Isopterygium tenerifolium Mitten 1869

Isopterygium tenerifolium

Isopterygium tenerifolium Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 499. 1869. Type: Brazil. Amazon River, Spruce 1060 (holotype: NY!; isotype: BM!).

Plagiothecium inordinatum Mitt. ex Spruce, Cat. Musc. 16. 1867. nom. nud.

Ectropothecium longisetum Schimp. ex Besch., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 6, 3: 258. 1876; Isopterygium longisetum (Schimp. ex Besch.) Broth. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 1082. 1908, hom. illeg., non Broth. 1895; Isopterygium altisetum H. A. Crum & Steere, Bryologist 59: 254. 1956, nom. nov. Type: Guadeloupe. Chemin de la Soufrière, Husnot exsiccata no. 169 (holotype: BM!; isotypes: M!, NY!).

Plagiothecium villae-ricae Besch., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 21: 271. 1877. Type: Paraguay. Guaira, Villa Rica, Balansa 1210 (isotype: NY!).

Isopterygium longisetum Broth., Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 21 Afd. 3(3): 55. 1895; I. mosenii Broth. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 1082. 1908, nom. illeg. Type: Brazil. Minas Gerais: Caldas, Mosén 471 (lectotype: H!, designated by Ireland, 1991a); near Capivary, Mosén 439 (syntype: H!); Serra de Caldas, Mosén 469 (syntype: H!); São Paulo, between Campinas and Serra de Caracol, Mosén 470 (syntype: H!).

Taxicaulis stigmocarpus Müll. Hal., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 4: 150. 1897; Isopterygium stigmocarpum (Müll. Hal.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 220. 1900. Type: Bolivia. Province Cochambamba, near Choquecamata, Germain 1173b (lectotype: M!, designated by Ireland, 1991a; isolectotype: H!).

Taxicaulis excelsipes Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 37: 253. 1898; Isopterygium excelsipes (Müll. Hal.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 219. 1900. Type: Jamaica. Near Kingston, 1897, Hansen s.n. (isotype: H!).

Plagiothecium meteoriaceum Müll. Hal., Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 120. 1898; Isopterygium meteoriaceum (Müll. Hal.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 220. 1900. Type: Brazil. Serra Itatiaia, Ule 1884 (isotype: H!).

Plagiothecium proximum Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 38(Beibl.): 59. 1899. nom. nud.

Plagiothecium paludigenum Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 40: 58. 1901; Isopterygium paludigenum (Müll. Hal.) Broth. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 1082. 1908. Type: Brazil. Santa Catarina: Tubarão, Ule 912 (lectotype: H!, designated by Ireland, 1991a).

Plagiothecium lonchopelmatum Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 40: 59. 1901; Isopterygium lonchopelmatum (Müll. Hal.) Broth. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 1082. 1908. Type: Brazil. San Francisco Island, Province Santa Catarina, Ule 511 (lectotype: H!, designated by Ireland, 1991a); Ule 509, 513 (syntypes, H!).

Plagiothecium restingae Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 40: 60. 1901; Isopterygium restingae (Müll. Hal.) Broth. in Engl. & Prantl , Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 1082. 1908. Type: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Restinga de Maua, Ule 2144 (lectotype: H!, designated by Ireland, 1991a; isolectotypes: FH!, M!).

Plagiothecium restingae var. tenue Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 40: 60. 1901. Type: Brazil. Nova Friburgo, in Capoeira, Ule, Bryotheca brasiliensis 233 (lectotype: H!, here designated; isolectotypes, BM!, NY!).

Plagiothecium jamaicense Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 40: 61. 1901. Type: Jamaica. 1897, Hansen s.n. (isotype: NY!).

Isopterygium fecundum Renauld & Cardot, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 41(1): 140. 1905. Type: Costa Rica. Potrero del Alto, volcán de Poás, Pittier & Durand, Plantae costaricenses exsiccatae 5735 (isotypes: FH!, US!).

Isopterygium manaosense Broth., Hedwigia 45: 286. 1906. Type: Brazil. Estado de Amazonas, Manaos, Rio Negro, Ule, Bryotheca brasiliensis 280 (lectotype: H!, designated by Ireland, 1991a); Ule 2331 (syntypes, BM!, H!).

