dcsimg
 
  en  
names in breadcrumbs
Creatures » … » Heterokont » … » Diatoms » Fragilariophyceae » … » Fragilariaceae » …

Synedra fulgens

Scientific Names

Preferred Names

Synedra fulgens
Species recognized by EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Reference taxon from NCBI Taxonomy
Ardissonea fulgens
Species recognized by Russia Species List, Norwegian Sea Species List, and White Sea Species List
Ardissonea fulgens (Greville) Grunow ex Cleve & Grunow 1880
Recognized by OBIS environmental data records
Exilaria fulgens Greville 1827
Species recognized by GBIF classification
Synedra fulgens
Species recognized by EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, Italy Species List, Sri Lanka Species List, Mexico Species List, Gulf of California Species List, Indian Ocean Species List, North Pacific Species List, Tyrrhenian Sea Species List, and NCBI
Synedra fulgens (Greville) W. Smith 1853
Species recognized by GBIF classification
Synedra fulgens
Species recognized by wikidata_hierarchy tar gz, Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Hierarchy, Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2 - Test, and Global Biotic Interactions
Synedra fulgens (Greville) W. Smith 1853
Species recognized by World Register of Marine Species

Alternative Names

Ardissonea fulgens
Not accepted according to EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Reference taxon from NCBI Taxonomy
Exilaria fulgens
Not accepted according to EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Reference taxon from NCBI Taxonomy
Ardissonea fulgens
Synonym according to EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, and NCBI
Exilaria fulgens
Synonym according to EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, and NCBI
Ardissonea fulgens
Not accepted according to Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2 - Test
Exilaria fulgens
Not accepted according to Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2 - Test

Common Names

There are no common names associated with this taxon.

Curated hierarchies for Synedra fulgens

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022

Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria)
Stramenopiles
Ochrophyta
Bacillariophyta
Fragilariophyceae
Fragilariophycidae
Fragilariales
Fragilariaceae
Synedra Ehrenberg 1830
Synedra fulgens (this page)
Synedra fulgens var. gigantea
Synedra acuta Ehrenberg 1843
Synedra amoyensis Skvortzov 2012
Synedra angustissima
Synedra arctica O'Meara 1874
Synedra arcuata (Ostenfeld) A. Cleve
Synedra arcus Kützing 1844
Synedra armoricana Kützing 1844
Synedra bacillaris
Synedra balatonis Pantocsek 1902
Synedra balthica Ehrenberg 1832
Synedra berolinensis
Synedra binodis (Ehrenberg) Chang & Steinberg
Synedra camtschatica Grunow 1862
Synedra closterioides Grunow 1881
Synedra commutata Grunow
Synedra cuneata (Lyngbye) Ehrenberg
Synedra curvata Proshkina-Lavrenko
Synedra cyclopum Brutschy 1922
Synedra dorsiventralis Otto Müller 1910
Synedra falcata Brébisson ex Kützing 1849
Synedra familiaris Kützing 1844
Synedra fasciculata Ehrenberg
Synedra filiformis J. R. Carter & P. Denny 1987
Synedra fragilaroides
Synedra frauenfeldii Grunow
Synedra goulardi Brébisson
Synedra gracilis Kützing
Synedra hyperborea
Synedra jouseana V. S. Sheshukova-Poretzkaya
Synedra maeotica Pantocsek
Synedra minuscula
Synedra minutissima Kützing 1844
Synedra montana Krasske ex Hustedt 1932
Synedra nana F. Meister 1912
Synedra ostenfeldii (Kreig.) A. Cleve
Synedra pachycephala Brébisson & Kützing
Synedra parva Kützing
Synedra parvula Kützing
Synedra rostrata Pantocsek 1902
Synedra schaarschmidtii Kanitz
Synedra subula Sande Lacoste & Suringar
Synedra superba Kützing 1844
Synedra tenuis Kützing
Synedra toxoneides Castracane

Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2 - Test

Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria)
Stramenopiles
Ochrophyta
Bacillariophyta
Fragilariophyceae
Fragilariophycidae
Fragilariales
Fragilariaceae
Synedra Ehrenberg 1830
Synedra fulgens (this page)
Synedra fulgens var. gigantea
Synedra acuta Ehrenberg 1843
Synedra amoyensis Skvortzov 2012
Synedra angustissima
Synedra arctica O'Meara 1874
Synedra arcuata (Ostenfeld) A. Cleve
Synedra arcus Kützing 1844
Synedra armoricana Kützing 1844
Synedra bacillaris
Synedra balatonis Pantocsek 1902
Synedra balthica Ehrenberg 1832
Synedra berolinensis
Synedra binodis (Ehrenberg) Chang & Steinberg
Synedra camtschatica Grunow 1862
Synedra closterioides Grunow 1881
Synedra commutata Grunow
Synedra cuneata (Lyngbye) Ehrenberg
Synedra curvata Proshkina-Lavrenko
Synedra cyclopum Brutschy 1922
Synedra dorsiventralis Otto Müller 1910
Synedra falcata Brébisson ex Kützing 1849
Synedra familiaris Kützing 1844
Synedra fasciculata Ehrenberg
Synedra filiformis J. R. Carter & P. Denny 1987
Synedra fragilaroides
Synedra frauenfeldii Grunow
Synedra goulardi Brébisson
Synedra gracilis Kützing
Synedra hyperborea
Synedra jouseana V. S. Sheshukova-Poretzkaya
Synedra maeotica Pantocsek
Synedra minuscula
Synedra minutissima Kützing 1844
Synedra montana Krasske ex Hustedt 1932
Synedra nana F. Meister 1912
Synedra ostenfeldii (Kreig.) A. Cleve
Synedra pachycephala Brébisson & Kützing
Synedra parva Kützing
Synedra parvula Kützing
Synedra rostrata Pantocsek 1902
Synedra schaarschmidtii Kanitz
Synedra subula Sande Lacoste & Suringar
Synedra superba Kützing 1844
Synedra tenuis Kützing
Synedra toxoneides Castracane

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1

Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria)
Stramenopiles
Gyrista
Ochrophyta
Diatomista
Diatomeae
Fragilariophyceae
Fragilariophycidae
Fragilariales
Fragilariaceae
Synedra
Synedra fulgens (this page)
Synedra fulgens var. gigantea
Synedra amoyensis Skvortzov 2012
Synedra angustissima
Synedra arcuata (Ostenfeld) A. Cleve
Synedra bacillaris
Synedra balatonis Pantocsek 1902
Synedra balthica Ehrenberg 1832
Synedra berolinensis
Synedra camtschatica Grunow 1862
Synedra closterioides Grunow 1881
Synedra commutata Grunow
Synedra crotonensis Grunow
Synedra crystallina (C. Agardh) Kützing 1844
Synedra filiformis Grunow 1880
Synedra fragilaroides
Synedra frauenfeldii Grunow
Synedra gallionii
Synedra goulardi Brébisson
Synedra hyperborea
Synedra jouseana V. S. Sheshukova-Poretzkaya
Synedra maeotica Pantocsek
Synedra minuscula
Synedra minutissima Kützing 1844
Synedra parva Kützing
Synedra pulchella Kützing 1844
Synedra schaarschmidtii Kanitz
Synedra subula Sande Lacoste & Suringar 1860
Synedra superba Kützing 1844
Synedra toxoneides Castracane

