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Distribution

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Members of the family Gymnuridae can be found worldwide in tropical and warm temperate seas. Their range in the Atlantic includes the Black Sea, and they are widely distributed in the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); indian ocean; atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native ); mediterranean sea (Native )

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Trophic Strategy

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Butterfly rays feed upon crabs, shrimps, various invertebrates, fishes, small crustaceans, and mollusks. They generally seek prey near the bottom of warm waters over sandy stretches.

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )

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Associations

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Stingrays are nearly cosmopolitan in tropical and warm temperate seas, and therefore are a consistent predator on populations of mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and fishes. They, in turn, provide food for sharks and other large fishes. Remoras sometimes accompany adult rays.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Remoras
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Benefits

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Although butterfly rays do not have any particular commercial importance, cartilaginous fishes in general are important to humans in a number of ways. Australian Aborigines have eaten rays for centuries. They determine whether a seasonal catch is ready to eat by checking a ray’s liver; if it is oily and pinkish white, the ray is suitable for eating. Rays that have two spines, however, are considered inedible. Australian Aborigines, Malayans, tribes in South and Central America, and West Africa, and peoples of the Indo-Pacific have used ray spines for spear tips, daggers, or whips. Rays are considered food fish in Australia, Europe, and parts of Asia, and in some places are among the most highly priced fishes. In Australia, cuts from one species of butterfly ray are sometimes sold as skate flesh. Like shark fins, fins of some rays are harvested in Asia for soup and as an aphrodisiac. Cartilaginous fishes are used for medical purposes as well. Chondroiten, used as skin replacement for burn victims, is derived from the fishes’ cartilage. Other extracts from cartilage help suppress tumors and may assist cancer treatment. Some large rays are a popular part of public aquarium exhibits.

Positive Impacts: food

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Associations

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Although rays can grow very large, they are still preyed upon by other large fishes, especially sharks. Stingray spines have been found embedded in the mouths of many sharks. The great hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, in particular, appears to specialize in eating stingrays. It uses its hammer head to knock a ray to the bottom, and then pins the ray, once again with its head, pivoting around to bite the ray’s disc until the ray succumbs and can be eaten. In addition to their defensive venomous sting, many rays have drab coloring that matches the sand or mud bottom. Several species of butterfly ray can quickly change color to blend in with their background.

Known Predators:

  • sharks (Chondrichthyes)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Morphology

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As their name indicates, butterfly rays have extremely wide pectoral fins that resemble butterfly wings. These fins create a disc that is more than 1.5 times as broad as it is long and extends forward to include the head, ending in a blunt, angular, short snout. The snout is rounder and blunter on females than on males, at least in the case of Gymnura micrura. The disc is brown, grayish, purplish or greenish in color, sometimes with pale and dark spots, and it may be naked or covered with small denticles. The head is even with the disc rather than elevated, giving the fish a very flat appearance from the side view. The eyes are located on the sides of the top of the head, with the spiracles (respiratory openings) close behind the eyes. At least one species, Gymnura australis, has a long tentacle near the back edge of the spiracles. Like all rays, butterfly rays have ventral gill openings. These form five small pairs and the internal gill arches do not have filter plates. Their mouths are relatively large and located under the end of the snout. Since their mouths are directed downward and often placed against the sand, bottom-living rays use their spiracles rather than their mouths for water intake, and, if the gills are covered with sand, the spiracles are also used for expelling water. Butterfly rays have small, cuspidate teeth that do not form the crushing plates found in many other rays. Their dorsal fins, if present, are small. They lack anal fins, and rather than a caudal fin they may have low dorsal and ventral ridges on the tail. The slender tail is much shorter than the disc. Some butterfly rays have a stinging spine behind the pelvic fins. These fish range in size from less than 0.5 m long to over 2 m long.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; sexes shaped differently

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Benefits

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Butterfly rays have little negative impact on humans. They are not known to destroy shellfish beds, and their spines, when present, are much less dangerous than those of their long-tailed relatives (Dasyatidae).

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )

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Comprehensive Description

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The family Gymnuridae contains two genera and about 12 species. Their pectoral fins form a disc that is much broader than it is long, forming “wings” that give the family its common name, butterfly rays. These rays are marine and occasionally estuarine, found worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas. They live on the bottom in open sandy areas, where they feed on a variety of invertebrates, fishes, and other small organisms. Some bear a venomous spine on their short tails, but butterfly rays are considered far less dangerous than the long-tailed stingrays. Like other rays, butterfly rays are viviparous, giving birth to live young after nourishing them inside the uterus (see Development and Reproduction).