Isopterygium vagans Herzog, Biblioth. Bot. 87: 152. 1916. Type: Bolivia. An Wegrändern bei San Miguelito, Herzog 2765 (holotype: JE!; isotype: H!).

Plants in thin, loose mats, yellow-green to green. Stems up to 4 cm long, 2–3 mm wide, complanate-foliate, simple or irregularly and freely branched. Asexual reproductive bodies lacking. Leaves 1.0–1.5 mm long, 0.4–0.7 mm

wide, flaccid, close, complanate, wide-spreading to squarrose, smooth when wet, usually wrinkled and contorted when dry, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, often curved and asymmetric, acuminate; margins plane to erect throughout, serrate to serrulate above, serrulate below; costa none or weak, short and double; median cells 71–141 × 5–7 μm, smooth; alar cells short-rectangular to quadrate, in small groups with 1–2 cells on margins. Autoicous. Setae (1.5–) 2–3(–4) cm long, brown to reddish brown; capsules 1.0–1.5 mm long, horizontal to pendulous, rarely erect, ovoid to ellipsoid, contracted below the mouth when dry; operculum obliquely short-rostrate; peristome teeth up to 0.2 mm long. Spores 9–14 μm in diameter.

Distribution and ecology: West Indies, southern Mexico to Panama, and from Colombia and Venezuela to northern Argentina (Figures 15, 18, 22, 23), also from the southeastern United States; on tree trunks, rotten stumps, woody debris and humus in forests, sometimes on soil banks and wet cliffs along rivers and near waterfalls, rarely in moist grasslands, at low to high elevations from 160 to 3000 m.

Discussion: Isopterygium tenerifolium is best recognized by its large plants with stems to 4 cm long, 2–3 mm wide, and leaves 1.0–1.5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, often curved and asymmetric, acuminate, flaccid, close, complanate, usually wrinkled and contorted when dry, with poorly developed alar cells, 1–2 short-rectangular to quadrate cells on the margins, setae, 2–3 cm long, rarely up to 4 cm, and capsules ovoid to ellipsoid, horizontal to pendulous, contracted below the mouth when dry, 1.0–1.5 mm long.

The plant’s large size and especially the long setae, longer than any of the other Latin American species of Isopterygium, are obvious features that help identify this species.

Selected specimens examined: MEXICO. Chiapas: Mpio. Angel Albino Corzo, 9 km S de Finca Liquidambar, 15°42'N, 92°45'W, Delgadillo M. 4676, 4678, 4679b, 4726, 4728a (MEXU); Cárdenas 4163, 4189 (MEXU). HONDURAS. Cortés: Cusuco Natl. Park, along Río Cusuco, ˜22 km W of San Pedro Sula and 16 km S of Cuyamel, 15°30'N, 88°14'W, 1840–1900 m, Allen 14392 (MO). El