GBIF classification

Chromista
Ochrophyta
Bacillariophyceae
Fragilariales
Fragilariaceae
Synedra C. G. Ehrenberg 1830
Synedra fulgens (Greville) W. Smith 1853 (this page)
Ardissonea fulgens var. conspicua
Ardissonea fulgens var. cornigera Grunow 1880
Ardissonea fulgens var. dalmatica Mills 1933
Ardissonea fulgens var. eximia Mills 1933
Synedra fulgens f. curta Cleve & Möller 1878
Synedra fulgens f. minor Rabenhorst 1864
Synedra fulgens var. conspicua Grunow 1885
Synedra fulgens var. continua M. Peragallo 1904
Synedra fulgens var. cornigera Grunow 1879
Synedra fulgens var. dalmatica Grunow 1881
Synedra fulgens var. eximia Grunow 1867
Synedra fulgens var. fenestrata Zanon 1948
Synedra fulgens var. fulgens
Synedra fulgens var. maeotica Pantocsek 1902
Synedra fulgens var. mediterranea Grunow 1881
Synedra acicularis W. Smith 1853
Synedra acula Kützing 1844
Synedra acus Kütz.
Synedra acuta Ehrenberg 1843
Synedra alaskana Patrick & Freese 1961
Synedra amoyensis Skvortzov 2012
Synedra amphicephala Kütz.
Synedra amphirhynchus
Synedra arctica O'Meara 1874
Synedra arcuata (Østrup) A. Cleve
Synedra arguinensis Skvortzov 2012
Synedra austriaca Grunow 1881
Synedra baculus Gregory 1857
Synedra balatonis Pantocsek 1902
Synedra baltica Ehrenberg 1832
Synedra biasolettiana Kützing 1844
Synedra biceps W. Smith 1853
Synedra bicurvata Biene ex Rabenhorst 1864
Synedra brockmanni Hustedt 1932
Synedra campyla Hilse 1860
Synedra camtschatica Grunow 1862
Synedra capilla Carter & Denny 1992
Synedra capitata Ehrenb.
Synedra capucina Stoermer & Kreis 1978
Synedra chandolensis Gandhi 1964
Synedra closterioides Grunow 1881
Synedra commutata Grunow
Synedra constricta Kützing 1844
Synedra crystallina (C. Agardh) Kützing 1844
Synedra cuneata (Lyngbye) Ehrenberg 1836
Synedra cunningtonii G. S. West 1907
Synedra cyclopum Brutschy
Synedra cymbelliformis A. Schmidt 1874
Synedra debilis Kützing 1844
Synedra delicatissima W. Sm.
Synedra demerarae Grunow
Synedra dissipata
Synedra dorsiventralis Otto Müller 1910
Synedra elongatum Stoermer & Kreis 1978
Synedra famelica Kütz.
Synedra fascicula (Agardh) Kuetzing
Synedra fimbriata Castracane 1886
Synedra fragilarioides Hargraves & Guillard 1974
Synedra frauenfeldii Grunow
Synedra gaillonii (Bory) Ehrenb.
Synedra gausii
Synedra gigantea Lobarzewsky 1840
Synedra gomphonema Janisch & Rabenhorst 1863
Synedra goulardi Bréb.
Synedra gracilis Kützing
Synedra hamata W. Smith 1853
Synedra hantzschiana Sournia 1963
Synedra hartii Cholnoky 1963
Synedra hemicyclus Ehrenberg 1840
Synedra inaequalis H. Kobayasi 1964
Synedra incisa Boyer
Synedra joursacensis Héribaud-Joseph 1903
Synedra jouseana V. S. Sheshukova-Poretzkaya
Synedra karcheri Nemoto 1956
Synedra lata (Giffen) A. Witkowski 2000
Synedra limnetica Lemmermann 1900
Synedra lismorensis Playfair 1915
Synedra longiceps Ehrenb.
Synedra longissima W. Sm.
Synedra mazamaensis Sovereign
Synedra minuscula Grunow
Synedra montana Krasske
Synedra nana F. Meister
Synedra netronoides M. H. Hohn & Hellerm.
Synedra nitzschii Rabenhorst 1853
Synedra nyansae G. S. West 1907
Synedra ostenfeldii (Willi Kreig.) A. Cleve
Synedra paludosa Meister 1912
Synedra pelagica Cleve-Euler 1937
Synedra perpusilla Kützing 1844
Synedra platensis Frenguelli 1938
Synedra provincialis
Synedra pulchella Ralfs
Synedra putrida Cohn 1854
Synedra scalaris Ehrenberg 1843
Synedra schroeteri Meister 1912
Synedra simalongis W. Sm.
Synedra sinica Skvortzov 2012
Synedra socia Wallace 1960
Synedra spectabilis Ehrenberg 1841
Synedra sphaerophora Meister 1912
Synedra stela M. H. Hohn & Hellerm.
Synedra subaequalis
Synedra subarcuata Naegeli ex Kützing 1849
Synedra subrhombica Nygaard 1854
Synedra subtilis Kützing 1844
Synedra subula Sande Lacoste & Suringar 1860
Synedra superba Kützing
Synedra tenera W. Sm.
Synedra tenuissima Kütz.
Synedra toxoneides Castracane 1880
Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenb.
Synedra utermoehlii Hustedt 1932
Synedra utermohlii Hust.
Synedra vaucheriae Foged 1951
238 additional siblings truncated for brevity.
See the resource file for a full list.

