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Imagem de Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.
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Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Some (e.g., B.F. Jacobs et al. 1984) have argued that Fraser fir is at the end of a disjunct cline of balsam fir and perhaps does not deserve separate specific status. A.E. Matzenko (1968) took the opposite view, classifying Fraser fir and balsam fir in different taxonomic series of the genus.
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direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Trees to 25m; trunk to 0.75m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, with age developing appressed reddish scales at trunk base. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles; twigs opposite, pale yellow-brown, pubescence reddish. Buds exposed, light brown, conic, small, resinous, apex acute; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, glabrous, resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.2--2.5cm × 1.5--2mm, 2-ranked, particularly in lower parts of tree, to spiraled, flexible; cross section flat, grooved adaxially; odor turpentinelike, strong; abaxial surface with (8--)10(--12) stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface dark lustrous green, sometimes slightly glaucous, with 0--3 stomatal rows at midleaf, these more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers. Pollen cones at pollination reddish yellow or yellowish green. Seed cones cylindric, 3.5--6 ´ 2.5--4cm, dark purple overlaid with yellowish green bracts, sessile, apex round; scales ca. 0.7--1 ´ 1--1.3cm, pubescent; bracts exserted and reflexed over cone scales. Seeds 4--5 ´ 2--3mm, body brown; wing about as long as body, purple; cotyledons ca. 5. 2 n =24.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Habitat & Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Mountain forests; of conservation concern; 1500m; N.C., Tenn., Va.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Synonym ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Pinus fraseri Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 639. 1814
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
Abies fraseri, Fraser fir, also called southern balsam fir and she-balsam, is an evergreen, coniferous, small- to medium-sized tree in the Pinaceae (pine) family. It is the only fir endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains, where it is restricted to high elevations in southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. Because of the high elevation at which Fraser fir grows, its primary value is for watershed protection and scenic attraction. Extensive stands of Fraser fir have been damaged by the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae), which was first was discovered in North Carolina in 1957 and has since spread to all areas of Fraser fir. Mortality progressed rapidly from 11,000 trees in 1958 to about 1.75 million by 1970. Fir mortality has been extensive in all areas except Mount Rogers in Virginia. Adelgids attack branches, twigs, nodes, and bud bases of fir, but stem attack is the predominant form of infestation. Death usually follows 2 to 5 years after infestation of the bole because of direct translocation impairment. Trees weakened by adelgids are often attacked and further damaged by bark beetles, wood wasps, and other wood-boring insects, which also may introduce fungal pathogens. Incidence of root rot caused by Armillaria mellea was shown to increase with increasing severity of adelgid damage. Damaged and weakened trees are also more susceptible to windthrow and top breakage. Mortality from adelgids and associated damage agents has been estimated at 80% across the tree’s range. Due to this precipitous decline, Fraser fir now appear on the Federal Endangered Species Act list of species of concern, is listed as vulnerable on IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) Red List, is categorized as threatened in Tennessee, and is on the watch list/declining in North Carolina. It is not clear whether the species can recover. Although openings created by adelgid kill usually contain numerous fir seedlings, it is not yet known whether these, too, will be attacked when they reach maturity. Unless new methods of adelgid control are found, the status of Fraser fir in natural stands is extremely uncertain. The remaining stands of Fraser fir have very limited commercial value. However, their location in the cool climate of the loftiest peaks and ridges makes them extremely valuable for watershed protection, as they hold the shallow soil to the steep wet slopes. They are also a unique scenic attraction in a region of growing recreational appeal. Growing and harvesting this species for Christmas trees and boughs is a multimillion-dollar business in the southern Appalachians. Because of its thick green foliage, beautiful shape, fragrance, and needles that are retained unusually well, Fraser fir is unequaled as a Christmas tree, and has frequently been used as the official White House Christmas tree for the President of the U.S. It is also used widely as an ornamental yard tree. Fraser fir seeds and terminal buds are eaten extensively by the red squirrel and other mammals. Various songbird species eat the seeds. (Beck 1990)
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citação bibliográfica
Beck, D.E. <i>Abies fraseri</i> (Pursh) Poir. In Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, tech. coords. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
autor
Jacqueline Courteau (Jacqueline Courteau)
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Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fraser fir
Fraser's fir
balsam Fraser fir
southern balsam fir
southern fir
she-balsam
balsam
eastern fir
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Fraser fir is a native, evergreen coniferous tree. It is small to
medium sized; the largest on record is 87 feet (26.5 m) tall and 34
inches (86 cm) d.b.h. The usual range is from 50 to 60 feet (15-18 m)
tall and less than 12 inches (30 cm) d.b.h. Average age at death is 150
years [2].

Fraser fir is very shallow rooted [2]. The bark is nearly smooth, with
blisters containing an oleoresin; the bark becomes more scaly on older
trunks. Pollen cones are usually less than 0.4 inch (1 cm) in length,
ovulate cones are 1.6 to 2.2 inches (4-5.5 cm) long [23].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fraser fir is restricted to disjunct populations at higher elevations in
the southern Appalachian Mountains of southwestern Virginia, western
North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee [2].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, forest, fuel, wildfire

Fraser fir occurs in habitats that are rarely subject to wildfire.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that forest fires often stop when they reach
the spruce-fir forest boundary [26]. In the southern Appalachians, fuel
moistures and humidity are usually high, and therefore fires are not
intense or widespread [26,29].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, frequency

Fraser fir occurs in a cool-temperate, rain-forest climate with a
well-distributed mean annual precipitation ranging from 75 to 100 inches
(1,900-2,540 mm). Fog is present for 65 percent or more of the growing
season, actual moisture levels are therefore higher than measured
precipitation indicates [2].

Fraser fir occurs on soils with a wide variation in color, depth, and
amount of organic matter; they are usually shallow and rocky, and
bedrock is within 20 to 32 inches of the mineral soil [2]. At upper
elevations where dense and stagnant stands have formed, soils are
usually podsolic and highly acidic. In a spruce-fir forest at 6,500
feet (1,980 m) in elevation, soil pH was 3.6 at the surface and 3.8 6
inches (15 cm) below the surface [4].

Fraser fir generally occurs at elevations ranging from 5,500 feet (1,676
m) to 6,684 feet (2,037 m). It may occur as low as 4,500 feet (1,372 m)
on north slopes and protected coves. At lower elevations, Fraser fir is
a minor component in spruce-fir forests; it increases in frequency with
altitude [2,3,5].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

17 Pin cherry
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
32 Red spruce
34 Red spruce - Fraser fir
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES11 Spruce - fir
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fraser fir is probably easily killed by fire [9]. No specific
information on the intensity of fire needed to kill Fraser fir is
available.
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The red squirrel eats the seeds and the terminal buds of Fraser fir [2].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, codominant, density, forest, relative density, shrub

At the highest elevations Fraser fir forms nearly pure stands; American
mountain ash (Sorbus americana) is usually its only canopy associate.
At mid- and lower elevations Fraser fir occurs with eastern hemlock
(Tsuga canadensis), yellow buckeye (Aesculus octandra), and sugar maple
(Acer saccharum). Mountain maple (A. spicatum), striped maple (A.
pensylvanicum), and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp) are common understory
associates. Shrub associates include hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium),
witherod (V. cassinoides), redberry elder (Sambucus pubens), southern
mountain cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum), catawba rhodendron
(Rhodendron catawbiense), and smooth blackberry (Rubus canadensis)
[2,21]. In red spruce-Fraser fir forests, Fraser fir typically makes up
10 to 70 percent of the relative basal area and from 20 to 90 percent of
the relative density [3].

Publications that name Fraser fir as a dominant or codominant species in
forest classifications include the following:

Ground vegetation patterns of the spruce-fir area of the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park [7]
Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains [30]
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cone, natural, presence, selection, tree

Harvest methods that are recommended for Fraser fir include shelterwood
or group selection; single tree selection may also be feasible [2].

Fraser fir is subject to windthrow [2].

Diseases and infesting agents of Fraser fir include various heart rots,
root rots, and the twospotted spider mite. The worst problem, however,
is the introduced balsam woolly adelgid, which weakens trees and makes
them more susceptible to attack by other agents [2]. Infestation by
balsam woolly adelgid was first noted in North Carolina in 1957.
Extensive mortality caused by balsam woolly adelgid infestations has
been noted since the 1960's; a large number of mature Fraser fir have
died as a result of this infestation. Many seedlings and saplings have
been killed or growth suppressed [10], although young Fraser fir have
not been found to support reproducing adults (early instar stages only)
[22]. Dominance of red spruce and birch (Betula spp.) increases in
spruce-fir stands in North Carolina that have been damaged by this pest
[8]. The continuing presence of Fraser fir in natural forests will
depend on a complex of survival, growth, and new reproduction. Current
seedlings will need to survive infestations, compete with a dense
understory of smooth blackberry, and reach reproductive age and height.
At present, seedlings are infested but appear to be overcoming the
effects. Smooth blackberry reduces the early survival of Fraser fir
seedlings, and decreases the number of suitable microsites for seedling
establishment [22].

In some areas high levels of fir recruitment occur after balsam woolly
adelgid infestations [8].

Nitrogen fertilizers may enhance cone production. One study determined
that although nitrogen does appear to increase cone production, it is
usually not the limiting nutrient; phosphorus and magnesium are the most
limiting to cone yield [1].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
NC TN VA
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The primary value of Fraser fir is for watershed protection and scenic
attraction. Fraser fir is also grown for Christmas trees and is planted
as an ornamental [2].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Compared with other species used as ornamentals, Fraser fir is ranked
low in preference for white-tailed deer [6].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: cone, seed

Fraser fir cones open in mid-May to early June. Cones ripen from
September to mid-October, and seed dispersal follows maturation [2].
Reproductive bud differentiation coincides with rapid vegetative growth
and cone development [1].
licença
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, density, forest, formation, heath, tree

In 1955, an escaped campfire burned approximately one acre of red
spruce-Fraser fir forest in the Plott Balsam Mountains of western North
Carolina. The community was sampled in the early 1980's and was found
to have a tree layer similar in composition to that of postharvest,
second-growth spruce-fir stands that have been recovering for 30 to 50
years. Density and basal area of trees were lower than in the
postharvest communities. Fraser fir was of greater importance than red
spruce. Pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) was of greater importance in
the postfire community than expected, contributing to a reduced amount
of reproduction. The reproduction layer was dominated by Fraser fir and
yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), indicating that the site had not
yet fully recovered. Other plant species were found to differ from
those that typically occur in logged or logged and burned red
spruce-Fraser fir forests. Return to a closed-canopy Fraser fir-red
spruce-yellow birch forest is estimated to require many more decades.
The authors speculated that severe fires on steep rocky sites followed
by poor regeneration may be instrumental in the formation of shrubby
heath balds [26].

The most common, immediate postfire invaders in red spruce-Fraser fir
forests are pin cherry, American mountain-ash, and yellow birch.
Hobblebush and smooth blackberry can form very dense patches after fire
disturbance. In a red spruce-Fraser fir postfire community in the Great
Smoky Mountains National Park, yellow birch and pin cherry were still
dominant after 30 years. Fraser fir and red spruce were slow to
establish, and were represented by a few scattered 5- to 10-foot tall
(1.5-3 m) individuals [7].
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: root crown, secondary colonizer

Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: layering, litter, natural, peat, seed, stratification

Sexual reproduction: Seed production in Fraser fir begins at about 15
years of age. Good seed crops are produced every other year, with light
crops in intervening years. Seeds are wind dispersed, with 50 percent
falling at least 900 feet (274 m) from the source; seeds can be carried
up to 1 mile (1.6 km) from the source [2].

Seed germination is good on mineral soil, moss, peat, and litter.
Decaying stumps and logs have higher than average rates of seedling
establishment and appear to be the best substrates for germination
[2,7,22]. Germination on surface litter usually results in seedling
mortality due to drought. Stratification does not enhance germination
rates [2]. Seed longevity in the soil is unknown; viability may
decrease after only 1 year of artificial storage [22]. Natural
reforestation is limited where harvesting or fire has opened canopies
and increased the rate of desiccation of the moss and peat layer [2].

