutting, California red
fir is susceptible to windthrow [
43]. Unmanaged, even-aged,
well-stocked stands tend to mature in approximately 140 years [
24,
43].
Shasta red fir grows in dense stands that are highly productive [
25].
Southern aspects that dry early in the growing season and flat surfaces
associated with frost are the most difficult for Shasta red fir
reforestation [
2].
California red fir is an important tree for watershed protection because
of the large amounts of snow that accumulate in these stands during the
winter [
28,
44].
Fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium abietinum ssp. magnificae) causes a
significant amount of damage and occurs throughout the range of
California red fir [
33,
43]. Infected trees show less growth and vigor
and produce fewer seeds with lower viability [
21,
33,
57]. When infected,
California red fir is more susceptible to secondary attack by insects
and fungi, which most commonly results in death of the tree
[
21,
33,
56,
57]. The wood of infected trees has decreased strength and
value for pulp [
33]. Dense stands make it easy for fir dwarf mistletoe
to spread from crown to crown [
56]. Management of infected stands is
discussed in the literature [
24,
40,
56,
57]. California red fir does not
respond well to thinning because of its susceptibility to infestation
after mechanical wounding [
24].
Annosus root rot (Heterobasidion annosum) also causes significant losses
[
24,
58]. Infection is most common on the east side of the Sierra Nevada
and in relatively pure stands or dense stands with a history of logging
[
16,
59]. Infected California red fir are vulnerable to windthrow and
secondary attack by insects and other fungi [
13,
21,
58,
59]. The
occurrence and management of other fungi that damage California red fir
are discussed in the literature [
22,
23,
43,
44,
57].
The major insect pest of California red fir is fir engraver beetle
(Scolytus ventralis) [
13,
21,
43].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
CA NV OR
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
California red fir is used for Christmas trees [
28,
43,
45].
High-elevation California red fir stands are frequently used as
recreational sites [
44].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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)
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
seedCalifornia red fir cones open and are pollinated in May and early June
[
26,
43,
64]. Cones ripen in August [
26,
64]. Seed dispersal occurs in
mid-October when cones begin to disintegrate [
30,
44,
64]. The large,
winged seeds are released through the fall and winter [
26,
45].
Shasta red fir cones open and are pollinated in mid- to late June, and
cones ripen in late September. Seed dispersal occurs in late September
to mid-October [
26,
64].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
root crown,
secondary colonizer,
tree Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
competition,
forest,
litter,
seed,
shrubs,
treeCalifornia red fir does not reproduce vegetatively [
43].
The minimum seed-bearing age for California red fir is 35 to 45 years of
age and 30 to 40 for Shasta red fir [
17,
26,
43]. Good seed crops are
produced at 2- to 6-year intervals [
17,
26,
28,
44]. Seed is disseminated
by wind a distance of approximately 1 to 1.5 tree heights from the
parent [
43,
44]. The average germination rate of California red fir
seeds is 30 to 43 percent [
28,
43,
44]. Insects account for 18 to 45
percent of annual seed loss [
64].
Initial seedling establishment is best in bare mineral soil or light
litter [5,,24,41,44]. Seeds of California red fir usually germinate the
first spring after they are shed and are not stored in the forest floor
[
31]. After the first year, seedling survival was higher in seedbeds
with heavier litter than those seedbeds without litter [
30].
Competition and shading from shrubs and grasses and frost damage inhibit
establishment and growth of California red fir [
24,
30,
67]. Seedlings
near stand edges had lower survival rates than those farther away from
the edge [
30].
Mortality is greatest soon after the tree reaches 12 inches (30 cm) in
height and is usually attributed to pocket gophers damaging seedling
roots and deer clipping new foliage [
31].
Initial growth is best in dense shade with medium litter on the soil,
but when seedlings get older, growth is best in full sunlight
[
19,
30,
43]. Initial growth of California red fir seedlings is slow, 4
to 6 inches (10-15 cm) in the first 2 to 4 years [
5,
24,
54]. Laacke [
43]
stated that the long-standing assumption of slow growth for the first 20
to 30 years may be invalid. It can take between 10 and 25 years for
California red fir to reach breast height [
32]. Following the initial
slow juvenile growth stage is a fairly long period of rapid growth and,
eventually, an extended period of slower growth [
32]. Saplings greater
than 10 years of age reach full growth potential after release from
suppression [
6].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
naturalStands of California red fir are typically even-aged [
5,
31,
54,
66].
California red fir forests are a climax vegetation type [
36,
43,
48]. In
areas where California red fir grows under a closed canopy of lodgepole
pine, it eventually becomes the climax species [
5]. Shasta red fir is a
late seral or climax community dominant, depending on its associates
[
4,
24,
43].
In mixed conifer forests, California red fir establishes well in
openings and after disturbances [
65]. Natural regeneration or seedling
or sapling release from suppression occurs in small openings created by
the death of a few trees or in large openings created by fire, insects,
or wind [
5,
66]. California and Shasta red fir are moderately shade
tolerant [
3,
8,
24].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Abies shastensis Lemm.
Abies magnifica A. Murray bis var. critchfieldii Lanner [
73]
Abies magnifica A. Murray bis subsp. shastensis (Lemm.) Silba [
70]
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
introgressionThe currently accepted scientific name of California red fir is Abies
magnifica A. Murr. (Pinaceae) [
46,
49]. Recognized varieties are as follows:
Abies magnifica var. magnifica, California red fir [
46,
49,
73]
Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm., Shasta red fir [
46,
49,
73]
California red fir hybridizes with noble fir (A. procera) where they
occur together [
6,
46]. These hybrids are similar to Shasta red fir,
which increases taxonomic confusion of the California red fir-noble fir
complex in the Klamath region [
28,
55,
61]. Morphological comparisions,
artifical crosses, and molecular studies indicate that Shasta red fir
resulted from California red fir and noble fir introgression [
73].
The information in this review pertains to California red fir unless
specified otherwise.
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fuelThe wood of California red fir is straight-grained, light and soft but
stronger than the wood of other firs, and has a low specific gravity
[
26,
49,
60]. California red fir often has sweep in the butt [
60]. The
wood is used for fuel, coarse lumber, quality veneer, solid framing,
plywood, printing paper, and high-quality wrapping paper, and is
preferred for pulping (sulphite and thermomechanical) [
43,
49,
60].
- citação bibliográfica
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies magnifica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
California red fir is a climax species nearly everywhere it is found. It
shares climax status with white fir at the upper limit of the white fir
zone, although at any given place California white fir (Abies concolor
var. lowiana) or red fir regeneration may predominate (9,33).
Throughout the Sierra Nevada, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) occupies
wet sites within red fir forests. In the south, dry sites are shared with
sugar pine (P. lambertiana), mountain hemlock (Tsuga
mertensiana), or incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). Scattered
individuals of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), sugar pine, and
western white pine (P. monticola) are found in northern Sierra
Nevada forests and as far south as Yosemite in the southern Sierra Nevada
(32,33).
In the Coast Ranges of California, Shasta red fir frequently shares
dominance with noble fir (Abies procera) and is mixed with
mountain hemlock and Brewer spruce (Picea breweriana) at
elevations generally above 1850 m (6,100 ft). On high elevation
serpentine soils, Shasta red fir is occasionally found with the more
common foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana), western white pine, and
Jeffrey pine (33).
From the southern Cascades north into Oregon and west into the
California Coast Ranges, Shasta red fir begins to lose its clear climax
status, perhaps as a result of taking on characteristics of noble fir,
which is never a climax species in the northern Cascades (9). Shasta red
fir is replaced successionally by white fir at the lower elevations and by
mountain hemlock at the upper. Major associated species include
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), white
fir, western white pine, lodgepole pine, and mountain hemlock (9,33).
Red fir is found in seven forest cover types of western North America.
It is in pure stands or as a major component in Red Fir (Society of
American Foresters Type 207) (7), and also in the following types:
Mountain Hemlock (Type 205), White Fir (Type 211), Lodgepole Pine (Type
218), Pacific Douglas-Fir (Type 229), Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer (Type
243), and California Mixed Subalpine (Type 256).
Brush and lesser vegetation are varied. Dense red fir stands on good
quality sites usually have no understory vegetation. In openings resulting
from tree mortality or logging, and under open stands on poor sites, many
species are possible depending on location (9,20,42). Currant or
gooseberry (Ribes spp.), pinemat manzanita (Arctostaphylos
nevadensis), and mountain whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulatus) are
the most commonly found brush species (9,20,21). Large brush fields can
dominate areas after severe fire. Fir eventually will reclaim these sites
as the climax species. With some combinations of low site quality, brush
species, and resident rodent population, however, reforestation can be
effectively delayed for decades. Small upland meadows are common in red
fir forests and provide habitats for a wide variety of sedges, grasses,
and forbs.
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Climate
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Climate for the red fir zone can be classified in general as cool and
moist to cold and moist. It is relatively mild for high-elevation forests,
with summer temperatures only occasionally exceeding 29° C (85°
F) and winter temperatures rarely below -29° C (-20° F). One
notable climatic feature is a 4- to 5-month summer dry spell. Between
April (or May) and October, precipitation from scattered thunder-showers
is negligible. Almost all precipitation occurs between October and March,
with 80 percent or more as snow. Snowpack can exceed 4 m (13 ft) in the
Sierra Nevada, and snow can accumulate to more than 2 m (7 ft) in Oregon
and northwestern California (9,39). Total precipitation ranges from 750 to
1500 mm (30 to 60 in).
