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Brewer Spruce

Picea breweriana S. Watson

Description

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Trees to 40m; trunk to 1.5m diam., typically buttressed; crown conic. Bark gray to brown. Branches drooping; twigs pendent, elongate, slender, gray-brown, finely pubescent. Buds gray-brown, 5--7mm, apex rounded. Leaves 1.5--3cm, flattened or broadly triangular in cross section (abaxial surface rounded or slightly angular), rather rigid, abaxial surface dark green with stomatal bands absent, adaxial surface glaucous with conspicuous stomatal bands separated by slight ridge or angle, apex blunt (especially on older leaves). Seed cones 6.5--12cm; scales fan-shaped, 15--20 ´ 15--20mm, rigid, margin at apex entire to slightly erose.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat & Distribution

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Montane to subalpine forests of the Siskiyou Mountains; 1000--2300m; Calif., Oreg.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Brewer spruce
weeping spruce
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the term: presence

Brewer spruce is a native, endemic conifer. It has a distinctive,
drooping appearance caused by the presence of thousands of long,
ropelike branches hanging from all but the topmost horizontal limbs
[14,18,19,23]. At maturity, Brewer spruces usually reaches 80 to 100
feet (24-30 m) in height [16], but can reach up to 172 feet (52 m) in
height [21]. Diameters range from approximately 3.8 feet (117 cm) [18]
to up to 4.5 feet (1.35 m) in some areas [21]. The bark is thin and
broken into long, thin, appressed scales [14,16].

The leaves are obtuse, flat on top, and rounded underneath, and spread
from all sides of the branchlets. The male cones are stalked and oblong
(3 to 4 inches [7-10 cm] long). The seeds are 0.12 inch (3 mm) long
[14,16].

The root system generally is shallow; however, on deeper soils, a few
vertical roots may extend several meters [18].

Brewer spruce can live as long as 900 years [21].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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Brewer spruce is endemic to the Klamath region of northwestern
California and adjacent Oregon. It is distributed from from Del Norte,
Trinity, and Siskiyou counties in California to Curry and Josephine
counties in Oregon [11,14,18]. The best developed stands are located
on high ridges and upper valleys of the Klamath, Shasta-Trinity, and Six
Rivers National Forests of California and in the Siskiyou and Rogue
River National Forests of Oregon [11,18,20].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the term: fire regime

Brewer spruce is not fire resistant; the thin bark, drooping nature of
the branches, and shallow root system make it sensitive to fire
[17,18,23]. Fire sensitivity appears to have limited the range of
Brewer spruce [18]; it is largely confined to fire-resistant open
forests on north-facing slopes or rocky ridges [17,23].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

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More info for the term: fuel

Brewer spruce serves as a medium fuel type [2].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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More info for the terms: association, herbaceous, serpentine soils, shrubs

Despite its restricted distribution, Brewer spruce has a broad
ecological amplitude. Its apparent limitations are high water tables
and frequent fires [17,18]. Brewer spruce is quite tolerant of soil
moisture stress, cold temperatures, low light, low-fertility soils, and
snow [13,18,21]. Although Brewer spruce can tolerate considerable soil
moisture stress, it is sensitive to high evaporation demands. Under
such demand, stomata close, halting photosynthesis [13,18,21].

Brewer spruce grows in a climate of cold, wet winters and warm,
relatively dry summers with respective temperature ranges of 30 to 41
degrees Fahrenheit (-1 to 5 deg C) and 52 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit
(11-20 deg C). Annual precipitation varies between 39 and 110 inches
(1,000-2,800 mm) [18].

Brewer spruce stands occur on north-, south-, east-, and west-facing
slopes, but the preferred habitat is steep, north-facing slopes [3,18].
Brewer spruce occurs on rocky ridges [18], cold hollows [14], and on dry
talus and moraines [17]. It never occurs in areas where the
soils are saturated during the growing season, such as boggy or wet
areas. The slope is generally 11 to 70 percent [18].

Brewer spruce grows on soils developed from sedimentary, granitic,
serpentine, and metavolcanic rock [18]. Most soils are shallow, rocky,
and undeveloped; however, Brewer spruce does occur on deeper soils [18].
Soil pH ranges between 4.6 and 7.2 on mica schist, meta volcanic,
granitic, and ultrabasic soils [21]. Soil depth varies between 12 and
50 inches (6.5-127 cm) [3]. Kruckeberg [9] lists Brewer spruce as an
indicator of serpentine soils. Heavy metals, especially iron and
nickel, can attain high levels in soil and plant tissues of Brewer
spruce [9].

Brewer spruce occurs at the elevations listed below [3,18]:

feet meters
Siskiyou Region 3,840-5,120 1,163-1,515
Eastern Klamath Region 4,500-7,500 1,370-2,290

The majority of Brewer spruce overstory associates are listed in the
Distribution and Occurrence frame. Other overstory associates not
mentioned previously include noble fir (Abies procera), sugar pine
(Pinus lambertina), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), and Alaska cedar
(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) [3,4,8,17,18]. Shrubs that occur in
association with Brewer spruce include Sadler oak, huckleberry oak
(Quercus vaccinifolia), greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula),
pinemat manzanita (A. nevadensis), thinleaf huckleberry (Vaccinium
membranaceum), snowberry (Symphoricarpos hesperius), dwarf Oregon grape
(Berberis nervosa), and Labrador tea (Ledum glandulosum) [3,17,18].
Associates that occur in the herbaceous layer are beargrass (Xerophyllum
tenax), western prince's pine (Chimaphila umbellata), vanillaleaf
(Achlys triphylla), rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia),
Pacific trillium (Trillium ovatum), false Solomon's seal (Smilacina
stellata), queenscup (Clintonia uniflora), starflower (Tridentalis
latifolia), and groundsel (Senecio triangularis) [3,4,17,18].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
211 White fir
215 Western white pine
224 Western hemlock
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
231 Port-Orford-cedar
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
247 Jeffrey pine
256 California mixed subalpine
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

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More info for the term: series

In a series of fires in 1987 that burned throughout the range of Brewer
spruce, low-intensity surface fires killed Brewer spruce in mixed
stands. In small stands on north, rocky slopes, Brewer spruce was
undamaged [18]. On granitic soils fire can be extremely damaging to
Brewer spruce because the shallow root system is damaged by heat
transfer to the soil [3].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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Brewer spruce provides excellent wildlife habitat [4]. Cones and seeds
of Brewer spruce do not appear to be a preferred food for rodents [18].
license
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

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More info for the terms: climax, codominant

Although Brewer spruce grows throughout the Klamath region, it usually
occurs in local, disjunct populations [17]. It is a minor component of
a variety of communities [24]. In some areas, Brewer spruce is a minor
climax species in stands dominated by California red fir (Abies
magnifica), white fir (A. concolor), or mountain hemlock (Tsuga
mertenmsiana) [3]. It occurs occasionally as a codominant in some
California red fir and western hemlock habitat types. Near the Russian
Peak area of the Marble Mountains of California, Brewer spruce is a
major component of the California red fir/northern twinflower (Linnaea
borealis) and California ref fir/huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifolia)
types [17]. This species also occurs in small dense stands on mostly
north-facing slopes, as individuals invading seral pine stands and
montane chaparral, and as scattered individuals in closed white fir
forests [17]. Brewer spruce is often an indicator of cold and wet
environments [2].

Brewer spruce is listed as a dominant or codominant overstory species in
the following published classification:

Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province [3].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

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More info for the terms: basal area, mesic, natural, presence, seed

Brewer spruce is best managed on mesic sites that are characterized by
the presence of Sadler oak (Quercus sadleriana). Brewer spruce growth
is best in mixed stands with uneven-aged management [18]. Natural
regeneration of Brewer spruce is good under dense white fir-Brewer
spruce stands, but it does not regenrate as well in open conditions [3].

Little information on volume or yield of Brewer spruce is available.
The average total basal area of a few sampled stands is 205 square feet
per acre (47 sq m/ha), with an annual increment of 9 square feet per
acre (2 sq m/ha) [18].

Artificial propagation is best from seed. Some spruce seeds have been
stored without loss of viability for periods of 5 to 17 years [16].
Safford [26] describes methods of seed extraction and storage and
nursery practice.

Cooley spruce gall adelgid (Adelges cooleyi) is common in Brewer spruce
but does little harm. Seed chalcids (Megastigmus spp.) have been
observed in mature seeds of Brewer spruce. Parasitism by dwarf
mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum) has been observed in 36 percent of
local populations. Brewer spruce is more susceptible to windthrow than
its associates because of its shallow root system. Shallow roots also
result in high incidences of root rot (Heterobasision annosum) in some
areas [18].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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CA OR
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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In Europe, Brewer spruce is considered a popular ornamental [18].
license
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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More info for the term: tree

Strobilus buds appear in early summer, accompanied by the shedding of
pollen, at which time the conelets are receptive. The male strobili
develop from axils of needles of the previous year's shoots. After
pollenation, the strobili dry and fall from the tree and the conelets
turn down and mature over the summer, into September and October.
Dissemination follows immediately [18].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Brewer spruce recovery from fire is generally slow. Seedlings are
unable to survive strong sunlight and are intolerant of moisture stress
[18]. The recovery of Brewer spruce from the extensive fires of 1987
may take decades or centuries [18]. Atzet and Wheeler [2], however,
reported that light fires may stimulate seeding or germination of Brewer
spruce.
license
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the terms: root crown, secondary colonizer

Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: epigeal, forest, litter, monoecious, seed, stratification

The major regeneration mode of Brewer spruce is by seed [2]. Brewer
spruce is monoecious and begins producing seed at 20 to 30 years of age.
Mature Brewer spruce are apparently fair seed producers [18]. Crops
occur at 2-year intervals, but some trees produce cones yearly [18].
Production of seed ranges between 51,000 and 74,000 seeds per pound
(112,500-163,000 seeds/kg) [18], with a reported average of 61,000 seeds
per pound (134,500 seeds/kg) [16]. Seeds of Brewer spruce require a
stratification period of 30 to 90 days [14,16]. Germinations rates vary
from 50 to 96 percent, with an average of 88 percent [16,18].

