dcsimg

Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / pathogen
Metarhizium anamorph of Metarhizium anisopliae infects Arthropoda

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
BioImages
project
BioImages

Metarhizium anisopliae ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Metarhizium anisopliae, anteriorment conegut com Entomophthora anisopliae (basiònim), és un fong que creix naturalment en els sòls de tot el món i causa malalties n diversos grups d'insectes tot actuant com un parasitoide. Es va aïllar primer en el coleòpter Anisoplia austriaca, d'on prové el seu epítet específic. Es fa servir com un insecticida biològic. [1]

Biologia

La malaltia causada en els insectes tenen les espores de color verd. Quan els conidis del fong penetren en el cos de l'insecte, hi germinen i les hifes del fong penetren dins la cutícula de l'insecte hoste. Normalment accaben matant l'insecte.[2]

M. anisopliae no infecta els humans ni altres animals.

Referències

  1. «A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage». Mycologia, 101, 4, 2009, pàg. 512–530. DOI: 10.3852/07-202. PMID: 19623931.
  2. Freimoser, F. M., Screen, S., Bagga, S., Hu, G. and St. Leger, R.J. «EST analysis of two subspecies of Metarhizium anisopliae reveals a plethora of secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts». Microbiology, 149, Pt 1, 2003, pàg. 239–247. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.25761-0. PMID: 12576597.

Enllaços externs

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Metarhizium anisopliae: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Metarhizium anisopliae, anteriorment conegut com Entomophthora anisopliae (basiònim), és un fong que creix naturalment en els sòls de tot el món i causa malalties n diversos grups d'insectes tot actuant com un parasitoide. Es va aïllar primer en el coleòpter Anisoplia austriaca, d'on prové el seu epítet específic. Es fa servir com un insecticida biològic.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Metarhizium anisopliae ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Metarhizium anisopliae, früher als Entomophthora anisopliae bezeichnet, ist ein weltweit verbreiteter, bodenbewohnender Pilz, der zur Ordnung der Krustenkugelpilzartigen (Hypocreales) gehört, sich asexuell vermehrt und als Parasit zahlreiche Insektenarten befällt. Metarhizium anisopliae führt bei mehr als 200 Insektenarten zum Tod. Der Name geht auf den Zoologen Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow zurück und verweist auf den Käfer Anisoplia austriaca.

Wenn die Mitosporen (Konidien) des Pilzes mit dem Körper eines Wirtsinsekts in Kontakt kommen, keimen sie und die Hyphen durchdringen das Exoskelett. Der Pilz entwickelt sich dann im Innern des Insekts, was nach einigen Tagen zu dessen Tod führt. Die Cuticula des toten Wirts nimmt oftmals eine rote Farbe an; bei ausreichend hoher Feuchtigkeit entsteht ein weißer Überzug auf dem Kadaver, der sich grün verfärbt, sobald Sporen produziert werden. Aufgrund der grünen Farbe der Sporen wird die Pilzkrankheit als Grüne Muskardine bezeichnet.

Metarhizium anisopliae wird als Insektizid eingesetzt, beispielsweise zur Bekämpfung von Termiten, Fransenflüglern oder Engerlingen.

Literatur

  • J. F. Bischoff, S. A. Rehner, R. A. Humber: "A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage", Mycologia 101 (4), 512–530 (2009)
  • Huang et al.: "Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)", Mycotaxon 94, 137–147 (2005)
  • F. Driver, R. J. Milner, W. H. A. Trueman: "A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA", Mycological Research 104, 135–151 (2000)
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Metarhizium anisopliae: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Metarhizium anisopliae, früher als Entomophthora anisopliae bezeichnet, ist ein weltweit verbreiteter, bodenbewohnender Pilz, der zur Ordnung der Krustenkugelpilzartigen (Hypocreales) gehört, sich asexuell vermehrt und als Parasit zahlreiche Insektenarten befällt. Metarhizium anisopliae führt bei mehr als 200 Insektenarten zum Tod. Der Name geht auf den Zoologen Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow zurück und verweist auf den Käfer Anisoplia austriaca.

Wenn die Mitosporen (Konidien) des Pilzes mit dem Körper eines Wirtsinsekts in Kontakt kommen, keimen sie und die Hyphen durchdringen das Exoskelett. Der Pilz entwickelt sich dann im Innern des Insekts, was nach einigen Tagen zu dessen Tod führt. Die Cuticula des toten Wirts nimmt oftmals eine rote Farbe an; bei ausreichend hoher Feuchtigkeit entsteht ein weißer Überzug auf dem Kadaver, der sich grün verfärbt, sobald Sporen produziert werden. Aufgrund der grünen Farbe der Sporen wird die Pilzkrankheit als Grüne Muskardine bezeichnet.

Metarhizium anisopliae wird als Insektizid eingesetzt, beispielsweise zur Bekämpfung von Termiten, Fransenflüglern oder Engerlingen.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Metarhizium robertsii

provided by wikipedia EN

Metarhizium robertsii – formerly known as M. anisopliae, and even earlier as Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym) – is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle Anisoplia austriaca. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota (also often called Fungi Imperfecti).