Best growth appears to be in areas that receive between 750 and 1250 mm
(30 and 49 in) of precipitation. Growth studies on Swain Mountain
Experimental Forest, in the southern Cascades of California, indicate that
California red fir grew best in years with unusually low precipitation (as
low as 38 percent of normal) (29). Low precipitation there usually means
early snowmelt and a longer growing season.
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Damaging Agents
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Red fir is subject to damage from abiotic
agents, pathogens, insects, and animals. Little is known about the
tolerance of red fir to most abiotic aspects of the environment. Initial
survival of seedlings seems to be better under partial shade although
growth is best in full sunlight. The early advantage of shade may be
related to protection from temperatures in exposed duff and litter that
can frequently exceed 70° C (160° F) early in the growing season
(14).
Red fir appears to be more sensitive to drought than white fir or the
associated pines (26), even though over most of its range there may be no
precipitation for as long as 5 months during the summer. A tendency of red
fir to grow poorly where snowmelt water collects, as on mountain meadows,
indicates a moderate sensitivity to high soil moisture content during the
growing season (8).
Frosts can occur any month of the year, but damage to red fir is minimal
and significant only on Christmas trees. Red fir is more frost resistant
than white fir and about equal to Jeffrey pine (19).
The importance of mechanical injury increases as intensive management of
dense young red fir stands increases. Studies in Oregon and California
show that conventional logging techniques used for thinning or partial
cutting damaged 22 to 50 percent of the residual stand. Seventy-five
percent of these wounds were at ground level where infection by a
decay-causing fungus is almost certain (2). Volume losses by final harvest
can be considerable, although the amount varies greatly from place to
place, perhaps due to type and frequency of wounds (2).
Among pathogens, one parasitic plant causes major damage. Red fir dwarf
mistletoe (Arceuthobium abietinum f. sp. magnificae) is common
throughout the range of red fir and infests 40 percent of the stands in
California (34). Heavily infected trees suffer significant growth losses
and are subject to attack by Cytospora abietis, a fungus that
kills branches infected by dwarf mistletoe and further reduces growth.
Because of reduced vigor, infected trees are more susceptible to bark
beetle attack and other diseases (34). Heart rots, entering through open
mistletoe stem cankers, increase volume loss directly and mortality
indirectly through stem breakage. Recent unpublished research suggests
that losses from bole infection may be of minimal consequence in
well-managed second-growth true fir stands (35).
Changes in wood structure in large stem bulges resulting from dwarf
mistletoe infections reduce strength of lumber produced. Current lumber
grading practices, however, are not adequate to identify the affected wood
(40).
Dwarf mistletoe need not be a problem in young managed stands because
four factors make damage subject to silvicultural control. Red fir can be
infected only by red fir dwarf mistletoe which, in turn, can parasitize
only one other fir, noble fir. Small trees (less than 1 m [3.3 ft] tall)
are essentially free from infection even in infested stands. Infected
young firs, free from new overstory infection, outgrow the spread of
mistletoe if height growth is at least 0.3 m (1 ft) per year, and losses
from bole infections are expected to be minimal in managed, young-growth
stands (34,35). Silvicultural practices that can significantly reduce the
impact of dwarf mistletoe include removal of an infected overstory before
natural regeneration exceeds 1 m (3.3 ft) in height, and stocking control
to promote rapid height growth. Different species can be favored in the
overstory and understory of mixed stands during thinnings or partial
cutting. Sanitation of stand edges adjacent to regeneration areas and
planting a non-host species (such as white fir adjacent to a red fir
stand) appropriate to the site can prevent infection from overstory trees.
Fir broom rust (Melampsorella caryophyllacearum) is abundant in
the central and southern Sierra Nevada. This disease primarily affects
branches but can infect trunks. It can cause spike tops and loss of crown
and provide an entry court for heart rots. Fir broom rust can occasionally
kill trees, especially seedlings and saplings (4).
Annosus root rot (Heterobasidion annosum) is present in all
conifer stands and may become a major disease problem as red fir is
increasingly and intensively managed. Infection is spread from tree to
tree by root contact, forming disease pockets in the stand that slowly
expand. Infection of freshly cut stumps or new wounds by aerially spread
spores creates new infection centers that do not become evident until 10
to 20 years after infection. Annosus root rot does not usually kill red
fir directly, but root damage results in considerable moisture stress and
loss of vigor. The loss of vigor predisposes the tree to attack by bark
beetles, notably Scolytus spp. Direct damage resulting from
infection is restricted primarily to heart rot of butt and major roots,
leading to windthrow and stem breakage (4). Some degree of control is
available through use of borax to prevent infection by Heterobasidion
annosum in freshly cut stumps.
Other heart rots of major significance include the yellow cap fungus
(Pholiota limonella) and Indian paint fungus (Echinodontium
tinctorium). These fungi cause major losses in old-growth trees. Young
trees are generally not affected because they have so little heartwood.
Yellow cap fungus tends to be a more severe disease in California, and
Indian paint fungus is more severe in Oregon. Yellow cap fungus generally
enters through basal wounds. Rot can extend 15 to 18 m (50 to 60 ft) up
the trunk. Indian paint fungus probably infects red fir in the same manner
as it does western hemlock (2). The fungus enters through branchlets less
than 2 mm (0.08 in) in diameter and can remain dormant for as long as 50
years before being activated by injury or stress (6). Dead or broken tops
are other points of entry for Indian paint fungus. The resulting rot is
located in the upper bole and may extend to the ground. Open dwarf
mistletoe cankers serve as entry courts for several decay fungi. None of
the heart rots kill directly but predispose the tree to stem breakage. No
effective control is known for decay fungi, except possibly Heterobasidion
annosum, other than avoiding as much root, stem, and top damage as
possible during stand management (4).
Insects from five genera attack red fir cones and seeds. Losses can be
significant. Cone maggots (Earomyia spp.) cause the most damage.
Several chalcids (Megastigmus spp.) and cone moths (Barbara
spp. and Eucosma spp.) can occasionally cause heavy local
damage to seed crops, especially in poor seed years (13).
Cutworms (Noctuidae) can be a problem in nurseries and may be
especially damaging in natural regeneration areas. Cutworms were
responsible for more than 30 percent of the seedling mortality in a study
on Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in California (14).
The white fir needleminer (Epinotia meritana) is the only
foliage feeder of consequence on established red fir. Even during outbreak
phases the damage caused is apparently minor and temporary (13).
The most severely damaging insect pest on red fir is the fir engraver
(Scolytus ventralis). This bark beetle is found throughout the
range of red fir and causes severe damage nearly everywhere. Losses under
epidemic conditions can be dramatic. Anything that reduces tree vigor-Annosus
root disease, dwarf mistletoe, Cytospora canker, overstocking,
drought, or fire damage-increases susceptibility to fir engraver attack.
Several other species of bark beetles (Scolytus spp., Pseudohylesinus
spp.), the round-headed fir borer (Tetropium abietis), and the
flat-headed fir borer (Melanophila drummondi) frequently join in
attacking and killing individual trees. In epidemic conditions, however,
mortality is caused primarily by the fir engraver. Maintenance of stand
health and vigor is the only known control (13).
Locally, small rodents can cause significant loss of seed and
occasionally girdle seedlings. Squirrels cut and cache cones. Pocket
gophers limit regeneration in many areas, particularly clearcuts, by
feeding on fir seedlings during winter and spring. Pocket gophers in
combination with meadow voles and heavy brush can prevent conifer
establishment for decades. Where gopher populations are high, damage to
root systems of mature trees can be extensive, although not often
identified. In extreme conditions, winter and spring feeding at root
crowns can kill trees up to at least 94 cm (37 in) in diameter at breast
height (23). Direct control is difficult and expensive. Indirect control
by habitat manipulation offers some possibilities.
Spring browsing of succulent growth by deer can retard height growth for
many years. Normally, trees are not killed and in most instances can grow
rapidly once browsing pressure is removed. In managed stands, reduced
height growth can result in significant production loss. Red fir may be
damaged less by deer or rabbit feeding than white fir.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Red fir is monoecious. Male strobili
(cones) are small-generally less than 1.6 cm (0.6 in) long-deep
purple-red, and densely clustered on the underside of 1-year-old twigs
about midcrown. Female cones are borne erect on 1-year-old branches in the
uppermost crown, although both male and female cones are occasionally
found on the same branch. California red fir flowers from May to June,
with pollen shed and fertilization in late May through June. Shasta red
fir flowers from middle to late June in southwestern Oregon. Populations
in the Coast Ranges of northwestern California probably follow the same
schedule. Seeds begin to reach maturity in mid-August and the ripening
process continues up to time of seedfall.
Cones are large, 15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 in) long, 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 in) in
diameter, and oblong cylindric in shape. Shasta red fir bracts are longer
than the cone scales and are easily visible on the surface of a mature
cone. California red fir bracts are shorter than the cone scales and are
not visible on an intact cone. Cones of both varieties are brown when
mature and have specific gravities of about 0.75 (8,27,28,36).
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Genetics
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In the northern part of its range, California red fir appears to merge
and hybridize with noble fir, a northern species with morphological and
ecological similarities. Bracts that extend beyond the scales on mature
cones are characteristic of noble fir. North of Mount Lassen, red fir has
similar exserted bracts. South of Mount Lassen, bracts on red fir are
shorter than the scales and are not visible on intact mature cones.