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Life Cycle

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Members of the family Gymnuridae, like other rays and their shark relatives, employ a reproductive strategy that involves putting a great investment of energy into relatively few young over a lifetime. Since few young are produced, it is important that they survive, and to this end rays are born at a large size, able to feed and fend for themselves much like an adult. Rays develop from egg to juvenile inside the mother’s uterus, sometimes to almost half their adult size. In this system, called aplacental uterine viviparity, developing embryos receive most of their nutriment from a milky, organically rich substance secreted by the mother’s uterine lining. An embryo absorbs this substance, called histotroph, by ingestion, or through its skin or other specialized structures. Researchers have found that in some stingrays, the stomach and spiral intestine are among the first organs to develop and function, so that the embryo can digest the uterine “milk.” Rays’ eggs are small and insufficient to support the embryos until they are born, although the first stage of development does happen inside tertiary egg envelopes that enclose each egg along with egg jelly. The embryo eventually absorbs the yolk sac and stalk and the histotroph provides it with nutrition. Embryos are so well nourished in the uterus that in Gymnura micrura, for example, the young ray’s net weight increases by 4900% from egg to birth, and are between 15-22 cm when they are born. Development in the uterus usually takes about two to four months. One species of butterfly ray, Gymnura natalensis, is born with an almost triangular shape, but develops much wider pectoral fins as it grows, and in adults the disc is more than twice as broad as it is long.

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Conservation Status

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Currently, there is no conservation threat to any member of this family.

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Behavior

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Rays perceive and interact with their environment using sensory channels common to many vertebrates: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Rays also belong to a group of fishes, the elasmobranchs, whose electrical sensitivity seems to exceed that of all other animals. Elasmobranch fishes are equipped with ampullae of Lorenzini, electroreceptor organs that contain receptor cells and canals leading to pores in the animal’s skin. Sharks and rays can detect the electrical patterns created by nerve conduction, muscular contraction, and even the ionic difference between a body (i.e. of prey) and water. In lab experiments, stingrays changed their feeding location according to artificially induced changes in the electrical field around them. Other experiments have demonstrated that cartilaginous fishes use electrosensory information not only to locate prey, but also for orientation and navigation based on the electrical fields created by the interaction between water currents and the earth’s magnetic field. Although some rays can produce an electric shock to defend themselves or stun prey, members of the family Gymnuridae cannot. Some are able, however, to inflict a sting with their tail spine in defense.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical ; electric ; magnetic

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Life Expectancy

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Little specific information regarding lifespans in Gymnuridae was found, but in general rays, like their relatives the sharks, grow and mature slowly and are long-lived. Some researchers estimate that the largest sharks and rays may not reach maturity until 20 to 30 years of age, and that they may live to maximum ages of 70 to 100 years or more. The family Gymnuridae does not include the largest rays and may not reach such extremes of longevity.

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Habitat

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Gymnuridae is a marine family, but are occasionally found in estuaries and river mouths as well. Butterfly rays are benthic (bottom-dwellers), most commonly found on the upper continental shelf. They prefer stretches of open sand and frequent shallow beaches and bays.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal ; brackish water

Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral

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Reproduction

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Only a few species of elasmobranch (subclass including all sharks and rays) fishes have been observed during courtship and mating. However, butterfly rays have a system that involves internal fertilization, so it can logically be inferred that mating communication between male and female must happen to an extent that allows the male to insert at least one of his two claspers (male reproductive organs that are modifications of the pelvic fins) into the female’s cloaca to deposit sperm. Elasmobranch fishes have relatively complex endocrine (hormonal) systems; based on knowledge of other vertebrates with similar systems, it is likely that females signal to males through chemical or behavioral cues to indicate when their hormonal state is appropriate for mating.

Rays bear young on a yearly cycle, although pregnancy usually lasts only several months, generally spanning some period in the spring, summer, and fall. Within any given group of rays, individuals appear to go through mating, gestation, and parturition (birth) at the same time as all the other females in the group. Butterfly rays usually bear between two and six live young at a time, after nourishing the embryos with milky fluid (histotroph) secreted by the uterus (see Development for a description of this system, called aplacental uterine viviparity). In Gymnuridae the epithelium, or wall, of the uterus has evolved to form trophonemata, elongated villi that extend into the uterine cavity to provide greater surface area for respiratory exchange and histotroph excretion. This advanced system of nourishing young inside the uterus can produce offspring that are relatively large at birth (see Development). According to one investigator, a young ray is rolled up like a cigar during birth, which, along with the lubricating histotroph, facilitates the passage of such proportionally large young. The young ray then unrolls and swims away. Likewise, sting-bearing young are able to pass out of the mother’s body without stinging her because their stings are encased in a pliable sheath that sloughs off after birth.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

No reported evidence of parental care in Gymnuridae was found. After such extended nurturing inside their mothers’ bodies, young rays come into the sea quite able to feed and fend for themselves (see Development and Reproduction).

Parental Investment: no parental involvement

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Gymnuridae ( Afrikaans )

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Die Vlinderrôe (Gymnuridae) is 'n kraakbeenvis-familie wat tot die orde Myliobatiformes behoort. Daar is twee genera met minstens 12 spesies in hierdie familie. Slegs een spesie kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.

