Humans contribute to a great amount of predation on freshwater drum. Commercially up to 453,592 kg (1 million pounds) is harvested per year. Immature drum are preyed on by many different predatory fishes such as Sander vitreus, Esox masquinongy, Esox lucius, Aplodinotus grunniens, and gulls (Larus), such as Larus argentatus.
Known Predators:
Freshwater drum have a distinctive appearance. They are a silver, deep-bodied fish that are compressed laterally. An unusual characteristic of these fish is that their lateral line extends into their rounded caudal fin. They also have a long dorsal fin relative to their total length that contains a deep notch. According to Smith (2001) the mouth is sub terminal with a blunt rounded snout. The scales are ctenoid and the lateral line scales can range from 49 to 53. The anal fin has two spines, the first being much shorter than the second, and seven soft rays. Freshwater drum can reach lengths up to .91 m (three feet) and weights up to 24 kg (55 pounds). On average they range in size from 31 cm to 71 cm ( 12 to 28 inches) and weights from .45 kg to 3.6 kg (1 to 8 pounds).
Range mass: 24 (high) kg.
Average mass: 0.45-3.6 kg.
Range length: 910 (high) mm.
Average length: 310-710 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Not much information is available on the lifespan of freshwater drum in captivity. It is known that they can reach the age of 13 in the wild and average between 6 to 8 years natural longevity.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 13 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 6 to 8 years.
Freshwater drum inhabit backwaters and areas of slack current in a wide range of habitats including deep pools in medium to large rivers and large, deep to shallow lacustrine environments. They are a benthic fish that particularly like silty to rocky substrates.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
Freshwater drum are the only members of the family Sciaenidae that inhabit freshwater. They have a vast distribution range that extends from as far north as the Hudson Bay to their extreme southern range in the Rio Usumacinata Basin of Guatemala. They are found as far east as the western banks of the Appalachian Mountain range in the eastern U.S. and extending as far west as Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. They are considered to be one of the most wide-ranging fish species in North America.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Freshwater drum feed on prey at all hours of the night. They peruse the bottom in schools in search of many different items. They generally root around and move rocks and other substrates to flush their prey. Adults feed primarily on aquatic insects such as mayflies, small fish (in particular shad (Alosa) and immature drum) and mollusks. During the early larval stage freshwater drum feed primarily on the larval stages of other fishes. After reaching 12 mm they begin to feed on zooplankton (Clark and Pearson, 1979; as cited in Etnier and Starnes, 1993). Juveniles feed on larval stages of mayflies and caddisflies. Freshwater drum are equipped with heavy pharyngeal teeth that aid in the consumption of snails and the introduced Dreissena polymorpha.
Animal Foods: fish; eggs; carrion ; insects; mollusks; terrestrial worms; aquatic crustaceans; zooplankton
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Insectivore ); omnivore
Freshwater drum are known for their feeding on the notorious zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha. They do not control populations however they may contribute to high numbers of mortality in these nuisance mussells. It is documented that many types of mussels use freshwater drum as a host in their reproductive cycle.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Freshwater drum are growing in popularity and in some cases they are recognized as a sport fish. They are known for their great fighting ability and their large size. They are popular meat in some areas. In some cases drum make a great bait to catch other fish species. These fish also have exceptionally large inner ear bones called otoliths. They are called “lucky stones” and are collected for good luck. Many otoliths have been found around old Indian settlements and were traded far outside of their natural range. Archeologists believe that they were collected by indigenous peoples and worn as jewelry.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; controls pest population
Freshwater drum communicate by making drumming, or croaking sounds with specialized muscles that vibrate against their air bladders. This feature gives the species its name, grunniens, latin for "grunting". These muscles only develop in males. Drumming is thought to excite males and females to assemble in a breeding area.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Other Communication Modes: vibrations
Perception Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The IUCN Red List, CITES appendices, and the United States Endangered Species Act list the status of Aplodinotus grunniens as being a species of “least concern” or having “no special status.” This indicates that populations are not threatened in the near future.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
Freshwater drum begin life when the female's egg becomes fertilized by the male. The fertilized egg then hatches after 48 to 96 hours. The larvae are 3 mm at hatching and stay at the surface for three days, or until they are capable of swimming on their own. They then proceed to move into deeper waters to begin feeding and are considered juveniles at 15 mm. They can reach lengths up to 85 mm during their first year, and reach sizes up to 150 mm the next. The size of freshwater drum varies based on food and habitat availability. The sexes are not dimorphic.
There are no known adverse effects of freshwater drum on humans.