Changes in seed weight, cotyledon number, and cortical monoterpenes in
both species indicate a broad transition zone between latitudes 40°
and 44° N. Similarity with noble fir increases to the north and west
(41). The two species can be artificially cross-pollinated with no
apparent difficulty as long as red fir is the female parent. Success is
reduced by more than 70 percent when red fir is the male parent (5,36).
Discussion continues about the relationship of California red fir, Shasta
red fir, and noble fir; however, the fact that exserted bracts also appear
on a large southern Sierra Nevada population of red fir that has
characteristics in common with both California red fir and Shasta red fir
only adds to the controversy (41).
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Growth and Yield
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Red fir volume production is impressive.
Normal yield tables for unmanaged stands indicate that a 160-year-old
stand on a high site- 18 m (60 ft) at 50 years-can carry 2320 m³/ha
(33,150 ft³/acre). Average sites- 12 m (40 ft) at 50 years-carry 1470
m³/ha (21,000 ft³/acre) at the same age. These volumes are
possible, at least in part, because of the stand density that red fir can
maintain. Basal areas on high sites can be well in excess of 126 m²/ha
(550 ft²/acre) and on average sites in excess of 96 m²/ha (420
ft²/acre). In addition, the normal yield tables indicate that stand
mean annual increment continues to increase until age 140 (37). Less ideal
stands will support slightly less basal area, and mean annual increment
may culminate sooner. The capacity of the species to respond to decreases
in stand density is impressive, even at the advanced age of 100 years. In
stands of white and red fir thinned to 50 percent of their basal area, the
remaining trees increased growth sufficiently that overall stand growth
was not significantly reduced (30).
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Reaction to Competition
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Although red fir grows best in full
sunlight, it can survive and grow for long periods in relatively dense
shade. Red fir's tolerance of shade appears to be less than that of
mountain hemlock, slightly less than that of white fir and Brewer spruce,
but greater than that of all of its other associates. Red fir's capacity
to maintain significantly more foliage under shade than white fir suggests
that the tolerance difference between them is marginal (1). It is most
accurately classed as tolerant of shade. Red fir seedlings are slightly
more hardy in full sun than white fir seedlings but become established
most easily in partial shade (14,26).
Red fir can carry large basal areas per unit area and maintain high
growth rates for an unusually long time, partly as a result of its shade
tolerance. As an understory tree it can survive more than 40 years of
suppression and, unless diseased, respond to release by increasing growth
dramatically. Time until growth accelerates depends on crown condition.
Even mature dominants can respond to large reductions in stand density.
Seed production on mature dominants can increase after release
(16,25,26,38).
Natural regeneration of red fir can be achieved using shelterwood and
seed tree cuttings. Clearcuts work as long as the size of the opening
perpendicular to the wind does not exceed seed dispersal distances. Site
preparation is important (19). Recent developments in nursery and handling
technologies, including manipulation of root regeneration capacity and
identification of necessary storage and transportation conditions, make
artificial planting commercially practical. Access to planting sites is
commonly difficult in the Sierra Nevada because of heavy snowpacks that
last until June and later.
It is theoretically possible to manage several age classes in a stand
because of the species' shade tolerance. However, the ability of red fir
to support high growth rates for extended periods in dense, even-aged
stands makes even-aged management the likely choice on most sites. Patch
cuttings of small areas- 0.2 to 2.2 ha (0.5 to 5.5 acres)- work well where
larger regeneration cuts are undesirable for visual or environmental
reasons.
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Rooting Habit
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Root systems of mature forest trees, including
red fir, have not been the subject of much research. What little is known
has been gleaned from observations of windthrown trees. Mature red fir
rooting habit appears to be fairly adaptable, deep and intensive where
soil conditions pen-nit or shallow and widespread where rocks or seasonal
water tables limit effective soil depth. There is no strong tendency to
maintain a single, deep taproot, although rapid development of a strong
taproot is critical for survival of new germinants in the dry summer
climate.
On at least some sites, however, saplings and poles have large-diameter,
carrot-like taproots extending more than 1 m (3 ft) deep, with very poor
lateral root development in the upper 30 cm (12 in). This condition has
been found on young pumice soils overlying an old, buried profile.
Periodic lack of fall snow cover exposes the soil to subzero temperatures
and increased temperature fluctuations. Under these conditions pumice
soils are subject to ice crystal formation and severe frost heaving. Fine
lateral roots are probably killed by mechanical damage during ice
formation and frost heaving or, perhaps, by low temperatures.
Red fir is susceptible to windthrow after partial cutting, especially
when marginal codominant and lower crown classes are left as the residual
stand (15). Root diseases contribute significantly to lack of
windfirmness.
Root grafting between red fir trees is indicated by the occasional
presence of living stumps (8).
The effects of mycorrhizal associations are beginning to be explored.
Early information indicates that these root-fungi relationships are
significant in establishment and early growth, especially on poor sites
(3).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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California red fir can begin
producing seed when only 35 to 45 years old; Shasta red fir produces seed
when about 5 years younger (36). Heavy seed crops-adequate for reliable
regeneration-are produced every 1 to 4 years by California red fir (22)
and about every third year by Shasta red fir (12).
Seeds are wind-disseminated after cones disintegrate on the trees in
late September to mid-October and are dispersed primarily by the
prevailing southwesterly winds (14).
In an exceptional year, seed production for both varieties can exceed
1.4 million per ha (570,000/acre) within a stand and along the edge of an
opening (11, 14). The more frequent "good to heavy" crops may
only reach 10 percent of that value. Seed production varies with tree age,
size, and dominance. The best, most reliable producers are mature, healthy
dominants. Immature fir can produce heavy seed crops, but production is
more erratic than that of mature trees (18). California red fir seeds
average 14,110/kg (6,400/lb). Shasta red fir seeds tend to be smaller and
average 16,095/kg (7,300/lb) (36).
Because cones are borne almost exclusively in the uppermost crown, any
top damage caused by insects, diseases, or mechanical agents (for example,
wind and snow) directly reduces cone production. Large old trees are prone
to such damage. Trees which have lost their tops, however, can frequently
develop new terminals and resume cone bearing.
Studies in California indicate that mature dominants along the edge of a
clearcutting produce up to twice as many cones as similar trees in closed
stands (18). Regeneration data, also from California, indicate that mature
trees left in seed tree or shelterwood cuts increase seed production (25).
The number of Shasta fir seeds falling into a clearing decreases rapidly
with distance from the stand edge. At a downwind distance equal to about 2
to 2.5 times tree height, seedfall is nearly 10 percent of the stand edge
value (11). Dispersal of the heavier California red fir seeds is generally
limited to 1.5 to 2 times tree height (13). Germination rates in standard
tests are relatively low for both varieties, generally less than 40
percent (36). Even lower field germination rates (5 percent or less) can
produce adequate regeneration.
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Seedling Development
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Red fir seeds germinate in the spring
immediately after snowmelt or in, on, and under the snow (10,14).
Germination is epigeal. Seeds that germinate several centimeters above
ground in the snowpack rarely survive. Seeds that fall before the first
permanent snows of winter, therefore, are more effective in producing
seedlings. Initial survival is best on mineral soil, perhaps, as in white
fir, because presence of appropriate mycorrhizal-forming fungi is
increased in the absence of organic layers (3).
Openings created in mixed red and white fir stands in both northern and
southern Sierra Nevada tend to regenerate more readily to red fir. Fifty
to 80 percent of the regeneration will be red fir, even when the
surrounding stand is dominated by white fir (25,32).
Two long-standing assumptions-that red fir growth is extremely slow for
the first 20 to 30 years and that snow damage limits height growth-do not
appear valid. Recent evidence indicates that beyond the first 5 years,
slow growth is not inherent (16,24) and snow damage is significant for
relatively few seedlings (17). Extended periods of slow early growth
appear to result from environmental conditions, such as prolonged shading
and browse damage.
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Soils and Topography
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Red fir is found at high elevations on mountain ranges that continue in
active formation. The soils on which it grows are therefore young and fall
into four orders, Entisols, Inceptisols, Alfisols, and Spodosols. They are
classified as mesic to frigid or cryic, with mean annual soil temperatures
(at 50 cm; 20 in) between 0° and 15° C (32° and 59°
F). All soils but the Alfisols tend to be light colored, shallow, with
minimal or no horizon development, and low in cation exchange capacity and
base saturation. Most are classified in some degree as xeric because of
the long summer dry period. Horizon development is relatively poor even in
the mesic Alfisols. The Spodosols are developed poorly without a true
leached A horizon because of inadequate warm season precipitation. In the
Cascades, red fir is occasionally found on pumice deposits overlying old
soils.
Decomposition of needles and other litter tends to be slow in the wet
winter, dry summer climate. Organic material collects on the surface where
it forms dense black mats from 2 to 8 cm (0.75 to 3.0 in) or more thick
(8).
Tree growth and stand development are best on the deeper soils
associated with glacial deposits or Pleistocene lake beds. On steep slopes
where soils are shallowest, stands are open and tree growth poor. On
moderate to gentle slopes and flat ground where water does not collect,
stands are closed with no understory or herbaceous vegetation (8).