Paraíso: Between Las Mesas and Ojo de Agua, 700 m, Morton 6981, 6982 (US). Francisco Morazán: Region of Agua Amarilla, above El Zamorano, 900–1100 m, Standley et al. 5050 (FH). COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Volcán Poás, 2500 m, Valerio 285 (FH). Limón: ˜2 km S and 1 km E of Río Colorado, Stevens et al. 25048 (MO). PANAMA. Bocas del Toro: Vicinity of Fortuna Dam, 4.5 km along pipeline road leaving Chiriqui Grande road at Continental Divide, 850–950 m, Allen 5635 (MO). Canal Area: Barro Colorado Is., Jan–Feb 1938, Willis s.n. (MICH). CUBA. Habana: Batabano, Baker & Wilson 2391 (H). Pinar del Río: Herradura, Ekman 10749 (BM, NY). San Mateo, near Pinar del Río, Wright 160 (CANM, FH, MICH, NY, TENN). JAMAICA. Clarendon: Mason River Savanna, 4.4 km NW of Kellits, 700 m, Crosby 3118 (NY). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Dajabón: 14.7 km desde el Parque Central del Pueblo de Loma de Cabrera en el camino a Capotillo y Loma de Alto de la Paloma, 490 m, Zanoni & Mejía 17989A (NY). Peravia: La Nevera area, 47 km S of Constanza, 2070–2100 m, Buck 5247 (NY). PUERTO RICO. Vicinity of Utuado, Britton 5139a (NY). Cerro de la Punta, Cordillera Central, S of Jayuya, Steere 6212 (MICH, MO, NY, US), 6238 (MICH, MO). South shore of Laguna Tortuguero, near Manati, Steere 6777 (MICH, NY, US). Vega Baha, Heller 1338 (NY). WINDWARD ISLANDS. Guadeloupe: Without locality, Duss 124 (H, NY), 1045, 1046, 1092, 1260 (NY). Dominica: Grand Souffriere, on lip of crater, Elliott 1841, 1843 (BM). Martinique: Without locality, Duss 1 (H, NY), 25, 332 (NY). COLOMBIA. Valle: La Cumbre, 1800–2200 m, Killip 5572 (NY). Santander: Vicinity of Las Vegas, 2600–3000 m, Killip & Smith 16026 (NY). VENEZUELA. Bolívar: Dist. Roscio, 13 km al Noreste de Santa Elena de Uairén, 900 m, Steyermark & Liesner 127566 (MO); vicinity of Canaima and the Río Carrao, A. J. & E. B. Sharp F-7629 (TENN). Tachira: 12 km SW of Punta de Piedra, toward Sacramento, 175 m, Steyermark & Rabe 96615 (US). Yaracuy: Dept. Bruzual, Mpio. Campoelias, 1300–1550 m, Trujillo 16461 (MO). GUYANA. Without locality, Parker s.n. (NY). SURINAM. Sabanpassie, Teunissen & Wildschut 11931 (U). FRENCH GUIANA. Canton de Approuague-Kaw, ˜1.5 km SSW of Pic Matécho, 160 m, 03°44'N, 53°02'W, Buck 37938 (NY). ECUADOR. Oriente: Without locality, Jun 1910, 1800 m, Allioni s.n. (H). BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Rio Negro, May 1902, Ule s.n. (M); Taruma-Fälle, in Quellmulden, ˜60 m, 02°53'S, 60°06'W, Schäfer-Verwimp 9803 (NY). Bahia: Mpio. Rio de Contas, Pico das Almas, 1120 m, 13°00'S, 14°53'W, Harley et al. 25965 (NY). Salvador, Bairro of Itapua, vicinity of airport, Boom et al. 886, 895 (NY); between Ibirapitanga and Ubaitaba, 200 m, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp 8753 (NY). Goiás: Region of southern Serra Dourada, Dawson 14888 (FH). Minas Gerais: Serra da Mantiqueira, Delfim Moreira, in Quellmoor, 1330 m, 22°33'S, 45°15'W, 1330 m, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp 14946 (NY); Serra de Caldas, 15 Sep 1873, Mosén s.n. (H). Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, vicinity of Brajo da Lapa, at Km 8 along entry road near border of Rio de Janeiro, 2120 m, ˜22°22'S, 44°45'W, Vital & Buck 19660 (NY). Pará: Ponta Grossa, Rio Tapajas, Swallen 6936 (FH, US). Rio Grande do Sul: Vieira, nearly opposite Rio Grande, Lindman B130 (H, NY). Rondônia: Along Rio Pacaás Novos, between its confluence with Rio Mamoré and the first rapids, Reese 13294 (NY); Vilhena-Colorado road, 13 km N of Vilhena on BR-364, Nelson 358 (NY). Santa Catarina: Tubarão, Ule 982 (H). São Paulo: Near Cerqueira-Cesar, 500 m, Kryptogamae exsiccatae 2898, Schiffner (H, M, US); near Campo Grande on São Paulo Railway, 700 m, Schiffner 650 (FH, H). BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Prov. Chiquitos, “Cerro Tataraqui,” 13 km NE of Roboré, 18°16'S, 59°39'W, Lewis 85-1307 (LPB); Prov. Manuel M. Caballero, Serranía de Siberia, ˜15 km E de Siberia, carretera a Comparapa, 2460 m, 17°49'S, 64°40'W, Churchill 22482 (MO, NY). Also known from type collections of I. stigmocarpum & I. vagans. PARAGUAY. Santo Antonio, Colonia “Elis,” Lindman B231 (NY). ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Dept. Santo Tome: Laguna Luna, 28°02'S, 56°49'W, Arbo et al. 8476 (NY). Posados, Misiones, Eckman 2096 (FH).