Freshwater drum breed seasonally in open water. The eggs are fertilized and left floating near the surface of the water, where the eggs, and subsequently the larvae, are carried by currents. This unique characteristic is thought to be the explanation of their wide distribution. Freshwater drum are seemingly promiscuous because males and females disperse eggs and sperm into the water column where fertilization is rather random. However scientific evidence to justify this statement has not been documented.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Males generally reach maturity at the age of four while females usually reach maturity around age five and into their sixth year of life. Spawning takes place when water temperatures reach 20° C, usually between the months of May and June. The fish spawn within the water column. According to Etnier and Starnes (1993) one female can produce 40,000 to 60,000 ova, although most of these eggs are preyed on almost immediately. Fertilized eggs float near the surface of the water for two to four days before hatching. Larvae stay attached to the surface film until they obtain enough muscle strength to swim into deeper water. This usually requires at least three more days. Growth is rapid in young fish and tends to slow down with age.
Breeding interval: Freshwater drum breed once a year for 6 to 7 weeks in late spring to early summer.
Breeding season: Spawning takes place between May and June and when water temperatures reach 20° C.
Range number of offspring: 40,000 to 60,000.
Range gestation period: 1 to 4 days.
Range time to independence: 5 to 8 days.
Average time to independence: 6 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 6 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4 to 6 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous
Average number of offspring: 50000.
There is no parental involvement among freshwater drum after spawning.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning)
Aplodinotus grunniens, en anglès freshwater drum, sheephead o sheepshead[1] és un peix d'aigua dolça de la família dels esciènids. Aplodinotus grunniens és l'única espècie del gènere Aplodinotus.[2] Aplodinotus grunniens és un peix de costums nocturnes, molt comú a la zona dels Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord i a la conca del Mississippi - Missouri. Es troba als llacs del Canadà fins a latituds molt elevades.
Com altres espècies d'esciènids, aquest corball té la facultat de poder emetre sons roncs, similars a un tamborineig, el que els ha valgut el nom de "drumfish" (peixos tambor). Aquests sorolls els produeixen fent vibrar els muscles abdominals contra la bufeta natatòria. A alguns llocs dels Estats Units, com al zona del Mississippi, hom afirmava que aquests peixos produïen els sorolls corresponents fent vibrar uns ossos balders que tenien al crani. Aquests ossos, però, s'ha comprovat que no existeixen.[3]
Els otòlits de l'aplodinotus grunniens són força grans. Antigament eren utilitzats per alguns pobles indígenes d'Amèrica com a amulet, com a moneda i per fer joieria.[4] Mitjançant otòlits seccionats provenents de jaciments arqueològics del llac Winnebago, Wisconsin, s'ha trobat que hi ha hagut Aplodinotus grunniens que han arribat als 74 anys[5]
Aplodinotus grunniens, en anglès freshwater drum, sheephead o sheepshead és un peix d'aigua dolça de la família dels esciènids. Aplodinotus grunniens és l'única espècie del gènere Aplodinotus. Aplodinotus grunniens és un peix de costums nocturnes, molt comú a la zona dels Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord i a la conca del Mississippi - Missouri. Es troba als llacs del Canadà fins a latituds molt elevades.
Com altres espècies d'esciènids, aquest corball té la facultat de poder emetre sons roncs, similars a un tamborineig, el que els ha valgut el nom de "drumfish" (peixos tambor). Aquests sorolls els produeixen fent vibrar els muscles abdominals contra la bufeta natatòria. A alguns llocs dels Estats Units, com al zona del Mississippi, hom afirmava que aquests peixos produïen els sorolls corresponents fent vibrar uns ossos balders que tenien al crani. Aquests ossos, però, s'ha comprovat que no existeixen.
Els otòlits de l'aplodinotus grunniens són força grans. Antigament eren utilitzats per alguns pobles indígenes d'Amèrica com a amulet, com a moneda i per fer joieria. Mitjançant otòlits seccionats provenents de jaciments arqueològics del llac Winnebago, Wisconsin, s'ha trobat que hi ha hagut Aplodinotus grunniens que han arribat als 74 anys
Der Süßwassertrommler (Aplodinotus grunniens) (engl. freshwater drum, croaker, grunt) ist eine der wenigen Arten der Umberfische, die ausschließlich im Süßwasser leben. Sein Lebensraum sind Flüsse und Seen in Nordamerika.