Germination is epigeal and occurs on loose soil from upturned roots,
decaying logs, forest humus, and leaf litter under brushfields.
Seedlings are unable to survive strong sunlight and are sensitive to
high moisture stress and temperatures of exposed sites. First season
epicotyl height growth is less than 0.24 inch (6 mm). Further growth is
slow, but it appears to be faster on south-facing montane chaparral
[18]. Saplings and pole-sized Brewer spruce average 6 inches (0.15 m)
in annual height growth [18].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the terms: climax, competition

Brewer spruce is very shade tolerant and can become established under an
almost closed canopy [18,21]. It is usually occurs in late seral or
climax communities but can also invades seral pine stands and montane
chaparral [17,21]. Toward the eastern limit of its range, stands
dominated by western white pine (Pinus monticola) and Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) are replace by Brewer spruce-Shasta red fir
(Abies magnifica var. shastensis) climax [21]. Brewer spruce is
restricted to less fertile soils because of strong competition from
other conifers [18,21].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name of Brewer spruce is Picea
breweriana Wats. [14,18,19]. There are no recognized subspecies or
varieties. Brewer spruce grows adjacent to Engelmann spruce (Picea
engelmannii), but no hybridization between the two has been observed
[18].
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The wood of Brewer spruce is soft, heavy, and close grained [14]. The
branching habit of Brewer spruce results in the wood having many knots,
and it has little commercial value. Trees that are harvested are often
mixed with other trees for use as low grade lumber [18].
license
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bibliographic citation
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Associated Forest Cover

provided by Silvics of North America
Brewer spruce grows with a wide variety of associated plants and vegetation types in the montane and subalpine forests of the Klamath region. Although it grows throughout the region, its range is one of local, disjunct populations of various sizes. In some areas, it is an occasional climax tree species in mixed stands dominated by California red fir (Abies magnifica), white fir (A. concolor), or mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). In other areas, it grows in small, pure, dense stands on north-, east-, and west-facing slopes. It is also found as individuals invading seral pine stands and montane chaparral. In the Siskiyou Mountains' Brewer spruce seedlings and saplings are found in montane chaparral on all aspects. It is associated with Sadler oak Quercus sadleriana), huckleberry oak (Q. vaccinifolia), and greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula).

Some of the best-developed stands of Brewer spruce are located on moderate east- and west-facing slopes with, deep soil. These forests in the California red fir/Sadler oak habitat have a 70 to 80 percent canopy cover. Density of trees over 10 cm (4 in) in d.b.h. is 125 to 320 Brewer spruce per hectare (50 to 130/acre), 30 to 95 white fir per hectare (12 to 39/acre), 10 to 70 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) per hectare (4 to 28/acre), 0 to 10 sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) per hectare (0 to 4/acre), and 5 to 60 California red fir per hectare (2 to 24/acre). The total basal area ranges from 35 to 54 m²/ha (153 to 235 ft²/acre),. Dense reproduction is present in the tolerant conifers: Brewer spruce, California red fir, and white fir; Brewer spruce has about one-third the total number of seedlings under 180 cm (70 in) in height.

Brewer spruce is an element of the following vegetation habitat types of the Klamath region (2,12,13,14). Plants of major importance are listed for each type.

Abies concolor zone, Siskiyou Mountains- Abies concolor/Vaccinium membranaceum (white fir/thinleaf huckleberry) habitat type. Brewer spruce is a minor climax species. Other shrubs: Sadler oak.

Abies concolor/Pachistima myrsinites (white fir/Oregon boxwood) habitat type. Brewer spruce is often a codominant climax species. Other trees: Douglas-fir and sugar pine. Other shrubs: Sadler oak, Oregongrape (Berberis nervosa). Other herbs: western prince's-pine (Chimaphila umbellata), rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia), and vanillaleaf (Achlys triphylla).

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Rhododendron occidentale (Port-Orford-cedar/western azalea) habitat type. Brewer spruce is often a minor climax species. Other trees: western white pine (Pinus monticola). Other shrubs: Sadler oak.

Abies concolor zone, central Klamath region- Abies concolor/Chimaphila umbellata (white fir/western prince's-pine) habitat type. Brewer spruce occasionally occurs as a minor climax species. Other trees: Douglas-fir, sugar pine, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). Other shrubs: western hazel (Corylus cornuta), wood rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), and snowberry (Symphoricarpos hesperius).

Abies magnifica zone, Siskiyou Mountains- Abies magnifica/Quercus sadleriana (California red fir/Sadler oak) habitat type. Brewer spruce often occurs as a minor climax species. Other trees: white fir, Douglas-fir, western white pine, and sugar pine. Other shrubs: thinleaf huckleberry.

Abies magnifica/Arctostaphylos nevadensis (California red fir/pine mat manzanita) habitat type. Brewer spruce occasionally occurs as a codominant climax species. Other trees: western white pine. Other shrubs: Sadler Oak and greenleaf manzanita.

Picea breweriana/Quercus vaccinifolia (Brewer spruce/huckleberry oak) habitat type. Brewer spruce occurs as a codominant climax species. Other trees: western white pine, California red fir, Douglas-fir, and incense-cedar. Other shrubs: greenleaf manzanita, pine mat manzanita, and Sadler oak.

Picea breweriana/Quercus sadleriana (Brewer spruce/Sadler oak) habitat type. Brewer spruce occurs as the dominant climax species. Other trees: western white pine and white fir. Other shrubs: huckleberry oak and thinleaf huckleberry.

Abies magnifica zone, central and eastern Klamath region- Abies magnifica/Leucothoe davisiae (California red fir/mountain laurel) habitat type. Brewer spruce is an occasional minor climax species. Other trees: white fir, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), western white pine, and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). Other shrubs: swamp current (Ribes lacustre), mountain alder (Alnus tenuifolia), and mountain ash (Sorbus californica). Other herbs: groundsel (Senecio triangularis), queenscup (Clintonia uniflora), starflower (Trientalis latifolia), trillium (Trillium ovatum), and false Solomon's seal (Smilacina stellata).

Abies magnifica/Linnaea borealis (California red fir/twinflower) habitat type. Brewer spruce is an occasional codominant climax species in open forest stands. Other trees: Douglas-fir, white fir, western white pine, mountain hemlock, sugar pine, ponderosa pine, western yew (Taxus brevifolia), incense-cedar, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), lodgepole pine, and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Other shrubs: Sadler oak, wood rose, and snowberry. Other herbs: queenscup.

Abies magnifica/Quercus vaccinifolia (California red fir/huckleberry oak) habitat type. Brewer spruce is an occasional minor climax species. Other trees: white fir, Douglas-fir, sugar pine, lodgepole pine, and western white pine. Other shrubs: greenleaf manzanita, pine mat manzanita, and bush chinkapin (Castanopsis sempervirens).

Tsuga mertensiana zone, Siskiyou Mountains- Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium membranaceum (mountain hemlock/thinleaf huckleberry) habitat type. Brewer spruce is a codominant climax species. Other trees: California red fir, western white pine, and Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis).

Tsuga mertensiana zone, central and eastern Klamath region- Tsuga mertensiana/Phyllodoce empetriformis (western hemlock/heather) habitat type. Brewer spruce is an occasional codominant climax species. Other trees: California red fir, white fir, western white pine, and lodgepole pine. Other shrubs: Labrador-tea (Ledum glandulosum).

Tsuga mertensiana/Quercus vaccinifolia (western hemlock/huckleberry oak) habitat type. Brewer spruce is of minor importance as a climax species. Other trees: California red fir and western white pine. Other shrubs: pine mat manzanita, bush chinkapin, and greenleaf manzanita.

Brewer spruce is a minor component in three forest cover types (4): Mountain Hemlock (Society of American Foresters Type 205), Red Fir (Type 207), and California Mixed Subalpine (Type 256).

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Climate

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The range of Brewer spruce is primarily influenced by the maritime climate of the Pacific Ocean: cool, wet winters and warm, relatively dry summers. The climate changes drastically, however, from west to east across the range of Brewer spruce, which is 113 km (70 mi). On the most westerly ridge occupied by Brewer spruce, average annual precipitation is more than 2800 mm (110 in); farther east, it is less than 1000 mm (39 in). Most of the precipitation falls as winter rain or snow; less than 5 percent occurs in the summer. The amount of -snowfall and accumulated snowpack varies greatly from year to year and geographically across the range. A few stands of Brewer spruce in valleys receive no snow some years, whereas other stands accumulate up to 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) (5). Humidity is high in the western part of the range and relatively low in the eastern part. Summer fog is common along the western-most ridges and valleys. Summer thunderstorms are common in the eastern portion of the range. Temperatures also vary widely. In the western portion, the mean temperature in January is 5° C (41° F); in July, 11° C (52° F). On the eastern edge of the range, the mean temperature is -1° C (30° F) in January and 20° C (68° F) in July.

The varied climate indicates that Brewer spruce has an ecological amplitude that should enable it to obtain a wider and more contiguous distribution. Its sensitivity to fire seems to have restricted its range (13).

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Damaging Agents

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The shallow root system of Brewer spruce makes it more susceptible than its associates to windthrow. In some areas, the high incidence of root rot (Heterobasidion annosum) further lowers its resistance to wind. Thin bark and long weeping branches make Brewer spruce susceptible to fire. Areas predictably occupied by Brewer spruce are limited to fire-resistant open forests on north-facing slopes or rocky ridges. A series of major forest fires in 1987 burned throughout the range of Brewer spruce. Most of the small, pure stands on north slopes were not damaged. In the more prevalent mixed stands, low-intensity ground fires killed the Brewer spruce and white fir, but the thick-barked Douglas-fir, pines, and California red fir survived. The recovery of Brewer spruce may take decades or centuries because of the extent of these fires. The increased potential of forest fires and inability of Brewer spruce seedlings to tolerate high moisture stress may result in its rapid extinction. If global warming occurs (11), it could threaten the existence of localized tree species such as Brewer spruce.

As a small tree, Brewer spruce has enough flexibility to bend under the weight of heavy snow. It develops a pistol butt as the tree matures.

Comparatively little damage from insects or fungi has been recorded for Brewer spruce (3). The Cooley spruce gall adelgid (Adelges cooleyi) is common but does little damage (6). Seed chalcids (Megastigmus spp.) have been observed in mature seeds. In some areas, 36 percent of the Brewer spruce was parasitized by the dwarfmistletoe Arceuthobium campylopodum (8). Brewer spruce is intolerant of industrial fumes.

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Flowering and Fruiting

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Brewer spruce is monoecious. Strobilus buds form in early summer and develop in the fall. The dark purple male strobili are borne the following spring in axils of needles of the previous year's shoots, on branches throughout the tree. The pollen-bearing strobili are from 19 to 32 mm, (0.75 to 1.25 in) long and about 13 mm (0.5 in) in diameter. Pollen is shed in early summer; the male strobili dry and fall soon after pollen is shed. Female strobili are borne at the tips of primary branches in the upper two-thirds of the crown. They develop into erect, dark green, cylindrical conelets that are 38 mm (1.5 in) long and 13 mm (0.5 in) thick when receptive. The female conelets are apparently receptive at the time pollen is shed. The location of female and male flowers throughout the tree, concurrent with timing of strobilus development, apparently encourages selfing of Brewer spruce located singly or in small, isolated stands. After pollination, the conelets turn down and mature the same season into dark brown cones 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) long. The fruit matures from September to October; dissemination immediately follows.

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Genetics

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Little if any variability has been observed throughout the restricted range of Brewer spruce. In the eastern Klamath area, Brewer spruce grows adjacent to Engelmann spruce without hybridization (12).

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Growth and Yield

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After the seedling stage height growth of Brewer spruce is slower than its common associates, Douglas-fir, white fir, red fir, and western white pine. In several stands in the Siskiyou Mountains, annual height growth of sapling and pole-size Brewer spruce averaged 0.15 m (0.5 ft).