Kenmerke

'n Kenmerk van die familie is dat die kop, lyf en pektorale vinne 'n diamantvormige skyf vorm en dat hulle breër is as wat hulle lank is. Daar is ook vyf pare kieusplete onder die kop. Hulle het geen dorsale- of stertvinne nie. Al die spesies is vivipaar.

Genera

  • Gymnuridae

Sien ook

Bron

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Gymnuridae: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Vlinderrôe (Gymnuridae) is 'n kraakbeenvis-familie wat tot die orde Myliobatiformes behoort. Daar is twee genera met minstens 12 spesies in hierdie familie. Slegs een spesie kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.

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Gimnúrid ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA
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Gymnura altavela colgada sota la sorra a Tenerife.
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Exemplar fotografiat a Lanzarote.

La família dels gimnúrids (Gymnuridae) és constituïda per peixos condrictis de l'ordre dels miliobatiformes.[2]

Morfologia

Reproducció

Són vivípars i pareixen llurs cries vives després d'alimentar-les a l'úter.[5][6]

Alimentació

Mengen crancs, gambetes, diversos invertebrats, peixos, crustacis petits i mol·luscs.[7]

Depredadors

Són depredats per taurons.[8][9]

Hàbitat

Viuen, sobretot, en aigües marines i, més rarament, salabroses de clima tropical o subtropical i de fons sorrencs.[3][4]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a l'Atlàntic (incloent-hi la Mediterrània i la Mar Negra), l'Índic i el Pacífic.[3][7][10][11]

Gèneres

Costums

Són bentònics.[9]

Estat de conservació

A hores d'ara, hi ha 9 espècies d'aquesta família a la Llista Vermella de la UICN: Gymnura altavela, Gymnura australis, Gymnura japonica, Gymnura marmorata, Gymnura micrura, la rajada papallona de Natal (Gymnura natalensis), Gymnura poecilura, Gymnura tentaculata i Gymnura zonura.[18]

Referències

  1. uBio (anglès)
  2. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 FishBase (anglès)
  4. 4,0 4,1 Discover Life (anglès)
  5. Hamlett, W., T. Koob. 1999. Female Reproductive System. Pp. 398-443. A: W.C. Hamlett, ed. Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  6. Wourms, J., L. Demski. 1993. The reproduction and development of sharks, skates, rays, and ratfishes: introduction, history, overview, and future prospects. Pp. 7-21. A: L. Demski, J. Wourms, eds. The Reproduction and Development of Sharks, Skates, Rays, and Ratfishes. Dordrecht, els Països Baixos: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  7. 7,0 7,1 Allen, G., D. Robertson. 1994. Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
  8. Helfman, G., B. Collete, D. Facey. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  9. 9,0 9,1 Wheeler, A., 1985. The World Encyclopedia of Fishes. Londres: Macdonald.
  10. Last, P., J. Stevens. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. Austràlia: CSIRO.
  11. Nelson, J., 1994. Fishes of the World – tercera edició. Nova York: John Wiley and Sons.
  12. Müller, J. & F. G. J. Henle, 1838-1841. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlín. Plagiostomen: i-xxii + 1-200, 60 pls.
  13. van Hasselt J. C., 1823. Uittreksel uit een' brief van Dr. J. C. van Hasselt, aan den Heer C. J. Temminck. Algem. Konst Letter-bode I Deel (núm. 20). 315-317.
  14. BioLib (anglès)
  15. AQUATAB.NET
  16. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  17. Dictionary of Common (Vernacular) Names (anglès)
  18. IUCN (anglès)


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  • Ramjohn, D.D. 1999. Checklist of coastal and marine fishes of Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Fishery Analysis Unit, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources, Trinitat i Tobago. Fisheries Information Series 8, 151 p.
  • Robins, C.R. i G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 354 p.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  • Sanches, J.G., 1989. Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalizaçao estatística). Publicaçoes avulsas do I.N.I.P. Núm. 14. 322 p.
  • Shen, S.C. (ed.), 1993. Fishes of Taiwan. Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei. 960 p.
  • Smith, C.L., 1997. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Nova York, Estats Units. 720 p.
  • Stehmann, M., 1981. Gymnuridae. A: W. Fischer, G. Bianchi i W.B. Scott (eds.). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic (fishing areas 34, 47 (in part). Vol. 5.
  • Uyeno, T., K. Matsuura i E. Fujii (eds.), 1983. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center, Tòquio, Japó. 519 p.
  • Wourms, J., 1993. Maximization of evolutionary trends for placental viviparity in the spadenose shark, Scoliodon laticaudus. pp. 269–293. A: L. Demski, J. Wourms, eds. The Reproduction and Development of Sharks, Skates, Rays, and Ratfishes. Dordrecht, els Països Baixos: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Yamada, U., S. Shirai, T. Irie, M. Tokimura, S. Deng, Y. Zheng, C. Li, Y.U. Kim i Y.S. Kim, 1995. Names and Illustrations of fishes from the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation, Tòquio, Japó.
  • Zaneveld, J.S., 1983. Caribbean Fish Life. Index to the local and scientific names of the marine fishes and fishlike invertebrates of the Caribbean area (Tropical Western Central Atlantic Ocean) E.J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden, 163p.