Süßwassertrommler erreichen in der Mehrzahl eine Länge von 30 bis 70 Zentimeter und ein Gewicht von 0,45 bis 3,5 Kilogramm. Größere und schwerere Exemplare sind bekannt: Im Sommer 2007 wurden unterhalb des Gavins Point Dam des Missouri River an der Grenze Nebraska-South Dakota zwei Süßwassertrommler gefangen mit 10,35 kg beziehungsweise 14,86 kg.[1] Es wurde auch schon ein Exemplar im Alter von 32 Jahren aus dem Cahaba River in Alabama gefangen und selbst über einen 72 Jahre alten Süßwassertrommler aus Red Lakes in Minnesota wurde berichtet.[2]
Kennzeichnend für den Süßwassertrommler sind der hohe Rücken und der seitlich abgeflachte Körper. Die Färbung ist großenteils einförmig silbrig, Rücken und obere Körperseiten sind häufig dunkel, die Wurzeln der Flossen rötlich, die Rücken- und Schwanzflosse können zudem schwarz umrandet sein. Die große Rückenflosse besteht aus der vorderen stacheligen und der hinteren weichen Rückenflosse, beide sind durch eine tiefe Einkerbung voneinander abgesetzt. Das Seitenlinienorgan erstreckt sich bis in die Schwanzflosse. Der Süßwassertrommler besitzt wie die meisten Umberfische kräftige Pharyngeal-Zähne und kann damit hartschalige Beute knacken. Die ventralen Pharyngealia sind verwachsen, die Zähne halbkugelig. Die Schwimmblase ist groß und ungeteilt.
Geschlechtsreife Männchen besitzen einen Lautapparat, mit dem sie während der Fortpflanzungszeit Laute bilden.[3] Der Lautapparat besteht aus zwei Muskeln (Trommelmuskeln), deren Fasern von der Innenwand der Körpermuskulatur ausgehen und über eine breite Sehne (Zentralsehne), die über die Schwimmblase hinweg zieht, miteinander verbunden sind. Die Trommelmuskeln sind während der Laichzeit rötlich im Gegensatz zur weißen Körpermuskulatur.
Das Labyrinth ist gut ausgebildet.[4] Die drei Bogengänge sind gleich groß und in drei Richtungen des Raumes angeordnet. Dorsal sind die Bogengänge an der Schädeldecke befestigt. Ausnehmend groß ist der Sacculus, ebenso sein Ohrstein (Sagitta). Die laterale Seite dieses Ohrsteins ist unregelmäßig gestaltet, während die mediale Seite leicht gewölbt und bis auf eine raue Fläche seitlich von der Mitte glatt ist. Außerdem ist auf der medialen Seite regelmäßig eine L-förmige Einkerbung ausgebildet. Caudal schließt sich an den Sacculus die merklich kleinere Lagena an, die ebenfalls einen Ohrstein (Asteriscus) enthält. Der Uriculus befindet sich an der Basis der Bogengänge und ist von diesen abgesetzt. Er enthält gleichfalls einen Otolithen (Lapillus). Mithilfe der Ohrsteine lässt sich das Alter eines Fisches bestimmen.
Flossenformel: D1 IX, D2 I/~30, A II/5–6.
Der Süßwassertrommler bewohnt Seen und Flüsse Nordamerikas. In Ost-West-Richtung reicht sein Verbreitungsgebiet von den Appalachen bis zu den Rocky Mountains, in Nord-Süd-Richtung von der Hudson Bay über Nordamerika hinaus bis nach Guatemala. Er besitzt damit das größte Verbreitungsgebiet aller Süßwasserfische Nordamerikas.[5] Die Verbreitung in diesem Areal ist allerdings nicht flächendeckend.
In der Familie der Umberfische stellt der Süßwassertrommler eine Ausnahme dar, da er, wie Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) in Südamerika, im Süßwasser lebt. Damit ist er vergleichbar mit der Quappe oder Trüsche, die als Vertreterin der Dorschfische ebenfalls im Süßwasser heimisch ist. Ein Unterschied besteht darin, dass manche Umberfische in Brackwasser und Süßwasser vordringen, die Dorsche dagegen nicht.
Die Nahrung des Süßwassertrommlers besteht vorwiegend aus Insektenlarven, Flohkrebsen und Decapoden, Schnecken und Süßwassermuscheln (z. B. Wandermuscheln), deren harte Schalen er mit seinen Pharyngealzähnen aufknackt. Erst ab einer Länge der Fische von 26 cm sind die Pharyngealzähne genügend stark entwickelt, um Muscheln knacken zu können. Nur größere Exemplare ab 37,5 cm Länge ernähren sich hauptsächlich von Wandermuscheln. Der Süßwassertrommler kann also nur bedingt zur biologischen Kontrolle der Vermehrung der im nordamerikanischen Seengebiet eingeschleppten Wandermuschel herangezogen werden.[6] Dazu kommen als Beute für den Süßwassertrommler kleinere Fische wie Alosa, kleine Karpfenartige und auch Jungfische der eigenen Art. Der Süßwassertrommler ist im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Raubfischen des Süßwassers nachtaktiv.[7]
Süßwassertrommler werden nach 4 bis 6 Jahren geschlechtsreif; die Körperlänge der Männchen beträgt dann mindestens 20 cm, die der Weibchen mindestens 22 cm.