Most mature stands of Brewer spruce consist of a wide range of ages and sizes. Numerous stands contain Brewer spruce up to 117 cm (46 in) in diameter, the largest 125 cm (49.3 in) in d.b.h. and 48.8 m (160 ft) in height. The biggest Brewer spruce listed by the American Forestry Association (1) has a circumference of 4.17 m (13.67 ft) at 1.37 m (4.5 ft) above the ground and is 51.8 m (170 ft) tall; it is located in the Siskiyou National Forest in southwest Oregon. The general structure of a mixed species, all-aged stand (Sadler oak habitat type) is shown in table 1.

Table 1- Stand structure of mixed species, all-aged Brewer spruce stands (Sadler oak habitat type) Diameter class Brewer spruce White
fir Red
fir Douglas-
fir Western white pine Sugar
pine cm trees/ha 3 to 29 430 506 82 69 - - 30 to 59 114   32 27   2 7 - 60 to 89   17   15 15 - 2 - 90 to 119     2 -   7 - - - 120+ - -   2   2 - 2 in trees/acre 1 to 11 174 205 33 28 - - 12 to 23   46   13 11   1 3 - 24 to 35     7     6   6 - 1 - 35 to 47     1 -   3 - - - 47+ - -   1   1 - 1 Little volume or yield information is available for these Brewer spruce stands. The total basal area of the few stands sampled averages 47 m²/ha (205 ft²/acre), with a current annual increment of 2 m²/ha (9 ft²/acre) (15).

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Reaction to Competition

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Brewer spruce is tolerant of shade at all ages and is very competitive. In the Abies magnifica zone on mesic to xeric sites, it is more competitive than mountain hemlock, Port-Orford-cedar, white fir, Douglas-fir, Alaska-cedar, incense-cedar, sugar pine, western white pine, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and Jeffrey pine. California red fir is considered slightly more competitive on mesic sites because of its faster height growth and longer lifespan.

Brewer spruce is well adapted to growth at cool temperatures during the growing season. Its light compensation point is less than 2 percent of full sunlight. Brewer spruce can withstand considerable soil drought but is extremely sensitive to high evaporation demands. The stomata close under high evaporation, halting photosynthesis (17).

Brewer spruce is best managed on mesic sites characterized by the presence of Sadler oak. It grows best in mixed-species stands with uneven-aged management.

Brewer spruce can be planted under montane chaparral dominated by Sadler oak, huckleberry oak, and greenleaf manzanita. It has the ability to grow well under competition for soil moisture and light.

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Rooting Habit

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Brewer spruce has a shallow root system on all soils; however, on deeper soils, a few vertical roots may extend several meters in depth.

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Seed Production and Dissemination

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Seed production starts when the trees are from 20 to 30 years old. Actual production has not been determined. Observations indicate that mature Brewer spruce trees are fair seed producers; crops occur at 2-year intervals, and some trees produce cones each year.

The seeds are 3 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long; the wing is four times as long as the seed. The seeds are the largest of the North American spruces: 134,500/kg (61,000/lb), with a range of 112,500 to 163,000/kg (51,000 to 74,000/lb). The relatively large wing aids dissemination of the seed by the wind. Cones and seeds do not appear to be a preferred food for rodents.

Seeds may be stored for 5 to 17 years in sealed containers at low temperatures, 1° to 3° C (33° to 38° F), at a moisture content of 4 to 8 percent. A cold, moist stratification of 30 days increases germination. Germination of sound seed ranges from 50 to 96 percent; the reported average is 88 percent (15).

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Seedling Development

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The germination of Brewer spruce is epigeal, seedlings becoming established on all types of natural seedbeds: decaying logs, forest humus, loose soil from upturned roots, and leaf litter under brush fields. Throughout the range of Brewer spruce, natural regeneration is abundant under dense Brewer spruce-white fir stands. These stands contain an average of 1,360 Brewer spruce and 3,460 white fir seedlings per hectare (550 and 1,400/acre) less than 15 cm (6 in) in height. Brewer spruce seedlings cannot survive strong sunlight. The shallow, slow-growing root system causes the seedlings to be susceptible to the high moisture stress and temperatures of exposed sites. Brewer spruce seedlings are usually lacking in clearcuts, even when these are adjacent to stands containing large cone bearing trees.

Seedlings are small, with four to seven cotyledons Initial growth is slow; the epicotyl height growth is less than 6 mm (0.24 in) the first season.

Subsequent growth of seedlings is slow but quite variable. Under dense stands, the age of seedling 1.37 m (4.5 ft) tall ranges from 27 to 82 years Brewer spruce seedlings growing in south-facing montane chaparral were from 25 to 40 years old when they were 1.37 m (4.5 ft) tall. Small Brewer spruce survive overstory removal.

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Soils and Topography

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Brewer spruce grows on a wide variety of geologic parent materials and soils. It is found on soils developed from sedimentary, granitic, serpentine, and metavolcanic rocks. Most of the large stands of Brewer spruce are found on shallow, rocky, undeveloped soils of the order Entisols; a few stands are on deeper, well-developed soils. Throughout its range, Brewer spruce is never found in areas where the soils are saturated during the growing season. It appears to be generally restricted from the more fertile soils by competition from true firs (Abies spp.). Brewer spruce is more abundant on less fertile soils.

Brewer spruce is found on most topographic locations-ridgetops, north- and south-facing slopes, benches, and valley bottoms. The only habitat restriction is boggy or wet areas. The apparently preferred location is the steep, north-facing slopes where the largest stands are located. In the western Siskiyou Mountains, these locations are north slopes near the tops of the ridges, but in the eastern Salmon Mountains, the largest stands are on middle, north-facing slopes. Brewer spruce is found from elevations of 700 to 2100 in (2,300 to 6,900 ft) in the western Siskiyou Mountains and from 1370 to 2290 in (4,500 to 7,500 ft) in the eastern Klamath region.

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Special Uses

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The wood of Brewer spruce has no special uses. Harvested trees are normally mixed with other species and utilized as low grade lumber. In Europe, it has been considered one of the most popular of all ornamental conifers (10).

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Vegetative Reproduction

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Layering has no been observed in natural stands of Brewer spruce Artificial propagation is best from seed (10).

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Distribution

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Brewer spruce is found only in the mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon near the Pacific coast between latitudes 40° 50' N. and 42° 40' N. The best developed stands are on the high ridges of the western Siskiyou Mountains in California and Oregon. Other concentrations are found on high ridges and in upper valleys of the Marble, Salmon, and Trinity Mountains of California (7). Throughout the rest of the range, Brewer spruce grows as a single tree and as scattered small populations in valleys and on ridgetops (9,12,16).


- The native range of Brewer spruce

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Brief Summary

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Pinaceae -- Pine family

Dale Thornburgh

Brewer spruce (Picea breweriana), named for its first collector, is often considered "mysterious" because this attractive conifer is found on seldom-visited high mountain ridges and steep north slopes. Its other common name, weeping spruce, is derived from the distinctive feature of many rope-like branchlets that hang in a fringe from all but the topmost slender horizontal limbs. This branching habit results in many knots in the wood, which has little commercial importance.

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Physical Description

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Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex obtuse, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs pubescent, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs with peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Smrk Brewerův ( Czech )

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Smrk Brewerův (Picea breweriana) je druh smrku původem ze Severní Ameriky. Byl pojmenován po americkém botanikovi Williamu Henry Brewerovi, který druh poprvé v přírodě našel.[2]

Popis

Jedná se o strom, který dorůstá zpravidla do 40 m výšky a průměru kmene do 1,5 m (vzácně až 2 m). Dožívá se i více než 400 let.[3] Koruna je kuželovitá. Borka je šedá až hnědá.[4] Větve svěšené, větvičky jsou šedohnědé, jemně pýřité, tenké prodloužené a nápadně převislé . Pupeny jsou šedohnědé, 3-7 mm dlouhé, na špičce zaoblené. Jehlice jsou na průřezu zploštělé až trojhranné, 1,5-3 cm dlouhé, dosti tuhé, svrchu tmavozelené a bez průduchů, naspodu sivé se 2 pruhy průduchů, které jsou odděleny zeleným žebrem.[4] Samičí šišky jsou za zralosti 6,5-12 (vzácně až 14) cm dlouhé, červenohnědé, šupiny vějířovité, 15-20 mm dlouhé a asi stejně široké, na vrcholu celokrajné až jemně zoubkované.[3]

Rozšíření

Smrk Brewerův je endemitem hor Klamath Mountains na pomezí států Kalifornie a Oregon, nejvíce roste v horách Siskiyou Mountains, méně i v Marble Mountains, Salmon Mountains a Trinity Mountains (vše části Klamath Mountains).[5]

Ekologie

Smrk Brewerův roste v horách, které jsou silně ovlivněny Tichým oceánem. Proto jsou zde vysoké roční srážky, na západě areálu až 2800 mm ročně, na východě i trochu pod 1000 mm. Většina srážek ovšem spadne v zimním období, léta zde jsou suchá. Od západu k východu totiž narůstá kontinentalita klimatu: V západní části jsou průměrné lednové teploty +5 °C a červencové +11 °C, zatímco na východě to je -1 °C, respektive +20 °C.[5]

Smrk Brewerův může být jednou z dominant zdejších horských lesů, v jiných typech lesů je zas jen vtroušen. Často roste společně s jedlemi jako jedle nádherná (Abies magnifica) nebo jedle ojíněná (Abies concolor), s duby jako Quercus sadleriana a Quercus vaccinifolia, nebo to mohou být další druhy stromů: např. jedlovec Mertensův (Tsuga mertensiana), douglaska tisolistá (Pseudotsuga menziesii), cypřišek Lawsonův (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), pazerav sbíhavý (Calocedrus deccurens), borovice těžká (Pinus ponderosa), borovice Lambertova (Pinus lambertiana) aj.[5]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Brewer's Weeping Spruce [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. a b The Gymnosperm Database [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. a b Flóra Severní Ameriky [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. a b c Brewer Spruce [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Smrk Brewerův: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Smrk Brewerův (Picea breweriana) je druh smrku původem ze Severní Ameriky. Byl pojmenován po americkém botanikovi Williamu Henry Brewerovi, který druh poprvé v přírodě našel.

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Sørgegran ( Danish )

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Sørgegran (Picea breweriana), Brewers gran eller Hængegran er et mellemstort, stedsegrønt nåletræ med en bred, kegleformet vækst. Hovedgrenene er først vandret udspærrede, men senere bliver de buet opstigende med lodret nedhængende sidegrene.

Beskrivelse

Barken er først lyst rødbrun med fine hår. Senere bliver den grålig med lyse pletter. Gamle grene og stammer får en mørkt gråviolet bark med afskallende, runde plader. Knopperne er ægformede og lysebrune med rødlige hår.

Nålene er fremadrettede, tynde og fladtrykte med dybt mørkegrøn overside og to hvide striber på undersiden. De hanlige blomster er samlet i kugleformede stande ved enden af skuddene. De hunlige stande er mørkerøde og findes på træets øverste skud. Koglerne er krumme og cylindriske med afrundede, indadbuede skæl (omtrent som hos rødgran), og de er først røde og så lyst rødbrune ved modningen.