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Gimnúrid: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Gymnura altavela  src= Gymnura micrura  src= Gymnura altavela colgada sota la sorra a Tenerife.  src= Gymnura altavela  src= Exemplar fotografiat a Lanzarote.  src= Gymnura altavela

La família dels gimnúrids (Gymnuridae) és constituïda per peixos condrictis de l'ordre dels miliobatiformes.

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Schmetterlingsrochen ( German )

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Die Schmetterlingsrochen (Gymnura) sind eine Gattung der Rochen. Sie leben kosmopolitisch in allen Weltmeeren an den Küsten tropischer und warmgemäßigter Meere, auch im Brackwasser von Flussmündungen.

Schmetterlingsrochen haben eine Körperscheibe, die 1,5 mal breiter als lang ist. Die Körperoberseite ist nackt oder, bei großen Arten, zuweilen mit Tuberkeln bedeckt. Der Schwanz der Gymnuridae ist im Vergleich mit anderen Rochen sehr kurz. Die Rückenflosse fehlt, ein giftiger Schwanzflossenstachel kann vorhanden sein oder fehlen.

Die Tiere werden oft sehr groß. Die meisten Arten erreichen Spannweiten von 1,50 bis 2,50 Metern, Gymnura altavela sogar 4,0 Meter. Sie ernähren sich vor allem von Krebstieren und Muscheln.

Systematik

Zu den Schmetterlingsrochen zählen 15 Arten:

Literatur

Weblinks

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Schmetterlingsrochen: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Schmetterlingsrochen (Gymnura) sind eine Gattung der Rochen. Sie leben kosmopolitisch in allen Weltmeeren an den Küsten tropischer und warmgemäßigter Meere, auch im Brackwasser von Flussmündungen.

Schmetterlingsrochen haben eine Körperscheibe, die 1,5 mal breiter als lang ist. Die Körperoberseite ist nackt oder, bei großen Arten, zuweilen mit Tuberkeln bedeckt. Der Schwanz der Gymnuridae ist im Vergleich mit anderen Rochen sehr kurz. Die Rückenflosse fehlt, ein giftiger Schwanzflossenstachel kann vorhanden sein oder fehlen.

Die Tiere werden oft sehr groß. Die meisten Arten erreichen Spannweiten von 1,50 bis 2,50 Metern, Gymnura altavela sogar 4,0 Meter. Sie ernähren sich vor allem von Krebstieren und Muscheln.

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Скаты-матылькі ( Belarusian )

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Гімнуравыя (Gymnuridae) або Скаты-матылькі — сямейства скатаў. Да гімнуравых адносяцца 14 відаў, што дзеляцца на два роды. Абодва роды адрозьніваюцца адзін ад аднаго, што ў прадстаўнікоў роду этаплятэі на хвасьце маецца сьпінны плаўнік. У цэлым, хвост гімнуравых па параўнаньні з хвастамі іншых скатаў вельмі кароткі. Гімнуравыя мігруюць уздоўж узьбярэжжаў цёплых мораў, а таксама часам заплывают ў вусьці рэк.

Гімнуравыя — даволі буйныя скаты. Большасьць відаў дасягае размаху крылаў ад 1,5 да 2,5 м, Атлянтычныя скаты-матылькі (Gymnura altavela) могуць дасягаць нават 4 м[1].

Крыніцы

  1. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Gymnuridae" in FishBase.

Вонкавыя спасылкі

  • Gymnuridae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
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Скаты-матылькі: Brief Summary ( Belarusian )

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Гімнуравыя (Gymnuridae) або Скаты-матылькі — сямейства скатаў. Да гімнуравых адносяцца 14 відаў, што дзеляцца на два роды. Абодва роды адрозьніваюцца адзін ад аднаго, што ў прадстаўнікоў роду этаплятэі на хвасьце маецца сьпінны плаўнік. У цэлым, хвост гімнуравых па параўнаньні з хвастамі іншых скатаў вельмі кароткі. Гімнуравыя мігруюць уздоўж узьбярэжжаў цёплых мораў, а таксама часам заплывают ў вусьці рэк.

Гімнуравыя — даволі буйныя скаты. Большасьць відаў дасягае размаху крылаў ад 1,5 да 2,5 м, Атлянтычныя скаты-матылькі (Gymnura altavela) могуць дасягаць нават 4 м.

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Gymnuridae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los gimnúridos (Gymnuridae), conocidos vulgarmente como rayas mariposa, son una familia de condrictios batoideos de la orden de los miliobatiformes. Normalmente viven en mares tropicales y habitan como muchas otras de su especie entre la arena o el lodo.

Descripción

Disco muy ancho, cola corta y no tienen aleta caudal. Algunas especies tienen un aguijón venenoso en su cola.