Many isolates have long been recognised to be specific, and they were assigned variety status,[1] but they have now been assigned as new Metarhizium species,[2] such as M. robertsii, M. majus and M. acridum (which was M. anisopliae var. acridum and included the isolates used for locust control). Metarhizium taii was placed in M. anisopliae var. anisopliae,[3] but has now been described as a synonym of M. guizhouense (see Metarhizium). The commercially important isolate M.a. 43 (or F52, Met52, etc.), which infects Coleoptera and other insect orders has now been assigned to Metarhizium brunneum.[4] M. anisopliae has since been renamed M. robertsii, renamed in honor of Donald W. Roberts, who did his Ph.D. on this species, and has continued to work with it prolifically as a research professor ever since.[5]

Biology

The disease caused by the fungus is sometimes called green muscardine disease because of the green colour of its spores. When these mitotic (asexual) spores (called conidia) of the fungus come into contact with the body of an insect host, they germinate and the hyphae that emerge penetrate the cuticle. The fungus then develops inside the body, eventually killing the insect after a few days; this lethal effect is very likely aided by the production of insecticidal cyclic peptides (destruxins). The cuticle of the cadaver often becomes red. If the ambient humidity is high enough, a white mould then grows on the cadaver that soon turns green as spores are produced. Most insects living near the soil have evolved natural defenses against entomopathogenic fungi like M. robertsii. This fungus is, therefore, locked in an evolutionary battle to overcome these defenses, which has led to a large number of isolates (or strains) that are adapted to certain groups of insects.[6]

Economic importance

The previously described range of entomopathogenic fungus isolates known as M. anisopliae, before 2009, had been observed to infect over 200 insect pest species.[7] M. robertsii and its related species are used as biological insecticides to control a number of pests such as termites, thrips, etc. and its use in the control of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes is under investigation.[8] M. robertsii does not appear to infect humans but has been reported as a significant pathogen of reptiles. The microscopic spores are typically sprayed on affected areas. A possible technique for malaria control is to coat mosquito nets or cotton sheets attached to the wall with them.

In August 2007, a team of scientists at the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology discovered a more efficient way of producing biodiesel which uses lipase, an enzyme produced in significant quantities by M. robertsii, as opposed to other reactions which use enzymes that require heat to become active; the reaction that uses lipase runs at room temperature. The fungus is now a candidate for mass production of the enzyme.

A simplified method of microencapsulation has been demonstrated to increase the shelf-life of M. robertsii spores commercialised for biological control of pest insects, potentially increasing its efficiency against red imported fire ants.[9]

M. Robertsii has been shown to break down very toxic mercury into less toxic forms of mercury. The fungus has been genetically engineered to improve its ability to perform this task.[10]

Important isolates

  • The ex-neotype isolate of M. robertsii is IMI 168777ii = ARSEF 7487 (also CSIRO FI-1029) from Schistocerca gregaria in Eritrea
  • A.C. Rath's isolate F506 (= ARSEF 4556; DAT 506; IMI 384583) from Boophilus sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) in USA (Florida)
  • M. robertsii isolated from Dermolepida albohirtum (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) include: CSIRO FI-1358 (= ARSEF 7493) and FI 1045 which is the active ingredient of 'Biocane'.

See also

References

  1. ^ Driver, F.; Milner, R.J. & Trueman, W.H.A. (2000). "A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA". Mycological Research. 104 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1017/S0953756299001756.
  2. ^ Bischoff J.F.; Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. (2009). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage". Mycologia. 101 (4): 512–530. doi:10.3852/07-202. PMID 19623931.
  3. ^ Huang B.; Li C.; Humber R.A.; Hodge K.T.; Fan M.; Li Z. (2005). "Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)". Mycotaxon. 94: 137–147.
  4. ^ GVP Reddy; Z Zhao; RA Humber (2014). "Laboratory and field efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi for the management of the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae)". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 122: 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.009. PMID 25111763.
  5. ^ "Home - Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 23". MycoCosm, JGI, US DOE.
  6. ^ Freimoser, F. M.; Screen, S.; Bagga, S.; Hu, G. & St. Leger, R.J. (2003). "EST analysis of two subspecies of M. anisopliae reveals a plethora of secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts". Microbiology. 149 (Pt 1): 239–247. doi:10.1099/mic.0.25761-0. PMID 12576597.
  7. ^ Cloyd, Raymond A. (1999). "The Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae". Midwest Biological Control News. VI (7).
  8. ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (10 June 2005). "Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria". The New York Times. 104: 135–151.
  9. ^ Qiu, Hua-Long; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Qin, Chang-Sheng; Zhao, Dan-Yang; Yang, Hua; Xu, Jin-Zhu (2019-07-01). "Microcapsuled entomopathogenic fungus against fire ants, Solenopsis invicta" (PDF). Biological Control. 134: 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.03.018. ISSN 1049-9644.
  10. ^ doi:10.1073/pnas.2214513119

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Metarhizium robertsii: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Metarhizium robertsii – formerly known as M. anisopliae, and even earlier as Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym) – is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle Anisoplia austriaca. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota (also often called Fungi Imperfecti).