Rodnettet er ret overfladisk med kraftige, vidt udbredte hovedrødder. Planter, der sælges her i landet, er dog oftest podet på grundstamme af rødgran, hvis rodnet de overtager.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 15 x 6 m (20 x 10 cm/år).

Hjemsted

Arten stammer fra det vestlige Nord-amerika, hvor det er hjemmehørende i Klamath-Siskiyou skovene (en WWF-økoregion) i det sydvestlige Oregon og nordvestlige Californien. Her vokser arten i 500-2.300 m højdebasisk bund sammen med bl.a. Arctostaphylos patula (en art af melbærris), californisk eg, californisk flodceder, Ceanothus prostratus, gulfyr, jeffreyfyr, kæmpegran, kæmpeløn, langnålet ædelgran, skærmvintergrøn, vestamerikansk kornel og vestamerikansk taks[1]




Note

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Sørgegran: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Sørgegran (Picea breweriana), Brewers gran eller Hængegran er et mellemstort, stedsegrønt nåletræ med en bred, kegleformet vækst. Hovedgrenene er først vandret udspærrede, men senere bliver de buet opstigende med lodret nedhængende sidegrene.

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Siskiyou-Fichte ( German )

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Die Siskiyou-Fichte auch Mähnenfichte (Picea breweriana) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist in den südwestlichen USA gelegenen Siskiyou Mountains heimisch.

Beschreibung

 src=
Zweig mit reifem Zapfen

Die Siskiyou-Fichte wächst als immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 40 Metern und Brusthöhendurchmesser von bis zu 1,5 Metern erreichen kann. Die konische Krone wird von hängenden Ästen mit länglichen, ebenfalls hängenden, dünnen Zweigen gebildet. Junge Bäume haben bis zu einem Alter von 10 bis 20 Jahren keine hängenden Zweige. Die Stammborke ist grau bis braun. Die graubraune Rinde der Zweige ist fein behaart.[1]

Die graubraunen Knospen werden 5 bis 7 Millimeter groß und haben eine abgerundete Spitze. Die 1,5 bis 3 Zentimeter langen, steifen Nadeln haben eine stumpfe Spitze. Ihr Querschnitt ist abgeflacht oder breit-dreieckig, wobei die Unterseite abgerundet oder leicht kantig geformt ist. Auf der dunkelgrünen Nadeloberseite befinden sich keine Stomatabänder. Auf der blaugrünen Unterseite befinden sich mehrere, gut erkennbare und durch kleine Furchen voneinander getrennte Stomatabänder. Die Nadeln stehen radial angeordnet an den hängenden Zweigen.[1]

Die Siskiyou-Fichte ist einhäusig (monözisch). Die dunkel purpurnen männlichen Blütenzapfen werden 1,9 bis 3,2 Zentimeter lang und rund 1,3 Zentimeter dick. Die Bestäubung findet im Frühsommer statt. Die hängenden Zapfen sind bei einer Länge von 6,5 bis 15 Zentimetern zylindrisch geformt. Sie sind anfangs dunkel rot-violett und verfärben sich zur Reife im September bis Oktober hin rot- bis dunkelbraun. Die fächerförmig angeordneten Zapfenschuppen werden 1,5 bis 2 Zentimeter lang und ebenso breit. Ihre Ränder sind ganz oder etwas unregelmäßig gezackt. Die Samen werden direkt nach der Reifung aus den Zapfen entlassen.[1][2]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[3]

Verbreitung und Standort

 src=
Karte des Verbreitungsgebietes
Picea breweriana range map 5.png

Das natürliche, zerklüftete Verbreitungsgebiet der Siskiyou-Fichte liegt in den südwestlichen USA. Es liegt zwischen 22 und 145 Kilometer von der Küste entfernt und umfasst die im nordwestlichen Kalifornien und südwestlichen Oregon gelegenen Siskiyou Mountains. Die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze befindet sich am Iron Mountain. Während des Miozäns und des Pliozäns war die Art auch in Idaho, Nevada, dem zentralen Oregon sowie dem zentralen Kalifornien heimisch.[1]

Die Siskiyou-Fichte ist eine Baumart des maritimen, vom Pazifik beeinflussten Klimas und gedeiht in Höhenlagen von 530 bis 2300 Metern. Die jährlichen Niederschlagsmengen betragen im westlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes mehr als 2800 mm und im östlichen Teil weniger als 1000 mm, von denen der Großteil im Herbst und Winter als Schnee oder Regen fällt. Die Art wächst auf Serpentinböden aber auch auf felsigen oder mageren Böden wie Entisolen, welche sich auf ultramafischem Gestein gebildet haben. Man findet die Art vor allem auf Bergrücken und Tälern der subalpinen und alpinen Höhenlagen, wo sie hauptsächlich in Wäldern wächst.[1][2]

Die Art bildet mit 15 verschiedenen Koniferenarten Mischbestände, wobei vor allem die Pracht-Tanne (Abies magnifica) und die Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) besonders häufig anzutreffen sind. Da einige der vergesellschafteten Baumarten größer und älter werden als die Siskiyou-Fichte, wächst diese häufig unterhalb der Kronenschicht. In Mischbeständen, welche von der Kolorado-Tanne (Abies concolor), der Pracht-Tanne sowie der Berg-Hemlocktanne (Tsuga mertensiana) dominiert werden, stellt die Siskiyou-Fichte gelegentlich die Klimaxbaumart dar. Die Keimlinge der Art wachsen im Unterholz häufig zusammen mit Arctostaphylos patula, mit Quercus sadleriana sowie mit Quercus vaccinifolia. Es treten auch Reinbestände auf, welche jedoch meist klein bleiben. Aufgrund ihrer Anfälligkeit gegenüber Waldbränden findet man sie auch häufig als Einzelbaum an felsigen, eher mageren Standorten.[1][2]

Nutzung

Wegen ihrer auffallend langen, hängenden Zweige ist die Siskiyou-Fichte als Zierbaum gut geeignet und wird vor allem in Großbritannien sehr geschätzt. Aufgrund des langsamen Wachstums, der Schwierigkeit diese Art in Kultur zu züchten und der geringen Toleranz gegenüber klimatischen Veränderungen eignen sich nur wenige Standorte für einen erfolgreichen Anbau. Das Holz wird kaum genutzt.[1][2]

Systematik

Picea breweriana wird innerhalb der Gattung der Fichten (Picea) der Untergattung Picea und der Sektion Omorika zugeordnet.

Die Erstbeschreibung als Picea breweriana erfolgte 1885 durch Sereno Watson in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Band 20, Seite 378.[3] Die aus dem Oligozän des südwestlichen Colorados bekannte, fossile Art Picea sonomensis Axelrod wird als Synonym von Picea breweriana angesehen. Das Artepitheton breweriana ehrt den Professor für Landwirtschaft an der Yale University, William Henry Brewer, welcher die Art entdeckte.[1]

Kreuzungsversuche mit anderen Fichtenarten wie der Engelmann-Fichte (Picea engelmannii) und der Sitka-Fichte (Picea sitchensis) blieben erfolglos. Molekulare Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Siskiyou-Fichte vermutlich mit keiner anderen Art innerhalb der Gattung der Fichten näher verwandt ist und dass sie, ebenso wie die Sitka-Fichte, ein basaler Vertreter dieser Gattung ist.[1]

Gefährdung und Schutz

Die Siskiyou-Fichte wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als „gering gefährdet“ eingestuft. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine erneute Überprüfung der Gefährdung notwendig ist. Sie ist anfällig gegenüber Waldbränden. Ein Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes befindet sich innerhalb des Siskiyou National Forest.[2][4]

Quellen

  • Christopher J. Earle: Picea breweriana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 28. November 2012, abgerufen am 21. April 2013 (englisch).
  • John W. Thieret: Pinaceae. Picea. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Volume 2. Oxford University Press, New York u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7, Picea breweriana (englisch, Picea breweriana – Online – dieses Werk ist textgleich Online).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i Christopher J. Earle: Picea breweriana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 28. November 2012, abgerufen am 21. April 2013 (englisch).
  2. a b c d e Dale Thornburgh: Picea breweriana. In: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (Hrsg.): Silvics of North America. Conifers. Volume 1. Washington 1990 (englisch, Picea breweriana – Online – dieses Werk ist textgleich Online).
  3. a b Picea breweriana bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 21. April 2013.
  4. Picea breweriana in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 21. April 2013.

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Siskiyou-Fichte: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Siskiyou-Fichte auch Mähnenfichte (Picea breweriana) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist in den südwestlichen USA gelegenen Siskiyou Mountains heimisch.

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Бреверэнь куз ( Erzya )

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Бреверэнь куз (лат. Picea breweriana) — те чувто, буезэ Кузонь (Picea), пичень семиястонть (Pináceae). Касы аволь пек покш таркава Кламат паднесэ, Калифорния ды Орегон штатнэнь межаваст. Те кузонть видэсь сехте кезёрень. Лемезэ моли чувтонть панжицянзо эйстэ (англ. William Henry Brewer).

Ботаникань коряс

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Бреверэнь кузонть пиче умаресь

Чувтось 40 метрань сэрьсэ, рунгось 150 см перьканзо, чувто тарадозо конусонь, ды пек молить авардевикс тарад ланкс. Од лисевксэнзэ якстере-буройть, кавшанятт, мейле сияньшкалить. Керезэ ашна-раужо, тюжа. Пургондавксонзо 5-7 мм кувалмосо, перька велявтозь песэст. Салмуксост 16—32 (-35) мм кувалмосо, верде чопуда-пижеть, алдо матовой, раужкадозь. Пингезэ пачколи 900 иес.

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Бреверэнь кузонть салмуксонзо

Авардевикс тарадтне невтевить кода чувтось касы 20-25 иень шкас, секс чувтонь коли-коли човорить сербень кузоньть (Picea omorika) марто.

Сёрм.:

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Бреверэнь куз: Brief Summary ( Erzya )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Бреверэнь куз (лат. Picea breweriana) — те чувто, буезэ Кузонь (Picea), пичень семиястонть (Pináceae). Касы аволь пек покш таркава Кламат паднесэ, Калифорния ды Орегон штатнэнь межаваст. Те кузонть видэсь сехте кезёрень. Лемезэ моли чувтонть панжицянзо эйстэ (англ. William Henry Brewer).

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Жална смрека ( Macedonian )

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Жална смрека (латински јазик|Picea breweriana) е вид на смрека.

Опис на растението

Ова дрво расне скоро до 40 м во висина. Гранките од вториот ред се виснати и доволно долги да допрат до земјата. Шишарките се долги 6-12, а широки 2-3 см.[2]

Живеалиште и ареал

Потекнува од Орегон и северна Калифорнија (САД), но се одгледува и како парковски вид и надвор од Америка, највеќе во Обединетото Кралство и Скандинавија.[2]

Наводи

  1. Nelson, J.; Farjon, A. (2013 г). Picea breweriana. „The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species“ (IUCN) том 2013: e.T34049A2841277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34049A2841277.en. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34049/0. посет. 9. 1. 2018. г.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Шилић, Ч. 1990. Украсно дрвеће и грмље. Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства: Београд.