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Special Uses
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Red fir is a general, all-purpose construction-grade wood used
extensively as solid framing material and plywood. Good quality young red
fir, known as "silvertip fir" from the waxy sheen on their
dense, dark-green needles, bring top prices as Christmas trees. These
trees are cultured in natural stands and plantations where early growth is
slower than most species used as Christmas trees, and some individuals are
cultured for as long as 11 years before harvest.
Detailed and exact wildlife censuses for large areas do not exist and
any listing of species numbers associated with a major forest type is an
approximation. There are, however, about 111 species of birds found in the
red fir type of California, 55 of which are associated primarily with
mature forests. Perhaps because of the dense nature of most true fir
forests, there are only about 52 species of mammals commonly present and
only 6 of those are generally associated with mature forests. Few
reptilian species are found at the high elevations and only four are
generally present in the red fir type.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Under natural conditions red fir does
not reproduce vegetatively either by sprouting or layering. Vegetative
propagation from cuttings is possible but the techniques currently
available are at an early stage of development.
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Distribution
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In California and southern Oregon, red fir is limited to high
elevations. Its range extends from the central and southern Cascade
Mountains of Oregon southward to Lake County in the Coast Ranges of
northwest California and Kern County in the southern Sierra Nevada, from
about latitude 43° 35' to 36° 50' N. Red fir is found outside
these states only along the western border of Nevada, a few kilometers
east of Mount Rose in Washoe County (8,9,22).
Lower elevational limits begin at 1620 to 1800 m (5,300 to 5,900 ft) in
the Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains and increase toward the south, reaching
to 2130 m (7,000 ft) in the southern Sierra Nevada. Upper elevation limits
also increase to the south, beginning at 2010 to 2190 m (6,600 to 7,200
ft) in the Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains, and reaching 2740 m (9,000 ft)
in the southern Sierra Nevada. Red fir can be found growing at lower
elevations in canyons and other protected places where significant cold
air drainage keeps soil and air temperatures low (31). In the California
Coast Ranges, Shasta red fir is found generally between 1400 and 1830 m
(4,600 to 6,000 ft) (8,9,33).
- The native range of California red fir.
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Brief Summary
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Pinaceae -- Pine family
Robert J. Laacke
Red fir (Abies magnifica) dominates large areas of high country
that are a major source of water, especially in California. For this
reason it has long been an important forest tree. Only recently has red
fir assumed significance as an unusually productive source of wood (17).
Relatively little detailed, coherent silvical information is available,
however.
North of Mount Lassen in northern California, red fir shows
morphological and perhaps ecological characteristics that have led to its
common designation as Shasta red fir (A. magnifica var. shastensis)
(8,9,22). Here, the varieties are referred to collectively as red fir
and are identified only when differences warrant.
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Physical Description
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)
fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex obtuse, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Leaves white-striped, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds red, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings narrower than body, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
- compilador
- Stephen C. Meyers
- compilador
- Aaron Liston
- compilador
- Steffi Ickert-Bond
- compilador
- Damon Little
Jedle nádherná
(
Checo
)
fornecido por wikipedia CZ
Jedle nádherná (Abies magnifica) je mohutný stálezelený jehličnatý strom původem z jihozápadní části Severní Ameriky (od Oregonu po Kalifornii).
Synonyma
-
Abies amabilis varieta magnifica
- Abies campylocarpa
-
Abies magnifica varieta argentea
-
Abies magnifica varieta critchfieldii
-
Abies magnifica poddruh shastensis
-
Abies nobilis varieta magnifica
- Abies shastensis
- Pinus campylocarpa
- Pinus magnifica
-
Pinus nobilis varieta magnifica
- Picea magnifica
-
Pseudotsuga magnifica.
Popis
Stálezelený, jehličnatý a dlouhověký strom (dožívá se více než 600 let), dorůstající až 77 m s průměrem kmene téměř 3 m. Semenáč roste nejprve pomalu, potom rychle (více než 30 cm za rok a více než 4,5 m za deset let) a později opět pomalu. Koruna je úzce kuželovitá, se vzrůstajícím věkem stromu válcovitá a nepravidelná. Větve jsou krátké, v horní části koruny stoupající a v dolní části koruny klesající. Borka je zpočátku šedá, hladká, tenká a s pryskyřičnými puchýři, později tlustá, červenohnědá a hluboce rozbrázděná mezi širokými hřebeny. Letorosty jsou světle žlutohnědé, s načervenalými chlupy. Pupeny jsou skryté mezi jehlicemi nebo nekryté, tmavohnědé, vejčité, malé, bez pryskyřice nebo s kapkou pryskyřice blízko vrcholu, se zaobleným vrcholem; s krátkými a širokými bazálními pupenovými šupinami ve tvaru rovnostranného trojúhelníka, hustě chlupatými, bez pryskyřice, celokrajnými či s vroubkovaným okrajem a ostrým vrcholem.
Jehlice jsou 2-4 cm dlouhé a 2 mm široké, spirálovitě uspořádané, na stínové straně stromu stoupající vzhůru ve dvou řadách; seshora jsou nové přírůstky stříbrnošedozelené, později tmavě modrozelené, s nebo bez slabé rýhy a s jedním šedozeleným proužkem s 8-13 řadami průduchů, někdy se rozdělujícím na dva ve směru k základně jehlice; zespodu se dvěma šedozelenými proužky, každý proužek se 4-5 řadami průduchů (stomat); průřez jehlic je čtyřúhelníkový u jehlic na sluneční straně a plochý u jehlic na stínové straně; jehlice voní po kafru; na špičce jsou zaoblené nebo špičaté (ostré); se dvěma malými pryskyřičnými kanálky na okrajích a ve spodní pokožkové epidermální vrstvě; jehlice vydrží na stromě minimálně 12 let.
Samčí šištice jsou purpurovočervenohnědé. Samičí šištice (šišky) jsou podlouhle válcovité, 14-23 cm dlouhé a 6-9 cm široké (u variety critchfieldii jsou 9-17 cm dlouhé a 3-9 cm široké), s kulovitým vrcholem, zpočátku purpurové a dozráváním hnědé. Podpůrné šupiny jsou skryté (Abies magnifica varieta magnifica) nebo vyčnívající (Abies magnifica varieta critchfieldii). Semena jsou 15 mm dlouhá a 6 mm široká, hnědočervená, s 15 mm dlouhým hnědočerveným křídlem. Děložních lístků je 7-8 . Semena dozrávají v říjnu.
Příbuznost
Jedle nádherná Abies magnifica se vyskytuje v 1 kříženci a 2 varietách[2]:
-
Abies x shastensis (též Abies procera x magnifica) je kříženec (hybrid) (dříve byl tento kříženec považován za 3. varietu jedle nádherné, to jest Abies magnifica varieta shastensis, což je nepřesné a nesprávné, tudíž i popis ve tvaru variety je nepřesný a nesprávný): tento strom je výsledkem introgresivní hybridizace (pohyb genů mezi druhy opakovaným křížením křížence s jeho rodičovskou (zde) rostlinou) mezi jedlí nádhernou Abies magnifica a jedlí vznešenou Abies procera, obě se vyskytující v jižním Kaskádovém pohoří a pohoří Klamath v Oregonu a Kalifornii v USA, kde ke křížení dochází.
-
Abies magnifica varieta critchfieldii: je rozdílná pouze ve vlastnostech samičích šištic, její domovinou je jih horského pásma Sierra Nevada, Kalifornie, USA.
-
Abies magnifica varieta magnifica - charakteristická varieta pro tento druh.
Výskyt
Severní Amerika - USA (státy Kalifornie, Nevada a Oregon).
-
Abies magnifica varieta magnifica: Kalifornie, západní Nevada, Oregon.
-
Abies x shastensis (nesprávně Abies magnifica varieta shastensis): přirozeně se vyskytuje jen v oblasti mezi sopkou Lassen Peak (Kalifornie) (kolem hory Mount Shasta, v pohoří Trinity a Siskiyou Mountains) a Kráterovým jezerem (Oregon).
-
Abies magnifica varieta critchfieldii: vyskytuje se nejjižněji v rozsahu výskytu jedle nádherné, jižně od řeky Kings River v jižní Kalifornii.
Ekologie
Vysokohorský strom, roste v nadmořských výškách 1400-3000 m, v půdách žulového (Sierra Nevada) a čedičového (Kaskádové pohoří v Kanadě a Spojených státech amerických) původu, které byly změněny zaledněním a jsou mírně kyselé, dobře odvodňované, vlhké, živné a v rozsahu pH 4-6 , s hrubou zrnitostí. Strom, podobně jako většina rostlin, nesnáší zasolení půdy. Tato jedle je mrazuvzdorná do −28 °C a v dospělosti pro svou tlustou, ohni odolávající borku, jehličí a konce větví, poměrně odolná proti lesním požárům (semenáče stromu ovšem nejsou vůči ohni odolné)[3], nicméně stejně jako většina jedlí nesnáší znečištění ovzduší. Větve této jedle bývají náchylné na polámání větrem. Jedle nádherná není náročná na světlo, roste ráda ve stínu, v polostínu i na přímém slunci, nemá ráda přílišné sucho. Klima v místech jejího výskytu je tvořeno krátkými, horkými a suchými léty a dlouhými studenými zimami s velkým množstvím sněhu (sníh tvoří 80 % srážek), průměrné roční srážkové úhrny se pohybují mezi 750-1500 mm.