Many isolates have long been recognised to be specific, and they were assigned variety status, but they have now been assigned as new Metarhizium species, such as M. robertsii, M. majus and M. acridum (which was M. anisopliae var. acridum and included the isolates used for locust control). Metarhizium taii was placed in M. anisopliae var. anisopliae, but has now been described as a synonym of M. guizhouense (see Metarhizium). The commercially important isolate M.a. 43 (or F52, Met52, etc.), which infects Coleoptera and other insect orders has now been assigned to Metarhizium brunneum. M. anisopliae has since been renamed M. robertsii, renamed in honor of Donald W. Roberts, who did his Ph.D. on this species, and has continued to work with it prolifically as a research professor ever since.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Metarhizium anisopliae ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Metarhizium anisopliae, connu auparavant sous le nom de Entomophthora anisopliae (basionyme), est une espèce de champignons mitosporiques avec une reproduction asexuée de la famille des Clavicipitaceae. Jusqu'à récemment l'espèce renfermait un certain nombre de variétés[1] qui ont acquis maintenant le rang d'espèce[2]. Les nouvelles espèces sont Metarhizium majus, M. lepidiotae et M. acridum (auparavant M. anisopliae var. acridum incluait les isolats utilisés dans la lutte antiacridienne).

Description

Metarhizium anisopliae est un champignon qui pousse naturellement dans les sols à travers le monde et cause des maladies chez une gamme variée d’insectes en agissant comme un parasite; il appartient ainsi aux champignons entomopathogènes. Il a été utilisé comme insecticide biologique pour lutter contre certains insectes nuisibles comme les termites, les thrips, etc. et son utilisation dans la lutte contre la transmission du paludisme par les moustiques est sous investigation[3].

La maladie causée par ce champignon est appelée la muscardine verte à cause de la couleur verte de ses spores. Quand les spores (proprement appelés asques) du champignon sont en contact avec le corps d’un insecte hôte, ils germent et les hyphes qui émergent pénètrent la cuticule. Le champignon se développe alors à l’intérieur du corps tuant l’insecte. La cuticule du cadavre devient souvent rouge. Si l’humidité ambiante est assez élevée, une moisissure blanche pousse sur le cadavre qui très tôt prend une couleur verte comme celle des spores produites. La plupart des insectes vivant au sol ont développé une défense naturelle contre le champignon, mais le champignon est dans une bataille évolutive pour surmonter ces défenses, ce qui a mené un grand nombre de souches à être adaptées à certains groupes d’insectes[4].

Lutte biologique

M. anisopliae infecte une large gamme d'insectes y compris des insectes dits « nuisibles » ou des acariens comme les tiques[5]. Par conséquent, des entreprises partout dans le monde ont développé des biopesticides contenant les spores de ce champignon.

Généralement il y a une souche efficace pour chaque groupe d'insectes, par exemple les termites, les mouches des fruits, les thrips, les moustiques, etc.
Les spores microscopiques sont appliquées telles quelles dans les champs affectés; le plan pour la lutte contre le paludisme est d'enduire des moustiquaires ou des tissus de coton fixés au mur.

Le champignon n’infecte ni les humains ni les animaux ; il est de ce fait considéré comme un insecticide sans danger.

Systématique

Ilya I. Mechnikov donna le nom Entomophthora anisopliae d'après l'espèce d'insecte à partir de laquelle le champignon avait été isolé pour la première fois, le coléoptère Anisoplia austriaca. C’est un champignon mitosporique avec une reproduction asexuée qui était classifié auparavant dans la classe de forme Hyphomycetes de l'embranchement de forme Deuteromycota (appelé souvent aussi Fungi Imperfecti). Les Deuteromycota ont été utilisés afin de grouper tous les champignons pour lesquels le stade sexué (téléomorphe) n'était pas connu. Ce n'est donc pas un vrai taxon dans le sens classique.

Groupes écologiques, races[6]

  • G1 zones agricoles
  • G2 zones forestières

Références

  1. (en) Driver, F., Milner, R.J. and Trueman, W.H.A., « A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA », Mycological Research, vol. 104,‎ 2000, p. 135–151 (DOI )
  2. (en) Bischoff J.F., Rehner S.A. Humber R.A., « A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage », Mycologia, vol. 101,‎ 2009, p. 512-530
  3. (en) McNeil, Donald G. Jr., « Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria », The New York Times, vol. 104,‎ 10 juin 2005, p. 135-151 (lire en ligne)
  4. (en) Freimoser, F. M., Screen, S., Bagga, S., Hu, G. et St. Leger, R.J., « EST analysis of two subspecies of Metarhizium anisopliae reveals a plethora of secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts », Microbiology, vol. 149,‎ 2003, p. 239-247
  5. Alves, F. M., Bernardo, C. C., Paixão, F. R., Barreto, L. P., Luz, C., Humber, R. A., & Fernandes, É. K. (2017). Heat-stressed Metarhizium anisopliae: viability (in vitro) and virulence (in vivo) assessments against the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasitology research, 116(1), 111-121.
  6. (en) Michael J. Bidochka,* Andrena M. Kamp, T. Michael Lavender, Jason Dekoning, et J. N. Amritha De Croos, « Habitat Association in Two Genetic Groups of the Insect-Pathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae: Uncovering Cryptic Species? », Appl Environ Microbiol, vol. 104,‎ 2001, p. 1335–1342. PDF