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Жална смрека: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

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Жална смрека (латински јазик|Picea breweriana) е вид на смрека.

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Picea breweriana

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Picea breweriana, known as Brewer spruce,[2][3] Brewer's weeping spruce, or weeping spruce, is a species of spruce native to western North America, where it is one of the rarest on the continent. The specific epithet breweriana is in honor of the American botanist William Henry Brewer.[4][5]

Description

Brewer spruce is a large evergreen conifer growing to 20–40 metres (66–131 ft) tall, exceptionally 54 m, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m. The bark is thin and scaly, and purple-gray in color. The crown is very distinct, distinguished by level branches with vertically pendulous branchlets up to 1.2–2.4 m (4–8 ft),[6] each branch forming a 'curtain' of foliage. The pendulous foliage only develops when the tree grows to about 1.5–2 m tall; young trees smaller than this (up to about 10–20 years old) are open-crowned with sparse, level branchlets. The shoots are orange-brown, with dense short pubescence about 0.2 millimetres long and very rough with pulvini 1–2 mm long.

The leaves are borne singly on the pulvini, and are needle-like (though not sharp),[6] 15–35 mm long, flattened in cross-section, glossy dark green above, and with two bands of white stomata below.[7][8]

The cones are longer than most other North American spruces, pendulous, cylindrical, 8–15 centimetres (3–6 in) long[6] and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3–4 cm broad. They have smoothly rounded, thin, flexible scales 2 cm long. The immature cones are dark purple, maturing red-brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3–4 mm long, with a slender, 12–18 mm long pale brown wing.[7][8]

Picea breweriana grows very slowly, typically less than 20 cm (8 in) per year. It occurs mainly on ridgetop sites with very heavy winter snow to provide a steady source of meltwater through the spring, but dry in the summer. The harsh ridgetop conditions minimize competition from other much faster-growing trees like Douglas-fir. It is very well adapted to cope with heavy snow and ice loads, with tough branches, and the drooping branchlets shedding snow readily.[7][8][9]

Genome

DNA analyses[10][11] have shown that Picea breweriana has a basal position in the Picea clade,[10] suggesting that Picea originated in North America.

Distribution

It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of southwest Oregon and northwest California, and grows at moderately high altitudes, from 1,000–2,700 m (3,300–8,900 ft) above sea level.[7][8][1][12][13]

Uses

Outside its native range, P. breweriana is a highly valued ornamental tree in gardens, particularly in Great Britain and Scandinavia, where it is appreciated for its dramatically pendulous foliage.[8] This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[14][15]

References

  1. ^ a b Nelson, J.; Farjon, A. (2013). "Picea breweriana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T34049A2841277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34049A2841277.en.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Picea breweriana". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  4. ^ Ornduff, Robert (2008). "Thomas Jefferson Howell and the First Pacific Northwest Flora" (PDF). Kalmiopsis. 15: 32–41. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  5. ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
  6. ^ a b c Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 96–97. ISBN 1-68051-329-X. OCLC 1141235469.
  7. ^ a b c d Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  8. ^ a b c d e Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
  9. ^ Frank Lang's Nature Notes: US Forest Service ecology and the naming
  10. ^ a b Ran, J.-H., Wei, X.-X. & Wang, X.-Q. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): Implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 41(2): 405–19.
  11. ^ Sigurgeirsson, A. & Szmidt, A.E. 1993. Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in Picea. Nordic Journal of Botany 13(3): 233–246.
  12. ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Picea breweriana". The Gymnosperm Database.
  13. ^ Thornburgh, Dale (1990). "Picea breweriana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 1 – via Southern Research Station.
  14. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Picea breweriana". Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  15. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

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Picea breweriana: Brief Summary

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Picea breweriana, known as Brewer spruce, Brewer's weeping spruce, or weeping spruce, is a species of spruce native to western North America, where it is one of the rarest on the continent. The specific epithet breweriana is in honor of the American botanist William Henry Brewer.

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Picea breweriana ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Picea breweriana, la pícea de Brewer,[2]​ es una especie de conífera perteneciente a la familia Pinaceae.

Distribución y hábitat

Son nativos del oeste de Norteamérica, endémicos de Montañas Klamath en el sudoeste de Oregón y noroeste de California donde crece en alturas de 1000-2700 metros.

Descripción

Es un árbol perenne que alcanza los 20-40 metros de altura, excepcionalmente los 50 metros, y un tronco con 1.5 m de diámetro.

La corteza es delgada y de color púrpura-marrón. La corona es distinguida por sus ramas verticalmente colgantes y cada rama formando una cortina de follaje. Este follaje solo lo tienen árboles de más de 2 metros de altura.

Las hojas semejantes a agujas tienen 15-35 mm de longitud. de color verde oscuro. Las piñas son más grandes que las de la mayoría de las especies, son cilíndricas de 8-15 cm de longitud y 3-4 cm de ancho, son de color púrpura oscuro y tornan rojo-marrón al madurar. Las semillas son negras de 3-4 mm de longitud.

Taxonomía

Picea breweriana fue descrita por Sereno Watson y publicado en Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences' 20: 378. 1885.[3]

Etimología

Picea; nombre genérico que es tomado directamente del Latín pix = "brea", nombre clásico dado a un pino que producía esta sustancia[4]

breweriana: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico William Henry Brewer.

Sinonimia
  • Picea pendula S.Watson
  • Pinus breweriana (S.Watson) Voss[5]

Referencias

  1. Nelson, J. & Farjon, A. (2013). «Picea breweriana». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2016.
  2. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1 Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  3. «Picea breweriana». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 27 de marzo de 2015.
  4. En Nombres Botánicos
  5. «Picea breweriana». The Plant List. Consultado el 26 de marzo de 2015.

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Picea breweriana: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Picea breweriana, la pícea de Brewer,​ es una especie de conífera perteneciente a la familia Pinaceae.

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Breweri kuusk ( Estonian )

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Breweri kuusk (Picea breweriana) on männiliste sugukonda kuuse perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.

Nime päritolu

Liik on nime saanud ameerika botaaniku William Henry Breweri (1828–1910) järgi, kes korjas esimese botaanilise eksemplari 1863. aastal.[3]

Esimesena kirjeldas Breweri kuuske teaduslikult USA botaanik Sereno Watson (1826–1892).

Botaanilised tunnused

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Okkad, isasõisikud ja noor käbi

Puu kasvab tavaliselt 24–30 m kõrgeks[4], suurimaks kõrguseks on mõõdetud 53,7 m (1993)[3]. Eluiga on kuni 900 aastat[4].

Võra on tihe ja kooniline. Tüve läbimõõt on tavaliselt 1,17–1,35 m[4]. Võra on väga iseloomulik: oksad on rõhtsad ja sellelt ripuvad alla võrsed, mis moodustavad justkui kardina. Kuid selline võra hakkab kujunema alles 10–20 aasta vanustel puudel, mis on 1½–2 m kõrged, noorematel paiknevad võrsed rõhtsalt ja üsna hõredalt. Võra on kardinataoliseks kujunenud kohastumusena lumerohketes piirkondades kasvamiseks, sest niimoodi ei murdu oksad lume raskuse all: lumi ei kogune okstele.

Korp on hall kuni pruun, õhuke ja rõmeline[5].

Juurestik on üldjuhul maapinnalähedane, kuid sammasjuured võivad kuivades ja sügavates muldades ulatuda mõne meetri sügavusele.[4]

Pungad on hallikaspruunid, ümara tipuga, kuni 5–7 mm pikkused. Võrsed on rippuvad, piklikud, saledad ja hallikaspruunid.[5]

Okkad on tömbid, 1,5–3,0 cm pikad ja tumerohelised[5]. Okkad paiknevad võrsetel ühekaupa. Nad on lamedad, ülaltpoolt läikivrohelised ja altpoolt kahe valge õhulõheribaga.

Käbid on 6,5–12 (14) cm pikad, silinderjad, noorelt tumepunakaspurpurjad, valminult punakaspruunid[5]. Käbid on rippuvad, suletult 2 cm laiad, avatult 3–4 cm laiad. Käbidel on õhukesed ümarad painduvad 2 cm pikkused seemnesoomused.

Seemned on 3–5 mm pikad, tiivakesed ligi neli korda pikemad[5]. Ühe seemne mass on 6,1–8,9 mg, millega nad on Põhja-Ameerika kuuskede seemnetest kõige raskemad.[6]

DNA uuringute alusel on Breweri kuusk teiste kuuseliikidega võrreldes basaalne liik ehk teisisõnu eraldus teistest kuuseliikidest esimesena. See annab kinnitust seisukohale, et kuuse perekond kujunes välja Põhja-Ameerikas ja levis sealt teistele mandritele.

Levila

Breweri kuuse väike levila paikneb USA-s Oregoni edelaosas ja California loodeosas Klamathi ja Siskiyou mägedes (530–) 1000–2300 m kõrgusel üle merepinna. Levila hajutatud asurkondade kaugus Vaikse ookeani rannikust on 22–145 km.[5]

Kasvukoha tingimused

Breweri kuusk eelistab niisket õhku ja parasniisket mulda. Ta ei talu seisvat pinnavett ega väga kõrget pinnasevett. Ta talub talvekülma kuni –23...–29 °C[7], väheviljakat ja niisket kasvupinnast, täisvarju ja rohket lund. Noores eas lume raskuse all viltu vajunud seemikutest kasvavad kõvera tüvega puud.[4]

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Breweri kuused Klamathi mägedes

Kliima

Levila kliimat mõjutab Vaikse ookeani lähedus. Talved on seal jahedad ja sademeterohked, suved aga üsna kuivad. Rannikule kõige lähemates levila läänepiirkondades esineb aastas sademeid keskmiselt 2800 mm ja üle selle, idaosas aga vähem kui 1000 mm. Enamik sademetest esineb talvel vihma ja lumena, suvel sajab vaid 5% aasta koguhulgast. Samuti on suhteline õhuniiskus kõrge lääneosas ja keskmisest madalam idaosas. Läänealale on veel iseloomulik, et mitme aasta vältel sajab talvel ainult vihma ja suvel esineb sageli udu. Idaosas aga võib orgudesse kogunenud lume paksus küündida 5 meetrini ja suvel esineb sageli äikesetorme. Jaanuari keskmine õhutemperatuur varieerub –1 °C idas kuni +5 °C läänes. Juuli keskmine õhutemperatuur on läänes 11 °C ja idas 20 °C. Kuigi Breweri kuusk on suutnud kohaneda mitmesuguses kliimas, on tema laialdast levikut takistanud kesine vastupanuvõime metsapõlengutele.[6]

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Breweri kuused Klamathi mägedes
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Mertensi tsuuga kasvab tihti koos Breweri kuusega