GBIF classification

Chromista
Ochrophyta
Bacillariophyceae
Licmophorales
Licmophoraceae
Licmophora C. A. Agardh 1827
Exilaria fulgens Greville 1827 (this page)
Exilaria circularia (Greville) Greville 1827
Exilaria circularis (Greville) C. Agardh 1831
Exilaria crystallinum Greville 1841
Exilaria curvata Kützing 1833
Exilaria flabellum Ehrenberg 1830
Exilaria flexa Brebisson 1849
Exilaria lunaria Jenner 1845
Exilaria minutissima (Greville) Berkeley 1832
Exilaria panduriformis Ehrenberg 1832
Exilaria pulchella Ralfs ex Kützing 1844
Exilaria rubigina Brébisson 1835
Exilaria tenuissima Brebisson 1835
Exilaria ulna Hassall 1844
Exilaria variegata Kützing 1833
Exilaria vaucheriae Kützing 1833
Exilaria viridescens Brébisson 1835
Licmophora abbreviata C. Agardh 1831
Licmophora adriatica Mereschkowsky 1901
Licmophora africana Leuduger-Fortmorel 1898
Licmophora albertgrunowii (Mereschkowsky) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora albertmannii (Lobban 2013) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora antarctica Carlson 1913
Licmophora araphidiea Mereschkowsky 1901
Licmophora arcuata Car & Herwig 2015
Licmophora argentescens C. Agardh 1827
Licmophora attenuata Lobban, Tharngan & Ashworth 2018
Licmophora aurivillii Cleve 1901
Licmophora baltica (Å. Berg) Å. Berg 1952
Licmophora bassani M. Peragallo 1921
Licmophora bulbosa Lobban, Tharngan & Ashworth 2018
Licmophora californica Grunow 1885
Licmophora charcotii
Licmophora clevei (Mereschkowsky 1902) Car & Herwig 2015
Licmophora communis (Heiberg) Grunow 1881
Licmophora comnavmaria C. S. Lobban & M. Schefter 2013
Licmophora dalmatica (Kützing) Grunow 1867
Licmophora debilis (Kützing) Grunow ex Van Heurck 1881
Licmophora divisa Kützing 1844
Licmophora ehrenbergi (Keutzing 1844)
Licmophora ehrenbergii (Kützing) Grunow 1867
Licmophora flabellata (Grev.) C. Agardh
Licmophora flucticulata Lobban, Schefter & Ruck 2011
Licmophora garyi Ulanova 2015
Licmophora gigantea Mereschkowsky 1901
Licmophora gracilis (Ehrenberg) Grunow 1867
Licmophora grandis (Kützing) Grunow
Licmophora grunowii
Licmophora hamulifer Leuduger-Fortmorel 1898
Licmophora hastata Mer.
Licmophora hustedtii (Amossé 1970) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora inflata
Licmophora joymaciae Macatugal & Lobban 2019
Licmophora juergensii C. Agardh 1831
Licmophora labianatis Lobban, Tharngan & Ashworth 2018
Licmophora leuduger-fortmorelii (Lobban 2013) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora luxurians Heiden 1928
Licmophora luxuriosa Heiden & Kolbe 1928
Licmophora lyngbyei (Kützing) Grunow ex Van Heurck 1867
Licmophora mediterranea Mereschkowsky
Licmophora meneghiniana Kützing 1844
Licmophora mereschkowskyi (Sournia 1968) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora minuta Kützing 1833
Licmophora montereyana Mereschkowsky 1901
Licmophora oedibus
Licmophora oedipus (Kützing) Grunow 1881
Licmophora onassis Hustedt 1952
Licmophora opephoroides Giffen 1970
Licmophora ovata (W. Smith) Grunow 1867
Licmophora ovulum Mereschkovsky 1902
Licmophora paradoxa (Lyngbye) C. Agardh 1828
Licmophora parasitica Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora partita Giffen 1973
Licmophora peragalli (Mereschkowsky 1902) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora permagna Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora pinnulata Ricard 1975
Licmophora pisciformis Lobban 2015
Licmophora pontica Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora proboscidea Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora procera Meister 1937
Licmophora profundeseptata Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora quadriplacata Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora redondina Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora reichardtii Grunow 1881
Licmophora remuloides Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora remulus Grunow 1867
Licmophora repanda Macatugal, Tharngan & Lobban 2019
Licmophora rhombica Ravanko & Tynni 1974
Licmophora robusta H. Peragallo & M. Peragallo 1901
Licmophora rostrata Mereschkowsky 1902
Licmophora rovignensis Zanon 1940
Licmophora schmidtii (Mereschkowsky 1901) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora socialis Thayer 1935
Licmophora splendida Greville ex W. Smith 1853
Licmophora strangulata Meister 1937
Licmophora subundulata
Licmophora taylori (Hustedt 1931) Lobban & Ashworth 2015
Licmophora tenuis (Kützing) Grunow 1867
Licmophora tincta (C. Agardh) Grunow 1868
Licmophora undulata Macatugal, Tharngan & Lobban 2019
Licmophora unidenticulata Takano 1983
44 additional siblings truncated for brevity.
See the resource file for a full list.