Während der Fortpflanzungszeit geben die Männchen ihre typischen Laute (Trommellaute) ab, die aus kurzen, gleichartigen Impulsen aufgebaut sind.[3] Ihre Wiederholungsrate liegt bei etwa 25–30 Hz und ist temperaturabhängig. Die Dauer der Laute variiert zwischen 200 ms und 5 s; sie ist bestimmt durch die Anzahl der Impulse pro Laut. Bei hoher akustischer Aktivität ist die Dauer der Laute lang, die Intervalle zwischen ihnen sind dagegen kurz. Das Frequenzspektrum der Laute reicht von 100 bis 2000 Hz. Der Hauptteil der Schallenergie verteilt sich auf den Bereich 200 bis 300 Hz. Nach bisheriger Kenntnis dienen die Laute dazu, ablaichbereite Männchen und Weibchen zusammenzuführen.
Das Laichen findet in Abhängigkeit von der geografischen Breite von April bis Ende Juni bei Wassertemperaturen zwischen 18 und 26 °C statt. Zum Laichen bilden die Fische Gruppen von 15–30 Tieren, die zur Wasseroberfläche aufsteigen und dort laichen. Die Eier entwickeln sich pelagisch, was bei Süßwasserfischen sonst selten vorkommt. Sie können durch Wasserströmungen innerhalb eines Sees oder Flusses weit verbreitet werden. Große Weibchen legen bis zu 600 000 Eier ab.
Bei Anglern in Nordamerika ist der Süßwassertrommler recht beliebt, als Speisefisch wird er vielerorts aufgrund des Geschmacks und der schleimigen Haut jedoch verschmäht. Im Lake Winnebago in Wisconsin ist der Süßwassertrommler zahlreich und wird wirtschaftlich genutzt, z. B. dient er in Nerzfarmen als Futter für die Aufzucht der Tiere.
Die Ohrsteine des Süßwassertrommlers wurden von den früheren Einwohnern Nordamerikas als Währung verwendet und werden auch heute noch als Glücksbringer verschenkt oder zu Schmuck gedrechselt (elfenbeinähnlich).[8] Als Funde sind angeschwemmte Ohrsteine des Sacculus besonders geschätzt, denn die L-förmige Einkerbung auf der medialen Seite wird als "lucky" gedeutet. Möglicherweise lässt sich von den Ohrsteinen der von Rafinesque 1819 vergebene wissenschaftliche Name Aplodinotus deuten: (h)aplo- "einfach", din- "sehr groß", -otos "-ohrig" (von οῦς, ὠτός Ohr, "Ohrstein").
Der Süßwassertrommler (Aplodinotus grunniens) (engl. freshwater drum, croaker, grunt) ist eine der wenigen Arten der Umberfische, die ausschließlich im Süßwasser leben. Sein Lebensraum sind Flüsse und Seen in Nordamerika.
The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus, and is a member of the family Sciaenidae. It is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life.[3] Its generic name, Aplodinotus, comes from Greek meaning "single back", and the specific epithet, grunniens, comes from a Latin word meaning "grunting".[4] It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males and during the spawning season, it is assumed to be linked to spawning.[3][5]
The drum typically weighs 5–15 lb (2.3–6.8 kg). The world record was caught on Nickajack Lake in Tennessee, and weighed in at 54 lb 8 oz (24.7 kg). The freshwater drum is gray or silvery in turbid waters and more bronze or brown colored in clearer waters. It is a deep bodied fish with a divided dorsal fin consisting of 10 spines and 29–32 rays.
The freshwater drum is also called Russell fish, shepherd's pie, gray bass,[6] Gasper goo, Gaspergou,[7] gou,[7] grunt, grunter,[6] grinder, gooble gobble, and croaker. It is commonly known as sheephead and sunfish in parts of Canada,[8] the United Kingdom,[9] and the United States.[6][7][10][11]
Freshwater drum are the only North American member of their family to exclusively inhabit freshwater (freshwater family members in genera Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilipinnis and Plagioscion are from South America,[12] while Boesemania is Asian[13]). Their great distribution range goes as far north as the Hudson Bay, and reaches as far south as Guatemala. Their longitudinal distribution goes as far east as the eastern Appalachians and stretches as far west into Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma.[14] Freshwater drum are considered to be one of the most wide-ranging species in North America.