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Metarhizium anisopliae: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Metarhizium anisopliae, connu auparavant sous le nom de Entomophthora anisopliae (basionyme), est une espèce de champignons mitosporiques avec une reproduction asexuée de la famille des Clavicipitaceae. Jusqu'à récemment l'espèce renfermait un certain nombre de variétés qui ont acquis maintenant le rang d'espèce. Les nouvelles espèces sont Metarhizium majus, M. lepidiotae et M. acridum (auparavant M. anisopliae var. acridum incluait les isolats utilisés dans la lutte antiacridienne).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Metarhizium anisopliae ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Metarhizium anisopliae (basioniem: Entomophthora anisopliae) is een mitosporische schimmel met ongeslachtelijke voortplanting uit de familie Clavicipitaceae.

Beschrijving

Metarhizium anisopliae komt van nature overal ter wereld in de bodem voor. Het is een parasiet die ziektes veroorzaakt in insecten, en is als zodanig dus een entomopathogene schimmel[1]. Metarhizium anisopliae wordt gebruikt als biologisch bestrijdingsmiddel tegen plaaginsecten als sprinkhanen, termieten, thripsen enz. en onderzocht wordt of de schimmel gebruikt kan worden om malaria overbrengende muggen te bestrijden[2].

 src=
Rode sprinkhanen gedood door Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum tijdens een biologische- bestrijdingscampagne. Let op het groene laagje schimmel op de kadavers.

De ziekte die de schimmel veroorzaakt heet groene muscardineziekte vanwege de groene kleur van diens sporen. Wanneer deze sporen (beter conidia genoemd) in contact komen met het lichaam van een vatbaar insect, ontkiemen zij en penetreert de uitkomende hyfe het uitwendig skelet (exoskelet). De schimmel ontwikkelt zich daarna in het lichaam en doodt uiteindelijk het insect. Het exoskelet van het kadaver wordt dan vaak rood. Als de luchtvochtigheid voldoende hoog is, groeit er een wit mycelium uit het kadaver dat binnen korte tijd groen wordt door de productie van sporen. De meeste insecten die op de grond leven, hebben een natuurlijke afweer opgebouwd tegen entomopathogene schimmels. De schimmel is daarom in een voortdurende evolutionaire wapenwedloop gewikkeld om die afweer te overkomen, hetgeen heeft geleid tot een groot aantal stammen die aangepast zijn aan bepaalde groepen insecten[3].

Biologische bestrijding

Sommige stammen zijn zo specifiek dat ze de status van variëteit hebben gekregen, zoals Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum[4], die vrijwel uitsluitend sprinkhanen van de onderorde Caelifera (orde Orthoptera) infecteert (de meeste variëteiten zijn inmiddels tot soort verheven: zie Metarhizium). Verschillende onderzoeksgroepen, waaronder het internationale LUBILOSA Programma, hebben technische sleuteluitdagingen geïdentificeerd, inclusief: isolaatselectie, massaproduktie, formulering en toediening[5]. Anders gezegd, insectenbestrijding (mortaliteit) hangt af van factoren zoals het aantal toegediende sporen, de formulering[6] en weersomstandigheden[7]. Formuleringen op basis van olie maken het mogelijk schimmelsporen onder droge omstandigheden toe te dienen en ze zijn toepasbaar met de bestaande ULV (ultra-lage volume) toedieningstechnieken voor sprinkhanenbestrijding.

De schimmel infecteert mensen en andere zoogdieren kennelijk niet en wordt dan ook veilig geacht als bestrijdingsmiddel. De microscopische sporen worden gewoonlijk op de vegetatie gesproeid waar de te bestrijden insecten zich bevinden. Voor malariabestrijding is het plan om de sporen aan te brengen op klamboes of stukken katoen die op de muur bevestigd zijn.

Systematiek

Metarhizium anisopliae (in het begin van de vorige eeuw bekend als Entomophthora anisopliae) is genoemd naar het insect waar het oorspronkelijk van geïsoleerd was, de kever Anisoplia austriaca. Het is een anamorfische schimmel met aseksuele voortplanting waarvoor een teleomorf nog niet gevonden is. Aangezien aangetoond is dat Cordyceps taii de teleomorf van Metarhizium guizhouense (syn. M. taii) is, lijkt het waarschijnlijk dat die van M. anisopliae ook een soort Cordyceps zal blijken te zijn. Het is echter ook mogelijk dat veel stammen van M. anisopliae het vermogen tot seksuele voortplanting hebben verloren.