Asexual reproduction: Fraser fir sometimes reproduces by layering when
lower branches come into contact with moist soil. This is not an
important reproductive mechanism [2].
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, succession, tree

Obligate Climax Species

Once established, Fraser fir seedlings grow best in full light. Fraser
fir is, however, very shade tolerant and can grow under dense canopies
in a suppressed state for many years. Under these conditions, Fraser
fir may only be 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9 m) in height after 20 years of
growth. In full sun, Fraser fir can be 8.2 feet (2.5 m) after 11 years.
When released after years of suppression, growth of Fraser fir can be
very rapid [2]. Fraser fir often forms dense, stagnant pole-sized
stands at higher elevations [4].

In the red spruce-Fraser fir forests of the southern Appalachians,
windfalls that create small gaps (less than [200 sq m]) are the most
important and widely distributed disturbance, with a return interval of
111 to 178 years [7,29]. Gap capture is largely dependent on advance
reproduction; Fraser fir seedling and sapling densities are higher in
gaps than in the understory. There is a probable reciprocal replacement
between red spruce and Fraser fir [29]. Similarly, in a study of the
dynamics of tree replacement in red spruce-Fraser fir forests, saplings
of Fraser fir were more numerous than those of red spruce, and were
found in higher densities under red spruce trees [13]. Both species
require multiple release events in order to reach the canopy [29].

Fraser fir was found in late seral to climax communities developed
during primary succession on rocky slopes [7].
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill var. fraseri Nutt.
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The accepted scientific name for Fraser fir is Abies fraseri (Pursh.)
Poiret. It is a member of the family Pinaceae and is very closely
related to balsam fir (A. balsamea) [16]. Fir trees in Virginia and
West Virginia are intermediate between balsam fir and Fraser fir; the
putative hybrid is recognized as Abies x phanerolepis (Fern.) Liu
(synonymous with Abies intermedia Full.) [18,20].
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value ( Inglês )

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Its limited distribution and occurrence in inaccessible habitats renders
Fraser fir of little economic importance for timber [2].
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies fraseri. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Associated Forest Cover ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Fraser fir is a component of four forest cover types (10): Pin Cherry (Society of American Foresters Type 17), Red Spruce-Yellow Birch (Type 30), Red Spruce (Type 32), and Red Spruce-Fraser Fir (Type 34). It is a minor stand component at the lower elevations, increasing in frequency with altitude to form nearly pure stands at elevations above 1920 m (6,300 ft). At the highest elevation, mountain-ash (Sorbus americana) is practically the only canopy associate (32). At middle and lower elevations, red spruce (Picea rubens), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), yellow buckeye (Aesculus octandra), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) are the most common canopy associates (6,7,8,13,16,32). Mountain maple (Acer spicatum) and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) are frequent understory trees.

Shrubs associated with Fraser fir include hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium), witherod (V. cassinoides), redberry elder (Sambucus pubens), southern mountain cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum), minnie-bush (Menziesia pilosa), southern bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla sessilifolia), catawba (purple) rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), smooth gooseberry (Ribes rotundifolium), and smooth blackberry (Rubus canadensis).

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Climate ( Inglês )

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Fraser fir grows in a cold, moist climate characterized as a cool-temperate (microthermal) rain forest with a well-distributed mean annual precipitation of 1900 to 2540 mm (75 to 100 in) and average summer temperatures of 16° C (60° F) or less. Average annual temperature varies from 6° C (43° F) at the summit of Mount Mitchell in North Carolina to 9° C (48° F) at the 1524-m (5,000-ft) level in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. At Mount Mitchell, average January-February temperature varies from -2° C (28° F) to -1° C (30° F), with 147 days below 0° C (32° F). Average July temperature is 15° C (59° F). The frost-free period is 130 to 140 days.

Fog is a very important environmental factor, reducing transpiration and adding measurably to precipitation as fog drip (21). During the growing season, fog may be present on 65 percent or more of the days.

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Damaging Agents ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Because of shallow soils and shallow root systems, Fraser fir is subject to windfall (7). Patches of windthrown trees are a common sight on exposed ridges. Occasional trees on higher ridges are struck by lightning. Heart rots are common in older trees and may increase susceptibility to wind damage. In Christmas tree plantations, two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) can be particularly damaging, causing discoloration and needle loss. On soils with poor internal drainage, root rot caused by the fungus Phytophthora spp. becomes a major problem.

All damaging agents are insignificant in comparison to the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae). It was discovered in North Carolina in 1957 on Mount Mitchell and has since spread to all areas of Fraser fir (1,2,3,4,9,17,18). Mortality progressed rapidly from 11,000 trees in 1958 to about 1.75 million by 1970. Fir mortality has been extensive in all areas except Mount Rogers in Virginia, where infestations dating back to the mid-1960's were first discovered in 1979. Adelgids attack branches, twigs, nodes, and bud bases of fir, but stem attack is the predominant form of infestation. Death usually follows 2 to 5 years after infestation of the bole because of direct translocation impairment.

Further damage by other organisms is associated with attack by the balsam woolly adelgid (11, 12). Weakened trees are often attacked by bark beetles, wood wasps, and other wood-boring insects, which also may introduce fungal pathogens (12). Incidence of root rot caused by Armillaria mellea was shown to increase with increasing severity of adelgid damage. Damaged and weakened trees are also more susceptible to windthrow and top breakage.

Various chemical insecticides have been found effective against the balsam woolly adelgid, but none has been found technically or economically feasible for use over large forested areas (14). Chemical insecticides are useful, however, for small and accessible stands of high value. Control by a variety of introduced predators has been ineffective.

Openings created by adelgid kill usually contain numerous fir seedlings (5), but the long-term consequences of adelgid attack are unknown. Unless new methods of adelgid control are found, the status of Fraser fir in natural stands is extremely uncertain.

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Flowering and Fruiting ( Inglês )

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Fraser fir is monoecious. Flower buds usually open from mid-May to early June. Female flowers are borne mostly in the top few feet of the crown and on the outer ends of branches. Male flowers are borne below female flowers, but mostly in the top half of the crown. The fruit is an erect cone, 3.5 to 6 cm (1.4 to 2.4 in) long and 2.5 to 4 cm (1.0 to 1.6 in) wide. The strongly reflexed bracts, much longer than the scales, distinguish Fraser fir from balsam fir.

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Genetics ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Fraser fir was once considered a variety of balsam fir and designated Abies balsamea var. fraseri Nutt., but the two species are now differentiated on the basis of cone-bract and cone-scale length. Abies balsamea has bracts shorter or rarely slightly longer than its scales; A. fraseri has strongly reflexed bracts much longer than its scales (20). Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis in West Virginia and northern Virginia is considered by some to be a natural hybrid of A. balsamea and A. fraseri because it is intermediate in range and the two have certain common characteristics. Others contend that the disjunct Abies subpopulations of the southern Appalachians are relicts of a once-continuous ancestral fir population with clinal variation along a north-south gradient (22,25,30,33).

Artificial crosses of Abies balsamea x A. fraseri have been made successfully. A cultivar, A. fraseri cv. prostrata, is a dwarf shrub with horizontally spreading branches used for ornamental purposes (18).

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Growth and Yield ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Fraser fir is a relatively small tree, rarely more than 24 m (80 ft) tall and 61 cm (24 in) in d.b.h. It is more frequently 15 to 18 m (50 to 60 ft) tall and less than 30 cm (12 in) in d.b.h.

Age at natural death is around 150 years (23). Old-growth stands of mixed spruce-fir may carry very high basal areas of 57 to 60 m²/ha (250 to 260 ft²/acre) with 1,977 to 2,347 trees/ha (800 to 950/acre) 2.5 cm (1.0 in) in d.b.h. and larger (7). In such stands the fir may average 25 to 28 cm (10 to 11 in) in d.b.h. Yields of mixed spruce-fir over large acreages have been reported to average 210 to 350 m³/ha (15,000 to 25,000 fbm/acre), some stands yielding 560 to 700 m³/ha (40,000 to 50,000 fbm/acre) (24). Pulpwood yields averaged 252 to 315 m³/ha (40 to 50 cords/acre). In such stands, fir constituted one-fourth or less of the total volume.

At the highest elevations where fir forms essentially pure stands, it is most frequently 9 to 12 m (30 to 40 ft) tall, and most canopy stems are 18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 in) in d.b.h. Stems as large as 31 cm (12 in) in d.b.h. are very rare in such stands (31).

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Reaction to Competition ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Fraser fir is classified as very tolerant to shade and is considered a climax species. It becomes established and survives for many years under a dense canopy, growing only 2.5 to 5.1 cm (1 to 2 in) per year. When released, it has a marked capacity for recovery. Trees suppressed for 50 years or more have grown rapidly for a time after release (23). Fraser fir tends to form very dense stands which thin slowly and may stagnate in the pole stage (7).

The best means of regenerating fir is probably some method of partial cutting to establish advance reproduction. Harvest methods such as shelterwood or group selection seem ideally suited to accommodate its needs for early shelter but open conditions for later growth. Because of its extreme tolerance, it could probably be handled under a single-tree selection system as well.

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Rooting Habit ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
The root system of Fraser fir is usually shallow because it customarily occupies shallow soils. Root growth is more rapid and rooting depth greater, however, than that of its frequent associate, red spruce (8). Roots are able to penetrate to depths greater than 61 cm (24 in) where soil is available, permitting fir to occupy somewhat drier sites than red spruce (7).

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Seed production may begin when trees are 15 years old. Good seed crops occur every other year with light crops in the intervening year. The number of seeds ranges from 119,000 to 174,000/kg (54,000 to 79,000/lb) and averages 134,500 (61,000). The combination of lightweight winged seeds, steep slopes, and high winds makes for good seed dispersal. Seeds may be moved as much as 1.6 km (1 mi), with 50 percent falling over 274 m (900 ft) from their source. Fruit ripens and is dispersed from September through mid-October.

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Seedling Development ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Germination is epigeal. It approximates 50 percent of sound seeds and appears to be correlated with length of the maturation period. Germination of seeds collected on August 31 was 18 percent but increased to 66 percent for seeds gathered during cone disintegration about September 23 (26). During poor seed years, the yield and quality of seed decrease and insect damage increases (27,28). In a good year, seeds averaged 78 percent filled, with only 3 percent infested by insects. In a poor year, only 36 Percent were filled, and 29 percent of that were infested by a seed chalcid, Megastigmus specularis.

Fraser fir seeds germinate well on mineral soil, moss, peat, decaying stumps and logs, and even on litter that is sufficiently moist. When seeds germinate on surface litter, the seedlings usually die during dry weather. Moss and peat commonly remain damp, however, and the appearance of moss on the forest floor indicates sufficient moisture to make germination possible with survival throughout the growing season (19).

Stratification of Fraser fir seeds may not be wholly necessary. Stratification for 60 days in peat moss at 3° C (38° F) increased the speed of germination but did not affect the number of seeds germinating. Germination and initial establishment are best under a forest cover. The greatest obstacle to natural reforestation is the desiccation of the moss and peat layer after cutting or fire, followed by surface drying of the mineral soil. Once established, growth is best in full light. Under a dense canopy, Fraser fir may be only 0.6 to 0.9 m (2 to 3 ft) tall in 20 years. In old-growth, all-aged stands, it may take 40 years to attain sapling size. In the absence of shade, it grows much faster. Planted seedlings in cutover forest averaged 2.5 m (8.2 ft) tall in 11 years, with 0.6 m (2 ft) of growth in the 11th year. Under favorable conditions of weed control and fertilization, Christmas tree plantings grow to 1.8 m (6 ft) in 6 to 8 years.