Jedle nádherná roste někdy v monokulturních porostech, častěji však ve společnosti jiných druhů, se kterými tvoří lesy smíšené: s různými druhy borovic Pinus, jedlí ojíněnou, jedlí vznešenou, douglaskou tisolistou, pazeravem sbíhavým, jalovcem Juniperus occidentalis, ve větších výškách pak s jedlí plstnatoplodou a jedlovcem Mertensovým Tsuga mertensiana poddruh grandicona. Z keřů pak s latnatcem Ceanothus cordulatus, medvědicí nevadskou Arctostaphylos nevadensis a dalšími. Jedle nádherná tvoří domov mnoha druhům zvířat, například kuně rybářské, rosomáku sibiřskému, medvědu baribalovi, datlu červenobradému (Sphyrapicus thyroideus), datlu chocholatému (Dryocopus pileatus), puštíku vousatému a mnoha dalším.
Choroby a nepřátelé
Jedle nádherná je občas napadána jedlovým trpasličím jmelím Arceuthobium abietinum poddruh magnificae, které zpomaluje růst stromu, snižuje produkci semen a jejich životaschopnost a oslabuje strom, který je pak náchylnější k dalším patogenům. Strom je někdy napadán bělokazem Scolytus ventralis a je též náchylný k poškození mšicemi a kořenovníkem vrstevnatým (Heterobasidion annosum).
Využití člověkem
Dřevo je lehké, měkké, slušně trvanlivé, ne příliš pevné. Velmi velká výška stromu a rovný kmen dělají ze stromu čím dál používanější zdroj dřeva, nejvíce se používá jako palivo, příležitostně ve stavebnictví, na výrobu překližky, beden, dřevoviny. Též je používán jako vánoční stromek. Pouze vzácně je pěstován jako okrasná dřevina.
Ohrožení
Jedle nádherná není podle organizace IUCN ohrožena, její populace je stabilní, populace stromu je tvořena mnoha jedinci na velkém území. Navíc areál výskytu stromu zahrnuje mnoho slavných národních parků, ve kterých je chráněn. V minulosti byl hodně kácen, což vedlo ke snížení populace, v současnosti vedou zákazy kácení a lepší lesní hospodářství k úspěšné regeneraci jeho populace v mnoha oblastech.
Galerie
Jedle nádherná, samičí šištice - šiška v chráněné oblasti Tahoe National Forest v Kalifornii.
Jedle nádherná, borka na kmenu.
Jedle nádherná v chráněné oblasti Inyo National Forest v Kalifornii (USFS, 1946).
Jedle nádherná, velký starý strom, v přírodní rezervaci Lassen National Forest, v severní Kalifornii.
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
-
↑ http://www.conifers.org/pi/Abies_magnifica.php
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↑ http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abimag/all.html
Externí odkazy
Rod jedle (Abies) Evropa
Afrika
Asie
Amerika
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Jedle nádherná: Brief Summary
(
Checo
)
fornecido por wikipedia CZ
![src=]()
Jedle nádherná, jehličí
Jedle nádherná (Abies magnifica) je mohutný stálezelený jehličnatý strom původem z jihozápadní části Severní Ameriky (od Oregonu po Kalifornii).
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Pracht-Tanne
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Pracht-Tanne (Abies magnifica) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae).
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Abbildung der Pracht-Tanne aus Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, Tafel 8552 (1914)
Habitus
Auf günstigen Standorten wachsen Pracht-Tannen zu eindrucksvollen, immergrünen Bäumen mit Wuchshöhen von 65 bis 70 Meter. Es werden Brusthöhendurchmesser von 2,4 bis 3 Meter erreicht. Exemplare dieser Dimensionen und Alter haben einen astfreien Stamm und eine Krone mit kurzen Ästen und einer abgerundeten Spitze. Während die oberen Äste aufwärts gerichtet sind, hängen die unteren eher etwas herab. Junge Bäume wachsen sehr symmetrisch mit waagerecht abstehenden Ästen. Junge Triebe sind kurz zottig behaart und etwas gefurcht. Auf Grund ihrer Exposition wird die Pracht-Tanne relativ häufig vom Blitz getroffen.
![src=]()
Pracht-Tanne (
Abies magnifica)
Knospen und Nadeln
Die Pracht-Tanne bildet etwa 0,8 Zentimeter lange, eiförmige Knospen aus. Die Knospen haben eine kastanienbraune Färbung und sind am Apex harzig. Die sehr dicht stehenden Nadeln haben einen annähernd viereckigen Querschnitt und sind 2 bis 3,7 Zentimeter lang. Auf allen vier Seiten befinden sich 6 bis 8 Spaltöffnungsreihen. An lichtexponierten Ästen haben die Nadeln eine blaugrüne Färbung und sind aufwärts gekrümmt. Nadeln auf zapfentragenden Ästen sind dicker und mit einer auffälligen Mittelrippe versehen. Die Nadeln bleiben bis zu 10 Jahre am Baum.
Rinde
![src=]()
Borke und Stamm einer Pracht-Tanne, Forstbotanischer Garten,
Grafrath, Oberbayern
In der Jugend ist die Rinde noch dünn und grau, bis sie im Alter die arttypische Rotfärbung annimmt. Die Borke wird am Stammfuß bis zu 12 Zentimeter dick.
Wurzeln
Die Ausformung der Wurzeln hängt stark vom Boden ab. Die Sämlinge bilden eine Pfahlwurzel, die nicht von allen Altbäumen beibehalten wird. Es kommen sowohl Wurzelverwachsungen als auch Mykorrhiza-Symbiosen vor. Einzelheiten dazu fehlen.
Holz
Das relativ leichte, weiche und grobfaserige Holz lässt sich gut bearbeiten. Das Kernholz hebt sich kaum farblich vom Splintholz ab. Die Jahresringe sind gut erkennbar. Harzkanäle fehlen größtenteils.
Physikalische Kennwerte Wert Einheit
Darrdichte (
r 1 2 {displaystyle r_{1}2} 
) 0,34 g/cm³
Druckfestigkeit, senkrecht zur Faser 4,5
MPa Biegefestigkeit 74,4 MPa
Blüten, Zapfen und Samen
Die Pracht-Tanne wird mit etwa 35 bis 40 Jahren geschlechtsreif und blüht von Mai bis Juni. Sie sind einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Männliche Blütenzapfen sind auf einjährigen Zweigen zu finden und haben eine tief purpurrote Färbung; sie sind mit 1,6 Zentimeter relativ klein und wachsen nur auf Zweigunterseiten. Die weiblichen Blütenzapfen befinden sich alle im Bereich der Kronenspitze auf Zweigoberseiten mit grünlicher, zur Deckschuppenspitze hin rötlicher, Färbung. Die Samen reifen im selben Jahr im August. Bei Samenreife sind die Zapfen braun, 15 bis 23 Zentimeter lang und bis 8,5 Zentimeter breit. Von keiner anderen Tannenart werden solche Zapfen-Maße erreicht. Die Zapfenschuppen werden etwa 30 Millimeter lang und 27 Millimeter breit. Die Samen werden Ende September bis Mitte Oktober entlassen. Die relativ großen, dunkelbraunen Samen werden vom Wind verbreitet (Anemochorie). Die Samenflügel sind in etwa gleich lang wie der Samenkörper. Das Tausendkorngewicht liegt bei ca. 70 Gramm, bei var. shastensis etwas niedriger.
Ökologie
Die Pracht-Tanne besiedelt kühl-feuchte bis kalt-feuchte Gebirgslagen. Die Temperatur schwankt in ihren Lebensraum von +29 °C bis −29 °C. Die Niederschläge betragen 750 bis 1.500 Millimeter. Sie ist trocken- und nässeempfindlich. Als optimaler Untergrund werden frische, tiefgründige Böden genannt. Sie wächst auch an steilen Hängen. Die Pracht-Tanne ist keine reine Licht- oder Schattenbaumart. Sie ist eine Pionierart nach Waldbränden.
Verbreitung
Die Pracht-Tanne hat ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet insbesondere auf der Westseite der hohen Sierra Nevada im US-Bundesstaat Kalifornien. Außerdem wächst sie auf den Siskiyou Mountains in Süd-Oregon und auf dem Küstengebirge in Nord-Kalifornien. Weiterhin besteht ein kleiner Streifen des Areals im äußersten Westen Nevadas. Die Pracht-Tanne wächst oft in Reinbeständen auf schneereichen Höhenlagen von 1400 Meter bis 2740 Meter. Sie gilt in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet als die Klimaxbaumart. Planmäßige Anbauten fanden in Mitteleuropa nicht statt. Auch in Sammlungen ist diese Art nur selten zu finden.
Schädlinge
Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung haben vor allem Fällungs- und Rückeschäden, denn sie werden oft Infektionsort von Holzzerstörern und Wurzelparasiten. Ansonsten ist sie recht unempfindlich auf abiotische Schäden.
Weit verbreitet ist der Befall der Zwergmistel und der Erreger des Tannenkrebses. Unter den Schadinsekten sind einige Zapfenschädlinge von Belang, weit größeren Schaden verursacht jedoch der Tannensplintkäfer (Scolytus ventralis), ein Borkenkäfer. Mitunter reduzieren Ziesel nicht nur die Verjüngung, sondern können auch das Wurzelsystem älterer Bäume erheblich schädigen.