Referenties

  1. Cloyd, Raymond A. (1999). The Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Midwest Biological Control News VI (7) .
  2. McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (10 June 2005). Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria. The New York Times 104: 135-151 .
  3. Freimoser, F. M., Screen, S., Bagga, S., Hu, G. en St. Leger, R.J. (2003). EST analysis of two subspecies of Metarhizium anisopliae reveals a plethora of secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts. Microbiology 149: 239-247 .
  4. Driver, F., Milner, R.J. en Trueman, W.H.A. (2000). A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA. Mycological Research 104: 135-151 .
  5. Lomer, C.J., Bateman, R.P., Johnson, D.L., Langwald, J. en Thomas, M. (2001). Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers. Annual Review of Entomology 46: 667-702 .
  6. Burges, H.D. (ed.), Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, beneficial microorganisms, nematodes and seed treatments, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1998, p. 412 pp..
  7. Thomas, M.H. en Blanford, S. (2003). Thermal biology in insect-parasite interactions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 344-350 .

Externe links

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Metarhizium anisopliae: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Metarhizium anisopliae (basioniem: Entomophthora anisopliae) is een mitosporische schimmel met ongeslachtelijke voortplanting uit de familie Clavicipitaceae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Metarhizium anisopliae ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Metarhizium anisopliae, anteriormente conhecido como Entomophthora anisopliae (basiónimo), é um fungo que cresce naturalmente em solos de todo o mundo, causador de doença em várias espécies de insectos os quais parasita. Desde há muito tempo que se reconhece que muitos isolados são específicos, tendo-lhes sido atribuído estatuto de variedade,[1] mas foram recentemente classificados como novas espécies de Metarhizium,[2] como M. anisopliae, M. majus e M. acridum (antes M. anisopliae var. acridum e incluindo os isolados usados no controlo de gafanhotos). Metarhizium taii estava incluído em M. anisopliae var. anisopliae,[3] mas foi agora descrito como um sinónimo de M. guizhouense (ver Metarhizium).

Patogenicidade em insectos

A doença causada por este fungo é frequentemente designada doença da muscardina verde devido à cor verde dos seus esporos. Quando estes esporos assexuados (chamados conídios) do fungo entram em contacto com o corpo de um insecto hospedeiro, germinam e as hifas que emergem penetram a cutícula. O fungo passa então a desenvolver-se no interior do corpo do hospedeiro, eventualmente matando o insecto ao fim de alguns dias; este efeito letal é muito provavelmente auxiliado pela produção de péptidos cíclicos insecticidas (destruxinas). A cutícula do cadáver torna-se frequentemente vermelha. Se a humidade ambiente for suficientemente alta, desenvolve-se sobre o cadáver um bolor branco, o qual rapidamente se torna verde à medida que são produzidos esporos. A maioria dos insectos que vivem próximo do solo desenvolveram defesas naturais contra fungos entomopatogénicos como M. anisopliae. Este fungo está assim envolvido numa batalha evolutiva para vencer estas defesas, o que levou ao aparecimento de numerosas estirpes adaptadas a certos grupos de insectos.[4] Sabe-se que pode infectar mais de 200 espécies de pragas de insectos, incluindo térmitas.[5]

Taxonomia

Ilya I. Mechnikov nomeou este fungo Metarhizium anisopliae após a espécie de insecto da qual foi originalmente isolado: o escaravelho Anisoplia austriaca. Trata-se de um fungo mitospórico com reprodução assexuada, anteriormente classificado na classe Hyphomycetes do filo Deuteromycota. Deuteromycota era utilizado para agrupar todos os fungos sem estágio sexuado (teleomorfo) conhecido. Não é, portanto, um verdaeiro taxon no sentido clássico.

Aplicações

É actualmente usado como insecticida biológico para controlar várias pragas, como térmitas, tripes, etc., e o seu uso no controlo de mosquitos transmissores de malária encontra-se em estudo.[6] M. anisopliae não parece infectar humanos ou outros animais, sendo considerado seguro como insecticida. Os esporos microscópicos são geralmente dispersados sobre as áreas afectadas. Uma possível técnica de controlo da malária é revestir redes mosquiteiras ou panos de algodão pendurados das paredes com os esporos.