The freshwater drum prefers clear water, but it is tolerant of turbid and murky water. They prefer the bottom to be clean sand and gravel substrates.[15]
The diet of the freshwater drum is generally benthic and composed of macroinvertebrates (mainly aquatic insect larvae and bivalve mussels), as well as small fish in certain ecosystems.[16] Freshwater drum show distinct seasonal differences in their diet. In April and May, the drum feeds on dipterans. During these months, dipterans make up about 50 percent of the freshwater drum's diet.[17] In August through November, they tend to eat fish (which are primarily young-of-the-year gizzard shad). The percentage of fish in their diet at this time ranges from 52 to 94 percent.[17] Other items in the drum's diet are mollusks and crayfish.
The freshwater drum competes with several organisms. During its early stages in Lake Erie, it has been shown to compete with yellow perch, the trout-perch, and the emerald shiner.[18] During its adult lifetime, it competes with yellow perch and silver chub in deep water, and competes with black bass in the shoal areas.[18]
Predators on drum include humans and other fish. During its first year, the freshwater drum serves as a forage fish for many species of predatory fish. These include smallmouth bass, walleye, and many other piscivores.[18] After its first year, the primary predators on freshwater drum are humans. The drum is an important commercial crop on the Mississippi River, but in other areas it constitutes only a small portion of the commercial catch.[3] Consistent with other sciaenids, freshwater drum are strongly nocturnal with the bulk of most catches being derived from night angling/sampling.[19] Commercial fisheries are present for this species, although market price tends to be quite low. Thus, many freshwater drum are harvested as bycatch from targeted higher-value species.[20]
There has been some research on the freshwater drum's impact on the invasive zebra mussel in northern lakes and rivers. Zebra mussels are consumed by freshwater drum once they reach a length of 25 cm (9.8 in), but drum under 35 cm (14 in) in length only eat small mussels and reject the larger ones.[21] The fish larger than 35 cm (14 in) exhibit less selectivity and consume mussels relative to their availability in lakes. These larger fish are not restricted by their ability to crush zebra mussels, but they are restricted by the size of the clumps that they can remove.[21] The drums' eating of zebra mussels contributes to a high mussel mortality, but not enough to have an impact on their spread, or control the population.[15]
During the summer, freshwater drums move into warm, shallow water that is less than 33 ft (10 m) deep.[22] The freshwater drum then spawn during a six to seven-week period from June through July when the water reaches a temperature of about 65 °F (18 °C).[23] During the spawn, females release their eggs into the water column and males release their sperm. Fertilization is random.[15] Males generally reach sexual maturity at four years, whereas females reach maturity at five or six years.[15] Females from six to nine years old have a clutch size of 34,000 to 66,500 eggs and they spawn in open water giving no parental care to their larvae.[23] The eggs then float to the top of the water column and hatch between two and four days.[15] Due to the broadcasting of eggs in open water and lack of parental care, many eggs and larvae fall victim to predation upon hatching, the pro-larvae average 3.2 mm (0.13 in) long. The post-larval stage begins about 45 hours after hatching and a length of 4.4 mm (0.17 in) is attained.[23]
Females grow at a faster rate than the males and adult characteristics start to form at a length of 15 mm (0.59 in).[22][23] Females continue to outgrow the male throughout their lives reaching a length of 12 to 30 in (30 to 76 cm). Usually the freshwater drum weighs 2–10 lb (0.91–4.54 kg), but they can reach well over 36 lb (16 kg).[15] Freshwater drums are long-lived and have attained maximum ages of 72 years old in Red Lakes, Minnesota and 32 years old in the Cahaba River, Alabama.[24] Though they can reach very old age, the average age of a freshwater drum is between 6 and 13 years.[15] In some cases, otoliths provide such a long record of growth that they can be studied using the same techniques as those used by dendochronologists. [25]
There are few management practices for the species, and in many regions daily bag limits are unlimited. The freshwater drum is not federally or state listed by any states. Although the commercial harvest is up to 1 million pounds per year, they are in no danger of overharvest.[15] In the Mississippi River alone, the commercial catch has reached about 300,000 lb (140,000 kg) in recent years.[26] Due to its abundance, many states allow bowfishing and other non-conventional means to harvest the fish.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus, and is a member of the family Sciaenidae. It is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life. Its generic name, Aplodinotus, comes from Greek meaning "single back", and the specific epithet, grunniens, comes from a Latin word meaning "grunting". It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males and during the spawning season, it is assumed to be linked to spawning.