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Soils and Topography ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
There is considerable variation in color, depth, and organic matter content in the soils that support Fraser fir. A typical profile has well-developed organic and A1 horizons and a B horizon differentiated by color but not by accumulations of clay or iron.

Soils are shallow and rocky, with bedrock within 50 to 80 cm (20 to 32 in) of the mineral soils surface (23). The upper 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) of the mineral soil are typically black and greasy, underlaid by a leached gray or yellowish-brown sandy subsoil. Organic surface layers are occasionally thick but usually quite thin, ranging from 2 to 7 cm (0.8 to 2.8 in). The soils are extremely acid; the A horizon pH is about 3.5 and the B horizon pH 3.8 to 4.2. Soil under fir stands above 1920 m (6,300 ft) may be very shallow, with only 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) of a black A horizon lying directly on bedrock (7). Most soils on which Fraser fir grows are Inceptisols.

Fraser fir grows at elevations as low as 1372 m (4,500 ft) on north slopes and protected coves but is found mostly above 1676 m (5,500 ft). It grows at 2037 m (6,684 ft) on top of Mount Mitchell, the highest point in eastern North America.

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Special Uses ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
The remaining stands of Fraser fir have very limited commercial value. However, their location in the cool climate of the loftiest peaks and ridges makes them extremely valuable for watershed protection, as they hold the shallow soil to the steep wet slopes. They are also a unique scenic attraction in a region of growing recreational appeal.

Growing and harvesting this species for Christmas trees and boughs is a multimillion-dollar business in the southern Appalachians. Because of its thick green foliage, beautiful shape, fragrance, and needles that are retained unusually well, Fraser fir is unequaled as a Christmas tree (29,32). It is also used widely as an ornamental yard tree.

Fraser fir seeds and terminal buds are eaten extensively by the red squirrel.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Under natural conditions, layering may occur when lower branches come in contact with moist soil, but it is not an important reproductive mechanism. Fraser fir planting stock may be produced by rooting cuttings under controlled temperatures and moisture. A high percentage of stem cuttings from young trees can be induced to root. In one study, rooting was 92 percent in cuttings from 5-year-old trees, compared with 54 percent from 12-year-olds and 29 percent from 22-year-olds. Rooting of cuttings from 32- to 65-year-old trees averaged 4 to 6 percent and varied with crown position (15). It is possible to propagate Fraser fir by stump culture (32). When a Christmas tree is cut, the bottom whorl of limbs is left on the stump. After these turn upward, the most vigorous limb is allowed to develop into another tree.

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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Fraser fir has a disjunct distribution, restricted to high elevations in the southern Appalachian Mountains of southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee.


- The native range of Fraser fir.

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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family

Donald E. Beck

Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), also called southern balsam fir and she-balsam, is a small- to medium-size tree. It is the only fir endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains. The largest tree on record measures almost 86 cm (34 in) in d.b.h., 26.5 m (87 ft) tall, and has a crown spread of 15.8 m (52 ft). Because of the high elevation at which Fraser fir grows, its primary value is for watershed protection and scenic attraction.

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Physical Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex obtuse, Leaf apex mucronulate, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone exerted, Seeds purple, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings narrower than body, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Jedle Fraserova ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Jedle Fraserova (Abies fraseri) je menší až středně velký jehličnatý strom, z čeledi borovicovitých, domovem ve východní části USA.

Synonyma

  • Abies americana
  • Abies balsamea poddruh fraseri
  • Abies balsamea varieta fraseri
  • Abies humilis
  • Picea balsamea varieta fraseri
  • Picea fraseri
  • Pinus balsamea varieta fraseri
  • Pinus fraseri.

Popis

Stálezelený, jehličnatý strom, dorůstající do výšky 25 m a dožívající se průměrného věku pouze kolem 150 let. Kmen dosahuje průměru 0,75 m. Větve vyrůstají z kmenu v pravých úhlech. Koruna je úzká, souměrná, jehlanovitá až věžovitá, u mladých stromů hustá, u starších více otevřená. Borka je u mladých stromů hladká, tenká, šedá a s pryskyřičnými puchýři, u starších rozpraskaná a s přiléhavými načervenalými šupinami, které časem šednou. Letorosty jsou protilehlé, bledě žlutohnědé, s načervenalými chlupy. Pupeny jsou kuželovité, malé, pryskyřičnaté, nekryté, světle hnědé, na vrcholu ostré a s krátkými, širokými, pryskyřičnatými, celokrajnými a na vrcholech ostrými základnovými pupenovými šupinami ve tvaru rovnostranného trojúhelníka.

Jehlice jsou ohebné, v průřezu ploché, seshora tmavozelené a občasně též stříbrnošedomodrozelené a s 0-3 řadami průduchů kolem středové části jehlice, vespod s 8-12 řadami průduchů na obou stranách středové žíly, dvouřadě (zejména ve spodní části koruny) až spirálovitě uspořádané, 1,2-2,5 cm dlouhé a 1,5-2 mm široké, na špičce mírně vroubkované až zaoblené; s velkými, přibližně středovými, pryskyřičnými kanálky; jehlice silně voní, podobně jako terpentýn.

Samčí šištice jsou válcovité, na spodní straně výhonů, při opylování červenožluté či žlutozelené, 8-10 mm dlouhé. Samičí šištice - šišky jsou válcovité, na špičce oblé, přirostlé, často pryskyřičnaté, zprvu tmavě fialové a překryté žlutozelenými podpůrnými šupinami, později dozráváním světle hnědé; 3,5-6 cm dlouhé a 2,5-4 cm široké; semenné šupiny jsou 0,7-1 cm dlouhé a 1-1,3 cm široké; podpůrné šupiny jsou vyčnívající a zpětně zahnuté přes semenné šupiny, 0,8-1,2 cm dlouhé a 0,6-0,7 cm široké. Semena jsou hnědá, 4-5 mm dlouhá a 2-3 mm široká. Křídla semen jsou purpurová a 4-5 mm dlouhá. Děložních lístků je kolem 5 .

Příbuznost

Jedle Fraserova je blízce příbuzná jedli balzámové. Obě tyto jedle se v přírodě kříží na společném území výskytu ve Virginii, a vzniklý kříženec je považován některými botaniky za Abies × phanerolepis [2], který se liší: malými samičími šišticemi (šiškami), které jsou 2-2,5 cm dlouhé a 1,5-2 cm široké, s vyčnívajícími podpůrnými šupinami, které jsou mnohem menší než u jedle Fraserovy; jinými botaniky je Abies × phanerolepis považována za varietu jedle balzámové: Abies balsamea varieta phanerolepis [3].

Výskyt

Endemit východní části USAAppalačské pohoří ve státech Severní Karolína, Tennessee a Virginie.

Ekologie

Jedle Fraserova roste v Appalačském pohoří v nadmořských výškách 1200-2038 m na nejvyšších svazích a vrcholech těchto hor, v podzolových a mírně kyselých vlhčích a propustných půdách, ve vlhkém klimatu s průměrnými ročními srážkovými úhrny mezi 850-2000 mm, s chladnými léty a zimami a velkým množstvím sněhu. Jedle Fraserova zde tvoří roztroušené jednodruhové populace či roste dohromady s dalšími stromy: břízou papírovitou, břízou žlutou, jasanem Fraxinus caroliniana, javorem cukrovým, jeřábem Sorbus americana, jírovcem žlutým (Aesculus octandra), smrkem červeným (Picea rubens), tsugou karolinskou (Tsuga caroliniana), keři: ostružiníkem kanadským (Rubus canadensis), pěnišníkem americkým (Rhododendron catawbiense) a dalšími a též mechem rokytníkem skvělým a dalšími. Jedle Fraserova je mrazuvzdorná do –34.3 °C a roste nejlépe na přímém slunci a nesnáší městské znečištění.[4]

Nepřátelé a nemoci

Korovnice jedlová, lesní požáry (jedle Fraserova má tenkou borku a proto nízkou odolnost vůči ohni), vítr (strom mělce koření, čímž je náchylný na vývraty působením větru) a znečištění ovzduší.

Využití člověkem

Vzhledem k vzácnosti stromu není komerčně využíván pro těžbu dřeva. Nejčastěji je v USA pěstován pro produkci vánočních stromků pro svůj, pro tento účel vhodný, tvar koruny, a vonné, ve vnitřních prostorech dlouho vydržící a tmavozelené, jehličí. Jedle Fraserova je taktéž používána do zahrad jako okrasný strom a je známo několik pojmenovaných kultivarů.

Ohrožení

Jedle Fraserova je organizací IUCN považována za ohroženou a stav její roztříštěné populace je klesající. Největší ohrožení pro jedli Fraserovu představuje korovnice jedlová (Dreyfusia piceae, synonymum Adelges piceae) [5], která dokáže strom zničit, neboť se jedná o hmyz nepůvodní v USA, čímž na něj nejsou jedle Fraserova a další druhy přirozeně přizpůsobeny a tudíž imunní. Korovnice jedlová zahubila několik milionů[5] jedinců jedle Fraserovy a pouze jedna velká populace této jedle okolo hory Mount Rogers ve Virginii nebyla příliš zasažena. Nejsou známy žádné plně účinné[5] možnosti ochrany jedle Fraserovy v celém areálu jejího výskytu [6] a probíhá výzkum nových metod ochrany populace stromu, nicméně na některých stanovištích, zničených útoky korovnice jedlové, lze pozorovat velké množství nových semenáčů, z nichž někteří jsou tímto patogenem zasaženy pouze částečně [5] [7]. Pro záchranu populace v celém jejím rozsahu je třeba, aby si noví jedinci jedle Fraserovy (a dalších stromů) sami vybudovali proti korovnici přirozenou odolnost[5].

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. http://www.conifers.org/pi/Abies_fraseri.php
  3. http://conifersociety.org/conifers/conifer/abies/fraseri/
  4. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c202
  5. a b c d e https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/32101/0
  6. https://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/abies/fraseri.htm
  7. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abifra/all.html

Externí odkazy

Rod jedle (Abies) Evropa Afrika Asie Amerika
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Jedle Fraserova: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Jedle Fraserova (Abies fraseri) je menší až středně velký jehličnatý strom, z čeledi borovicovitých, domovem ve východní části USA.

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Fraser-Tanne ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Fraser-Tanne (Abies fraseri), auch Frasers Tanne genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie besitzt natürliche Vorkommen in den südlichen Appalachen im östlichen Nordamerika.

Beschreibung

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Illustration
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Zweig mit Nadeln
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Zweig mit aufrechten, weiblichen Zapfen

Erscheinungsbild

Die Fraser-Tanne ist ein immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 15 Metern (mitunter von 25 Metern)[1] bei einem Stammdurchmesser (BHD) von 50 Zentimetern erreicht. Die Wuchsform der Krone ist schmal kegelförmig und relativ offen. Die Äste erster Ordnung sind waagerecht, zur Baumkrone hin eher aufsteigend. Ebenfalls horizontal bis leicht aufsteigend wachsen Äste der zweiten Ordnung. Der Sämling besitzt fünf Keimblätter (Kotyledonen).[2]

Borke, Knospen und Nadeln

Die Borke junger Bäume ist glatt und braun mit Harzbeulen, mit zunehmendem Alter wird sie grauer sowie rauer und schuppig. Die Rinde einjähriger Zweige ist blass gelblich bis braun, die im zweiten Jahr ist dunkelbraun, sie ist leicht gerillt und rötlich behaart. Die harzigen Knospen der Fraser-Tanne sind bei einer Länge von etwa 4 Millimeter und einer Breite von etwa 3 Millimeter eiförmig. Die Knospen besitzen eine dunkelrote Färbung, erscheinen aber auf Grund des Harzes leicht gelblich.