Am Agosto de 2007, uma equipa do Indian Institute of Chemical Technology descobriu um modo mais eficiente de produção de biodiesel que utiliza lipase, uma enzima produzida em grande quantidade por Metarhizium anisopliae; ao contrário de outras reacções que requerem calor de forma a serem activadas, a reacção que utiliza a lipase, ocorre a temperatura ambiente. O fungo é agora um candidato para utilização na produção em massa desta enzima.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Driver, F., Milner, R.J. and Trueman, W.H.A. (2000). «A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA». Mycological Research. 104: 135–151. doi:10.1017/S0953756299001756 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  2. Bischoff J.F., Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. (2009). «A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage». Mycologia. 101 (4): 512–530. PMID 19623931. doi:10.3852/07-202
  3. Huang B., Li C., Humber R.A., Hodge K.T., Fan M. and Li Z. (2005). «Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)». Mycotaxon. 94: 137–147 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  4. Freimoser, F. M., Screen, S., Bagga, S., Hu, G. and St. Leger, R.J. (2003). «EST analysis of two subspecies of Metarhizium anisopliae reveals a plethora of secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts». Microbiology. 149 (Pt 1): 239–247. PMID 12576597. doi:10.1099/mic.0.25761-0 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  5. Cloyd, Raymond A. (1999). «The Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae». Midwest Biological Control News. VI (7)
  6. McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (10 de junho de 2005). «Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria». The New York Times. 104: 135–151
  • Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em inglês, cujo título é «Metarhizium anisopliae», especificamente .

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Metarhizium anisopliae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Metarhizium anisopliae, anteriormente conhecido como Entomophthora anisopliae (basiónimo), é um fungo que cresce naturalmente em solos de todo o mundo, causador de doença em várias espécies de insectos os quais parasita. Desde há muito tempo que se reconhece que muitos isolados são específicos, tendo-lhes sido atribuído estatuto de variedade, mas foram recentemente classificados como novas espécies de Metarhizium, como M. anisopliae, M. majus e M. acridum (antes M. anisopliae var. acridum e incluindo os isolados usados no controlo de gafanhotos). Metarhizium taii estava incluído em M. anisopliae var. anisopliae, mas foi agora descrito como um sinónimo de M. guizhouense (ver Metarhizium).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Metarhizium anisopliae ( Szl )

provided by wikipedia SZL

Metarhizium anisopliae je grzib[14], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Metschn., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Sorokin 1883. Metarhizium anisopliae nŏleży do zorty Metarhizium i familije Clavicipitaceae.[15][16] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[15]

Przipisy

  1. 1,0 1,1 Bischoff, J.F.; Rehner, S.A.; Humber, R.A. (2009) A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage, In: Mycologia 101(4):512–530
  2. C.J. Dong, Jia M. Zhang, W.G. Chen & Y.Y. Hu (2007), In: Microbiol. Res. 162(1):[54]
  3. 3,0 3,1 Driver & Milner (2000), In: Mycol. Res. 104(2):144
  4. Rath, A.C.; Carr, C.J.; Graham, B.R. (1995) Characterization of Metarhizium anisopliae strains by carbohydrate utilization (API50CH), In: J. Invert. Path. 65(2):152–161
  5. Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu (1991), In: Acta Mycol. Sin. 10(4):260
  6. 6,0 6,1 Guo, H.-l.; Ye, B.-l.; Yue, Y.-y.; Chen, Q.-t.; Fu, C.-s. (1986) [Three new species of Metarhizium], In: Acta Mycol. Sin. 5(3):177–184 + 1 pl
  7. M.C. Tulloch (1976), In: Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 66(3):409
  8. Borowska, Golonk. & Kotulowa (1970), In: Acta Mycologica, Warszawa 6(2):332
  9. Petch (1935), In: Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 19(3):189
  10. Petch (1931), In: Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 16(1):71
  11. Frieder. (1930), In: Grundfr. Gesetzm. Land- Forstwirtsch. Zool.:199
  12. J.R. Johnst. (1915), In: Bull. Board Commis. Agric. P. Rico 10:26
  13. 13,0 13,1 13,2 CABI databases. [dostymp 24 stycznia 2013].
  14. 14,0 14,1 14,2 Sorokin (1883), In: Rastitel'nye parazity cheloveka i zhivotnykh kak prichina zarazhykh boleznei (Petersburg) 2:268
  15. 15,0 15,1 Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.): Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands., 2019. [dostymp 24 września 2012].
  16. Species Fungorum. Kirk P.M., 2010-11-23
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SZL

Metarhizium anisopliae: Brief Summary ( Szl )

provided by wikipedia SZL

Metarhizium anisopliae je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Metschn., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Sorokin 1883. Metarhizium anisopliae nŏleży do zorty Metarhizium i familije Clavicipitaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SZL

Metarhizium anisopliae ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Грибы
Подцарство: Высшие грибы
Отдел: Аскомицеты
Подотдел: Pezizomycotina
Подкласс: Hypocreomycetidae
Порядок: Гипокрейные
Семейство: Спорыньёвые
Вид: Metarhizium anisopliae
Международное научное название

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin, 1883

Синонимы
  • Entomophthora anisopliae Metschn. 1879 (базионим)[1]
  • Isaria anisopliae (Metschn.) R.H. Pettit 1895[2]
  • Metarhizium anisopliae f. minor J.R. Johnst. 1915[2]
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin 1976[2]
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. majus (J.R. Johnst.) M.C. Tulloch 1976[2]
  • Penicillium anisopliae (Metschn.) Vuill. 1904[2]
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
NCBI 5530EOL 992622MB 101834