The drum typically weighs 5–15 lb (2.3–6.8 kg). The world record was caught on Nickajack Lake in Tennessee, and weighed in at 54 lb 8 oz (24.7 kg). The freshwater drum is gray or silvery in turbid waters and more bronze or brown colored in clearer waters. It is a deep bodied fish with a divided dorsal fin consisting of 10 spines and 29–32 rays.
The freshwater drum is also called Russell fish, shepherd's pie, gray bass, Gasper goo, Gaspergou, gou, grunt, grunter, grinder, gooble gobble, and croaker. It is commonly known as sheephead and sunfish in parts of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
La corvina de agua dulce (Aplodinotus grunniens) es un pez de agua dulce de la familia Sciaenidae.
La corvina de agua dulce es un pez de costumbres nocturnas, muy común a la zona de los Grandes Lagos y a la cuenca del Misisipi - Misuri. Se encuentra a los lagos del Canadá hasta latitudes muy elevadas.
Es una especie carnívora.[1]
Datos: Q1961720
Multimedia:
Especies: Aplodinotus grunniens
La corvina de agua dulce (Aplodinotus grunniens) es un pez de agua dulce de la familia Sciaenidae.
Aplodinotus grunniens Aplodinotus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Sciaenidae familian sailkatzen da.
Aplodinotus grunniens Aplodinotus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Sciaenidae familian sailkatzen da.
Aplodinotus grunniens, le malachigan, est une espèce de poissons perciformes de la famille des Sciaenidae. C'est la seule espèce de son genre Aplodinotus (monotypique). Il habite les cours d'eau douce américains. Il possède une aire de répartition très étendue. Espèce d'intérêt pour la pêche sportive. Le malachigan possède des otolithes utilisés par les Amérindiens pour confectionner des bijoux.
Aplodinotus grunniens, le malachigan, est une espèce de poissons perciformes de la famille des Sciaenidae. C'est la seule espèce de son genre Aplodinotus (monotypique). Il habite les cours d'eau douce américains. Il possède une aire de répartition très étendue. Espèce d'intérêt pour la pêche sportive. Le malachigan possède des otolithes utilisés par les Amérindiens pour confectionner des bijoux.
Aplodinotus grunniens è un pesce osseo d'acqua dolce della famiglia Sciaenidae, unica specie del genere Aplodinotus.
È un pesce endemico del Nord e Centro America. Si trova nella parte del Nordamerica a est delle Montagne Rocciose a nord fino al Canada (Québec, Manitoba e Saskatchewan) e a sud fino al Guatemala (fiume Usumacinta). È uno dei pesci d'acqua dolce nordamericani con l'areale più esteso[1]. È stato introdotto in Giappone, senza acclimatazione[2].
Vive nei pressi del fondale di laghi e fiumi di medie e grandi dimensioni[1]. Preferisce fondali sabbiosi o fangosi[3].
L'aspetto assomiglia a quello dei più comuni Sciaenidae marini. È evidente una gobba dorsale. La pinna caudale è arrotondata. La bocca è posta in basso sul profilo del capo. La linea laterale percorre la pinna caudale. Il colore è argenteo più o meno scuro[4].
La taglia massima nota è di 95 cm per 24,7 kg, la taglia comune è sui 45 cm[1].
Può vivere fino a 13 anni[1].
È in grado, come molti Sciaenidae, di emettere suoni attraverso la vescica natatoria da cui il nome comune inglese di drum ovvero "tamburo". Questi suoni sono emessi dal maschio durante il corteggiamento[1].
Carnivoro. L'adulto si nutre di insetti acquatici, pesci (soprattutto Alosa e giovanili della sua specie), molluschi e crostacei (anfipodi e gamberi di fiume). I giovanili si nutrono di avannotti e di zooplancton[1].
Questo pesce ha una modesta importanza per la pesca commerciale mentre è preda ambita dei pescatori sportivi[1].
Gli otoliti di questo pesce vengono utilizzati come portafortuna[1].
Aplodinotus grunniens è un pesce osseo d'acqua dolce della famiglia Sciaenidae, unica specie del genere Aplodinotus.
Aplodinotus grunniens is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de ombervissen (Sciaenidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1819 door Rafinesque.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Aplodinotus grunniens, conhecido em inglês como freshwater drum, é um peixe de água doce da América do Norte e América Central. Esta é a única espécie do gênero Aplodinotus. Apesar de ter uma carne suculenta, muitos pescadores no Canadá e Estados Unidos desprezam esta corvina de água doce devido à grossa camada de muco que reveste as suas escamas e ao seu odor forte. O Aplodinotus grunniens possui uma bexiga natatória capaz de produzir sons. Acredita-se que estes sons estejam vinculados à atividade reprodutiva. Durante esta atividade, vários indivíduos em águas pelágicas de um determinado ecossistema e começam a "roncar". O Aplodinotus grunniens pode chegar aos 90 cm de comprimento e 25 quilos de peso.