Nutzung
Da das Holz wenig dauerhaft ist, wird es nur nach Behandlung mit Holzschutzmittel verbaut. Auf dem Markt spielt das Holz der Pracht-Tanne keine bedeutende Rolle, da es wegen der oft nur schwer zugänglichen Wuchsorte nie in großen Mengen anfällt. Verwendung findet es vor allem als Brennmaterial und als Sperrholz. Früher wurde es als Grubenholz genutzt.
Die Pracht-Tanne ist in Kalifornien ein sehr beliebter Christbaum. Die Borke alter Stämme wird gerne im Lagerfeuer verbrannt, da sie sich wie glühende Kohle verhält.
Systematik
Abies magnifica wird in drei Varietäten unterteilt:[1]
-
Abies magnifica var. critchfieldii Lanner: Sie kommt im zentralen Kalifornien vor.[1]
-
Abies magnifica var. magnifica (Syn.: Abies campylocarpa A.Murray bis), die Nominatform; sie kommt vom südwestlichen Oregon bis Kalifornien und dem westliche Nevada vor.[1]
-
Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemmon (Syn.: Abies shastensis (Lemmon) Lemmon), unterscheidet sich von der Nominatform anhand der Zapfen die relativ lange, gelbe Deckschuppen aufweisen. Sie kommt vom südwestlichen Oregon bis ins nordwestliche Kalifornien vor.[1]
Quellen
- Peter Schütt, Ulla Lang: Abies magnifica. In: Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Verbreitung – Beschreibung – Ökologie – Nutzung; die große Enzyklopädie. Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 51–57.
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Christopher J. Earle: Abies magnifica. In: The Gymnosperm Database. 22. Januar 2011, abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2011 (englisch).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Abies. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 9. April 2019.
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Pracht-Tanne: Brief Summary
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Pracht-Tanne (Abies magnifica) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae).
- licença
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- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Abies magnifica
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Abies magnifica, the red fir or silvertip fir, is a western North American fir, native to the mountains of southwest Oregon and California in the United States. It is a high-elevation tree, typically occurring at 1,400–2,700 metres (4,600–8,900 ft) elevation, though only rarely reaching tree line. The name red fir derives from the bark color of old trees.
Description
Abies magnifica is a large evergreen tree typically up to 40–60 metres (130–200 ft) tall and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) trunk diameter, rarely to 76.5 m (251 ft) tall and 3 m (9 ft 10 in) diameter, with a narrow conic crown. The bark on young trees is smooth, grey, and has resin blisters, becoming orange-red, rough and fissured on old trees. The leaves are needle-like, 2–3.5 centimetres (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long, glaucous blue-green above and below with strong stomatal bands, and an acute tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but twisted slightly S-shaped to be upcurved above the shoot.
The cones are erect, 9–21 cm (3+1⁄2–8+1⁄4 in) long, yellow-green (occasionally purple), ripening brown and disintegrating to release the winged seeds in fall.
Abies magnifica: Cones stand upright on branches
Abies magnifica: Needle-like leaves bend upward
Varieties
There are two, perhaps three varieties:
-
Abies magnifica var. magnifica, red fir – cones 14–21 cm (5+1⁄2–8+1⁄4 in) long, bract scales short, not visible on the closed cones. Most of the species' range, primarily in the Sierra Nevada.
-
Abies magnifica var. shastensis, Shasta red fir – cones 14–21 cm (5+1⁄2–8+1⁄4 in) long, bract scales longer, visible on the closed cone; bark 10–15 cm (4–6 in) thick. The northwest of the species' range, in southwest Oregon and Shasta, Siskiyou[2] and Trinity Counties in northwest California.
-
A. magnifica on the eastern slopes of southern Sierra Nevada – possibly a third variety, have not been formally named, also having long bracts, and additionally have smaller cones, 9–15 cm (3+1⁄2–6 in) long.
Related
Red fir is very closely related to Abies procera (noble fir), which replaces it further north in the Cascade Range. They are best distinguished by the leaves; noble fir leaves have a groove along the midrib on the upper side, while red fir does not show this. Red fir also tends to have the leaves less closely packed, with the shoot bark visible between the leaves, whereas the shoot is largely hidden in noble fir. Shasta red fir hybridizes with noble fir, with which it is both chemically and microscopically similar;[2] some botanists treat the former as a natural hybrid between red and noble fir.
First recording
This tree was first recorded by William Lobb on his expedition to California of 1849–1853, having been overlooked previously by David Douglas.[3]
Uses
The wood is used for general structural purposes and paper manufacture. It is also a popular Christmas tree.
Paiute peoples used the foliage of Shasta red fir (or perhaps noble fir) to treat coughs and colds.[2]
See also
References
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Abies magnifica: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Abies magnifica, the red fir or silvertip fir, is a western North American fir, native to the mountains of southwest Oregon and California in the United States. It is a high-elevation tree, typically occurring at 1,400–2,700 metres (4,600–8,900 ft) elevation, though only rarely reaching tree line. The name red fir derives from the bark color of old trees.
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Abies magnifica
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Abies magnifica, el abeto rojo de California[2] o, simplemente, abeto rojo, es una especie de conífera, nativa de las montañas sudoccidentales de Oregón y California en Estados Unidos.
Descripción
Es un gran árbol perenne que puede alcanzar los 40-60 m de altura (raramente llega a los 76 m) y su tronco los 2 m de diámetro, (raramente 3 m), con estrecha copa cónica. La corteza de los árboles jóvenes es suave, gris y surcada de burbujas de resina, tornándose con la edad de color anaranjado rojiza, rugosa y con fisuras. Las hojas, en forma de aguja y terminadas en una punta aguda, miden de 2 a 3,5 cm de longitud, son glaucas y de color azul verdoso con marcados estomas. Se disponen en espiral a lo largo de los tallos, pero ligeramente giradas en forma de "S" hasta formar una curva inclinada hacia arriba en el ápice del brote. Las piñas son erectas de 9-21 cm de longitud de color amarillo verdoso (ocasionalmente púrpuras), tornándose marrones antes de deshacerse en otoño para liberar las semillas aladas.
Hábitat
Es un árbol de grandes altitudes, típicamente se desarrolla a 1400-2700 msnm, aunque raramente alcanza la línea arbolada. El nombre común "abeto rojo" deriva del color de la corteza en los árboles viejos.
Variedades
Hay dos, tal vez tres, variwdades:
-
Abies magnifica var. magnifica, (Abeto rojo) con piñas de 14-21 cm. con bráctea de piña pequeñas, no visibles en las piñas cerradas. La mayor parte de ejemplares viven en la Sierra Nevada americana.
-
Abies magnifica var. shastensis, (Abeto rojo Shasta) con piñas de tamaño similar y escamas de piña más largas y visibles en piñas cerradas. La especie más norteña se asienta en el sudoeste de Oregón y Shasta, Siskiyou y el condado de Trinidad en el noroeste de California.
- A. magnifica en las laderas orientales dels suroeste de Sierra Nevada, podría considerarse una tercera variedad todavía en vías de consideración como tal. Tiene las brácteas del cono también largas y las piñas son bastante más pequeñas (9-15 cm).
El abeto rojo (Abies magnifica var. magnifica) es una especia muy próxima al abeto noble (Abies procera), al que reemplaza en las zonas al norte de la Cordillera de las Cascadas. Tienen hojas muy diferentes entre sí: el abeto noble posee una muesca acanalada en la parte superior de la aguja foliar, que el Abeto rojo no tiene. El abeto rojo, además, tiene las hojas menos compactadas, con el brote de corteza entre las hojas bien visible, mientras que en el Abeto noble queda más oculto. Muchos botánicos sostienen que Abies magnifica var. shastensis es un híbrido entre el abeto rojo y el abeto noble.
Taxonomía
Abies magnifica fue descrita por A.Murray y publicado en Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society of London 3: 318. 1863.[3]
- Etimología
Abies: nombre genérico que viene del nombre latino de Abies alba.[4]
magnifica: epíteto latino que significa "magnifica".[5]
- Sinonimia
-
Abies amabilis var. magnifica (A.Murray bis) Lavallée
-
Abies campylocarpa A.Murray bis
-
Abies nobilis var. magnifica (A.Murray bis) Kellogg
-
Picea magnifica (A.Murray bis) Gordon
-
Pinus campylocarpa (A.Murray bis) Voss
-
Pinus magnifica (A.Murray bis) W.R.McNab
-
Pinus nobilis var. magnifica (A.Murray bis) Voss
-
Pseudotsuga magnifica (A.Murray bis) W.R.McNab[6][7]
Referencias
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
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- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Abies magnifica: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Abies magnifica, el abeto rojo de California o, simplemente, abeto rojo, es una especie de conífera, nativa de las montañas sudoccidentales de Oregón y California en Estados Unidos.
![src=]()
Vista de la planta
![src=]()
Vista del árbol
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Komeapihta
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Komeapihta (Abies magnifica) on pihtojen sukuun kuuluva havupuu. Lajia esiintyy Yhdysvaltojen länsirannikolla Oregonin ja Kalifornian vuoristoissa.
Laji kasvaa yleensä 40–60 metriä korkeaksi, rungon halkaisijan ollessa 2 metriä. Komeapihta on korkealla viihtyvä puu ja sitä esiintyy 1 400–2 700 metrin korkeudella. Nuorten puiden kaarna on pehmeää, väriltään harmaata ja muuttuu pihkarakkuloiden seurauksena vanhojen puiden oranssinpunaiseksi, karkeaksi ja halkeilleeksi. Neulaset ovat 2–3,5 senttiä pitkiä, väriltään sinivihreitä.[2]
Komeapihta on hyvin läheinen aitopihdan (Abies procera) kanssa.