Metarhizium anisopliae (лат.)вид энтомопатогенных грибов из семейства Clavicipitaceae. Обитает в почвах по всему миру и вызывает заболевания у различных насекомых, паразитируя на них[3]. Известно около 200 видов насекомых, которые могут быть поражёнными этим грибом, в том числе: колорадский жук, реликтовый дровосек[4], термиты и другие[5]. Его часто используют как биоагент по борьбе вредителями культурных растений[4]. Предложен в качестве биоинсектицида против векторов Лайма.[6]

Разнообразие

В этом виде выделяют три формы и шесть разновидностей[1]:

  • Metarhizium anisopliae f. majus J.R. Johnst. 1915
  • Metarhizium anisopliae f. minor J.R. Johnst. 1915
  • Metarhizium anisopliae f. oryctophagum Frieder. 1930
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum Driver & Milner 2000
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. dcjhyium C.J. Dong, Jia M. Zhang, W.G. Chen & Y.Y. Hu 2007
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. frigidum A.C. Rath, C.J. Carr & B.R. Graham 1995
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. lepidiotae Driver & Milner 2000
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. major (J.R. Johnst.) M.C. Tulloch 1976

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Согласно с MycoBank.org
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Систематика и синонимия на сайте BioLib
  3. Driver, F., Milner, R.J. and Trueman, W.H.A. (2000). “A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA”. Mycological Research. 104: 135—151. DOI:10.1017/S0953756299001756.
  4. 1 2 Maljarchuk A. A. & Shternshis M. V. Spontaneous Variability of Metarhazium anisopliane(Metsch.) Sor. Strains as an Approach for Enhancementof Insecticidal Activity (англ.) : Растенивъдни науки. — Новосибирск, Россия: Национален център за аграрни науки, 2007. — No. 44. — P. 236≠239. Архивировано 27 июля 2011 года.
  5. Cloyd, Raymond A. (1999). “The Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae”. Midwest Biological Control News. VI (7).
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007961 Effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) against Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) engorging on Peromnyscus leucopus. Hornbostel et al. J Vector Ecol. 2005 Jun;30(1):91-101.


Грибы Это заготовка статьи по микологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.  title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Metarhizium anisopliae: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Metarhizium anisopliae (лат.) — вид энтомопатогенных грибов из семейства Clavicipitaceae. Обитает в почвах по всему миру и вызывает заболевания у различных насекомых, паразитируя на них. Известно около 200 видов насекомых, которые могут быть поражёнными этим грибом, в том числе: колорадский жук, реликтовый дровосек, термиты и другие. Его часто используют как биоагент по борьбе вредителями культурных растений. Предложен в качестве биоинсектицида против векторов Лайма.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

黑殭菌 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

黑殭菌學名Metarhizium anisopliae基名英语BasionymEntomophthora anisopliae)是一種廣泛分佈於全世界土壤中,且可以在昆虫造成疾病的真菌蟲生真菌英语entomopathogenic fungi),屬於擬寄生物,最早於1879年由俄國微生物學家埃黎耶·埃黎赫·梅契尼可夫奧國賽麗金龜英语Anisoplia austriaca體內分離[1],他以該種金龜的屬名為此真菌的種小名。黑殭菌舊時因沒有發現有性世代而被歸屬於不完全菌門絲孢菌綱英语Hyphomycetes[1],現在則歸入子囊菌門

過去曾有許多真菌自不同昆蟲身上分離後,經鑑定被歸為本種真菌的變種[2],但後來經rDNA序列分析後被認為是黑殭菌屬英语Metarhizium中的其他獨立物種[3],例如大孢绿殭菌英语Metarhizium majus蝗绿殭菌英语Metarhizium acridum贵州绿殭菌英语Metarhizium guizhouense[4]棕色绿殭菌英语Metarhizium brunneum[5]等。

生理

黑殭菌以無性的分生孢子感染昆蟲,因分生孢子為綠色,其造成的疾病有時也被稱為綠僵病(green muscardine disease)。黑殭菌的分生孢子接觸昆蟲的體表後,可以萌發長出菌絲,製造酵素分解昆蟲的表皮,以穿透昆蟲體壁,進入其體內繼續生長[6],吸食昆蟲體內的養分,並分泌可以降低昆蟲體內抑菌素含量,進而降低其免疫力的環形多肽黑殭菌素(destruxin),最終導致昆蟲死亡[7],被殺死的昆蟲表皮通常會呈紅色。若環境溼度夠高,菌絲體會從昆蟲屍體上長出,並產生分生孢子而使外觀變成綠色,隨著孢子堆增多也可能轉為灰綠色至黑色[1]。許多生活在土壤中的昆蟲都演化出了對抗黑殭菌等蟲生真菌英语entomopathogenic fungi感染的機制,黑殭菌也演化各種機制加以反制,黑殭菌與昆蟲的共演化造成黑殭菌產生大量變種,以分別適應不同種昆蟲宿主的免疫機制[8]

