Taxonomic classification of this species is still under debate. Species in the genus Bothriopsis were formerly placed in the genus Bothrops, and the latter is sometimes preferred (see Campbell and Lamar, 2004).
Specific predators of Chocoan forest pit vipers have not been identified. They are likely preyed upon by a number of avian and mammalian predators, especially when young. Humans also likely kill these snakes.
Forest pit vipers are mostly nocturnal and highly cryptic, spending much of their time immobile and hidden in vegetation or tree cavities, which makes them difficult to spot. When attacked, their fangs and venom present a formidable defense.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Chocoan forest pit vipers are usually pale brown or greenish tan in color. They have 16 to 22 pairs of paravertebral blotches that are brown in color with pale edges and can combine dorsally. Below these blotches, another layer of dark spots alternate with lighter spots, giving the body a semibanded look. Chocoan forest pit vipers have a dark brown cheek stripe that is darkest at the outer edges and is bordered with a lighter color. This border is usually a light orange or yellow.
Pit vipers are named for the heat-sensing pit organs located between their nose and eyes. These pit organs aid in finding endothermic prey. Chocoan forest pit vipers have triangular shaped heads, hence the common name "lancehead." They have solenglyphous fangs, which refers to the hollow and long fangs at the front of their mouth. The fangs are connected to an elongate ectopterygoid bone, which serves as a hinge for the fangs. When they open their mouth, the fangs come forward ready to sink into their prey. Fangs are retracted when they close their mouth. The large solenglyphous fangs carry the venom from the venom glands.
Chocoan forest pit vipers have heavily keeled scales. Males and females have 25 to 29 rows of dorsal scales. This species demonstrates sexual dimorphism in number of ventral scales and paired subcaudal scales. Males generally have 186 to 211 ventral scales and 70 to 95 paired subcaudal scales. Females generally have 191 to 213 ventral scales and 80 to 90 paired subcaudal scales. Chocoan forest pit vipers have a long tail that ends in rounded spines that may slightly turn upwards at the tip. They have 6 to 9 intrasupraocular scales, 11 to 12 sublabial scales, and 7 to 9 supralabial scales. Adult females range from 60 to 90 cm in length, while males are on average smaller and less robust. Chocoan forest pit vipers can exceed 1 m in length. One Columbian specimen was 1.3 m long.
Range length: 60 to 130 cm.
Other Physical Features: venomous
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger; sexes colored or patterned differently
Lifespan of Chocoan forest pit vipers has not been recorded in the wild. One individual of the related species in the genus, Bothriopsis bilineata, survived in captivity for over 13 years. Other neotropical tree vipers have lived over 20 years in captivity. Few, if any, wild individuals attain this longevity.
Pit vipers in the genus Bothriopsis typically inhabit rainforests and moist swamplands. Chocoan forest pit vipers are are found in tropical, supbropical, and montane moist rainforests in the Chocoan rainforests, the Andes Mountains, and the Darien Gap swamplands. They prefer undeveloped land with minimal disturbances. Chocoan forest pit vipers inhabit relatively lower altitudes than other species in the genus, and can be found up to 2300 m in elevation. They are generally found in shrubs, trees, or bushes or on the ground, though they are also thought to be semi-arboreal.
Range elevation: 2,300 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
Wetlands: swamp
Bothriopsis punctata, commonly known as the Chocoan forest pit viper or the Chocoan lancehead, has a very small geographic range in northwest South America. This species ranges from the Darien gap in Panama, through Colombia and Ecuador, to northern Peru. Chocoan forest pit vipers are thought to have originated in Colombia.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Chocoan forest pit vipers do not often actively hunt, but rather usually "sit and wait" to ambush their prey. They feed on small mammals, frogs, lizards, and possibly birds.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)
Chocoan forest pit vipers prey on a variety of small vertebrates and are likely preyed upon by larger birds and vertebrate predators. Vipers also host numerous external (mites, ticks, etc.) and internal parasites such as nematodes, cestodes, and protozoans.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Chocoan forest pit vipers may help reduce populations of rodents, which are considered pests by humans. Venom from vipers has been used in research on human medicines, although use of venom from this particular species has not been verified. Small forest vipers are occasionally captured for the pet trade, but are not recommended to be raised in captivity except by the most experienced keepers and zoos.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; source of medicine or drug ; research and education
The highly defensive nature of Chocoan forest pit vipers, along with their very toxic venom, can lead to crippling or potentially fatal bites to humans who threaten them. The extent of damage depends on how quickly the bitten individual receives medical care, including antivenin medication. The diverse variety of snake species in their natural range makes it crucial to identify the correct species of snake in order to receive proper treatment. These snakes are probably most dangerous at night, when they are most active and alert.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )
Chocoan forest pit vipers practice internal fertilization. Developing embryos are held in the female's body and are born alive after a sufficient gestation period. It is currently unknown if this species is ovoviviparous (eggs retained during development, with no maternal nutrition to embryos) or viviparous (direct connection between female's bloodstream and embryos). Age at sexual maturity is unknown, though related species reach sexual maturity at 3 to 5 years of age.