Die geraden nadelförmigen Blätter sind 1 bis 2 Zentimeter lang und 2 bis 2,2 Millimeter breit, am breitesten unterhalb der stumpfen Spitze. Ihre Farbe ist auf der Oberseite dunkel-grün, auf der Unterseite befinden sich zwei deutlich voneinander durch eine Mittelrippe getrennte, weiße Stomatabänder. Die Nadeln wachsen an den Ästen spiralig; eher kammförmig die unteren, nach oben und nach vorne gebeugt die oberen Nadeln.

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Samen der Fraser-Tanne

Generative Merkmale

Die Fraser-Tanne ist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch), was bedeutet, dass es auf einem Exemplar männliche und weibliche Zapfen gibt. Die männlichen Zapfen befinden sich gehäuft hängend, meist an Astenden, sie sind etwa 1 Zentimeter lang und besitzen eine gelbliche Färbung mit rötlichen Pollen. Die weiblichen Zapfen stehen aufrecht in der Baumkrone. Sie sind vor der Reife dunkel-purpurrot, später dunkel-braun bis schwarz. Die weiblichen Zapfen bleiben bei Reife bei Länge von etwa 4 bis 7 Zentimeter und einem Durchmesser von 3 Zentimeter relativ klein und sind ei- bis kegelförmig. Die gelb-grünen Deckschuppen stehen so weit hervor, dass sie die Samenschuppen fast gänzlich verdecken. Die schwärzlichen Samen sind dreikantig und etwa 5 Millimeter groß und besitzen einen ebenfalls etwa 5 Millimeter langen, bräunlichen Flügel.[3]

Unterschiede zu ähnlicher Art

Die Fraser-Tanne ist leicht mit der Balsam-Tanne zu verwechseln, weist jedoch einige Unterschiede auf[4]:

  • zwei aus acht bis zwölf Linien bestehende Spaltöffnungsbänder, gegenüber nur sechs Linien bei Balsam-Tanne;
  • kleinere Zapfen bei der Fraser-Tanne;
  • bei der Balsam-Tanne ragt nur die Deckschuppenspitze über die Samenschuppen.
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Fraser-Tanne (Abies fraseri)
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Verbreitungskarte
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Hänge mit abgestorbenen Fraser-Tannen

Vorkommen

Die Fraser-Tanne ist in den südlichen Appalachen im östlichen Nordamerika beheimatet, so u. a. im Great-Smoky-Mountains-Nationalpark. Das begrenzte Verbreitungsgebiet befindet sich in den US-Bundesstaaten Tennessee, North Carolina und Virginia.[5] Dort gedeiht sie in Höhenlagen von 1200 bis 2038 Meter.[3]

Die Fraser-Tanne wächst an Hängen und auf Gipfeln der Appalachen auf leicht sauren Podsolböden. Das Klima ist überwiegend feucht, mit kühlen Sommern sowie kalten und schneereichen Wintern. Der Jahresniederschlag schwankt zwischen 850 und 2000 Millimetern.[3]

Zusammen mit der dominierenden Amerikanischen Rot-Fichte (Picea rubens) bildet die für die genannte Region endemische Fraser-Tanne einen borealen Fichten-Tannen-Wald. Dieser ist üblicherweise zwischen 1650 und 1900 Meter an Nordhängen zu finden. In höheren Lagen wächst die Fraser-Tanne in Reinbeständen. Vereinzelt stehen hier nur Betula lutea, Sorbus americana und Acer spicatum. Aufgrund der hohen Luftfeuchtigkeit wachsen dort etliche Flechten sowie Moose, beispielsweise Bazzania trilobata, Gewöhnliches Gabelzahnmoos und Schlafmoos. In der Strauchschicht finden sich Heidelbeeren (Vaccinium erythrocarpum und Vaccinium pallidum), eine Bärlappart (Lycopodium lucidulum), Lilium grayi und Breitblättriger Dornfarn (Dryopteris dilatata).[6]

Auf den Zentral- und Nördlichen Appalachen ersetzt die Balsam-Tanne (Abies balsamea) die Fraser-Tanne auf den für sie typischen Standorten, auch weil dort die Gipfel nicht mehr so hoch sind wie in den Süd-Appalachen.[7]

Eine um 1900 aus Europa eingewanderte Pflanzenlaus aus der Familie der Adelgidae (Adelges piceae engl.: Balsam woolly adelgid) erreichte 1957 die Gipfel der Appalachen und hat seitdem etwa 80 % der Fraser-Tannen am natürlichen Standort absterben lassen. Diese Laus löst eine Reaktion aus, bei welcher der Saftfluss im Xylem unterbunden wird. Das infizierte Holz weist dann eine rote Färbung auf.[1]

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung dieser Art erfolgte 1814 unter dem Namen Pinus fraseri durch Frederick Traugott Pursh in Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, ..., 2, S. 639–640.[8] Jean Louis Marie Poiret stellte diese Art unter dem Namen Abies fraseri in die Gattung Abies in der erschienenen 1817 von Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck herausgegebenen Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique, Supplément, 5 (1), S. 35.[9][10] Weitere Synonyme für Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. sind: Abies humilis Bach.Pyl., Picea fraseri (Pursh) Loudon, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach, Abies americana Prov. non Mill., Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon var. fraseri (Pursh) J.Nelson, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. subsp. fraseri (Pursh) A.E.Murray.[1]

Das Artepitheton fraseri und der Trivialname Fraser-Tanne ehren den schottischen Pflanzensammler John Fraser (1750–1811).[1]

Die ehemals zu Abies fraseri gerechnete Varietät Abies fraseri var. hudsoniana (Bosc ex Jacques) Carrière ist heute ein Synonym für Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. balsamea.[11]

Mit der Balsam-Tanne (Abies balsamea) bildet die Fraser-Tanne Hybride.[3]

 src=
Fraser-Tannen in einer Weihnachtsbaum-Plantage

Nutzung

Die Fraser-Tanne wird als Zierpflanze verwendet.

Beschrieben sind folgende Sorten (Auswahl):[11]

  • 'Coerulea' Carrière 1867 (Syn.: 'Glauca')
  • 'Compacta' Bailey 1933
  • 'Horizontalis' hort.
  • 'Kline's Nest' Nurs. 1972
  • 'Prostrata' S.L.Kelsey 1916: Eine flach kriechende Sorte mit einer Wuchshöhe von etwa 80 Zentimetern.
  • 'Raul's Dwarf'
  • 'Verkade Prostrate' Verkade Nurs. 1980

Das Harz ist als Kanadabalsam bekannt.[12]

Quellen

Literatur

  • David More, John White: Die Kosmos Enzyklopädie der Bäume, Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09905-9.
  • Aljos Farjon: Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea., Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein 1990.
  • M. G. Eiselt, R. Schröder: Nadelgehölze, 3. Auflage, Neumann Verlag, Neudamm 1974.
  • R. Hazel & Paul A. Delcourt: Eastern Deciduous Forests, In: Michael G. Barbour, William Dwight Billings (Hrsg.): North American Terrestrial Vegetation, 2. Auflage, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • R. Knapp: Die Vegetation von Nord- und Mittelamerika, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1965.
  • Walter Erhardt: Namensliste der Koniferen, Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2005.
  • Christopher J. Earle, 2009: Beschreibung der Art bei conifers.org The Gymnosperm Database. (Abschnitt Beschreibung)
  • Richard S. Hunt: Abies in der Flora of North America, Volume 2, 1993: Abies fraseri - Online. (Abschnitt Beschreibung und Systematik)

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Eintrag bei conifers.org.
  2. Richard S. Hunt: Abies in der Flora of North America, Volume 2, 1993: Abies fraseri - Online.
  3. a b c d Aljos Farjon: Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea., Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein 1990.
  4. M. G. Eiselt, R. Schröder: Nadelgehölze, 3. Auflage, Neumann Verlag, Neudamm 1974.
  5. Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Abies. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 7. April 2019.
  6. Knapp 1965 siehe auch in Literatur
  7. Barbour siehe auch in Literatur
  8. Erstveröffentlichung eingescannt bei biodiversitylibrary.org.
  9. Neukombination eingescannt bei biodiversitylibrary.org.
  10. Abies fraseri bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  11. a b Walter Erhardt: Namensliste der Koniferen, Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2005.
  12. Georg Frerichs, Georg Arends, Heinrich Zörnig: Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 1. Band, 2. Auflage, Springer, 1938, ISBN 978-3-642-88873-1, S. 39 ff.

Weblinks

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Fraser-Tanne: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Fraser-Tanne (Abies fraseri), auch Frasers Tanne genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie besitzt natürliche Vorkommen in den südlichen Appalachen im östlichen Nordamerika.

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Fraser fir ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) is an endangered species of fir native to the Appalachian Mountains of the Southeastern United States.

Taxonomy

Abies fraseri is closely related to Abies balsamea (balsam fir), of which it has occasionally been treated as a subspecies (as A. balsamea subsp. fraseri (Pursh) E.Murray) or a variety (as A. balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach).[4][5][6][7] Some botanists regard the variety of balsam fir named Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis as a natural hybrid with Fraser fir, denominated Abies × phanerolepis (Fernald) Liu.[5]

Names

Fraser fir on the slopes of Clingmans Dome

The species Abies fraseri is named after the Scottish botanist John Fraser (1750–1811), who made numerous botanical collections in the region.[5] It is sometimes misspelled "Frasier," "Frazer" or "Frazier."

In the past, it was also sometimes known as "she-balsam" because resin could be "milked" from its bark blisters,[8] in contrast to the "he balsam" (or Picea rubens, the red spruce) which could not be milked. It has also occasionally been called balsam fir, inviting confusion with A. balsamea.[9]

Description

Close-up view of Fraser fir foliage

Abies fraseri is a small evergreen coniferous tree typically growing between 10 and 15 m (30 and 50 ft) tall, but rarely to 25 m (80 ft), with a trunk diameter of 40–50 cm (16–20 in), but rarely 75 cm (30 in). The crown is conical, with straight branches either horizontal or angled upward at 40° from the trunk; it is dense when the tree is young and more open in maturity. The bark is thin, smooth, grayish brown, and has numerous resinous blisters on juvenile trees, becoming fissured and scaly in maturity.

The leaves are needle-like; arranged spirally on the twigs but twisted at their bases to form two rows on each twig; they are 10–23 mm (3878 in) long and 2–2.2 mm (564332 in) broad; flat; flexible; rounded or slightly notched at their apices (tips); dark to glaucous green adaxially (above); often having a small patch of stomata near their apices; and having two silvery white stomatal bands abaxially (on their undersides). Their strong fragrance resembles that of turpentine.

The cones are erect; cylindrical; 3.5–7 cm (1+122+34 in) long, rarely 8 cm (3+14 in), and 2.5–3 cm (1–1+18 in) broad, rarely 4 cm (1+12 in) broad; dark purple, turning pale brown when mature; often resinous; and with long reflexed green, yellow, or pale purple bract scales. The cones disintegrate when mature at 4–6 months old to release the winged seeds.[4][5][6]

Ecology

Reproduction and growth

Fraser fir is monoecious, meaning that both male and female cones (strobili) occur on the same tree.[10] Cone buds usually open from mid-May to early June. Female cones are borne mostly in the top few feet of the crown and on the distal ends of branches. Male cones are borne below female cones, but mostly in the upper half of the crown. Seed production may begin when trees are 15 years old. Seeds germinate well on mineral soil, moss, peat, decaying stumps and logs, and even on detritus or litter that is sufficiently moist.[11]

Distribution and habitat

Fraser fir forest, with many trees killed by balsam woolly adelgid

Abies fraseri is restricted to the southeastern Appalachian Mountains in southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, where it occurs at high elevations, from 1,200 m (3,900 ft) to the summit of Mount Mitchell, the highest point in the region at 2,037 m (6,684 ft). It lives in acidic moist but well-drained sandy loam, and is usually mixed with Picea rubens (red spruce). Other trees it grows with include Tsuga caroliniana (Carolina hemlock), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), and Acer saccharum (sugar maple). The climate is cool and moist, with short, cool summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall.[4][5]

Pests

Abies fraseri can be severely damaged by a non-native insect, the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) from Europe. The insect's introduction and spread led to a rapid decline in Fraser fir across its range, with over 80 percent of mature trees having been killed. The rapid regeneration of seedlings with lack of canopy has led to good regrowth of healthy young trees where the mature forests once stood. However, when these young trees get old enough for the bark to develop fissures, they may be attacked and killed by the adelgids as well.