Dependendo da região em que habita, este peixe é ainda chamado de shepherd's pie, silver bass, gray bass,[1] Gasper goo, Gaspergou,[2] gou,[2] grunt, grunter,[1] grinder, wuss fish, croaker e sheephead[3][3][4].[1][2][5][6]
Esta espécie ocupa a maior faixa de habitat latitudinal dentre todos os peixes de água doce da América do Norte.[7] Assim como ocorre com outros membros da família Sciaenidae, o Aplodinotus grunniens tem hábitos noturnos e a maior parte dos espécimes capturados são fruto da pesca noturna. Este peixe é pescado comercialmente, mas o seu preço de mercado é baixo. Assim, muitos espécimes são pescados acidentalmente por pescadores que visam espécies de maior preço.[8]
A dieta do Aplodinotus grunniens é sobremaneira bêntica e composta de macroinvertebrados (especialmente larvas de insetos aquáticos e mexilhões bivalves), bem como de pequenos peixes, o que em certos ecossistemas resulta em um acúmulo excessivo de poluentes lipofílicos, como os PCBs, que são prejudiciais aos seres humanos (em alguns casos, a quantidade desses poluentes encontrados nesta espécie é mais de 16 vezes superior aos limites máximos preconizados).[9] Todavia, o acúmulo de mercúrio na sua carne tende a ser menor do que na de outras espécies, já que este peixe não ocupa posições elevadas na cadeia alimentar.
Os otólitos do Aplodinotus grunniens são grandes e, no passado, os índios da América do Norte o utilizavam como adorno, moeda e talismã. Os otólitos podem ser usados ainda para estimar a idade do Aplodinotus grunniens, um método cuja precisão foi confirmada pela datação com radiocarbono.[10] A espécie é sexualmente dimórfica, e as fêmeas alcançam um tamanho consideravelmente maior do que os machos.[11] O Aplodinotus grunniens vive até os 72 anos de idade na região do Lago Vermelho, em Minnesota, e 32 anos no Rio Cahaba, no Alabama.[12] Por meio da análise de otólitos seccionados encontrados em sítios arqueológicos próximos ao Lago Winnebago, em Wisconsin, determinou-se uma idade máxima de 74 anos para esta espécie (Davis-Foust, [1]).
Aplodinotus grunniens, conhecido em inglês como freshwater drum, é um peixe de água doce da América do Norte e América Central. Esta é a única espécie do gênero Aplodinotus. Apesar de ter uma carne suculenta, muitos pescadores no Canadá e Estados Unidos desprezam esta corvina de água doce devido à grossa camada de muco que reveste as suas escamas e ao seu odor forte. O Aplodinotus grunniens possui uma bexiga natatória capaz de produzir sons. Acredita-se que estes sons estejam vinculados à atividade reprodutiva. Durante esta atividade, vários indivíduos em águas pelágicas de um determinado ecossistema e começam a "roncar". O Aplodinotus grunniens pode chegar aos 90 cm de comprimento e 25 quilos de peso.
Dependendo da região em que habita, este peixe é ainda chamado de shepherd's pie, silver bass, gray bass, Gasper goo, Gaspergou, gou, grunt, grunter, grinder, wuss fish, croaker e sheephead.
Esta espécie ocupa a maior faixa de habitat latitudinal dentre todos os peixes de água doce da América do Norte. Assim como ocorre com outros membros da família Sciaenidae, o Aplodinotus grunniens tem hábitos noturnos e a maior parte dos espécimes capturados são fruto da pesca noturna. Este peixe é pescado comercialmente, mas o seu preço de mercado é baixo. Assim, muitos espécimes são pescados acidentalmente por pescadores que visam espécies de maior preço.
A dieta do Aplodinotus grunniens é sobremaneira bêntica e composta de macroinvertebrados (especialmente larvas de insetos aquáticos e mexilhões bivalves), bem como de pequenos peixes, o que em certos ecossistemas resulta em um acúmulo excessivo de poluentes lipofílicos, como os PCBs, que são prejudiciais aos seres humanos (em alguns casos, a quantidade desses poluentes encontrados nesta espécie é mais de 16 vezes superior aos limites máximos preconizados). Todavia, o acúmulo de mercúrio na sua carne tende a ser menor do que na de outras espécies, já que este peixe não ocupa posições elevadas na cadeia alimentar.