Chocoan forest pit vipers have not been assessed by the IUCN, CITES, or the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Deforestation as well as habitat destruction and fragmentation are major threats to habitat for this species.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
Like all snakes, Chocoan forest pit vipers use their tongue and vomero-nasal (Jacobson's) organ to sense and interpret chemical odors in their environment, to navigate, find food and mates, and for defense. The heat-sensing pit-organ in front of their eyes can sense the warmth (infra-red energy) of other organisms. The use of vision and sound is relatively unstudied in this nocturnal species.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; vibrations
Perception Channels: visual ; infrared/heat ; tactile ; vibrations ; chemical
Little is known regarding the specific mating behavior of Chocoan forest pit vipers. This species is polygynous, meaning one male mates with multiple females. Many pit vipers engage in intrasexual combat, where males fight for access to a female or for territory. Males tree pit vipers typically mate once a year in either the spring or fall, and females usually mate yearly or every other year.
Mating System: polygynous
Breeding behavior of Chocoan forest pit vipers in the wild is poorly understood, but is likely similar to that of closely related vipers. Two-striped forest pit vipers, Bothriopsis bilineata, give birth to 2 to 6 young per litter in captivity. However, larger vipers, such as Bothrops asper, give birth to larger litters of 20 to over 50 young. Age at sexual maturity is unknown, though related species reach sexual maturity at 3 to 5 years of age.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous
Female Chocoan forest pit vipers provide nutrients to their young during gestation. Post-natal care is not documented for this species. However, some viperids display brief parental care, with mother snakes remaining near newborns for hours to a day or two after birth.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
Bothrops punctatus is a venomous pitviper species found in Ecuador, Mostly in the Chocó Department in Western Colombia and Panama. No subspecies are currently recognized.[3]
Adults commonly grow to more than 100 cm in length and may exceed 150 cm. The shape of the body and long tail suggest that it is semiarboreal. The head is long and lance-shaped and the fangs exceptionally long.[2]
The scalation includes 25-29 rows of dorsal scales, 186-211/191-213 ventral scales in males/females and 70-95/80-90 paired subcaudal scales in males/females. The tail ends in a long rounded spine that may turn upwards slightly at the tip. On the head there are 6-9 intersupraocular scales, 7-9 supralabial scales, the second of which contacts the prelacunal, and 11-12 sublabial scales.[2]
The color pattern consists of a pale brown to greenish tan ground color overlaid with 16-22 pairs of darker brown paravertebral blotches that have pale edges. Some of these blotches coalesce dorsally. These blotches are offset by a row of lateral blotches that create a semi-banded appearance. Below this is a third series of dark blotches, alternated with lighter spots, that extends down onto the ventral scales. The belly is cream to pale tan with brown spots. A dark brown cheek stripe is present that is darkest along the outer edges where it is narrowly bordered by a lighter color that can sometimes be orange or yellow.[2]
Found from the Darién of Panama, Mostly Chocó Department and along the Pacific slope of Colombia and Ecuador to extreme northern Peru. The type locality given is "Las Montañas del Dagua" (Colombia).[1]
Occurs in tropical moist and wet forest, subtropical moist and wet forest, and in montane wet forest.[2]
Based on its size, this snake is probably capable of delivering a fatal bite. Although it does not seem to be common anywhere, Ayerbe (1990) states that, in the regions where it occurs, it is the most dangerous species together with the common lancehead, Bothrops atrox. Angel-Mejía (1987) mentions a bite victim who was treated in Medellín for acute renal failure.[2]
Campbell & Lamar (2004) re-classified this species, referring to it as Bothrops punctatus.[2]
Bothrops punctatus is a venomous pitviper species found in Ecuador, Mostly in the Chocó Department in Western Colombia and Panama. No subspecies are currently recognized.