Kasvupinnas

Breweri kuuse levila mullad on moodustunud mitmesugustest lähtekivimitest, millest on esindatud settekivimid, serpentiin, graniit ja vulkaanilised kivimid. Enamik asurkondadest kasvab noortel, kivistel ja õhukestel muldadel. Samas võib Breweri kuusk kasvada ka väheviljakatel sügavatel muldadel, kuid viljakatel muldadel ei suuda ta konkureerida kõrgema kasvuga nulgudega. Muldade pH on vahemikus 4,6–7,2 ja mullahorisondid ulatuvad 6,5–127 cm sügavusele.[4]

Kaasliigid

Siskiyou mägedes kasvab Breweri kuus koos järgmiste puuliikidega: hall nulg (Abies concolor), roheline ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), suhkrumänd (Pinus lambertiana), läänemänd (Pinus monticola), madal tamm (Quercus pumila), tore nulg (Abies magnifica), kalifornia lõhnaseeder (Calocedrus decurrens), Mertensi tsuuga (Tsuga mertensiana), nutka kuldküpress (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) jt.[6]

Klamathi mägedes kasvab Breweri kuusega koos vähemalt 15 okaspuuliiki, mis võib olla maailma kõige mitmekesisem okaspuuliikide piirkond. Puudest esinevad selles piirkonnas hall nulg, roheline ebatsuuga, suhkrumänd, kollane mänd (Pinus ponderosa), kalifornia lõhnaseeder, tore nulg, keerdmänd (Pinus contorta), läänemänd, Mertensi tsuuga, lühiokkaline jugapuu (Taxus brevifolia), Engelmanni kuusk (Picea engelmannii), Balfouri mänd (Pinus balfouriana), mäginulg (Abies lasiocarpa), madal tamm jt.[6]

Paljunemine

Breweri kuusk on ühekojaline okaspuu ja paljuneb seemnete abil. Puud hakkavad käbisid kandma 20–30 aasta vanuselt. Tolmlemine toimub mais-juunis. Seemned valmivad sama aasta septembris-oktoobris, misjärel käbid avanevad ja seemned hakkavad varisema. Seemneid levitab peamiselt tuul, mis kannab suure tiivaga seemneid üsna kaugele. Seemnete keskmine idanevus on 88% ja head seemneaastad järgnevad paari aasta järel. Närilised ja linnud eelistavad Breweri kuuse seemnetele teiste okaspuude seemneid ja seetõttu pole neil nende levitamisel märkimisväärset rolli.[4]

Kasutamine

Breweri kuuse puit on pehme, raske ja rohkete oksakohtade tõttu vähese tugevusega. Selletõttu ei ole puidu majanduslik tähtsus suur. Kui Breweri kuuske on siiski raiutud, siis sorditakse see vähekvaliteetse puidu hulka, mida kasutatakse eelkõige tselluloosi toorainena paberitööstuses. Rohkem hinnatakse Breweri kuuske ilupuuna eriti Euroopas, kuna rippuvad võrsed ja tihe võra on üsna dekoratiivsed.[4]

Viited

  1. "Conifer database: "Pinus breweriana". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 23.04.2010. Inglise.
  2. Nelson, J. & Farjon, A. (2013). Picea breweriana. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2013.
  3. 3,0 3,1 James E. Eckenwalder. "Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference", Timber Press, 2009. ISBN 9780881929744; ISBN 0881929743
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 "Picea breweriana". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 23.04.2010. Inglise.
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 "Picea breweriana". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 23.04.2010. Inglise.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 "Brewer Spruce". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 23.04.2010. Inglise.
  7. Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0

Välislingid

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Breweri kuusk: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Breweri kuusk (Picea breweriana) on männiliste sugukonda kuuse perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.

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Picea breweriana ( French )

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 src=
Aire de distribution de l'espèce

L’épicéa de Brewer, Picea breweriana, est un épicéa originaire de l’ouest des États-Unis. C’est une des espèces américaines les plus rares, qui est placée sur la liste rouge de l'UICN. Cet épicéa est endémique des Klamath Mountains du sud-ouest de l’Oregon et du nord-ouest de la Californie.

On le rencontre à moyenne altitude, entre 1000 et 2700 m d’altitude[1],[2],[3]. L’épicéa de Brewer croît sur une grande variété de sols : sédimentaires, granitiques, serpentiniques ou métavolcaniques. On le rencontre surtout sur des sols superficiels, peu développés (de type entisol)[4].

Il y pousse principalement sur les crêtes abondamment enneigées en hiver, bien arrosées à la fonte des neiges et sèches en été. Ces conditions minimisent la compétition avec d’autres essences à croissance rapide comme le sapin de Douglas. Son port pleureur fait qu’il est bien adapté à supporter un fort enneigement[1],[2],[5].

 src=
Un exemplaire âgé de 25 ans dans un jardin

Ce conifère atteint à l’âge adulte 20 à 40 m, exceptionnellement 54 m de hauteur, avec un tronc pouvant atteindre 1,5 m de diamètre. L’écorce, fine et squameuse, est gris pourpré. La frondaison très caractéristique est constituée de branches disposées en étage dont les rameaux pleureurs, qui peuvent atteindre 2 m de longueur, tombent en franges épaisses.

L’épicéa de Brewer pousse très lentement, environ 20 à 30 cm/an. Dans sa jeunesse l’arbre a une croissance en étages constituée de branches peu nombreuses avec des rameaux courts non pleureurs. Le feuillage pleureur n’apparaît que lorsque l’arbre, âgé de 10 à 20 ans, a atteint une taille de 1,5 à 2 m[6].

Les jeunes rameaux sont brun orangé et couverts d’une pubescence dense. Les feuilles portées sur un coussinet, à disposition radiale sont des aiguilles de 15 à 35 mm de long, légèrement comprimées, vert foncé brillant à la face supérieure, et avec deux bandes blanches de stomates à la face inférieure[1],[2].

Par son port pleureur harmonieux l’épicéa de Brewer est très apprécié dans les jardins et les parcs, particulièrement dans le nord de la Grande-Bretagne et en Scandinavie. Il dépasse rarement 15 m en culture[2],[6].

Références

  1. a b et c Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books (ISBN 3-87429-298-3).
  2. a b c et d Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm (ISBN 0-7470-2801-X).
  3. Gymnosperm Database: Picea breweriana « Copie archivée » (version du 11 octobre 2007 sur l'Internet Archive)
  4. US Forest Service Silvics Manual: Picea breweriana
  5. Frank Lang's Nature Notes: US Forest Service ecology and the naming
  6. a et b Mitchell, A. (1978). Trees of Britain and Northern Europe - Collins Field Guide. Harper Collins. (ISBN 0-00-219213-6)

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Picea breweriana: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR
 src= Aire de distribution de l'espèce

L’épicéa de Brewer, Picea breweriana, est un épicéa originaire de l’ouest des États-Unis. C’est une des espèces américaines les plus rares, qui est placée sur la liste rouge de l'UICN. Cet épicéa est endémique des Klamath Mountains du sud-ouest de l’Oregon et du nord-ouest de la Californie.

On le rencontre à moyenne altitude, entre 1000 et 2700 m d’altitude,,. L’épicéa de Brewer croît sur une grande variété de sols : sédimentaires, granitiques, serpentiniques ou métavolcaniques. On le rencontre surtout sur des sols superficiels, peu développés (de type entisol).

Il y pousse principalement sur les crêtes abondamment enneigées en hiver, bien arrosées à la fonte des neiges et sèches en été. Ces conditions minimisent la compétition avec d’autres essences à croissance rapide comme le sapin de Douglas. Son port pleureur fait qu’il est bien adapté à supporter un fort enneigement,,.

 src= Un exemplaire âgé de 25 ans dans un jardin

Ce conifère atteint à l’âge adulte 20 à 40 m, exceptionnellement 54 m de hauteur, avec un tronc pouvant atteindre 1,5 m de diamètre. L’écorce, fine et squameuse, est gris pourpré. La frondaison très caractéristique est constituée de branches disposées en étage dont les rameaux pleureurs, qui peuvent atteindre 2 m de longueur, tombent en franges épaisses.

L’épicéa de Brewer pousse très lentement, environ 20 à 30 cm/an. Dans sa jeunesse l’arbre a une croissance en étages constituée de branches peu nombreuses avec des rameaux courts non pleureurs. Le feuillage pleureur n’apparaît que lorsque l’arbre, âgé de 10 à 20 ans, a atteint une taille de 1,5 à 2 m.

Les jeunes rameaux sont brun orangé et couverts d’une pubescence dense. Les feuilles portées sur un coussinet, à disposition radiale sont des aiguilles de 15 à 35 mm de long, légèrement comprimées, vert foncé brillant à la face supérieure, et avec deux bandes blanches de stomates à la face inférieure,.

Par son port pleureur harmonieux l’épicéa de Brewer est très apprécié dans les jardins et les parcs, particulièrement dans le nord de la Grande-Bretagne et en Scandinavie. Il dépasse rarement 15 m en culture,.

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Les rameaux pleureurs

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Feuillage

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Feuillage (gros plan)

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Floraison

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Cône immature

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Cône mature

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Picea breweriana ( Icelandic )

provided by wikipedia IS


Hengigreni (Picea breweriana), Brewers-greni eða Sorgargreni er meðalstórt, sígrænt barrtré með breiðan, keilulaga vöxt. Megingreinarnar eru fyrst láréttar, en seinna verða þær sveigðar uppávið með lóðréttum hliðargreinum.

Lýsing

Börkurinn er fyrst ljós rauðbrúnn með fín hár. Seinna verður hann gráleitur með ljósum blettum. Gamlar greinar og stofnar fá dökk gráfjólubláan börk með afflettum, kringlóttum plötum. Knúpparnir eru egglaga og ljósbrúnir með rauðleitri hæringu.

Barrnálarnar eru framstæðar, þunnar og flatar, djúp dökkgrænar að ofan og með tvær hvítar rendur að neðan. Karlblómin eru saman í reklum við endann á sprotunum. Kvenblómin eru dökkrauð og eru hangandi á greinum í toppi trésins. Könglarnir eru sívalir með ávalt, íhvolft hreistur (nokkurnveginn eins og hjá Brúngreni), og eru þeir fyrst rauðir, og svo ljós rauðbrúnir við þroska.

Rótarkerfið er frekar flatt og grunnstætt með kröftugum, frekar útbreiddum meginrótum. Plöntur sem eru til sölu í danmörku eru oftast ágræddar á rót af rauðgreni.


Útbreiðsla og búsvæði

Hengigreni er upprunnið frá vestanverðri Norður Ameríku, þar sem það vex í Klamath-Siskiyou skógunum ( WWF-búsvæði) í suðvestur Oregon og norðvestur Kaliforníu. Þar er tegundin í 500-2.300 metra hæð í basískum jarðvegi ásamt Arctostaphylos patula , Quercus sadleriana, Calocedrus decurrens, Ceanothus prostratus, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus jeffreyi, Abies grandis, Abies concolor, Chimaphila umbellata, Cornus nuttallii og Taxus brevifolia[3]


Tilvísanir

Viðbótar lesning

  1. Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L.R. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
  3. Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
  4. Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.