Especies

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Gymnuridae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los gimnúridos (Gymnuridae), conocidos vulgarmente como rayas mariposa, son una familia de condrictios batoideos de la orden de los miliobatiformes. Normalmente viven en mares tropicales y habitan como muchas otras de su especie entre la arena o el lodo.

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Perhosrauskut ( Finnish )

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Perhosrauskut (Gymnuridae) on valtamerissä tavattava rustokalaheimo.

Lajit

Perhosrauskujen heimoon kuuluvien lajien määrä vaihtelee lähteittäin 11–17 lajin välillä[2][3][4]. Lajit jaetaan kahteen sukuun ja niitä ovat muun muassa[4]:

Anatomia

Perhosrauskut ovat kooltaan keskikokoisia tai suuria kaloja ja niiden pituus vaihtelee alle puolesta metristä yli kahteen metriin. Ruumis on litteä ja rintaevät ovat hyvin suurikokoiset ja niiden leveys on yli puolitoistakertainen verrattuna niiden pituuteen. Pyrstö on lajeilla hyvin lyhyt ja kapea ja siinä voi olla myrkyllinen piikki, jota kalat käyttävät puolustautumiseen. Silmät ovat selkäpuolella ja silmien läheisyydessä sijaitsevat ruiskureiät ovat kookkaat. Perhosrauskujen suu on melko kookas ja hampaat ovat teräväkärkiset.[2][3][5][6][7]

Levinneisyys ja elintavat

Perhosrauskuja tavataan Atlantista, Mustamerestä, Intian valtamerestä ja Tyynenmeren alueelta. Ne ovat pääosin suolaisen veden kaloja, mutta muutamat lajit elävät myös murtovedessä. Lajit elävät hiekkaisilla ja mutaisilla pohjilla lämpimissä vesissä. Ainakin siloperhosrauskun tiedetään siirtyvän lämpimimmän kauden ajaksi viileämpiin vesiin.[2][3][5][6]

Perhosrauskujen ravinto koostuu kaloista, äyriäisistä, nilviäisistä ja muista pienistä selkärangattomista eläimistä. Ravintonsa ne etsivät yleensä meren pohjasta. Perhosrauskut ovat vivipaarisia eli poikaset kuoriutuvat munistaan vielä olleessaan naaraan kohdussa. Ne viettävät siellä kahdesta neljään kuukautta ja ovat syntyessään 15–22 cm pitkiä.[5][6]

Suuria perhosrauskuja kalastetaan ja niitä myydään tuoreena tai suolattuna.[5]

Lähteet

  1. Gymnuridae ITIS. Viitattu 11.04.2011. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c Family Gymnuridae (peilipalvelin) FishBase. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (toim.). Viitattu 11.4.2011. (englanniksi)
  3. a b c Joseph S. Nelson: Fishes of the world, s. 80. John Wiley and Sons, 2006. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 11.04.2011). (englanniksi)
  4. a b Markku Varjo, Lauri Koli ja Harri Dahlström: Maailman kalojen nimet, s. 13. Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamo, 2004. ISBN 951-9108-13-0.
  5. a b c d Family Gymnuridae (PDF) FAO. Viitattu 11.04.2011. (englanniksi)
  6. a b c Gymnuridae Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Viitattu 11.4.2011. (englanniksi)
  7. William C. Hamlett: Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes, s. 40. JHU Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0801860485. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 11.04.2011). (englanniksi)
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Perhosrauskut: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Perhosrauskut (Gymnuridae) on valtamerissä tavattava rustokalaheimo.

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Gymnuridae ( French )

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Les Gymnuridae sont une famille de raies.

Liste des genres

Selon ITIS (14 octobre 2014)[1] :

  • genre Aetoplatea Valenciennes in Müller et Henle, 1841
  • genre Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823

FishBase (14 octobre 2014)[2] et World Register of Marine Species (14 octobre 2014)[3] ne reconnaissent que le genre Gymnura.

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

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Gymnuridae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Gymnuridae sont une famille de raies.

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Drugelinės rajos ( Lithuanian )

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Drugelinės rajos (lot. Gymnuridae, angl. Butterfly rays, vok. Schmetterlingsrochen) – rombinių rajožuvių (Rajiformes) šeima. Kūnas iki 3,6 m pločio, uodega labai trumpa. Paplitusios vandenynuose ir upių deltose.

Šeimoje yra 2 gentys, 14 rūšių.

Gentys ir rūšys

Nuorodos

Vikiteka

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Drugelinės rajos: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Drugelinės rajos (lot. Gymnuridae, angl. Butterfly rays, vok. Schmetterlingsrochen) – rombinių rajožuvių (Rajiformes) šeima. Kūnas iki 3,6 m pločio, uodega labai trumpa. Paplitusios vandenynuose ir upių deltose.

Šeimoje yra 2 gentys, 14 rūšių.

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Vlinderroggen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vlinderroggen zijn roggen uit de familie Gymnuridae.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Ze verblijven in de wereldzeeën en riviermondingen in een (sub)tropisch klimaat.