For this reason, the future of the species was still uncertain, though the Mount Rogers (Virginia) population has largely evaded adelgid mortality. The decline of the Fraser fir in the southern Appalachians has contributed to loss of moss habitat which supports the endangered spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga), an obligate of Fraser fir-red spruce stands.[7]

By the late 1990s, the adelgid population had decreased. While two-thirds of adult trees had been killed by the 1980s, a study of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park showed that as of 2020, the number of adult trees had increased over the previous 30 years, with three times as many on Clingmans Dome, Tennessee's highest peak.[12]

Threats

The Fraser fir is an endangered species.[13] Threats include climate change and the aforementioned balsam woolly adelgid.

Cultivation and uses

Although not important as a source of timber, the combination of dense natural pyramidal form, strong limbs, soft long-retained needles, dark blue-green color, pleasant scent and excellent shipping characteristics, has led to Fraser fir being widely used as a Christmas tree.[14] Fraser fir has been used more times as the White House Christmas tree than any other tree.

The Christmas decoration trade is a multimillion-dollar business in the southern Appalachians. North Carolina produces the majority of Fraser fir Christmas trees.[15] It requires from seven to ten years in the field to produce a 1.8–2.1-meter-tall (6–7-foot) tree. In 2005, the North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation making the Fraser fir the official Christmas tree of North Carolina.

The Fraser fir is cultivated from seedlings in several northern states in the USA and across the border in adjacent parts of the Canadian province of Quebec, especially for the Christmas tree trade.[13] It is also grown in Bedgebury National Pinetum and other collections in the United Kingdom.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies fraseri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T32101A2810241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32101A2810241.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  3. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  5. ^ a b c d e Liu, T.-S. (1971). A Monograph of the Genus Abies. National Taiwan University.
  6. ^ a b Flora of North America: Abies fraseri
  7. ^ a b Gymnosperm Database: Abies fraseri
  8. ^ Frankenberg, D. (2000). Exploring North Carolina's Natural Areas: Parks, Nature Preserves, and Hiking Trails. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4851-7. p343
  9. ^ Sutton, M. & Sutton, A. (1985). Eastern forests (Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-73126-1. p363
  10. ^ Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir Archived 2016-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, Silviculture Manual, Volume 1, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Retrieved 20 October 2014
  11. ^ Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine The National Christmas Tree Association, Retrieved 20 Oct 2014
  12. ^ McDarris, Anne (April 22, 2020). "Earth Day: After decades of devastation, a comeback for WNC forests". Asheville Citizen-Times. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c "Fraser Fir". Global Trees. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
  14. ^ Hendrix, Steve, "A Christmas tree’s remarkable journey", The Washington Post, December 21, 2011.
  15. ^ "Fraser Fir". North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 November 2010.

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Fraser fir: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) is an endangered species of fir native to the Appalachian Mountains of the Southeastern United States.

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Abies fraseri ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Abies fraseri[2]​ es una especie de conífera perteneciente a la familia Pinaceae. Son naturales de las montañas Apalaches, del sudeste de Virginia, oeste de Carolina del Norte y este de Tennessee.

Descripción

Son árboles que viven en suelos arenosos ácidos pero bien drenados a elevadas altitudes (1,200-2,000 m), alcanzan los 25 metros de altura con un tronco de 75 cm de diámetro. Tiene la corona piramidal con ramas horizontales. La corteza es gris-marrón, suave y normalmente delgada pero muy resinosa. Las hojas son de aguja de 12-25 mm de longitud y de color verde oscuro dos bandas de estomas blanco-plateados. Las hojas son olorosas. Las piñas son de 3.5-7 cm de longitud de color púrpura, volviéndose marrón al madurar.

Taxonomía

Abies fraseri fue descrita por (Pursh) Poir. y publicado en Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique ... Supplément 5(1): 35. 1817.[3]

Etimología

Abies: nombre genérico que viene del nombre latino de Abies alba.[4]

fraseri: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico John Fraser.

Sinonimia
  • Abies balsamea subsp. fraseri (Pursh) A.E.Murray
  • Abies balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach
  • Abies humilis Bach.Pyl.
  • Picea balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) J. Nelson
  • Picea fraseri (Pursh) Loudon
  • Picea hudsonia Gordon
  • Pinus balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Nutt.
  • Pinus fraseri Pursh[5][6]

Referencias

  1. Farjon, A. (2013). «Abies fraseri». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 30 de agosto de 2016.
  2. Sutton, Myron; Sutton, Ann (1985). Eastern forests (Audubon Society Nature Guides). Nueva York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-73126-3. p363
  3. «Abies fraseri». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 20 de enero de 2013.
  4. En Nombres Botánicos
  5. Abies fraseri en PlantList
  6. «Abies fraseri». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.

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Abies fraseri: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Abies fraseri​ es una especie de conífera perteneciente a la familia Pinaceae. Son naturales de las montañas Apalaches, del sudeste de Virginia, oeste de Carolina del Norte y este de Tennessee.

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Fraseri nulg ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Fraseri nulg (Abies fraseri) on männiliste sugukonda nulu perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.

Fraseri nulg on nii lähedalt sugulane palsamnuluga, et aeg-ajalt on teda käsitletud palsamnulu alamliigina A. balsamea fraseri või teisendina A. balsamea var. fraseri.[3] Palsamnulu teisendit A. balsamea var. phanerolepis peavad mõned botaanikud fraseri ja palsamnulu looduslikuks hübriidiks.[4]

Puu on saanud nime esmaavastaja, šoti botaaniku John Fraseri (1750–1811) järgi.[5]

Kirjeldus

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Fraseri nulu käbi ja okkad

Fraseri nulg kasvab tavaliselt 15–18 m kõrguseks ja tüve läbimõõt on kuni 30 cm. Suurim registreeritud puu kõrgus on 26,5 m ja tüve läbimõõt 86 cm. Puude keskmine eluiga on 150 aastat.[6]

Võra on korrapärane, koonusjas.[7] Oksad on kas horisontaalsed või kuni 40° võrra ülespoole suunatud. Võra on noorel puul tihe, vanal puul rohkem avatud. Tüve koor on noorelt sile, punakaspruun, vaigumahutitega, vananedes muutub hallikasmustaks ja rõmeliseks.[7]

Juurestik on üldjuhul maapinnalähedane, kuna loodusliku levila pinnas on tavaliselt õhuke. Paksus pinnases võib juurestik ulatuda sügavamale kui 60 cm, mis võimaldab puul ka kuivemaid mäenõlvu asustada.[8]

Okkad on 1–2 (2,5) cm pikkused ja 2,0–2,2 mm laiad, kinnituvad võrsetele spiraalselt, aga alusel pöörduvad nii, et nad asuvad kahes reas. Okka allküljel ja pealmise külje tipus on kaks laia valget õhulõheriba. Okkad on tumerohelised, lamedad, painduvad ja otsast ümarad või väikese sälguga.[7]

Pungad on väiksed, helepruunid, kerajad, tugevalt vaigused. Võrsed on hallikaspruunid, lühikeste tihedate karvadega.[7]

Isasõisikud on punakaskollased või kollakasrohelised.[7]

Käbid on väikesed, 4–6 cm pikkused ja läbimõõduga 2–3 cm, sinakasmustad või sinakas-tumerohelised, tipud vaigust valged[7]. Kattesoomused on heledad, ulatuvad seemnesoomuste tagant pikalt välja ning nende tipp on tagasi pöördunud, mistõttu käbid näivad valkjatena.[7] Käbid on sageli vaigused. Küpsed, 4–6 kuu vanused käbid lagunevad ja puistavad tiivulised seemned tuulde.[3]

Seemned on 4–5 mm pikkused, pruunid, tiivakesega, mis on seemnest ligi veidi pikem. Seemne mass on 5,7–8,4 mg.[8]

Levila ja ökoloogia

 src=
Fraseri nulu mets Põhja-Carolinas

Fraseri nulu areaal paikneb Põhja-Ameerika idaosas, Apalatši mägede lõunaosas 1372–2037 m kõrgusel üle merepinna.[8] Hajus levila jääb Põhja-Carolina, Tennessee ja Virginia territooriumile.

Fraseri nulu levilas valitseb jahe ja väga niiske kliima, kus aasta keskmine sademete hulk on vahemikus 1900–2540 mm. Suure osa sademetest annab udu, mida võib esineda 65% või isegi rohkematelgi kasvuperioodi päevadest. Juuli keskmine temperatuur on 15 °C ja jaanuari-veebruari madalaim keskmine temperatuur on –2 °C.[8]

Fraseri nulu levilas esinevad mullad on üldjuhul õhemad ja kivised. Mulla lähtekivim jääb keskmiselt 50–80 cm sügavusele. Muldadeks on tavaliselt leetmuld, mille huumuskihi paksus on 2–7 cm. Mullad on väga happelised. A-horisondi pH on 3,5 ja B-horisondi pH on vahemikus 3,8–4,2. 1920 meetrist kõrgemal paiknevad nulumetsa mullad võivad olla väga õhukesed, 15–20 cm paksused, kus mulla A-horisont paikneb vahetult lähtekivimi peal.[8]

Kõrgemal kui 1920 m moodustab Fraseri nulg peaaegu puhaspuistuid. Sellistel kõrgustel kasvab puuliikidest tavaliselt temaga koos ainult ameerika pihlakas (Sorbus americana). Fraseri nulu esinemise tihedus metsades väheneb koos kõrguse alanemisega. Keskmistel ja madalamatel kõrgustel kasvab ta koos järgmiste puuliikidega: punane kuusk (Picea rubens), kollane kask (Betula alleghaniensis), kanada tsuuga (Tsuga canadensis), kollane hobukastan (Aesculus flava), suhkruvaher (Acer saccharum), tähkvaher (Acer spicatum) ja pensilvaania vaher (Acer pensylvanicum).[8]

Paljunemine

 src=
Seemned

Fraseri nulg on ühekojaline okaspuu ning paljuneb peamiselt seemnete abil. Käbikandvus võib alata juba 15-aastastel puudel. Tolmlemine toimub mai keskelt kuni juuni alguseni, mis sõltub kasvukohast ja ilmastikutingimustest. Seemned valmivad septembrist kuni oktoobri keskpaigani, millele järgneb nende varisemine koos katte- ja seemnesoomustega. Seemnete põhiliseks levitajaks on tuul, mis võib nad kanda kuni 1,6 km kaugusele. Nii hea lennukaugus tuleneb asjaoludest, et tiivakesega seemned on kerged ning järskudel mäenõlvadel esinevad tõusvad õhuvoolud. 50% seemnetest maandub puust vähemalt 274 m kaugusel. Seemnete idanevus on keskmiselt 50–70%. Head seemneaastad korduvad tavaliselt kahe aasta järel.[8]

Vähesel määral esineb ka alumiste okste juurdumist niiskes pinnases ehk vegetatiivset paljunemist.[8]