Lajia käytetään puutavaraksi ja paperiteollisuuden raaka-aineena. Se on suosittu joulukuusena.[3]
Lähteet
-
↑ Abies magnifica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
-
↑ Factsheet Virginia Tech (englanniksi)
-
↑ Laacke R.J. California Red Fir USDA forest service Northeast area
Aiheesta muualla
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Komeapihta: Brief Summary
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Komeapihta (Abies magnifica) on pihtojen sukuun kuuluva havupuu. Lajia esiintyy Yhdysvaltojen länsirannikolla Oregonin ja Kalifornian vuoristoissa.
Laji kasvaa yleensä 40–60 metriä korkeaksi, rungon halkaisijan ollessa 2 metriä. Komeapihta on korkealla viihtyvä puu ja sitä esiintyy 1 400–2 700 metrin korkeudella. Nuorten puiden kaarna on pehmeää, väriltään harmaata ja muuttuu pihkarakkuloiden seurauksena vanhojen puiden oranssinpunaiseksi, karkeaksi ja halkeilleeksi. Neulaset ovat 2–3,5 senttiä pitkiä, väriltään sinivihreitä.
Komeapihta on hyvin läheinen aitopihdan (Abies procera) kanssa.
Lajia käytetään puutavaraksi ja paperiteollisuuden raaka-aineena. Se on suosittu joulukuusena.
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Sapin rouge
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Abies magnifica
Le sapin rouge (Abies magnifica) est un conifère qui pousse dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord et qui vient des montagnes du sud-ouest de l'Oregon et de la Californie aux États-Unis. Il s'agit d'un arbre à feuilles persistantes qui s'élève à 40/60 mètres de hauteur et dont le tronc mesure environ deux mètres de diamètre. Les individus les plus grands mesurent jusqu'à 76 mètres. Les aiguilles mesurent 2 à 3,5 cm de long. Les cônes poussent verticalement et mesurent entre 9 et 21 cm.
La sapin rouge pousse dans les milieux de haute altitude, généralement entre 1 400 et 2 700 mètres. Son nom provient de la couleur que prend le tronc lorsque l'arbre vieillit.
On distingue deux ou trois variétés :
- Abies magnifica var. magnifica
- Abies magnifica var. shastensis
Le sapin rouge ressemble beaucoup au sapin noble (Abies procera), que l'on trouve plus au nord, dans la chaîne des Cascades par exemple.
![src=]()
Le tronc rouge d'
Abies magnifica
Voir aussi
Notes et références
-
(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
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Sapin rouge: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Abies magnifica
Le sapin rouge (Abies magnifica) est un conifère qui pousse dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord et qui vient des montagnes du sud-ouest de l'Oregon et de la Californie aux États-Unis. Il s'agit d'un arbre à feuilles persistantes qui s'élève à 40/60 mètres de hauteur et dont le tronc mesure environ deux mètres de diamètre. Les individus les plus grands mesurent jusqu'à 76 mètres. Les aiguilles mesurent 2 à 3,5 cm de long. Les cônes poussent verticalement et mesurent entre 9 et 21 cm.
La sapin rouge pousse dans les milieux de haute altitude, généralement entre 1 400 et 2 700 mètres. Son nom provient de la couleur que prend le tronc lorsque l'arbre vieillit.
On distingue deux ou trois variétés :
Abies magnifica var. magnifica Abies magnifica var. shastensis
Le sapin rouge ressemble beaucoup au sapin noble (Abies procera), que l'on trouve plus au nord, dans la chaîne des Cascades par exemple.
![src=]()
Le tronc rouge d'Abies magnifica
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Abies magnifica
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
L'abete rosso della California (Abies magnifica A.Murray bis) è un albero della famiglia delle Pinaceae endemico della California, del Nevada e dell’Oregon.[1]
Etimologia
Il nome generico Abies, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dalla parola greca ἄβιος = longevo.[2] Il nome specifico magnifica è riferito al portamento imponente.[3]
Descrizione
Portamento
L'abete rosso della California può raggiungere i 77 m di altezza, con tronco fino a quasi 3 m di circonferenza, a portamento conico tendente a divenire cilindrico e irregolare con l’età. I rami secondari sono di color giallo-chiaro con pubescenze rossastre, disposti in maniera opposta, verticillati.[4]
Foglie
Sono lunghe 0,6-4 cm, aghiformi, con punta arrotondata, di colore blu-verde o blu-argentato sulla faccia superiore, divisa da una banda glauca con stomi disposti su circa 10 linee; la faccia inferiore ha due bande glauche con stomi su 4-5 linee per banda. Emanano un particolare profumo simile a quello della canfora. Le piccole gemme sono ovoidali, rosse-marroni, con perule basali corte, larghe e ricoperte di peli.[4]
Fiori
Gli strobili maschili a maturazione sono purpurei o marroni-rossastri.[4]
Frutti
Sono coni oblunghi-cilindrici, purpurei tendenti al marrone a maturazione, sessili e con punta arrotondata, lunghi 14-23 cm e larghi 6-9 cm, con scaglie pubescenti lunghe 3-4 cm. I semi sono marroni-rossastri, lunghi 15 mm; a germinazione, sviluppano 7-8 cotiledoni.[4]
Corteccia
Grigia e liscia da giovane, resinosa, con il passare degli anni si inspessisce, divenendo color rosso-marrone e profondamente solcata.[4]
Distribuzione e habitat
Cresce a quote comprese tra i 1.400 e i 2.700 m, su suoli granitici (Sierra Nevada) o basaltici (Catena delle Cascate) in California, Nevada occidentale e Oregon. Il clima di riferimento è caratterizzato da una breve, calda e secca stagione estiva e da inverni lunghi, freddi e molto nevosi, con precipitazioni annue comprese tra 750 e 1.500 mm. Può crescere in foreste pure, ma pù frequentemente miste in associazione con Abies concolor , Abies procera, Pseudotsuga menziesii , Calocedrus decurrens, Juniperus occidentalis, Abies lasiocarpa , Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus spp., e vari arbusti come Ceanothus cordulatus, Chrysolepis sempervirens e Arctostaphylos nevadensis .[1]
Tassonomia
Sono accettate due varietà:[5]
Usi
È una specie di grandi dimensioni, con una resa di legno per ettaro importante, e pertanto ha una grande valenza economica; il suo legno viene utilizzato in edilizia e nella produzione di compensati. Poche sono le cultivar disponibili, anche se viene talvolta coltivata per la produzione e vendita di alberi di Natale.[3]
Conservazione
Viene classificata come specie a rischio minimo di estinzione nella Lista rossa IUCN, per il suo areale molto vasto e l’assenza di evidenze di declino della sua popolazione.[1]
Galleria d'immagini
Foresta di abeti rossi della California
Note
-
^ a b c d (EN) Farjon, A. 2013., Abies magnifica, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
-
^ Pier Luigi Nimis, Nevio Agostini, Marco Verdecchia e Elias Ceccarelli, Guida agli alberi del Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (PDF), su Dryades project Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Trieste, Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi. URL consultato il 28 marzo 2019.
-
^ a b (EN) Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.), Brill, 2010, pp. 99-100. URL consultato il 28 marzo 2019.
-
^ a b c d e (EN) Abies magnifica, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 28 marzo 2019.
-
^ (EN) Abies magnifica A.Murray bis, in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 29/4/2020.
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Abies magnifica: Brief Summary
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
L'abete rosso della California (Abies magnifica A.Murray bis) è un albero della famiglia delle Pinaceae endemico della California, del Nevada e dell’Oregon.
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Praktedelgran
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Praktedelgran (Abies magnifica) er et bartre i furufamilien som vokser i vestlige USA.
Den blir opptil 77 m høy med en stammediameter på 295 cm. Krona er svært symmetrisk kjegleformet på unge trær, men blir mer søyleformet og uregelmessig på eldre trær. Praktedelgran er nært beslektet med og ligner mye på nobelgran (Abies procera), som overtar lenger nord i Kaskadefjellene. Barken er mørkebrun eller rødbrun med mange svarte greinarr. Konglene er 15–20 cm lange og 7–10 cm brede.[1][2][3]
Praktedelgran vokser kun i høytliggende fjellstrøk. Den er utbredt i de sørlige Kaskadefjellene i Oregon og i de nordlige kystfjellene og Sierra Nevada i California. Den vokser også ett sted i Nevada. I sørlige Sierra Nevada finnes den opp til 2740 moh. Trevirket brukes til bygningsmateriale og kryssfinér. Praktedelgran er et populært juletre, men ganske kostbart ettersom det tar lang tid å dyrke.[4]
Trærne i Oregon og nordlige California regnes til Abies magnifica var. shastensis. De er en overgangform mellom nobelgran og praktedelgran og har kanskje oppstått som en hybrid.[2]
Referanser
Eksterne lenker
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Praktedelgran: Brief Summary
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Praktedelgran (Abies magnifica) er et bartre i furufamilien som vokser i vestlige USA.
Den blir opptil 77 m høy med en stammediameter på 295 cm. Krona er svært symmetrisk kjegleformet på unge trær, men blir mer søyleformet og uregelmessig på eldre trær. Praktedelgran er nært beslektet med og ligner mye på nobelgran (Abies procera), som overtar lenger nord i Kaskadefjellene. Barken er mørkebrun eller rødbrun med mange svarte greinarr. Konglene er 15–20 cm lange og 7–10 cm brede.