Os otólitos do Aplodinotus grunniens são grandes e, no passado, os índios da América do Norte o utilizavam como adorno, moeda e talismã. Os otólitos podem ser usados ainda para estimar a idade do Aplodinotus grunniens, um método cuja precisão foi confirmada pela datação com radiocarbono. A espécie é sexualmente dimórfica, e as fêmeas alcançam um tamanho consideravelmente maior do que os machos. O Aplodinotus grunniens vive até os 72 anos de idade na região do Lago Vermelho, em Minnesota, e 32 anos no Rio Cahaba, no Alabama. Por meio da análise de otólitos seccionados encontrados em sítios arqueológicos próximos ao Lago Winnebago, em Wisconsin, determinou-se uma idade máxima de 74 anos para esta espécie (Davis-Foust, [1]).
Flodtrumfisk[2] (Aplodinotus grunniens) är en medlem av familjen havsgösfiskar som finns i stora delar av Nord- och Centralamerika från Hudson Bay till Guatemala. Den är den enda medlemmen av familjen som lever i sötvatten.
En fisk med relativt hög, från sidorna sammantryckt kropp.[3] Den har kraftiga svalgtänder, avsedda att krossa hårdskalig föda. Ryggfenan består av två sektioner med ett djupt hack emellan, en främre med 10 taggstrålar, och en bakre med 29 till 32 mjukstrålar.[4][5] Analfenan har två taggstrålar, den främre mycket mindre än den bakre, och 7 mjukstrålar. Stjärtfenan har en avrundad bakkant; en ovanlig detalj är att sidolinjen fortsätter genom fenan.[3] Färgen är grå till silverfärgad i grumliga vatten, bronsfärgad i klara, med ett mörkare huvud och vit undersida. Bröst- och bukfenorna är vita, övriga mörka.[5] Den kan bli 95 cm lng och väga 24,7 kg, men är oftast mindre.[6]
Flodtrumfisken är en nattaktiv fisk som lever i lugna vatten i floder och sjöar nära botten, som helst bör vara av dy ellor sten.[3] Hanarna kan ge trummande ljud ifrån sig med hjälp av sin simblåsa. Om de lyfts upp ur vattnet kan de dessutom avge kväkande ljud, vars ursprung ännu är osäkert.[5] Fiskarna samlas i stim för att fånga födan, som för de vuxna fiskarna består av småfisk, kräftor, musslor, snäckor och insektslarver som vanligen tas i bottenmaterialet genom att rota i dyn eller flytta stenar med nosen.[4] Ungfiskarna tar larver av dagsländor och nattsländor, medan larverna först tar larver av andra fiskar, för att när de blivit större (över 12 mm) ta djurplankton. Medelåldern ligger mellan 6 och 8 år, även om den högsta konstaterade åldern är 13 år.[3]
Honorna blir könsmogna mellan 5 och 6 års ålder, hanarna runt 4 år. Leken börjar när vattentemperaturen når 20 C, vanligen kring maj och juni. Fiskarna samlas i stim för att leka. Parningsleken har inte beskrivits i detalj, men det förefaller som arten är promiskuös och avger ägg och mjölke tämligen slumpmässigt. Äggen kläcks efter 2 till 4 dygn. Både de och larverna, som är 3 mm långa vid kläckningen, är pelagiska.[3]
Utbredningsområdet omfattar Nord- och Centralamerika från Hudson Bay och området öster om Klippiga bergen i Saint Lawrenceflodens område över Stora sjöarna via Mississippis flodområde till Mexikanska golfen i USA. Via floder som mynnar i Mexikanska golfen finns den vidare i Georgia, Alabama och östra Mexiko till floden Usumacintas flodsystem i Guatemala.[6]
Flodtrumfisken anses vara en god matfisk, med vitt, magert kött. Den är lokalt föremål för sportfiske[5] och används även som betesfisk[4]. Ett mindre, kommersiellt fiske bedrivs också.[6]
Flodtrumfisk (Aplodinotus grunniens) är en medlem av familjen havsgösfiskar som finns i stora delar av Nord- och Centralamerika från Hudson Bay till Guatemala. Den är den enda medlemmen av familjen som lever i sötvatten.
淡水石首魚為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目石首魚科的其中一種，分布於美洲，從加拿大哈德遜灣、聖羅倫斯河、五大湖至瓜地馬拉的淡水流域，體長可達95公分，棲息在湖泊、溪流，屬肉食性，以甲殼類、軟體動物、魚類、端腳類等為食，可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。
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![[1]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oldest_freshwater_drum_sagittal_otolith.jpg#file){kind=link}