Kenmerken

Het lichaam van vlinderroggen in plat en omgeven door zeer brede, schijfvormige borstvinnen die doorlopen tot aan de kop. Ze hebben een zeer kort en dun staartje, waardoor ze lijken op een grote vlinder. Ze variëren in lengte tussen de 31 en 400 cm.

Status

Drie soorten staan op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN, Gymnura altavela en Aetoplatea zonura zijn kwetsbaar en Gymnura poecilura heeft de status gevoelig.

Taxonomie

Er zijn twee geslachten en 14 soorten[1][2]


Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Gymnura. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. okt. 2010 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2010.
  2. (en) Aetoplatea. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. okt. 2010 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2010.
Wikispecies Wikispecies heeft een pagina over Gymnuridae.
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Gymnuridae van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Vlinderroggen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vlinderroggen zijn roggen uit de familie Gymnuridae.

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Gymnuridae ( Polish )

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Gymnuridaerodzina ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych z rzędu orleniokształtnych (Myliobatiformes). Ryby z tej rodziny określane są nazwą „płaszczki-motyle”[2].

Zasięg występowania

Ocean Atlantycki, Ocean Indyjski i Ocean Spokojny.

Cechy charakterystyczne

Ciało silnie spłaszczone, krótkie. Ogon krótki. Płetwy piersiowe bardzo szerokie (stąd nazwa motyle), połączone z głową.

Klasyfikacja

Rodzaj zaliczany do tej rodziny[3]:

Gymnura

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Gymnuridae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Włodzimierz Załachowski: Ryby. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1992, s. 369. ISBN 83-01-12286-2.
  3. Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fricke, R.: Catalog of Fishes electronic version (7 June 2012) (ang.). California Academy of Sciences. [dostęp 5 sierpnia 2012].

Bibliografia

  1. Froese, R. & D. Pauly: Family Gymnuridae - Butterfly rays (ang.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, 2008. [dostęp 31 stycznia 2009].
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Gymnuridae: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Gymnuridae – rodzina ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych z rzędu orleniokształtnych (Myliobatiformes). Ryby z tej rodziny określane są nazwą „płaszczki-motyle”.

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Gymnuridae ( Portuguese )

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Gymnuridae é uma família de raias caracterizadas por barbatanas peitorais muito largas, ausência de barbatanas dorsais e cauda fina e curta, sem espinhos.[1]

Encontram-se em águas tropicais e subtropicais de todos os oceanos, raramente entrando em estuários.

Espécies

  • Aetoplatea tentaculata
  • Aetoplate zonura
  • Gymnura afuerae
  • Gymnura altavela
  • Gymnura australis
  • Gymnura bimaculata
  • Gymnura crebripunctata
  • Gymnura crooki
  • Gymnura hirundo
  • Gymnura japonica
  • Gymnura marmorata
  • Gymnura micrura
  • Gymnura natalensis
  • Gymnura poecilura

Referências

  1. “Family Gymnuridae - Butterfly rays” in FishBase.org (em inglês) acessado a 12 de julho de 2009
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Gymnuridae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Gymnuridae é uma família de raias caracterizadas por barbatanas peitorais muito largas, ausência de barbatanas dorsais e cauda fina e curta, sem espinhos.

Encontram-se em águas tropicais e subtropicais de todos os oceanos, raramente entrando em estuários.

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Гимнуровые ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Не следует путать с гимнуры.
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Подкласс: Эвселяхии
Инфракласс: Пластиножаберные
Надотряд: Скаты
Семейство: Гимнуровые (Gymnuridae Fowler, 1934)
Род: Скаты-бабочки
Международное научное название

Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823

Синонимы
  • Aetoplatea Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1841
  • Phanerocephalus Gratzianov, 1906
  • Pteroplatea Müller & Henle, 1837
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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 160960NCBI 86360EOL 25592FW 34732

Скаты-бабочки[1][2], или гимнуры[1][2] (лат. Gymnura) — признанный в настоящее время единственным род скатов монотипного семейства гимнуровых[2] из отряда хвостоколообразных. К роду относят 14 видов. Ранее семейство гимнуровых делили на два рода — скатов-бабочек и этоплатей (Aetoplatea) на основании наличия у последних спинного плавника. Однако недавние таксономические исследования дали основания к объединению этих родов[3]. Название семейства и рода происходит от слов др.-греч. γυμνός — «обнажённый», «голый» и греч. οὐρά — «хвост»[4].

Грудные плавники скатов-бабочек образуют диск ширина которого намного превосходит длину. Хвост очень короткий. Хвостовой шип имеется не у всех видов. Несмотря на наличие шипа, короткий хвост не позволяет этим скатам наносить сильные удары, поэтому они в целом не так опасны, как прочие хвостоколы[5]. Гимнуры обитают в субтропических и тропических водах всех океанов, иногда они заплывают в устья рек. Чаще всего они встречаются в верхней части континентального шельфа. Ведут донный образ жизни. Рацион состоит из различных беспозвоночных и мелких рыб. Подобно прочим хвостоколообразным скаты-бабочки размножаются яйцеживорождением[6][7]. Гимнуровые — довольно крупные скаты. Большинство видов достигает размаха крыльев от 1,5 до 2,5 м, у атлантического ската-бабочки (Gymnura altavela) он может достигать даже 4 м[8].