應用

黑殭菌與其他過去被歸為本種的黑殭菌屬英语Metarhizium真菌共可感染超過200種昆蟲[9],可用作生物農藥以控制蝗蟲薊馬白蟻小菜蛾蟑螂金龜子等害蟲[6],還可以殺死孑孓,有助控制瘧疾的傳播[10]。黑殭菌不會感染人類與其他脊椎動物,在農業上作為殺蟲劑、殺蟎劑使用相對安全[11]

華盛頓州立大學的研究團隊與真菌學家保罗·史塔曼兹合作,以黑殭菌[12]感染蜜蜂的寄生蟲瓦蟎,已收到不錯成效,可能有助於解決蜂群崩壞症候群[13]

黑殭菌因具有分解昆蟲體壁殼聚糖的酵素,可能可用來生產生質酒精。2017年西班牙阿利坎特大學英语University of Alicante的一項研究顯示黑殭菌與厚垣普可尼亚菌英语Pochonia chlamydosporia可以將殼聚糖分解,再經過真菌本身的醇脫氫酶丙酮酸脱羧酶英语pyruvate decarboxylase作用產生酒精,有以蝦殼等廚餘生產生質能源的潛力[14]

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 蕭文鳳. 黑殭菌 (Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin ). 數位典藏國家型科技計畫. 國立自然科學博物館. [2018-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-27) (中文(繁體)‎).
  2. ^ Driver, F.; Milner, R.J. & Trueman, W.H.A. A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA. Mycological Research. 2000, 104 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1017/S0953756299001756.
  3. ^ Bischoff J.F.; Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage. Mycologia. 2009, 101 (4): 512–530 [2018-07-27]. PMID 19623931. doi:10.3852/07-202. (原始内容存档于2017-09-22).
  4. ^ Huang B.; Li C.; Humber R.A.; Hodge K.T.; Fan M.; Li Z. Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae). Mycotaxon. 2005, 94: 137–147.
  5. ^ GVP Reddy; Z Zhao; RA Humber. Laboratory and field efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi for the management of the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 2014, 122: 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.009.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 曾敏南. 黑殭菌液態量產技術之研發. 農政與農情 第152期. 行政院農業委員會. 2005-2 (中文(繁體)‎). 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  7. ^ Pal S, St. Leger RJ and Wu LP. Fungal Peptide Destruxin A Plays a Specific Role in Suppressing the Innate Immune Response in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M605927200.
  8. ^ Freimoser, F. M.; Screen, S.; Bagga, S.; Hu, G. & St. Leger, R.J. EST analysis of two subspecies of M. anisopliae reveals a plethora of secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts.. Microbiology. 2003, 149 (Pt 1): 239–247. PMID 12576597. doi:10.1099/mic.0.25761-0.
  9. ^ Cloyd, Raymond A. The Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Midwest Biological Control News. 1999, VI (7) [2007-10-19]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-16).
  10. ^ Bukhari T, Takken W, Koenraadt CJ. Development of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana formulations for control of malaria mosquito larvae 4 (23). Parasites and Vectors. 2011. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-23.
  11. ^ Zimmermann, G. Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae 17 (9). Biocontrol Science and Technology: 879-920. 2007. doi:10.1080/09583150701593963.
  12. ^ BeeFriendly™. FANTASTIC FUNGI. [2018-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-05).
  13. ^ Can A Mushroom Save Honey Bees?. 富比士. 2017-6-5 [2018-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-17). 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  14. ^ Aranda-Martinez A, Naranjo Ortiz MÁ, Abihssira García IS, Zavala-Gonzalez EA, Lopez-Llorca LV. Ethanol production from chitosan by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia and the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. 204. Microbiological Research: 30-39. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2017.07.009.
Metarhizium anisopliae Entomophthora anisopliae
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

黑殭菌: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

黑殭菌(學名:Metarhizium anisopliae,基名(英语:Basionym):Entomophthora anisopliae)是一種廣泛分佈於全世界土壤中,且可以在昆虫造成疾病的真菌蟲生真菌(英语:entomopathogenic fungi)),屬於擬寄生物,最早於1879年由俄國微生物學家埃黎耶·埃黎赫·梅契尼可夫奧國賽麗金龜(英语:Anisoplia austriaca)體內分離,他以該種金龜的屬名為此真菌的種小名。黑殭菌舊時因沒有發現有性世代而被歸屬於不完全菌門絲孢菌綱(英语:Hyphomycetes),現在則歸入子囊菌門

過去曾有許多真菌自不同昆蟲身上分離後,經鑑定被歸為本種真菌的變種,但後來經rDNA序列分析後被認為是黑殭菌屬(英语:Metarhizium)中的其他獨立物種,例如大孢绿殭菌(英语:Metarhizium majus)、蝗绿殭菌(英语:Metarhizium acridum)、贵州绿殭菌(英语:Metarhizium guizhouense)與棕色绿殭菌(英语:Metarhizium brunneum)等。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