Haigused ja kahjurid

 src=
Adelges piceae poolt kahjustatud mets

Kõige suuremat kahju tekitab Fraseri nulule introdutseeritud putukaliik Adelges piceae[9], kes avastati esimest korda Põhja-Carolinast 1957. aastal. Sellest peale on see kahjurputukas levinud üle kogu Fraseri nulu levila. Puude suremus tõusis 1958. aasta üheteistkümnelt tuhandelt kuni 1,75 miljonini 1970. aastal. Putukad ründavad võrseid, oksi ja pungasid, kuid peamiselt siiski tüve. Puu sureb tüvekahjustuste tõttu tavaliselt 2–5 aasta jooksul. Kahjustatud puud on vastuvõtlikud ka teistele kahjurputukatele (üraskid, vaablased jt). Putukad võivad omakorda kaasas kanda seenhaiguste patogeene. Näiteks juuremädanikku põhjustava seene Armillaria mellea esinemissagedus on suurenenud koos Adelges piceae leviku laienemisega. Vigastatud ja nõrgestatud puud on omakorda vastuvõtlikud tormiheitele. Tänase päevani pole teadlastel õnnestunud välja töötada efektiivset tõrjevahendit Adelges piceae vastu, mistõttu Fraseri nulu tulevik on üsna ebaselge.[8]

Fraseri nulgude surm kahjustab nende all kasvavaid samblaid. Samblas elav kuuse-nulu-samblaämblik Microhexura montivaga on sellepärast elukeskkonna kadumise tõttu sattunud väljasuremise äärele.[10]

Kasutamine

 src=
Ameerika punaorav
 src=
Fraseri nulud jõulupuude kasvanduses

Hajusalt levinud Fraseri nulu puit ei oma märkimisväärset majanduslikku tähtsust. Küll on ta väga populaarne jõulupuu. Noores eas väga dekoratiivset puud kasvatatakse ilupuuna parkides ja koduaedades. Looduses on Fraseri nulu seemned ja pungad toiduks ameerika punaoravale (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus).[8]

Kasvatamine Eestis

Fraseri nulg toodi Euroopasse 1811. aastal. Meile jõudis ta 19. sajandi lõpus või 20. sajandi alguses. Fraseri nulgu kasvatatakse meil parkides ilupuuna, metsakultuuris ta kohalike puuliikidega konkureerida ei suuda. Ta on meil hästi aklimatiseerunud, mida näitab tema rikkalik käbikandvus ja parkides esinev looduslik uuendus. Käbid kasvavad tal ka alumistel okstel, mida üldjuhul nululiikidel ei esine. Puu on meil üsna külmakindel, taludes talvel külmatemperatuure kuni –29...–34 °C,[11] mistõttu kannatab ainult karmimatel talvedel. Samuti on ta küllalt varjutaluv. Kasvupinnastest eelistab värsket, hästi vett läbilaskvat liivsavimulda, kuid kasvab küllalt hästi ka saviliivmullal. Suuremad puud kasvavad meil Järvseljal (kõrgus 25 m), Olustvere pargis, Polli pargis ja mujal.[7]

Puudusteks on meil kasvavate puude lühiealisus, dekoratiivne välimus püsib sageli ainult esimesed 15–20 aastat. Samuti on ta vastuvõtlik mustale pahktäile ning haigestub kergesti juurepessu.[12]

Viited

  1. "Conifer database: "Abies fraseri".". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 02.04.2010. Inglise.
  2. Farjon, A. (2013). Abies fraseri. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2013.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  4. "The Gymnosperm Database: "Fraser Fir". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 15.08.2011. Inglise.
  5. Russ Manning. "100 Hikes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park", Mountaineers Books, 2nd edition, 1999 (ISBN 978-0-898-86636-0)
  6. "Abies fraseri". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 02.04.2010. Inglise.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 Endel Laas. "Dendroloogia", Tallinn: Valgus, 1987
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,8 8,9 "Fraser Fir". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 02.04.2010. Inglise.
  9. Global Invasive Database, 2012, Adelges piceae. Available from: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=226&fr=1&sts= (vaadatud 29. oktoober 2012)
  10. "Spruce-fir moss spider". www.answers.com. Vaadatud 15.08.2011. Inglise.
  11. Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. (ISBN 0-7923-6636-0)
  12. "Dendroloogilised uurimused Eestis IV", Tartu: Vali Press OÜ, 2008.

Välislingid

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Fraseri nulg: Brief Summary ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Fraseri nulg (Abies fraseri) on männiliste sugukonda nulu perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.

Fraseri nulg on nii lähedalt sugulane palsamnuluga, et aeg-ajalt on teda käsitletud palsamnulu alamliigina A. balsamea fraseri või teisendina A. balsamea var. fraseri. Palsamnulu teisendit A. balsamea var. phanerolepis peavad mõned botaanikud fraseri ja palsamnulu looduslikuks hübriidiks.

Puu on saanud nime esmaavastaja, šoti botaaniku John Fraseri (1750–1811) järgi.

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Virginianpihta ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Virginianpihta (Abies fraseri) on Appalakkien eteläosista kotoisin oleva ainavihanta, pienehkö havupuu, joka kuuluu pihtojen sukuun ja mäntykasvien heimoon.[2][3] Se on läheistä sukua palsamipihdalle, jonka kanssa risteytyessään se muodostaa vermontinpihdan (A. × phanerolepis).[2][4]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Virginianpihdan oksa.

Virginianpihta kasvaa 15–18 metriä korkeaksi ja rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan alle 30 senttimetriä paksuksi puuksi, jolla on matalat juuret, leveähkön kartiomainen latvus ja harvat haarat.[2][5] Yleensä se alkaa tuottaa siementä 15-vuotiaana ja elää keskimäärin 150-vuotiaaksi. Suurin koskaan löydetty yksilö oli 26,5 metriä korkea ja läpimitaltaan 86 senttimetriä.[2] Virginianpihdan kuori on nuorena sileää mutta muuttuu vanhemmiten karheaksi. Kuluvan kesän kasvainranka on tiheään punertavakarvainen.[5] Talvisilmut ovat pihkaiset, oranssinruskeat ja munanmuotoiset tai pallomaiset.[4][5]

Lehdet ovat litteitä neulasia, jotka siirottavat kampamaisesti sivuille ja paljastavat puun haararangan. Yksittäinen neulanen on 10–20 millimetriä pitkä ja 2 millimetriä leveä ja muodoltaan kapean vastapuikea. Sen yläpinnalla on ilmarakoja ja alapinnalla kaksi puhtaanvalkoista, 8–12-jonoista ilmarakojuovaa. Kukinto on perätön ja tylppäkärkinen käpy, jossa on pitkäkärkiset ja taakäänteiset peitinsuomut.[4][5] Virginianpihta on yksikotinen eli samassa yksilössä kasvaa sekä hede- että emikukintoja.[3] Hedekukinnon pituus on yleensä alle 1 senttimetriä ja emikukinnon 4–5,5 senttimetriä.[2]

Levinneisyys

Virginianpihta on kotoisin Appalakkien eteläisimmiltä huipuilta. Sen luontainen levinneisyysalue ulottuu Lounais-Virginiaan, Itä-Tennesseehen ja Pohjois-Carolinan länsiosiin.[2]

Elinympäristö

 src=
Joulukuuseksi viljeltyjä virginianpihtoja.

Virginianpihta kasvaa 1 700 – 2 000 metrin korkeudessa sijaitsevissa lauhkean vyöhykkeen sademetsissä. Se viihtyy viileänkosteassa ilmastossa ja vähäkalkkisessa ja keskiravinteisessa maaperässä.[2][4] Vuorten huipuilla ja ylärinteillä kasvavissa havumetsissä se on usein valtapuu ja sitä matalammalla se muodostaa sekametsiä kanadanhemlokin, keltahevoskastanjan ja sokerivaahteran kanssa.[2]

Virginianpihdan olemassaoloa uhkaa eniten pieni havukirva Adelges piceae, joka saapui sen levinneisyysalueelle 1950-luvulla. Uusimmat pihtasukupolvet näyttäisivät tosin kehittyneen vastustuskykyisemmiksi kirvalle.[2]

Käyttö

Virginianpihdalla ei ole merkitystä metsätaloudelle, mutta sitä käytetään jonkin verran koristepuuna ja joulukuusena. Oravat syövät sen siemeniä ja kärkisilmuja.[2]

Lähteet

  • Hämet-Ahti, Leena & Palmén, Annikki & Alanko, Pentti & Tigerstedt, Peter M. A.: Suomen puu- ja pensaskasvio. Helsinki: Dendrologian Seura, 1992. ISBN 951-96557-0-0.

Viitteet

  1. a b Abies fraseri IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j Janet Sullivan: Abies fraseri Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Viitattu 8.4.2011. (englanniksi)
  3. a b Alanko, 57.
  4. a b c d Alanko, 63.
  5. a b c d Alanko, 62.

Aiheesta muualla

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Virginianpihta: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Virginianpihta (Abies fraseri) on Appalakkien eteläosista kotoisin oleva ainavihanta, pienehkö havupuu, joka kuuluu pihtojen sukuun ja mäntykasvien heimoon. Se on läheistä sukua palsamipihdalle, jonka kanssa risteytyessään se muodostaa vermontinpihdan (A. × phanerolepis).

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wikipedia FI

Abies fraseri ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Abies fraseri ou sapin de Fraser est une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinacées.

Description

 src=
Cône et feuillage d'Abies fraseri

Il s'agit d'un arbre sempervirent, un conifère pouvant atteindre de 9 à 25 m de hauteur, avec un diamètre moyen au niveau du tronc de 30 cm[1]. Il présente un houppier étroit et des racines peu profondes.

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Aire de répartition d'Abies fraseri

Ce sapin est endémique d'une région limitée de l'est des États-Unis. Il pousse dans des zones, élevées en altitude, du centre et du sud des Appalaches. On le trouve à l’état natif en Virginie, dans le Tennessee et en Caroline du Nord, mais il est cultivé ailleurs, notamment en Virginie-Occidentale et en Géorgie.

Il s'agit d'une espèce relictuelle de la dernière période glaciaire, qui ne pousse plus que sur 7 à 10 crêtes montagneuses situées au-dessus de 1500 m d'altitude[2].

Rôle écologique

Le sapin de Fraser a un rôle dans la rétention des sols peu profonds qui couvrent les pentes escarpées et humides sur lesquelles il pousse[1].

Nomenclature et systématique

Cette espèce a été décrite scientifiquement pour la première fois en 1813 sous le nom Pinus fraseri par le botaniste germano-américain Frederick Traugott Pursh dans le 2e volume de son ouvrage Flora Americae Septentrionalis[3].

Le botaniste et explorateur français Jean-Louis Marie Poiret a placé cette espèce dans le genre Abies dès 1810, dans le supplément tome 5 de l'Encyclopédie méthodique (Botanique) commencé par Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck[4].

Son nom d’espèce est un hommage au botaniste britannique John Fraser.

Statut et conservation

Utilisation

 src=
Sapin de Fraser utilisé comme sapin de noël

Il peut être cultivé et utilisé pour son bois ; il est également apprécié comme sapin de Noël, en raison de son puissant parfum citronné[5].

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) Center for Plant Conservation ; Irina Kadis, « Abies fraseri », sur http://www.centerforplantconservation.org, 23 septembre 2011 (consulté le 9 février 2012)
  2. (en) NatureServe Explorer, « Abies fraseri - (Pursh) Poir. ; Conservation Status », sur http://www.natureserve.org, NatureServe, juillet 2011 (consulté le 10 février 2012)
  3. (en) + (la) Frederick Pursh, Flora Americae Septentrionalis : or, A systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America. Containing, besides what have been described by preceeding authors, many new and rare species, collected during twelve years travels and residence in that country., vol. 2, Londres, 1814, 751 p. (lire en ligne), p. 639-640
  4. Encyclopédie méthodique : Botanique : Supplément par M. Lamarck ; continuée par J. L. M. Poiret, t. 5, Paris, Agasse, 1810, 780 p. (lire en ligne), p. 34
  5. Schmitt S., « De la Bourgogne à Flavigny », L'Est républicain du 3 décembre 2017, p. 3

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Abies fraseri: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Abies fraseri ou sapin de Fraser est une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinacées.

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Glæsiþinur ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Glæsiþinur, Abies fraseri, er sígrænt barrtré ættað úr Appalasíufjöllum suðausturhluta Bandaríkjanna.