Описание

Грудные плавники скатов-бабочек вытянуты в виде очень широких «крыльев», благодаря которым эти рыбы получили своё название, превосходящие длину более чем в 1,5 раза. Они сливаются, образуя ромбовидный диск. Голова оканчивается притуплённым коротким рылом. У некоторых видов, например у гладкого ската-бабочки, рыло самок более закруглённое по сравнению с самцами. Окраска дорсальной поверхности диска коричневого, сероватого, багрянистого или зеленоватого цвета, иногда с тёмными или светлыми пятнышками. Кожа некоторых видов покрыта мелкой чешуёй. Скаты при взгляде боку имеют уплощённую форму. Глаза расположены по бокам в верхней части головы, позади них имеются брызгальца. На вентральной стороне диска находятся довольно крупный рот, ноздри и 5 пар жаберных щелей. Для забора воды скаты-бабочки используют скорее брызгальца, а не рот, ориентированный ко дну. Если жабры прикрыты песком, с помощью брызгалец рыбы выталкивают воду. У скатов-бабочек мелкие заострённые зубы, которые не образуют дробящих пластин. Спинные плавники, если присутствуют, небольшие. Анальный плавник отсутствует. Конец хвостового стебля несёт дорсальный и вентральный гребни. Длина тонкого хвоста намного меньше длины диска. У некоторых видов скатов-бабочек позади брюшных плавников имеется ядовитый шип. Длина гимнур колеблется от 0,5 до 2 м[6][9][10][11][12].

Биология

Подобно прочим хвостоколообразным скаты-бабочки размножаются яйцеживорождением. Эмбрионы развиваются в утробе матери, питаясь желтком и гистотрофом. У гладкого ската-бабочки, например, вес новорожденного ската составляет 4900 % от веса яйца, а длина примерно равна 15—22 см. Фаза внутриутробного развития длится 2—4 месяца. Новорожденные натальской гимнуры при рождении имеют почти треугольную форму, «крылья» начинают формироваться позднее. Самки приносят потомство ежегодно. Численность помёте колеблется от 2 до 6 новорожденных. Согласно одному исследованию молодые скаты рождаются свёрнутыми в трубочку наподобие сигары, затем они расправляют диск и уплывают. Ядовитый шип на хвосте спрятан в мягкую оболочку и не способен нанести матери травму[6][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].

Скаты-бабочки используют шип, расположенный на хвостовом стебле для защиты. Они питаются крабами, креветками, моллюсками и мелкими рыбами. В свою очередь они могут стать добычей акул и прочих крупных рыб[6][16].

Взаимодействие с человеком

В целом скаты-бабочки не являются объектом коммерческого промысла. Аборигены Австралии веками традиционно использовали их в пищу. Они определяли время начала охоты по состоянию печени скатов: если она была розовой и жирной, то можно было начинать лов. Скаты с двумя шипами считались непригодными в пищу. По сравнению с прочими хвостоколами скаты-бабочки не представляют серьёзной опасности для человека, поскольку длина хвоста не позволяет им наносить сильные удары[6][12][13].

Виды

К роду скатов-бабочек в настоящее время относят 14 видов[19]:

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Линдберг, Г. У., Герд, А. С., Расс, Т. С. Словарь названий морских промысловых рыб мировой фауны. — Ленинград: Наука, 1980. — С. 58—59. — 562 с.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 45. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  3. Gymnura (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  4. Большой древнегреческий словарь (неопр.). Проверено 9 июня 2014. Архивировано 12 февраля 2013 года.
  5. Жизнь животных. Том 4. Ланцетники. Круглоротые. Хрящевые рыбы. Костные рыбы / под ред. Т. С. Расса, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1983. — С. 49. — 300 000 экз.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. Sharks and Rays of Australia. — (second ed.). — Harvard University Press, 2009. — ISBN 0-674-03411-2.
  7. Gymnuridae. Butterfly rays (неопр.). Animal Diversity Web. Проверено 11 декабря 2014.
  8. Скаты-бабочки (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  9. Allen, G., D. Robertson. Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. — Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
  10. Liem, K., A. Summers. Muscular System: Gross Anatomy and Functional Morphology of Muscles = W. Hamlett, ed. Sharks, Skates, and Rays. — Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 199. — С. 93—114.
  11. Nelson, J.S. Fishes of the World (fourth ed.). — John Wiley, 2006. — С. 76—82. — ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  12. 1 2 3 Wheeler, A. The World Encyclopedia of Fishes. — London: Macdonald, 1985.
  13. 1 2 Allen, T. Shadows in the Sea: The Sharks, Skates, and Rays. — New York, NY: Lyons and Buford, 1996.
  14. Böhlke, J., C. Chaplin. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. — Wynnewood, PA: Published for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Livingston, 1968.
  15. Hamlett, W., T. Koob. Female Reproductive System = W. Hamlett, ed. Sharks, Skates, and Rays. — Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press., 1999. — P. 398—44.
  16. 1 2 Helfman, G.S., B.B. Collette and D.E. Facey. The Diversity of Fishes. // {{{заглавие}}}. — Blackwell Science, 1997. — ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8.
  17. Moyle, P., J. Cech. Fishes: An introduction to ichthyology – fourth edition. — Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000.
  18. Wourms, J., L. Demski. The reproduction and development of sharks, skates, rays, and ratfishes: introduction, history, overview, and future prospects = in L Demski, J Wourms, eds. The Reproduction and Development of Sharks, Skates, Rays, and Ratfishes. — Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. — С. 7—21.
  19. FishBase: SpeciesList of Gymnura
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Гимнуровые: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Скаты-бабочки, или гимнуры (лат. Gymnura) — признанный в настоящее время единственным род скатов монотипного семейства гимнуровых из отряда хвостоколообразных. К роду относят 14 видов. Ранее семейство гимнуровых делили на два рода — скатов-бабочек и этоплатей (Aetoplatea) на основании наличия у последних спинного плавника. Однако недавние таксономические исследования дали основания к объединению этих родов. Название семейства и рода происходит от слов др.-греч. γυμνός — «обнажённый», «голый» и греч. οὐρά — «хвост».

Грудные плавники скатов-бабочек образуют диск ширина которого намного превосходит длину. Хвост очень короткий. Хвостовой шип имеется не у всех видов. Несмотря на наличие шипа, короткий хвост не позволяет этим скатам наносить сильные удары, поэтому они в целом не так опасны, как прочие хвостоколы. Гимнуры обитают в субтропических и тропических водах всех океанов, иногда они заплывают в устья рек. Чаще всего они встречаются в верхней части континентального шельфа. Ведут донный образ жизни. Рацион состоит из различных беспозвоночных и мелких рыб. Подобно прочим хвостоколообразным скаты-бабочки размножаются яйцеживорождением. Гимнуровые — довольно крупные скаты. Большинство видов достигает размаха крыльев от 1,5 до 2,5 м, у атлантического ската-бабочки (Gymnura altavela) он может достигать даже 4 м.

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燕魟科 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
注意:本页面含有Unihan新版用字:「𫚉」。有关字符可能會错误显示,詳见Unicode扩展汉字

見內文

燕魟科又名鳶魟科,為軟骨魚綱燕魟目的其中一,底下唯一一屬燕魟屬

分布

本科魚類廣泛分布於各大洋。

深度

水深3至200公尺以上。

分類

燕魟科唯一一個屬,如下:

特徵

本科魚類近似土魟而體盤較寬,左右徑超過前後徑1.5倍。尾特別細短,背鰭1枚,或無。尾棘1枚或數枚,棘緣光滑或具鋸齒。口腔無乳突。

生態

本科魚類廣泛分布於全球各大洋。活動力差,通常將身體埋於沙泥中,僅露出雙眼和呼吸孔,或利用胸鰭做波浪狀的運動而貼游於底層水域。屬肉食性,以小魚、甲殼類及軟體動物為食。卵胎生。

外部連結

参考文献

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维基百科作者和编辑

燕魟科: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

燕魟科又名鳶魟科,為軟骨魚綱燕魟目的其中一,底下唯一一屬燕魟屬。

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维基百科作者和编辑

나비가오리속 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

나비가오리속(Gymnura)은 매가오리목에 속하는 가오리 속의 하나이다.[1] 나비가오리과(Gymnuridae)의 유일속이다. 전세계의 온대 바다에서 발견되며, 강어귀에 나타나기도 한다. 나비가오리와 남풍나비가오리 등을 포함하고 있다.

하위 종

 src=
나비가오리
  • Gymnura afuerae (Hildebrand, 1946)
  • Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • 남풍나비가오리 (Gymnura australis) (E. P. Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886)
  • Gymnura bimaculata (Norman, 1925)
  • Gymnura crebripunctata (W. K. H. Peters, 1869)
  • Gymnura crooki Fowler, 1934
  • Gymnura hirundo (R. T. Lowe, 1843)
  • 나비가오리 (Gymnura japonica) (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850)
  • Gymnura marmorata (J. G. Cooper, 1864)
  • Gymnura micrura (Bloch]] & J. G. Schneider, 1801)
  • Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & W. W. Thompson, 1911)
  • Gymnura poecilura (G. Shaw, 1804)
  • Gymnura tentaculata J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841
  • Gymnura zonura Bleeker, 1852

각주

  1. (영어) Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015년). 어류 정보 사이트 FishBase. Gymnura에 속한 종. 2015년 5월 판
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