Praktedelgran vokser kun i høytliggende fjellstrøk. Den er utbredt i de sørlige Kaskadefjellene i Oregon og i de nordlige kystfjellene og Sierra Nevada i California. Den vokser også ett sted i Nevada. I sørlige Sierra Nevada finnes den opp til 2740 moh. Trevirket brukes til bygningsmateriale og kryssfinér. Praktedelgran er et populært juletre, men ganske kostbart ettersom det tar lang tid å dyrke.
Trærne i Oregon og nordlige California regnes til Abies magnifica var. shastensis. De er en overgangform mellom nobelgran og praktedelgran og har kanskje oppstått som en hybrid.
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Jodła wspaniała
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Jodła wspaniała (Abies magnifica A. Murray) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje w Górach Kaskadowych, masywie Shasta oraz w paśmie Sierra Nevada na terenie Ameryki Północnej w Stanach Zjednoczonych[5].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Stożkowe, wąskie drzewo dorastające 40 m wysokości. Krótkie, regularne gałęzie nadają mu symetryczny wygląd[5].
- Kora
- Gruba, pokryta głębokimi bruzdami o czerwonawym zabarwieniu[5].
- Liście
- Szarozielone igły o długości 3,5 cm. W przekroju niemal koliste, wygięte pałąkowato do góry. Wyrastają w rozmaitych kierunkach. Po obu stronach widoczne delikatne paski[5].
- Kwiaty
-
Kwiaty męskie są purpurowo-czerwone[5], umiejscowione na zakończeniach pędów. Kwiaty żeńskie wyrastają tylko w pobliżu wierzchołka drzewa[5].
- Szyszki
- Wyprostowane, gładkie, złocistozielone, sterczące dorastające do 20 cm długości[5].
Biologia i ekologia
Fanerofit. Roślina jednopienna, wiatropylna. Rośnie w lasach iglastych na wysokości 1400 - 2700 m n.p.m[6].
Przypisy
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Jodła wspaniała: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Jodła wspaniała (Abies magnifica A. Murray) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje w Górach Kaskadowych, masywie Shasta oraz w paśmie Sierra Nevada na terenie Ameryki Północnej w Stanach Zjednoczonych.
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Praktgran
(
Sueco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SV
Praktgran (Abies magnifica) prydnadsgran i ädelgranssläktet. Dess naturliga utbredningsområde är nordvästra USA och Kalifornien.
![src=]()
Kotte och lite kvist med barr
Externa länkar
-
-
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Praktgran.
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Praktgran: Brief Summary
(
Sueco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SV
Praktgran (Abies magnifica) prydnadsgran i ädelgranssläktet. Dess naturliga utbredningsområde är nordvästra USA och Kalifornien.
![src=]()
Kotte och lite kvist med barr
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Ялиця прекрасна
(
Ucraniano
)
fornecido por wikipedia UK
Морфологічна характеристика
Дерево заввишки до 57 м, товщина стовбура до 250 см. Крона вузька конусоподібна. Кора сірувата, тонка, з віком товщає і має глибокі тріщини і нарости, які часто в 4 рази ширші, ніж тріщини; пластинки червонуваті. Гілки у верхній частині крони направлені вгору, в ніжней — вниз; гілочки другого порядку розташовані супротивно або мутовчато, ясно-жовті або жовтувато-коричневі, протягом перших 1-2 років мають червонувате опушування.
Бруньки зовнішні або приховані в листі, зазвичай темно-коричневі, яйцевидні, маленькі, не смолянисті або з крапелькою смоли на кінці, на кінці закруглені; основні луски короткі, широкі, рівномірно-трикутні, густо опушені, не смолянисті, краї цельнокрайниє або городчатиє, на закінченні гострі. Листя (хвоя) завдовжки 2-3,7 см, завтовшки 2 мм, переважно однорядні, гнучкі, пахнуть камфорой; у середній частині часто притиснуті до гілочки на 2-3 мм, на кінцях відходять; у поперечному перетині плоскі або у плодовитих гілок у вигляді трапеції. На нижній частині листа видно дві сірувато-зелені смужки, кожна з 4-5 продиховими лініями. Верхня частина листа варіює від синій-зеленого до сріблясто-сірого кольору, має одну сірувато-зелену смугу, іноді роздвоєну ближче до верхівки. Смуга має 10, рідше за 8-13 устячкових лінії в середині листка. На кінці листя закруглене, або на плодовитих гілках декілька загострені; біля країв і нижнього шару епідермісу має смолянисті бороздки.
Чоловічі шишки під час запилення фіолетові або червонувато-коричневі. Жіночі шишки яйцевидно-циліндрові, завдовжки 15-20 см, завтовшки 7-10 см; на початку фіолетові, потім жовтувато- або зеленувато-коричневі, бесчерешковиє, на кінці округлі. Луски шишок 3 x 4 см, пухнасті; мають притиснуті або виступаючі приквітки, що обволікають луски. Насіння 15 мм завдовжки, 6 мм завширшки, темно-червонувато-коричневі, мають крило, по довжині порівнянне з сім'ям; насінневих бруньок 7-8.
Відмінність від схожих видів
Ялиця прекрасна схожа з ялицею благородною (A. procera), яка змінює її на північ від Каскадних гір. Розрізнити їх можна по будові листя: у ялиці благородної листя у верхній частині крони має подовжню канавку в середній частині, тоді як у ялиці прекрасною вона відсутня. У ялиці прекрасної листя як правило розташоване менш близько один від одного.
Розповсюдження
У природі ялиця прекрасна росте на заході США, в горах південного заходу Орегона, Невади і Каліфорнії на висоті 1400—2700 м над рівнем моря в змішаних хвойних лісах.
Галерея
Примітки
Посилання
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Abies magnifica
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Abies magnifica là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được A.Murray bis miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1863.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Abies magnifica: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Abies magnifica là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được A.Murray bis miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1863.
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Пихта великолепная
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Пихта великолепная
Международное научное название
Abies magnifica A. Murray, 1863
Ареал 
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на ВикивидахИзображения
на Викискладе ITIS 181834NCBI 3320EOL 1061727IPNI 325664-2TPL kew-2609941 Пи́хта великоле́пная[1] (лат. Ábies magnífica) — дерево; вид рода Пихта семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
Описание
Дерево высотой до 57 м, толщина ствола до 250 см Крона узкая конусообразная. Кора сероватая, тонкая, с возрастом утолщается и имеет глубокие трещины и наросты, которые часто в 4 раза более широкие, чем трещины; пластинки красноватые. Ветви в верхней части кроны направлены вверх, в нижней — вниз; веточки расположены супротивно либо мутовчато, светло-жёлтые либо желтовато-коричневые, в течение первых 1-2 лет имеют красноватое опушение.
Почки наружные либо скрыты в листьях, обычно тёмно-коричневые, яйцевидные, маленькие, не смолистые либо с капелькой смолы на конце, на конце закруглённые; основные чешуйки короткие, широкие, равномерно-треугольные, густо опушённые, не смолистые, края цельнокрайные либо городчатые, на окончании острые. Листья (хвоя) длиной 2-3.7 см, толщиной 2 мм, большей частью однорядные, гибкие, пахнут камфорой; в средней части часто прижаты к веточке на 2-3 мм, на концах отходят; в поперечном сечении плоские либо у плодовитых веток в виде трапеции. На нижней части листа видны две серовато-зелёные полоски, каждая с 4-5 устьичными линиями. Верхняя часть листа варьирует от сине-зелёного до серебристо-синего цвета, имеет одну серовато-зелёную полосу, иногда раздвоенную ближе к макушке. Полоса имеет 10, реже 8-13 устьичных линий в середине листа. На конце листья закруглённые, либо на плодовитых ветках несколько заострённые; возле краёв и нижнего эпидермического слоя имеют смолистые канавки.
Мужские шишки во время опыления фиолетовые либо красновато-коричневые. Женские шишки яйцевидно-цилиндрические, длиной 15-20 см, толщиной 7-10 см; в начале фиолетовые, затем желтовато- либо зеленовато-коричневые, бесчерешковые, на конце округлые. Чешуйки шишек 3 Х 4 см, пушистые; имеют прижатые либо выступающие прицветники, обволакивающие чешуйки. Семена 15 мм длиной, 6 мм шириной, тёмно-красновато-коричневые, имеют крыло, по длине сравнимое с семенем; семяпочек 7-8.
Отличие от схожих видов
Пихта великолепная схожа с пихтой благородной (Abies procera), которая сменяет её на север от Каскадных гор. Различить их можно по строению листьев: у пихты благородной листья в верхней имеют продольную канавку в средней части, тогда как у пихты великолепной она отсутствует. У пихты великолепной листья как правило расположены менее близко друг от друга.
Распространение
В природе пихта великолепная растёт на западе США, в горах юго-запада Орегона, Невады и Калифорнии на высоте 1400—2700 м над уровнем моря в смешанных хвойных лесах.
Галерея
Примечания
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↑ Крылов Г. В., Марадудин И. И., Михеев Н. И., Козакова Н. Ф. Пихта. — Агропромиздат. — М., 1986. — 239 с.
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Пихта великолепная: Brief Summary
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Russo
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fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Пи́хта великоле́пная (лат. Ábies magnífica) — дерево; вид рода Пихта семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
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