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Picea breweriana: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Hengigreni (Picea breweriana), Brewers-greni eða Sorgargreni er meðalstórt, sígrænt barrtré með breiðan, keilulaga vöxt. Megingreinarnar eru fyrst láréttar, en seinna verða þær sveigðar uppávið með lóðréttum hliðargreinum.

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Picea breweriana ( Italian )

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Il peccio di Brewer (Picea breweriana S.Watson, 1885) è una specie di peccio, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae, endemica di una ristretta area montana al confine tra California e Oregon, negli Stati Uniti.[1]

Etimologia

Il nome generico Picea, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare da Pix picis = pece, in riferimento all'abbondante produzione di resina.[2] Il nome specifico breweriana fu assegnato in onore di William Henry Brewer, botanico statunitense, che fu il primo a collezionare questa specie sui fianchi del Monte Shasta, nel 1863.[3]

Descrizione

 src=
Strobili maschili e cono femminile

Portamento

Albero alto fino a 40 m con unico tronco che può raggiungere 1,5 m di diametro, a chioma conica; i rami e i virgulti sono pendenti; questi sono allungati, snelli, ricoperti di fine peluria, e di colore grigio-marrone.[4]

Foglie

Le foglie sono aghiformi, piuttosto rigide, appiattite o con larga sezione triangolare, con punte smussate, di colore verde scuro nella pagina superiore, verde-bluastro nella pagina inferiore, lunghe 1,5-3 cm; hanno stomi solo inferiormente, disposti su parecchie bande. Le gemme vegetative sono lunghe 5-7 mm, con punte arrotondate, di colore grigio-marrone.[4]

Fiori

Sono strobili maschili marroni, lunghi 2-2,5 cm.[3]

Frutti

I coni femminili sono cilindrici, lunghi 6,5-12 cm, inizialmente color rosso-porpora scuro, poi rosso-marroni a maturazione. I macrosporofilli hanno forma a ventaglio, sono lunghi e larghi 15-20 mm, duri, con margine intero o leggermente eroso.[4]

Corteccia

La corteccia è inizialmente grigia, poi diventa marrone con gli anni.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Il suo areale è limitato alle Klamath Mountains, alle Siskiyou Mountains e alle Trinity Mountains. Nonostante l'habitat sia ristretto e frammentato nelle dimensioni, il Peccio di Brewer è specie rustica e tollerante sia nei confronti delle condizioni climatiche, sia nei confronti della fertilità dei suoli. Vegeta in montagna ad altitudini comprese tra i 1160 e i 2290 m, prediligendo suoli di origine vulcanica, rocciosi; il clima dell'habitat è freddo e umido, con precipitazioni annue comprese tra i 1000 e i 2800 mm, caratterizzato da inverni nevosi ed estati calde e secche. É una specie tipica delle foreste miste, in associazione con una quindicina di conifere (le più comuni sono Pseudotsuga menziesii e Abies magnifica var. shastensis), specializzata nel colonizzare i suoli meno fertili, sopportando in questo modo la competizione.[1][4]

Tassonomia

Nonostante la condivisione dello stesso habitat e dello stesso territorio con P. engelmannii e P. sitchensis, non sono mai state osservate forme ibride o intermedie con P. breweriana; anche gli studi filogenetici ne hanno confermato la separazione genetica, suggerendo che il peccio di Brewer sia la specie di peccio più antica del nordamerica occidentale, relitto dell'era Terziaria.[1][4]

Usi

Il suo legno, di bassa qualità, non ha particolari utilizzi. In Europa questo peccio ha avuto un buon successo come albero ornamentale.[1]

Conservazione

Ha un areale primario di circa 775 km² e un areale secondario di circa 12000 km², e nelle 6-8 località dove vegeta è una specie abbastanza comune, anche se con segni di declino. I rischi maggiori per la conservazione della specie sono legati principalmente ai cambiamenti climatici e alla possibilità di incendi boschivi, che sono in grado di estinguerne una intera subpopolazione. Per questi motivi viene classificata come specie vulnerabile nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Nelson, J. & Farjon, A. 2013, Picea breweriana, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Picea breweriana, in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. URL consultato il 16 maggio 2019.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Picea breweriana, su American Conifer Society. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Picea breweriana, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2019.

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Picea breweriana: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il peccio di Brewer (Picea breweriana S.Watson, 1885) è una specie di peccio, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae, endemica di una ristretta area montana al confine tra California e Oregon, negli Stati Uniti.

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Brevero eglė ( Lithuanian )

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Brevero eglė (lot. Picea breweriana, angl. Brewer's Spruce) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, eglių (Picea) genties visažalis spygliuotis medis. Paplitęs JAV vakaruose, Oregone ir Kalifornijoje, Klamato kalnuose. Auga 1000–2700 m aukštyje.

Aukštis apie 20-40 m (kartais iki 54 m). Kamieno skersmuo 1,5 m ir daugiau. Spygliai 15-35 mm ilgio, tamsiai žali. Kankorėžiai cilindriški, 8-15 cm ilgio, 2 cm pločio.

Brevero eglė auginama kaip dekoratyvinis augalas Europoje.

 src=
Breverio eglės spygliai

Vikiteka

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Brewers treurspar ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Brewers treurspar (Picea breweriana) is een spar uit het westen van de Verenigde Staten. In het Engels wordt ze zowel met Brewer spruce als met weeping spruce aangeduid.[2] De soort is vernoemd naar William Henry Brewer, professor plantkunde aan Yale.[3][4]

Het is een van de zeldzaamste Amerikaanse soorten, die op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN geplaatst werd. De soort is endemisch in de Klamath Mountains, zuidwest Oregon en noordwest Californië, waar deze groeit op hoogte van 1000 tot 2700 m.[5][6][7] Picea breweriana groeit zowel op sedimentaire als op granietachtige, serpentijn of metavolcanische gesteenten, vooral op ondiepe gronden.[2] Men treft hem vooral aan op kammen die fel besneeuwd worden in de winter, veel dooiwater krijgen in de lente en droog staan in de zomer. Deze ruwe omstandigheden verminderen de concurrentie met andere snel groeiende soorten zoals de douglasspar (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Door zijn treurende habitus is hij goed aangepast aan zware sneeuwval.[5][6][8]

 src=
Een vijfentwintig jaar oude boom in een tuin

Op volwassen leeftijd bereikt de boom een hoogte van 20-40 m (bij uitzondering tot 54 m) en heeft een stam met een diameter tot 1,5 m. De bast is paarskleurig met harde, ronde schilfers. De kroon bestaat uit in etages geplaatste takken met tot 2 m lange hangende twijgen, die als een gordijn omlaag hangen.

Picea breweriana groeit traag, 20 tot maximum 30 cm/jaar. Jonge bomen hebben alleen omhooggerichte, slanke takken zonder hangende twijgen. De hangende twijgen verschijnen pas als de tien- tot twintigjarige boom een hoogte van 1,5-2 m heeft bereikt.[9]

De jonge twijgen zijn oranjebruin en fijn donzig behaard. De bladeren, die rondom de twijgen zijn gerangschikt, zijn 1,5-3,5 cm lange, afgeplatte naalden. Zij hebben een glanzende donkergroene bovenzijde en zijn voorzien van twee smalle witte banden met huidmondjes aan de onderzijde.[5][6]

Wegens zijn elegante, treurende habitus wordt Picea breweriana zeer geprezen en in tuinen en parken geplant, vooral in het noorden van de Britse Eilanden en in Scandinavië. De hoogte van gekweekte exemplaren bedraagt zelden meer dan 15 m.[6][9]

Fotogalerij

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Brewers treurspar op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. a b US Forest Service Silvics Manual: Picea breweriana
  3. Robert Ornduff, Thomas Jefferson Howell and the First Pacific Northwest Flora, University of California, Berkeley, Kalmiopsis (15), 2008
  4. http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Pinaceae/Picea_breweriana.html desert tropicals
  5. a b c Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  6. a b c d Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
  7. Gymnosperm Database: Picea breweriana
  8. Frank Lang's Nature Notes: US Forest Service ecology and the naming
  9. a b Mitchell, A. (1978). Trees of Britain and Northern Europe - Collins Field Guide. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-219213-6
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Picea breweriana van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Brewers treurspar: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Brewers treurspar (Picea breweriana) is een spar uit het westen van de Verenigde Staten. In het Engels wordt ze zowel met Brewer spruce als met weeping spruce aangeduid. De soort is vernoemd naar William Henry Brewer, professor plantkunde aan Yale.

Het is een van de zeldzaamste Amerikaanse soorten, die op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN geplaatst werd. De soort is endemisch in de Klamath Mountains, zuidwest Oregon en noordwest Californië, waar deze groeit op hoogte van 1000 tot 2700 m. Picea breweriana groeit zowel op sedimentaire als op granietachtige, serpentijn of metavolcanische gesteenten, vooral op ondiepe gronden. Men treft hem vooral aan op kammen die fel besneeuwd worden in de winter, veel dooiwater krijgen in de lente en droog staan in de zomer. Deze ruwe omstandigheden verminderen de concurrentie met andere snel groeiende soorten zoals de douglasspar (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Door zijn treurende habitus is hij goed aangepast aan zware sneeuwval.

 src= Een vijfentwintig jaar oude boom in een tuin

Op volwassen leeftijd bereikt de boom een hoogte van 20-40 m (bij uitzondering tot 54 m) en heeft een stam met een diameter tot 1,5 m. De bast is paarskleurig met harde, ronde schilfers. De kroon bestaat uit in etages geplaatste takken met tot 2 m lange hangende twijgen, die als een gordijn omlaag hangen.

Picea breweriana groeit traag, 20 tot maximum 30 cm/jaar. Jonge bomen hebben alleen omhooggerichte, slanke takken zonder hangende twijgen. De hangende twijgen verschijnen pas als de tien- tot twintigjarige boom een hoogte van 1,5-2 m heeft bereikt.

De jonge twijgen zijn oranjebruin en fijn donzig behaard. De bladeren, die rondom de twijgen zijn gerangschikt, zijn 1,5-3,5 cm lange, afgeplatte naalden. Zij hebben een glanzende donkergroene bovenzijde en zijn voorzien van twee smalle witte banden met huidmondjes aan de onderzijde.

Wegens zijn elegante, treurende habitus wordt Picea breweriana zeer geprezen en in tuinen en parken geplant, vooral in het noorden van de Britse Eilanden en in Scandinavië. De hoogte van gekweekte exemplaren bedraagt zelden meer dan 15 m.

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Świerk Brewera ( Polish )

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Świerk Brewera (Picea breweriana S. Watson) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje na terenie Ameryki Północnej w Stanach Zjednoczonych[2]. Jest endemitem[5] gór Siskiyou oraz masywu Shasta na granicy Oregonu i Kalifornii[6].

Morfologia

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Liście
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Kora
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Nasiona
Pokrój
Drzewo dorastające 35 m wysokości o stożkowej, płaczącej sylwetce. Z jego cienkich konarów zwisają długie pędy boczne[6].
Kora
U młodych osobników matowa, szaroróżowa, z czasem zmienia zabarwienie na purpurowoszare i pokrywa się wyraźnymi, owalnymi łuskami, które na krawędziach odstają od pnia.
Liście
Igły od 1,5 do 3 cm długości[7]. Miękkie, osadzone wokół pędów i nieco nachylone w kierunku ich przyrostu. Wierzch ciemnozielony, błyszczący (z czasem matowieje), na spodzie widoczne dwa białe paski[6]. W przekroju spłaszczone lub trójkątne. Wierzchołek tępy[7].
Kwiaty
Kwiaty męskie żółte lub czerwone, umiejscowione na zakończeniach zwisających pędów. Kwiaty żeńskie ciemnoczerwone, cylindryczne, wyrastające tylko na najwyżej położonych gałęziach[6].
Szyszki
Szyszki cylindryczne o długości 10-12 cm i jasnobrązowym zabarwieniu[6].

Biologia i ekologia

Rozwój
Fanerofit. Roślina jednopienna, wiatropylna. Pochodzi z regionów o znacznych opadach śniegu, a jego zwisający pokrój stanowi naturalny mechanizm przeciwdziałający zaleganiu śniegu na gałęziach[6].
Siedlisko
Rośnie w lasach gór Siskiyou na wysokości od 1000-2300 m n.p.m.[8]

Zastosowanie

Roślina ozdobna
Często sadzony w parkach, ogrodach i arboretach[6].

Przypisy

  1. Christopher J. Earle: The Gymnosperm Database - Picea. 2011.
  2. a b Picea breweriana (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2013-06-04].
  3. The Plant List. [dostęp 2013-06-04].
  4. Czerwona Księga Gatunków Zagrożonych (ang.). [dostęp 04 czerwca 2013].
  5. R. H. Waring, W. H. Emmingham, S. W. Running: Environmental limits of an endemic spruce, Picea breweriana (ang.). 1975. [dostęp 2013-06-04].
  6. a b c d e f g Tony Russel, Catherine Cutler, Martin Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 128. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
  7. a b Flora of North America (ang.). W: Picea breweriana [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-05-21].
  8. JSTOR Global Plants (ang.). W: Entry for Picea breweriana S. Watson [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-06-04].
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Świerk Brewera: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Świerk Brewera (Picea breweriana S. Watson) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje na terenie Ameryki Północnej w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Jest endemitem gór Siskiyou oraz masywu Shasta na granicy Oregonu i Kalifornii.

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Picea breweriana ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Таксономічні зауваження

Росте поряд з Picea engelmannii, але гібридизація між ними не спостерігалася. Неодноразові спроби контрольованих запилень також не привели до гібридизації. Філогенія на основі молекулярних маркерів дозволяє припустити, що P. breweriana може перебувати самостійно в роду, без близьких родичів. P. breweriana, як видається, є найбільш древнім видом роду Picea, який виник в Північній Америці.

Поширення, екологія

Країни проживання: Сполучені Штати Америки (Каліфорнія, Орегон). Відомий з 6-8 місць. Незважаючи на обмежене поширення, P. breweriana має широку екологічну амплітуду. Її очевидними обмеженнями є високі ґрунтові води і часті пожежі. Ялина цілком терпима до низьких температур, низької освітленості, бідних ґрунтів і снігу. Дуже добре адаптована, щоб впоратися з важкими сніговими і льодовими навантаженнями. Чутлива до високого випаровування. Росте в умовах холодної, вологої зими і теплого, відносно сухого літа. Кількість опадів 1000-2800 мм. Воліє проживати на крутих, північних схилах. Трапляється на скелястих гряд, холодних западинах і на сухих осипах і моренах. Ніколи не трапляється в районах, де ґрунти насичені протягом вегетаційного періоду, наприклад, заболочених або вологих місцях. pH ґрунту коливається від 4,6 до 7,2. Глибина ґрунту коливається від 6.5 до 127 см. Важкі метали, особливо залізо і нікель, може досягти високого рівня в ґрунтових і рослинних тканинах ялини. P. breweriana дуже тіньовитривала й обмежується менш родючими ґрунтами через сильну конкуренцію з боку інших хвойних порід. Росте дуже повільно, як правило, менше 20 см на рік. Природне поновлення йде успішно в густих ялицевих заростях. Саджанці не виживають під прямими сонячними променями.

Опис

Дерева до 40 м заввишки й до 150 см діаметром. Кора від сірого до коричневого кольору, тонка і лущиться. Бруньки сіро-коричневі, 5-7 мм, на вершині закруглені. Повисле листя розвивається тільки тоді, коли дерево виростає приблизно до висоти 1,5-2 м. Листки довжиною 1,5-3 см, сплющені або широко трикутні в поперечному перерізі (нижня поверхня листа округла або злегка кутова), досить жорсткі, нижня поверхня листа темно-зелена, верхня поверхня сиза, вершини тупі (особливо на старих листках). Насіннєві шишки темно-червоно-фіолетові, після дозрівання (5-7 місяців після запилення, у вересні-жовтні) червоно-коричневі, циліндричні, довжиною 6.5-12 (-14) см. Насіння чорне, 3-4 мм завдовжки, з тонкими, 12-18 мм довжиною світло-коричневими крилами.

Дерево, що знаходиться в англ. Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Каліфорнія виміряне в 1999 році мало діаметр 220 см, висоту 41,8 м і 13,4 м крону. Дерево в англ. Trinity Alps Wilderness, Каліфорнія виміряне в 2010 році мало діаметр 249 см, висоту 40,8 м. Записаний максимальний вік 900 років (Cowley 2000).

Використання

Має невелике комерційне значення. У Європі це популярна декоративна хвойна рослина.

Загрози та охорона

Найбільшою загрозою є поєднання змін режиму вогню і клімату, особливо там, де вогонь вбиває населення і клімат був змінений достатньо, щоб виключити успішну регенерацію. Велика частина ареалу перебуває в даний час у федеральній власності.

Посилання

Галерея


Соснові Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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Picea breweriana ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Picea breweriana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được S.Watson miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1885.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Picea breweriana. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Thông này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Picea breweriana: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Picea breweriana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được S.Watson miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1885.

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Ель Бревера ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Сосновые
Род: Ель
Вид: Ель Бревера
Международное научное название

Picea breweriana S.Watson, 1885

Синонимы
Ареал на карте США

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 183290NCBI 100117EOL 991399GRIN t:28284IPNI 262630-1TPL kew-2563436

Ель Бревера[1] (лат. Picea breweriana) — вид хвойных деревьев из рода Ель (Picea) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae). В природе произрастает на небольшом участке в горах Кламат на границе североамериканских штатов Калифорния и Орегон. Занимает базальное положение в роде и считается одним из древнейших видов ели.

Видовое название происходит от имени первооткрывателя дерева, Уильяма Генри Брюэра, профессора сельского хозяйства Йельского университета.

Ботаническое описание

 src=
Хвоя ели Бревера
 src=
Созревшая шишка

Дерево до 40 метров высотой со стволом до 150 см в диаметре, с конической кроной и характерными плакучими ветвями второго порядка. Молодые побеги красновато-коричневые, опушенные, позже серебристо-серые. Кора серо-коричневая. Почки 5-7 мм длиной, закругленные на конце. Хвоинки 16—32 (-35) мм длиной, уплощённые, сверху темно-зелёные, снизу матовые сизые. Шишки цилиндрические, 6,5-12 см в длину, сначала красно-розовые, при созревании — красно-коричневые, с очень широким чешуями.

Может достигать возраста 900 лет.

Характерные плакучие ветви появляются только по достижении десяти- двадцатилетнего возраста, поэтому до этого дерево можно спутать с елью сербской (Picea omorika).

Распространение

Встречается на хребте Сискию на щелочных почвах на высоте от 1000 до 2300 метров над уровнем моря, в нескольких разбросанных популяциях на расстоянии от 22 до 145 километров от Тихого океана. Район произрастания является одним из самых богатых в мире по разнообразию хвойных — здесь встречаются не менее 16 видов, среди которых Псевдотсуга Мензиса (Pseudotsuga menziesii) и Пихта великолепная (Abies magnifica). Ель Бревера часто образует подлесок среди более старых деревьев других видов.

Ископаемые останки ели Бревера встречаются начиная с миоцена на гораздо большей площади, чем современный ареал — в Айдахо, Неваде, центральной Калифорнии и по всему Орегону.

Охрана

Несмотря на ограниченный ареал, вид упомянут в Красной книге Международного союза охраны природы лишь как вид в положении, близком к уязвимому. Это связано с тем, что большая часть ареала находится на охраняемой территории.

Классификация

Ни естественных, ни искусственных гибридов ели Бревера неизвестно. Генетические исследования показывают, что, наряду с произрастающей также на северо-западе Северной Америки елью ситхинской (Picea sitchensis), занимает базальное положение в роде. Этот факт подтверждает теорию об американском происхождении елей.

Примечания

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Ель Бревера: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Ель Бревера (лат. Picea breweriana) — вид хвойных деревьев из рода Ель (Picea) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae). В природе произрастает на небольшом участке в горах Кламат на границе североамериканских штатов Калифорния и Орегон. Занимает базальное положение в роде и считается одним из древнейших видов ели.

Видовое название происходит от имени первооткрывателя дерева, Уильяма Генри Брюэра, профессора сельского хозяйства Йельского университета.

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布魯爾氏雲杉 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

布魯爾氏雲杉(Brewer spruce、Brewer's weeping spruce、weeping spruce,學名:Picea breweriana[2]雲杉屬的一種大型常綠喬木,高20至40米。它是極為稀有的一種雲杉,原產地局限於北美克拉马斯山脉海拔1000-2700米處[3][4][5]。後作為一種園藝植物引種到世界其他地區 [6][7]。 其種加詞來自美國植物學家威廉·亨利·布魯爾的姓[8][9]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Nelson, J. & Farjon, A. Picea breweriana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 2013, 2013: e.T34049A2841277 [9 January 2018]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34049A2841277.en.
  2. ^ Picea breweriana. Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. [31 January 2016].
  3. ^ Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  4. ^ Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
  5. ^ Conifer Specialist Group. Picea breweriana. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 1998.
  6. ^ RHS Plant Selector - Picea breweriana. [26 May 2013].
  7. ^ AGM Plants - Ornamental (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society: 78. July 2017 [25 April 2018].
  8. ^ Ornduff, Robert. Thomas Jefferson Howell and the First Pacific Northwest Flora (PDF). Kalmiopsis. 2008, 15: 32–41 [5 March 2012].
  9. ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995: 392. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
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布魯爾氏雲杉: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

布魯爾氏雲杉(Brewer spruce、Brewer's weeping spruce、weeping spruce,學名:Picea breweriana)是雲杉屬的一種大型常綠喬木,高20至40米。它是極為稀有的一種雲杉,原產地局限於北美克拉马斯山脉海拔1000-2700米處。後作為一種園藝植物引種到世界其他地區 。 其種加詞來自美國植物學家威廉·亨利·布魯爾的姓。

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