Abies fraseri er náskyldur balsamþin (Abies balsamea), og hefur stundum verið talinn undirtegund af honum (sem A. balsamea subsp. fraseri (Pursh) E.Murray) eða afbrigði (sem A. balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach).[2][3][4][5]

Nöfn

 src=
Glæsiþinur á hlíðum Clingmans Dome

Tegundin Abies fraseri er nefnd eftir Skoska grasafræðingnum John Fraser (1750–1811), gerði fjölda grasasafnana á svæðinu.[3] Nafnið hefur stundum verið rangstafsett "Frasier," "Frazer" eða "Frazier."

Fyrr á tímum var hann stundum kallaður "she-balsam" vegna þess að hægt var að "mjólka" trjákvoðuna úr blöðrum í berkinum,[6] gagnstætt "he balsam" (Picea rubens) sem ekki var hægt að mjólka. Hann hefur einnig verið kallaður "balsam fir", sem býður upp á rugling við A. balsamea.[7]

Lýsing

 src=
Smáplöntur af Glæsiþini (blágrænar, lengri barrnálar) og Brúngreni Picea rubens (grænt, styttra barr)
 src=
Nærmynd af barri Glæsiþins

Abies fraseri er smávaxið sígrænt barrtré, yfirleitt á milli 10 til 15 metra hár, en sjaldan að 25 metrum, með stofnþvermál 40 til 50 sm, sjaldan 75 sm. Krónan er keilulaga, með beinum greinum yfirleitt láréttar eða upp í 40° frá stofninum; mjög þéttar á meðan tréð er ungt og gisnari við þroska. Börkurinn er þunnur, sléttur, grábrúnn, og með fjölda kvoðubóla á yngri trjám, og verður hreistrugur með aldri.

Barrið er nálarlaga; þau eru í spíral upp eftir sprotanum en undin við fótinn og mynda tvær raðir til hvorrar hliðar. Það er 10 til 23mm langt og 2 til 2.2mm breitt; flatt; sveigjanlegt; rúnnað eða lítið eitt sýlt í endann; dökkt til blágrænt að ofan; oft með lítin blet af loftaugum nálægt endanum; og með 2 silfraðar rendur af loftaugarásum að neðan. Sterk lyktin minnir á terpentínu.

Könglarnir eru uppréttir; sívalir; 3.5 til 7 sm langir (sjaldan að 8 sm), og 2.5 til 3 sm ( sjaldan 4 sm) breiðir; dökk purpuralitir, verða fölbrúnir við þroska; oft með trjákvoðu; og með löngum aftursveigðum grænum, gulum eða fölpurpuralitum hreisturblöðkum. Könglarnir sundrast við þroska 4 til 6 mánaða gamlir til að losa vængjuð fræin.[2][3][4]

Sumir grasafræðingar líta á undirtegund Balsamþins nefnda Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis sem náttúrulegan blending við Glæsiþin, og þá skráðan sem Abies × phanerolepis (Fernald) Liu.[3]

Vistfræði

Fjölgun og vöxtur

Glæsiþinur er monoecious, sem þýðir að bæði kven og karlblóm (í sitt hvoru lagi) eru á sama tré.[8] Blómbrum opnast yfirleitt frá miðjum maí til byrjun júní. Kvenblómin eru yfirleitt í efstu metrum krónunnar og á enda greina. Karblómin eru fyrir neðan kvenblómin, en að mestu í efri helmingi krónunnar. Blómgun og fræmyndun getur hafist þegar trén eru aðeins 15 ára gömul. Fræin þroskast auðveldlega á flestu undirlagi sem er nógu rakt (mosi, mór, rotnandi stofnar o.fl.).[9]

Útbreiðsla

Glæsiþinur, Abies fraseri, vex einvörðungu í suðaustur Appalasíufjöllum í suðvestur Virginíu, vestur Norður-Karólínu og austur Tennessee, þar sem hann kemur fyrir hátt yfir sjó, frá 1,200 m upp á topp á Mitchellfjalli (Norður-Karólína), sem stendur hæst á svæðinu (2,037 m). Hann kýs súran, rakan jarðveg (leirsand) en með góðu frárennsli, er yfirleitt í bland við Picea rubens. Önnur tré sem hann vex með eru Tsuga caroliniana, Betula alleghaniensis (Gulbjörk), Betula papyrifera (Næfurbjörk), og Acer saccharum (Sykurhlynur). Veðurfarið á búsvæðinu er svalt og rakt, með stuttum svölum sumrum og köldum vetrum með mikilli snjókomu.[2][3]

Pestir

 src=
Glæsiþinskógur, með mörg tré drepin af Adelges piceae

Abies fraseri verður fyrir miklum áföllum af innfluttu skordýri; Adelges piceae. Innflutningur þess hefur leitt til mikilla affalla af Glæsiþini, með yfir 80 prósenta dauða fullorðinna trjáa. Mikil endurnýjun smáplantna vegna skorts á yfirvexti hefur leitt til góðs vaxtar á heilbrigðum ungum trjám þar sem einu sinni stóðu þroskaðir skógar. Hinsvegar, þegar þessi ungu tré verða nógu gömul til að það fari að þau fari að vera með sprunginn börk, geta þau orðið fyrir árásum og drepin einnig.

Vegna þessa er framtíð tegundarinnar óvís, þó að Mount Rogers (Virginíu) skógurinn hefði að mestu sloppið. Hnignun glæsiþins í suður Appalasíufjöllum hefur leitt til taps á búsvæði mosa sem er mikilvægur fyrir köngulóna Microhexura montivaga (3 til 4 mm stór og lifir á stökkmor, mjög sjaldgæf).[5]

Ræktun og nytjar

Hann er ekki mikilvægur í timburframleiðslu, en mikið notaður sem jólatré. Mildur ilmurinn, lögunin, kröftugar greinar, og eiginleikinn að missa ekki nálarnar (sem stinga ekki þegar verið er að hengja upp skrautið) í langan tíma eftir að tréð er fellt gerir það að einni af hentugustu tegundunum til þess.[10] Glæsiþinur hefur verið notaður oftar sem jólatré Hvíta Hússins heldur nokkuð annað tré.[heimild vantar]

Hann er ræktaður á plantekrum á Skotlandi og seldur í þúsundatali um Bretlandseyjar.[heimild vantar] Hann er einnig ræktaður í nokkrum ríkjum norður Bandaríkjanna og aðlægum hlutum Quebec ríkis, aðallega í jólatrjáarækt.[heimild vantar]

Samsetningin af lögun, nálafestu, dökk blágrænn litur, þægilegur ilmur og góðir flutningseiginleikar hafa gert glæsiþin að einni vinsælustu jólatrjáategundinni. Ræktun og uppskera á þessari tegund fyrir jólatré og greinar er marg-milljóna dollara viðskifti í suður Appalasíufjöllum. Norður-Karólína framleiðir meginhluta þeirra.[11] Hann þarf 7 til 10 ár á akri til að verða 2 metra hár. North Carolina General Assembly gerði 2005 löggjöf sem gerði Glæsiþin að opinberu jólatré Norður-Karólínu.


Tilvísanir

  1. Abies fraseri. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 3.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2011. Sótt 10. nóvember 2013.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Liu, T.-S. (1971). A Monograph of the Genus Abies. National Taiwan University.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Flora of North America: Abies fraseri
  5. 5,0 5,1 Gymnosperm Database: Abies fraseri
  6. Frankenberg, D. (2000). Exploring North Carolina's Natural Areas: Parks, Nature Preserves, and Hiking Trails. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4851-4. p343
  7. Sutton, M. & Sutton, A. (1985). Eastern forests (Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-73126-3. p363
  8. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir, Silviculture Manual, Volume 1, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Retrieved 20 October 2014
  9. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. The National Christmas Tree Association, Retrieved 20 Oct 2014
  10. Hendrix, Steve, "A Christmas tree’s remarkable journey", The Washington Post, December 21, 2011.
  11. Fraser Fir North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 November 2010

Ytri tenglar


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Glæsiþinur: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Glæsiþinur, Abies fraseri, er sígrænt barrtré ættað úr Appalasíufjöllum suðausturhluta Bandaríkjanna.

Abies fraseri er náskyldur balsamþin (Abies balsamea), og hefur stundum verið talinn undirtegund af honum (sem A. balsamea subsp. fraseri (Pursh) E.Murray) eða afbrigði (sem A. balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach).

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Abies fraseri ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'abete di Fraser (Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir., 1817) è un albero della famiglia delle Pinaceae che vegeta sugli Appalachi.[1]

Etimologia

Il nome generico Abies, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dalla parola greca ἄβιος = longevo.[2] Il nome specifico fraseri fu assegnato in onore di John Fraser, botanico scozzese collezionista di specie botaniche nordamericane, tra le quali A. fraser.[3]

Descrizione

È una conifera di taglia medio-piccola, a portamento conico, che raggiunge altezze di 25 m e il cui tronco può raggiungere 75 cm di diametro. La corteccia, liscia e grigia, con l'età si spacca in placche rossastre. I rami principali dipartono dal tronco ad angolo retto; i ramoscelli secondari sono opposti, di colore giallo-marrone pallido con peluria rossastra. Le gemme, resinose, sono di forma conica, marroni chiare, ad apice acuto; le perule che le rivestono sono triangolari, resinose, a margine intero e punta affilata.[4]

Le foglie sono aghiformi, di colore verde scuro lucido, lunghe fino a 2,5 cm, con apice rotondeggiante o lievemente dentellato.[4]

Gli strobili femminili, di color porpora scuro, sono cilindrici, lunghi fino a 6 cm e larghi fino a 4 cm, sessili, con punta rotondeggiante; le scaglie sono a forma di ventaglio, lunghe 3 cm, larghe 3,5 cm, lisce. Le brattee sono verdi-giallastre. Gli strobili maschili sono giallo-rossi o giallo-verdi. I semi, di colore marrone, sono lunghi fino a 5 mm, con ala purpurea di 5 mm. I cotiledoni sono circa cinque.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Specie endemica dei monti Appalachi e presente in Carolina del Nord, Tennessee e Virginia.[1] Predilige quote montane comprese tra i 1.200 e i 2.000 m, esposte a settentrione e con suoli podzol e moderatamente acidi. Il clima di riferimento è quello montano, con estati fresche e inverni freddi e nevosi con precipitazioni annue variabili tra 850 e 2.000 mm. Può formare boschi puri alle alte quote, più comunemente in associazione con Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera, Tsuga caroliniana, Betula alleghaniensis, Sorbus americana, Acer saccharum e Fraxinus caroliniana. Ericaceae e altre erbe sono comuni nel sottobosco, così come veri e propri tappeti di muschio (Hylocomium splendens).[1]

Tassonomia

Sinonimi

Di seguito i sinonimi conosciuti:[5]

  • Abies balsamea subsp. fraseri (Pursh) A.E.Murray
  • Picea fraseri (Pursh) Loudon
  • Picea hudsonia Gordon
  • Pinus fraseri Pursh

Usi

Nonostante l'altezza non eccessiva rispetto ad altre specie, nella fascia orientale degli Stati Uniti è ampiamente utilizzato come albero di Natale per la fragranza, la forma e per la caratteristica dei suoi aghi di rimanere morbidi anche molto tempo dopo il taglio. Viene altresì utilizzato come albero ornamentale in giardini privati e pubblici.[3]

Conservazione

Oltre che dalle difficili condizioni climatiche in cui vegeta e dalla competizione con specie antagoniste, è minacciato soprattutto dall'insetto Adelges piceae, che dal 1957 al 1980 ha provocato la morte di quasi 2 milioni di esemplari, riducendo sostanzialmente la popolazione totale di abeti di Fraser, il cui areale è diventato molto frammentato con un'area di occupazione di circa 500 km². Al momento non sono ancora stati trovati rimedi efficaci per eliminare il parassita. La specie viene quindi inserita tra le specie in pericolo di estinzione nella Lista rossa IUCN (Endangered).[1]

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e (EN) Farjon, A. 2013., Abies fraseri, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Pier Luigi Nimis, Nevio Agostini, Marco Verdecchia e Elias Ceccarelli, Guida agli alberi del Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (PDF), su Dryades project Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Trieste, Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi. URL consultato il 21 marzo 2019.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.), Brill, 2010, pp. 86-87. URL consultato il 18 dicembre 2016.
  4. ^ a b c (EN) Abies fraseri, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 18 dicembre 2016.
  5. ^ (EN) Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 28/4/2020.

 title=
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Abies fraseri: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'abete di Fraser (Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir., 1817) è un albero della famiglia delle Pinaceae che vegeta sugli Appalachi.