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Hierarchy

Chromista
Harosa
Halvaria
Heterokonta
Ochrophyta
Bacillariophyceae Haeckel
Fragilariophycidae Round
Fragilariales Silva
Fragilariaceae Greville
Synedra Ehrenberg
Synedra fulgens (this page)
Synedra acus Kütz.
Synedra affinis var. gracilis Mereschkowsky 1902
Synedra affinis var. intermidia Kuetzing
Synedra affinis var. obtusa Arnott Ex Van Heurck 1881
Synedra affinis var. parva Kuetzing 1944
Synedra alaskana Patrick & Freese 1961
Synedra allorgei Manguin 1942
Synedra amphicephala Kütz.
Synedra arcuata (Østrup) A. Cleve
Synedra baculus
Synedra bathica Ehrenberg
Synedra camtschatica
Synedra capitata Ehrenb.
Synedra crystallina
Synedra cyclopum Brutschy
Synedra delicatissima W. Sm.
Synedra demerarae Grunow
Synedra famelica Kütz.
Synedra fascicula (Agardh) Kuetzing
Synedra filiformis Grunow
Synedra fimbriata Castracane 1886
Synedra gaillonii (Bory) Ehrenb.
Synedra goulardi Bréb.
Synedra hennedeyana
Synedra incisa Boyer
Synedra karcheri
Synedra longiceps Ehrenb.
Synedra longissima W. Sm.
Synedra mazamaensis Sovereign
Synedra minuscula Grunow ex Van Heurck
Synedra montana Krasske
Synedra nana F. Meister
Synedra netronoides M. H. Hohn & Hellerm.
Synedra ostenfeldii (Willi Kreig.) A. Cleve
Synedra platensis Frenguelli 1938
Synedra provincialis
Synedra pseudogoulardii Manguin 1964
Synedra puellaris Messikammer 1945
Synedra pulchella Ralfs
Synedra robusta
Synedra rumpens Kütz.
Synedra simalongis W. Sm.
Synedra socia Wallace 1960
Synedra stela M. H. Hohn & Hellerm.
Synedra subrhombica Nygaard 1854
Synedra superba Kützing
Synedra suriana Pantocsek & Greguss 1913
Synedra tenera W. Sm.
Synedra tenuissima Kütz.
Synedra toxoneides Castracane 1880
Synedra tropica Grunow
Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenb.
Synedra undulata
Synedra utermohlii Hust.