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Fraserspar ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De fraserspar (Abies fraseri) is een boom die behoort tot de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). De plant wordt als tuin- en kerstboom gebruikt. De boom is decoratief, omdat deze al bij een lengte van 1-2 m helder gekleurde kegels heeft.

De boom komt van nature voor in de zuidoostelijke Appalachen, in het zuidwesten van Virginia, in het westen van North Carolina en in het oosten van Tennessee. De boom groeit op vochtige, goed ontwaterde, zure zandgrond op 1200 tot 2000 m hoogte, meestal in gemengd bos met de soort Picea rubens.

De boom wordt tot 25 m hoog en heeft een diameter tot 75 cm en een 6-12 m brede kroon. De takken staan horizontaal. De vorm van de kroon is piramidaal. Op jonge leeftijd is de boom dicht, maar wordt opener naarmate deze ouder wordt.

 src=
Frasersparbos met veel door aantasting van het vleugelloze insect Adelges piceae afgestorven bomen

De schors is grijsbruin en wordt op latere leeftijd schilferig. Normaal is de schors dun en glad maar wel met veel harsblaasjes.

De 1,2-2,5 cm lange, donkergroene, platte, buigzame naalden staan spiraalsgewijs op de twijgen, maar door een draaiing aan de basis lijken ze in twee rijen te staan. De top van de naald is rond en heeft een inkeping. Op de onderkant van de naald zitten twee zilverkleurige rijen huidmondjes. De naalden ruiken naar terpentijn.

De purperachtige kegels zijn 3,5-7 cm lang, die tijdens het rijpen lichtbruin worden. De cilindrische, met hars bedekte kegels staan rechtop. De schubben vallen van de rijpe kegel af, waardoor de zaden vrijkomen.

 src=
Zaden

Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis wordt door sommigen als een hybride van de balsemzilverspar (Abies balsamea) en de fraserspar beschouwd.

De achteruitgang van de fraserspar in de zuidelijke Appalachen gedurende de jaren tachtig van de twintigste eeuw heeft ook geleid tot de achteruitgang van de spin Microhexura montivaga.

De fraserspar maakt in de Verenigde Staten deel uit van de National Collection of Endangered Plants. Het Arnold Arboretum houdt zich namens het Center for Plant Conservation bezig met de bescherming van de plant.

Bibliografie

  • Abies fraseri, CPC National Collection Plant Profile, Center for Plant Conservation
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Abies fraseri op Wikimedia Commons.
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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia NL

Fraserspar: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De fraserspar (Abies fraseri) is een boom die behoort tot de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). De plant wordt als tuin- en kerstboom gebruikt. De boom is decoratief, omdat deze al bij een lengte van 1-2 m helder gekleurde kegels heeft.

De boom komt van nature voor in de zuidoostelijke Appalachen, in het zuidwesten van Virginia, in het westen van North Carolina en in het oosten van Tennessee. De boom groeit op vochtige, goed ontwaterde, zure zandgrond op 1200 tot 2000 m hoogte, meestal in gemengd bos met de soort Picea rubens.

De boom wordt tot 25 m hoog en heeft een diameter tot 75 cm en een 6-12 m brede kroon. De takken staan horizontaal. De vorm van de kroon is piramidaal. Op jonge leeftijd is de boom dicht, maar wordt opener naarmate deze ouder wordt.

 src= Frasersparbos met veel door aantasting van het vleugelloze insect Adelges piceae afgestorven bomen

De schors is grijsbruin en wordt op latere leeftijd schilferig. Normaal is de schors dun en glad maar wel met veel harsblaasjes.

De 1,2-2,5 cm lange, donkergroene, platte, buigzame naalden staan spiraalsgewijs op de twijgen, maar door een draaiing aan de basis lijken ze in twee rijen te staan. De top van de naald is rond en heeft een inkeping. Op de onderkant van de naald zitten twee zilverkleurige rijen huidmondjes. De naalden ruiken naar terpentijn.

De purperachtige kegels zijn 3,5-7 cm lang, die tijdens het rijpen lichtbruin worden. De cilindrische, met hars bedekte kegels staan rechtop. De schubben vallen van de rijpe kegel af, waardoor de zaden vrijkomen.

 src= Zaden

Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis wordt door sommigen als een hybride van de balsemzilverspar (Abies balsamea) en de fraserspar beschouwd.

De achteruitgang van de fraserspar in de zuidelijke Appalachen gedurende de jaren tachtig van de twintigste eeuw heeft ook geleid tot de achteruitgang van de spin Microhexura montivaga.

De fraserspar maakt in de Verenigde Staten deel uit van de National Collection of Endangered Plants. Het Arnold Arboretum houdt zich namens het Center for Plant Conservation bezig met de bescherming van de plant.

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Jodła Frasera ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Jodła Frasera (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje w południowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej, na terenie Karoliny Północnej, Tennessee i Wirginii[2]. Jest wizytówką parku narodowego Great Smoky Mountains. Nazwana na cześć Johna Frasera w 1817 roku[5].

Morfologia

 src=
Pokrój
 src=
Liście
Pokrój
Zgrabne, wytrzymałe drzewo dorastające 20-25 m wysokości o stożkowatej, wąskiej sylwetce[6][5].
Kora
Na młodych drzewach ciemnobrązowa, u starszych różowoszara. Pokrywa się żywicznymi naciekami[5].
Liście
Tępo zakończone igły długości 2 cm, z wierzchu ciemnozielone, od spodu z szerokimi, srebrzystoszarymi paskami. Wyrastają rzędami po obu stronach pędu, wyginają się w różnych kierunkach. Pąki zimowe mają charakterystyczne czekoladowobrązowe zabarwienie i są pokryte grubą warstwą żywicy[5].
Szyszki
Sterczące, ciemnopurpurowe z jasnobrązowymi, długimi, odwiniętymi łuskami wspierającymi. Dorastają 5,5 cm długości[5].

Biologia i ekologia

Fanerofit. Roślina jednopienna, wiatropylna. Rośnie w lasach górskich do 1500 m n.p.m. Liczba chromosomów 2n=24[6].

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Jodła ta wpisana jest do Czerwonej księgi gatunków zagrożonych w kategorii gatunek narażony (ang. Vulnerable – VU)[4].

Zastosowanie

Spotykana w parkach i arboretach. Jest popularnym gatunkiem drzewa choinkowego także w Europie[5].

Przypisy

  1. Christopher J. Earle: The Gymnosperm Database - Abies. 2011.
  2. a b Abies fraseri (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2013-07-01].
  3. The Plant List. [dostęp 2013-07-01].
  4. a b Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (ang.). [dostęp 01 lipca 2013].
  5. a b c d e f Tony Russel, Catherine Cutler, Martin Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 118. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
  6. a b Flora of North America (ang.). W: Abies fraseri [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-07-01].
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wikipedia POL

Jodła Frasera: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Jodła Frasera (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje w południowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej, na terenie Karoliny Północnej, Tennessee i Wirginii. Jest wizytówką parku narodowego Great Smoky Mountains. Nazwana na cześć Johna Frasera w 1817 roku.

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wikipedia POL

Virginiagran ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Virginiagran (Abies fraseri) är ett barrträd i ädelgransläktet, med ett naturligt utbredningsområde i östra USA:s berg. Det är nära besläktat med balsamgranen (Abies balsamea), till vilken den vid något tillfälle behandlats som en underart (som A. balsamea subsp. fraseri (Pursh) E.Murray) eller varietet (som A. balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach).[2][3][4][5]

 src=
Kotte på virginiagran









Externa länkar

Referenser

  1. ^ IUCN Reflist: Abies fraseri
  2. ^ Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  3. ^ Liu, T.-S. (1971). A Monograph of the Genus Abies. National Taiwan University.
  4. ^ Flora of North America: Abies fraseri
  5. ^ Gymnosperm Database: Abies fraseri
Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Virginiagran: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Virginiagran (Abies fraseri) är ett barrträd i ädelgransläktet, med ett naturligt utbredningsområde i östra USA:s berg. Det är nära besläktat med balsamgranen (Abies balsamea), till vilken den vid något tillfälle behandlats som en underart (som A. balsamea subsp. fraseri (Pursh) E.Murray) eller varietet (som A. balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach).

 src= Kotte på virginiagran









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Abies fraseri ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Поширення, екологія

Країни поширення: США (Північна Кароліна, Теннессі, Вірджинія). Росте на найвищих схилах і вершинах гір Аппалачі, між 1200 м і 2038 м над рівнем моря, як правило, найкраще розвиваються на північних схилах. Ґрунти, як правило, опідзолені і помірної кислоти. Клімат вологий, з прохолодним літом і холодною зимою з сильними снігопадами, річна кількість опадів коливається від 850 мм і 2000 мм. Росте розкидано населення, іноді в чисто популяціях на найвищих відмітках, але частіше в суміші з Picea rubens і Betula papyrifera вище 1500 м, на більш низьких висотах також з Tsuga caroliniana, Betula alleghaniensis, Sorbus americana, Acer saccharum і Fraxinus caroliniana. Ericaceae і різні трави поширені в підліску, часто є товстий моховий килим (Hylocomium splendens).

Опис

Дерева до 25 м заввишки і 75 см діаметра на рівні грудей, з відкритою, симетричною, від пірамідальної до шпилеподібної крони. Кора сіра, тонка, гладка, пізніше сивіє. Гілки розходяться від стовбура під прямим кутом. Бруньки оголені, світло-коричневі, конічні, маленькі, смолисті, вершина гостра. Листки розміром 1,2-2,5 см × 1,5-2 мм,, гнучкі; поперечний перетин плоский; верхня поверхня темно-блискуче-зелена, іноді злегка сиза, вершина від злегка зубчастого до округлого. Пилкові шишки при запиленні червоно-жовті або жовто-зелені. Насіннєві шишки циліндричні, розміром 3,5-6 × 2,5-4 см, до дозрівання темно-фіолетові з накладними жовтувато-зеленими приквітками, після дозрівання від темно-коричневого до чорного кольору. Насіння розміром 4-5 × 2-3 мм, тіло коричневе; крила такої ж довжини, фіолетові. Деревина блідо-коричнева з білою заболонню. 2n = 24.

Використання

Решта населення ялиці має дуже обмежену комерційну цінність, як деревина. Використовується цей вид для новорічних ялинок. Він має природну «різдвяну» форму і зберігає свої ароматні, темно-зелені листки добре у приміщенні. Він також широко використовується як декоративне дерево для садів.

Загрози та охорона

На сьогодні найбільшим руйнівником є комаха, Adelges piceae виявлена у 1957 році на цій ялиці. Цей чужий шкідник швидко поширився на всі субпопуляції, викликаючи масивне відмирання. Мільйони дерев померли від 1980-х років, і тільки одна істотна популяція (гори Роджерс, Вірджинія) залишається практично незмінною.

Посилання


Соснові Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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Abies fraseri ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Abies fraseri là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Pursh) Poir. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1817.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Abies fraseri. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

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Abies fraseri: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Abies fraseri là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Pursh) Poir. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1817.

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direitos autorais
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site do parceiro
wikipedia VI