NCBI

root
cellular organisms
Eukaryota
Sar
Stramenopiles
Ochrophyta
Bacillariophyta
Fragilariophyceae
Fragilariophycidae
Fragilariales
Fragilariaceae
Synedra
Synedra fulgens (this page)
Synedra fulgens var. gigantea
Synedra angustissima
Synedra bacillaris
Synedra berolinensis
Synedra fragilaroides
Synedra hyperborea
Synedra minuscula
unclassified Synedra

wikidata_hierarchy tar gz

Biota
Eukaryota
Chromista
Harosa
Halvaria
Heterokonta
Ochrophyta
Fragilariophyceae
Fragilariales
Fragilariaceae
Synedra
Synedra fulgens (this page)
Synedra fulgens var. dalmatica
Synedra acus
Synedra acuta
Synedra aggregata
Synedra allorgei
Synedra amoyensis
Synedra amphirhyncha
Synedra angustissima
Synedra arcuata
Synedra arcus
Synedra auriculata
Synedra bacillaris
Synedra baculus
Synedra balatonis
Synedra balthica
Synedra bananaensis
Synedra biceps
Synedra brockmannii
Synedra campyla
Synedra camtschatica
Synedra capensis
Synedra capilla
Synedra capucina
Synedra caroli-principis
Synedra chaseii
Synedra closterioides
Synedra commutata
Synedra crotonensis
Synedra cuneata
Synedra cunningtonii
Synedra curvata
Synedra cyclopum
Synedra distinguenda
Synedra dorsiventralis
Synedra elongata
Synedra entomon
Synedra falcata
Synedra famelica
Synedra familiaris
Synedra fragilarioides
Synedra frauenfeldii
Synedra gallionii
Synedra gloiophila
Synedra goulardi
Synedra goulardii
Synedra gracilis
Synedra hamata
Synedra hantzschiana
Synedra hartii
Synedra homostriata
Synedra joursacensis
Synedra jouseana
Synedra kamtschatica
Synedra kinkerii
Synedra koreana
Synedra lemmermannii
Synedra lenzii
Synedra limnetica
Synedra lismorensis
Synedra longa
Synedra maeotica
Synedra manguini
Synedra miniscula
Synedra minutissima
Synedra montana
Synedra nana
Synedra netronoides
Synedra parva
Synedra pediculus
Synedra perpusilla
Synedra planktonica
Synedra polymorpha
Synedra pseudogoulardii
Synedra puellaris
Synedra pulcherrima
Synedra putealis
Synedra recava
Synedra revaliensis
Synedra rostrata
Synedra salinarum
Synedra schaarschmidtii
Synedra scina
Synedra simalongis
Synedra stela
Synedra subrhombica
Synedra subula
Synedra superba
Synedra suriana
Synedra tenuis
Synedra tenuissima
Synedra tenuistriata
Synedra toxoneides
Synedra utermohlii
Synedra vanheurckii

World Register of Marine Species

Chromista
Bacillariophyta
Bacillariophyceae
Fragilariales
Fragilariaceae
Synedra
Synedra fulgens (Greville) W. Smith 1853 (this page)
Synedra acus var. acus Kützing 1844
Synedra balthica Ehrenberg 1832
Synedra camtschatica Grunow 1862
Synedra closterioides Grunow 1881
Synedra crystallina (C. Agardh) Kützing 1844
Synedra gallionii
Synedra parasitica var. parasitica
Synedra parva Kützing
Synedra pulchella Kützing 1844
Synedra superba Kützing 1844
Synedra toxoneides Castracane
Synedra ulna var. ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 1836
EOL is hosted by: